Academic literature on the topic 'Froehner collection'

In 1875 the collector and scholar Wilhelm Froehner published a short text incised on a gem of red jasper that had been offered to him in Nazareth for possible purchase. Of the six lines of this text only the first three have been much cited because they consist of three gods’ names, and reference has customarily been not to Froehner's original publication but to Louis Robert's quotation from it in his Collection Froehner of 1936. In making an apposite allusion to the Froehner gem in her excellent study of the cults of the Hawran in the Roman period, Dominique Sourdel was under the impression that the great nineteenth-century collector had actually acquired the piece; but Froehner himself reports unambiguously that he refused to pay the dealer's price. The object has therefore been lost to the world of scholarship. Nonetheless Froehner's transcription, entirely baffling to him in its second half, is worth resurrecting in the light of more recent discoveries in the Roman Near East. It bears upon several important cults among the inhabitants of provincia Arabia.

Michał Tyszkiewicz was an outstanding collector of antiquities and a pioneer of Polish archaeological excavations in Egypt conducted in late 1861 and early 1862, which yielded a generous donation of 194 Egyptian antiquities to the Paris Louvre. Today Tyszkiewicz’s name features engraved on the Rotunda of Apollo among the major Museum’s donors. Having settled in Rome for good in 1865, Tyszkiewicz conducted archaeological excavations there until 1870. He collected ancient intaglios, old coins, ceramics, silverware, golden jewellery, and sculptures in bronze and marble. His collection ranked among the most valuable European ones created in the 2nd half of the 19th century. Today, its elements are scattered among over 30 major museums worldwide, e.g. London’s British Museum, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen, New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, or the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. The latest investigation of M. Tyszkiewicz’s correspondence to the German scholar Wilhelm Froehner demonstrated that Tyszkiewicz widely promoted the development of archaeology and epigraphy; unique pieces from his collections were presented at conferences at Rome’s Academia dei Lincei or at the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris, and published by Italian, French, Austrian, and German scholars. He was considered an expert in glyptic, and today’s specialists, in recognition of his merits, have called a certain group of ancient cylinder seals the ‘Tyszkiewicz Seals’, an Egyptian statue in black basalt has been named the ‘Tyszkiewicz Statue’, whereas an unknown painter of Greek vases from the 5th century BC has been referred to as the ‘Painter Tyszkiewicz’.

Wild genetic resources and their ability to adapt to environmental change are critically important in light of the projected climate change, while constituting the foundation of agricultural sustainability. To address the expected negative effects of climate change on Robusta coffee trees (Coffea canephora), collecting missions were conducted to explore its current native distribution in Uganda over a broad climatic range. Wild material from seven forests could thus be collected. We used 19 microsatellite (SSR) markers to assess genetic diversity and structure of this material as well as material from two ex-situ collections and a feral population. The Ugandan C. canephora diversity was then positioned relative to the species’ global diversity structure. Twenty-two climatic variables were used to explore variations in climatic zones across the sampled forests. Overall, Uganda’s native C. canephora diversity differs from other known genetic groups of this species. In northwestern (NW) Uganda, four distinct genetic clusters were distinguished being from Zoka, Budongo, Itwara and Kibale forests A large southern-central (SC) cluster included Malabigambo, Mabira, and Kalangala forest accessions, as well as feral and cultivated accessions, suggesting similarity in genetic origin and strong gene flow between wild and cultivated compartments. We also confirmed the introduction of Congolese varieties into the SC region where most Robusta coffee production takes place. Identified populations occurred in divergent environmental conditions and 12 environmental variables significantly explained 16.3% of the total allelic variation across populations. The substantial genetic variation within and between Ugandan populations with different climatic envelopes might contain adaptive diversity to cope with climate change. The accessions that we collected have substantially enriched the diversity hosted in the Ugandan collections and thus contribute to ex situ conservation of this vital genetic resource. However, there is an urgent need to develop strategies to enhance complementary in-situ conservation of Coffea canephora in native forests in northwestern Uganda.

According to Stanisław Lorentz, the collections of Michel Tyszkiewicz, enriched by his excavations in Egypt and Italy, undoubtedly “belonged to the more valuable European collections created in the second half of the 19th century”. After his first journey to Egypt, Tyszkiewicz, enlivened with a passion for excavations, first lived in Naples and then settled permanently in Rome in 1865. As the political situation changed there after 1870 and the new government restrained issuing permits, he started applying for excavation permits in his estate of Birże, in Lithuania (1871). Later, in 1894, he also tried to obtain excavation permits at Olbia, in Southern Russia, but this time unsuccessfully. His unpublished letters to the famous German scholar Wilhelm Froehner (1834–1925), now in the Goethe und Schiller Archiv in Weimar, throw a new light on the discoveries that took place in Boscoreale and in Lake Nemi and on his purchases there, as well as on his great enterprise in relation to the Satricum excavations in 1896, from which he was excluded after discovering the trace of “thousands of different votive objects”.

Abstract. Iskandar BS, Iskandar J, Irawan I, Suroso, Pasratasmita R. 2019. The development of coffee cultivation in the traditional agroforestry of mixed-garden (dukuh lembur) to provide social-economic benefit for the Outer Baduy Community, South Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2958-2969. The Baduy community who resides in the Village of Kanekes, the Sub-district of Leuwidamar, the District of Lebak, South Banten has maintained the Sundanese tradition, particularly in practicing swidden farming (ngahuma). They practice swidden farming based on Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and belief. According to the Baduy tradition, the commercial plants, including coffee, clove, cacao, teak, and rubber have been prohibited to cultivate in Baduy area. However, because the population has increased rapidly and market economy has intensively penetrated the Baduy area, some commercial plants, including robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) have been introduced by the outer Baduy community. The objective of this study was to elucidate the traditional practice of the Outer Baduy in cultivating coffee trees that are integrated into the traditional agroforestry of mixed-garden (dukuh lembur or leuweung lembur). This study used qualitative method with some techniques of collecting data, including observation, participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and plant survey in the sample plots of the dukuh lembur. The results of the study showed that in 1980-s the robusta coffee plants were introduced by some Outer Baduy people and have since been planted in the dukuh lembur. In the past, because coffee was prohibited to be cultivated in Baduy area, the coffee trees were regularly cut during the purification of the Baduy tradition (pembersihan adat). Nowadays, however, the robusta coffee trees have been properly integrated into the existing dukuh lembur which is based on hybrid knowledge of TEK and scientific Western knowledge. The Outer Baduy coffee farming system has provided subsistence as a well commercial economy that may support the sustainability of the Outer Baduy swidden cultivation that is considered as the cultural identity of the Baduy community.

Ce travail sur les 450 lettres inédites de M. Tyszkiewicz à W. Froehner se situe à l'écart de la tradition des lectures épistolaires. Il montre l’importance du collectionneur polonais installé à Rome, mettant l'accent sur ses relations avec le monde des collectionneurs, savants et marchands, sur le fonctionnement de son musée privé d'archéologie, ainsi que sur les nombreuses publications consacrées aux objets de sa collection. Il révèle que ce collectionneur, acheteur de pièces antiques, concurrençait les plus importants musées du XIXe siècle. Le cadre de cette étude est donné par le panorama des musées européens, polonais en particulier, puis par la biographie de chaque correspondant, permettant de comprendre l’évolution de leur vie privée et de leur relation à l’Antiquité. Leur première rencontre parisienne donnera naissance à une longue amitié, animée par la passion pour les antiquités et alimentée par des échanges épistolaires dont la riche problématique nous mène au cœur de leurs préoccupations. L’analyse de la situation du marché romain des antiquités, de l’entourage professionnel et amical du collectionneur à Rome et du célèbre savant allemand à Paris, permet de dresser leurs portraits respectifs. La riche iconographie contenue dans les lettres sert d’appui non seulement au dialogue épistolaire, mais témoigne aussi de deux collections en formation, ce qui permet aujourd'hui de déterminer la provenance de nombreuses pièces antiques de la collection Froehner, offertes par Tyszkiewicz.Enfin, cette étude situe les descriptions d’œuvres antiques de Tyszkiewicz dans le genre littéraire ekphrasis et présente ses qualités d’expert reconnu par ses contemporains
The study of M. Tyszkiewicz's 450 unpublished letters directed to W. Froehner occupies a place of its own in epistolary readings. It shows the importance of the Polish collector living in Rome and emphasizes his relations with other collectors, scientists and merchants of his time. It also describes the functioning of his private archeology « museum » and reviews the numerous publications devoted to the pieces of his collection. Being a buyer of antique items, Tyszkiewicz rivalled the most famous museums in the nineteenth-century. Set within a panorama of European museums, including the Polish museums, this study outlines the biographies of both correspondents, enabling us to follow the development of their private lives and relationship with Antiquity. The two men's first meeting in Paris gave birth to a lifelong friendship, animated by their passion for antiques und constantly sustained by their epistolary relation with its rich problematics, leading us into the heart of their everyday concerns. The appraisal of the Roman antiquity commerce and the display of the friendly professional environment surrounding the collector in Rome and the well-known German scholar in Paris, allow us to draw their respective portraits. The rich iconography of the letters stands not only as a support to the epistolary dialogue but also shows their two collections in the making, permitting us to determine the origin of many antique objects in Froehner's collection offered by Tyszkiewicz.Finally, this study places Tyszkiewicz's descriptions of antique works of art in the literary genre of ekphrasis and highlights his expert qualities recognized by his contemporaries