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Academic literature on the topic 'Frogs and environment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Frogs and environment"
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Oh, Hye-Ji, Kwang-Hyeon Chang, Mei-Yan Jin, et al. "Trophic Ecology of Endangered Gold-Spotted Pond Frog in Ecological Wetland Park and Rice Paddy Habitats." Animals 11, no. 4 (2021): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11040967.
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The gold-spotted pond frog (Pelophylax chosenicus) is an endangered amphibian species in South Korea. In order to obtain ecological information regarding the gold-spotted pond frog’s habitat environment and biological interactions, we applied stable isotope analysis to quantify the ecological niche space (ENS) of frogs including black-spotted pond frogs (P. nigromaculatus) and bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) within the food web of two different habitats—an ecological wetland park and a rice paddy. The gold-spotted pond frog population exhibited a broader ENS in the ecological wetland park than in the rice paddy. According to the carbon stable isotope ratios, gold-spotted pond frogs mainly fed on insects, regardless of habitat type. However, the results comparing the range of both carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes showed that gold-spotted pond frogs living in the rice paddy showed limited feeding behavior, while those living in the ecological wetland park fed on various food sources located in more varied trophic positions. Although the ENS of the gold-spotted pond frog was generally less likely to be overlapped by that of other frog species, it was predicted to overlap with a high probability of 87.3% in the ecological wetland park. Nevertheless, gold-spotted pond frogs in the ecological wetland park were not significantly affected by the prey competition with competitive species by feeding on other prey for which other species’ preference was low. Since these results show that a habitats’ food diversity has an effect on securing the ENS of gold-spotted pond frogs and prey competition, we recommend that the establishment of a food environment that considers the feeding behavior of gold-spotted pond frogs is important for the sustainable preservation of gold-spotted pond frogs and their settlement in alternative habitats.
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Bennett, A. M., and D. L. Murray. "Carryover effects of phenotypic plasticity: embryonic environment and larval response to predation risk in Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) and Northern Leopard Frogs (Lithobates pipiens)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, no. 11 (2015): 867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0129.
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Limitations of phenotypic plasticity affect the success of individuals and populations in changing environments. We assessed the plasticity-history limitation on predator-induced defenses in anurans (Wood Frogs, Lithobates sylvaticus (LeConte, 1825), and Northern Leopard Frogs, Lithobates pipiens (Schreber, 1782)), predicting that plastic responses to predation risk by dragonfly larvae (family Aeshnidae) in the embryonic environment would limit the defensive response to predators in the larval environment. Predator-conditioned Wood Frog embryos increased relative tail depth in response to those same cues as larvae, whereas predator-naive tadpoles did not. However, no carryover effect was noted in the behavioural response of Wood Frog tadpoles to predation risk. Predator-naive Northern Leopard Frog tadpoles increased relative tail depth in response to predation risk in the larval environment. Predator-conditioned Northern Leopard Frog embryos hatched with, and maintained, a marginal increase in tail depth as larvae in the absence of predation risk. Predator-conditioned Northern Leopard Frog embryos exposed to predation risk as larvae showed no morphological response. While we find no strong support for the plasticity-history limitation per se, carryover effects across embryonic and larval life-history stages were noted in both Wood Frog and Northern Leopard Frog, suggesting that predation risk early in ontogeny can influence the outcome of future interactions with predators.
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Rhebergen, F., R. C. Taylor, M. J. Ryan, R. A. Page, and W. Halfwerk. "Multimodal cues improve prey localization under complex environmental conditions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (2015): 20151403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1403.
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Predators often eavesdrop on sexual displays of their prey. These displays can provide multimodal cues that aid predators, but the benefits in attending to them should depend on the environmental sensory conditions under which they forage. We assessed whether bats hunting for frogs use multimodal cues to locate their prey and whether their use varies with ambient conditions. We used a robotic set-up mimicking the sexual display of a male túngara frog ( Physalaemus pustulosus ) to test prey assessment by fringe-lipped bats ( Trachops cirrhosus ). These predatory bats primarily use sound of the frog's call to find their prey, but the bats also use echolocation cues returning from the frog's dynamically moving vocal sac. In the first experiment, we show that multimodal cues affect attack behaviour: bats made narrower flank attack angles on multimodal trials compared with unimodal trials during which they could only rely on the sound of the frog. In the second experiment, we explored the bat's use of prey cues in an acoustically more complex environment. Túngara frogs often form mixed-species choruses with other frogs, including the hourglass frog ( Dendropsophus ebraccatus ). Using a multi-speaker set-up, we tested bat approaches and attacks on the robofrog under three different levels of acoustic complexity: no calling D. ebraccatus males, two calling D. ebraccatus males and five D. ebraccatus males. We found that bats are more directional in their approach to the robofrog when more D. ebraccatus males were calling. Thus, bats seemed to benefit more from multimodal cues when confronted with increased levels of acoustic complexity in their foraging environments. Our data have important consequences for our understanding of the evolution of multimodal sexual displays as they reveal how environmental conditions can alter the natural selection pressures acting on them.
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Chuang, Tsai-Fu, and Yuan-Hsiou Chang. "A New Design Concept of an Ecological Corridor for Frogs to Improve Ecological Conservation." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (2021): 11175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011175.
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Ecological corridors are an essential element in conserving the biodiversity and proper functioning of ecosystems. Without their connectivity, a very large number of species would not have access to all of the habitats needed for their life cycles. Although the concept of an ecological corridor has been discussed for many years, few studies on ecological corridors for frogs have been conducted. Frogs are often considered to be a keystone species. They are a good indicator of habitat health, and they are often the first to be harmed by pollution or ecosystem deterioration. However, there have been reports of frogs crossing ecological corridors and being attacked or consumed by natural enemies. It is vital to create ecological corridors for frogs that allow them to migrate quickly and safely. The purpose of this study was to propose a new ecological corridor design concept for frogs to address the limitations mentioned above. In this paper, grey system theory was employed to offer the necessary information for the frog ladder’s design. In addition, the frog’s high jump capacity and its defense mechanisms against natural enemies were used to determine the rest space and shelter.
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Aihara, Ikkyu, Ryu Takeda, Takeshi Mizumoto, Takuma Otsuka, and Hiroshi G. Okuno. "Size Effect on Call Properties of Japanese Tree Frogs Revealed by Audio-Processing Technique." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 29, no. 1 (2017): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2017.p0247.
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[abstFig src='/00290001/23.jpg' width='300' text='Calling behavior of a male Japanese Tree Frog' ] Sensing the external environment is a core function of robots and autonomous mechanics. This function is useful for monitoring and analyzing the ecosystem for our deeper understanding of the nature and accomplishing the sustainable ecosystem. Here, we investigate calling behavior of male frogs by applying audio-processing technique on multiple audio data. In general, male frogs call from their breeding site, and a female frog approaches one of the males by hearing their calls. First, we conducted an indoor experiment to record spontaneous calling behavior of three male Japanese tree frogs, and then separated their call signals according to independent component analysis. The analysis of separated signals shows that chorus size (i.e., the number of calling frogs) has a positive effect on call number, inter-call intervals, and chorus duration. We speculate that a competition in a large chorus encourages the male frogs to make their call properties more attractive to conspecific females.
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Wolagole, Kristian, Kholik Kholik, Supriadi Supriadi, and Dina Oktaviana. "Distribusi Cacing Trematoda Saluran Pencernaan Katak Dari Berbabgai Lokasi Persawahan Di Kabupaten Lombok Timur." Mandalika Veterinary Journal 1, no. 1 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/mvj.v1i1.3615.
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Trematode worms have been found in various types of frogs which cause disease in frogs or toads can be a reservoir for these worms. Lombok Island has many rice fields which are habitat for frogs. Frogs that live in this environment allow direct contact with various types of Trematodes. The purpose of this study was to determine the type and distribution of Trematoda worms found in the digestive tract of frogs in the rice fields of East Lombok Regency. A cross-sectional survey study using purposive sampling methods on frogs in three rice fields in East Lombok Regency was carried out in February 2020. Worms were collected from the digestive tract of frogs and fixed with 70% warm alcohol, cleaned with alcohol, and examined under a microscope. A total of 64 frog samples were taken in three rice fields, East Lombok Regency. A sample examination was carried out at the Equin Clinical Center Skill laboratory Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Mandalika University of Education. The results showed that Mesocoelium spp was distributed among frogs in three rice fields in East Lombok Regency, with a prevalence of 45% in Pringgabaya Village, 50% in Suele Village, and 53.57% in Tanjung Teros Village.
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Nocera, F. P., A. De Filippis, N. Piscopo, L. Esposito, and L. De Martino. "Similarities between skin culturable bacterial species of pool frogs (Pelophylax lessonae) and their habitat." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 24, no. 1 (2021): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2019-0054.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the culturable microflora of pool frogs (Pelophylax lessonae) and their belonging aquatic environment. A total of 60 samples (56 frog cutaneous swabs, 4 water samples) were inoculated onto different selective and differential agar plates to isolate Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria or yeasts. Microbial investigation of the water hosting frogs was also performed. Isolates were identified by API system and their antibiotic resistance profiles were evaluated by disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar plates. Aeromonas hydrophila and Enterococcus durans were detected in almost all collected samples. Many of the bacterial isolates showed multidrug-resistant profiles. Importantly, this study highlights that skin frog microbiota is correlated to the belonging environment, and, moreover, some isolated bacterial strains resulted to be of interest in animal and public health, since the park was frequented by visitors of all ages.
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MONTHE MOUMEGNI, Liliane Fleurette, Divine Doriane YEMDJIE MANE, Ruben NGOUANA TADJONG, Vanessa MAFOUO SONHAFOUO, Jean Raphael KANA, and Joseph TCHOUMBOUE. "The Feeding Regime of Goliath Frog (Conraua goliath) (Boulenger, 1906) in the Equato-guinean Zone of Cameroon." GABJ 5, no. 1 (2021): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46325/gabj.v5i1.177.
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The feed preferences of Conraua goliath, an endogenous frog in central Africa were assessed in the present study. A total of 65 frogs (22 males, 22 females and 21 unspecified frogs) were obtained from hunters in 3 localities namely: Loum, Penja, and Nlonako in the Moungo division, littoral region of Cameroon. The methods of dissection, measurement, and stomach content analysis were used. The results revealed a large diversity of preys in the stomach namely: myriapods (25%), plants leaves and steems (21.19%), insects (19.56%), indigestible matters (19.56%), arachnids (4.89%), crustaceans (4.34%), mollusks (3.26%), amphibians (0.54%), annelids (0.54%) and reptiles (0.54%). The numerical percentage and the frequency of myriapods occurrence were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in males captured in the locality of Loum (100% and 35.55%) compared to the females (28.57% and 18.18%). Comparing the state of maturity, the numerical percentage and the frequency of occurrence of insects (100% and 42.85%) and indigestible matters (100% and 42.85%) were significantly higher in the youngs frogs (61.11% and 20.89%) captured in Loum compared to the adults (22.22% and 7.46%). Frogs of high weight (˃1000g) recorded significantly (P < 0.05) higher occurrence and numerical frequency of myriapods (100 and 70%), indigestible and detritus materials (100 and 40%) in low-weight frogs (<400g) and plants leaves and steems (50 and 47.36%) in medium-weight frogs (400 – 1000g). In conclusion, goliath frog is an omnivore fed on a variety of preys and plants according to their availability in the environment.
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Liu, Yuxiang, Corbin D. Jones, Lainy B. Day, Kyle Summers, and Sabrina S. Burmeister. "Cognitive Phenotype and Differential Gene Expression in a Hippocampal Homologue in Two Species of Frog." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 4 (2020): 1007–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa032.
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Synopsis The complexity of an animal’s interaction with its physical and/or social environment is thought to be associated with behavioral flexibility and cognitive phenotype, though we know little about this relationship in amphibians. We examined differences in cognitive phenotype in two species of frog with divergent natural histories. The green-and-black poison frog (Dendrobates auratus) is diurnal, displays enduring social interactions, and uses spatially distributed resources during parental care. Túngara frogs (Physalaemus=Engystomops pustulosus) are nocturnal, express only fleeting social interactions, and use ephemeral puddles to breed in a lek-type mating system. Comparing performance in identical discrimination tasks, we find that D. auratus made fewer errors when learning and displayed greater behavioral flexibility in reversal learning tasks than túngara frogs. Further, túngara frogs preferred to learn beacons that can be used in direct guidance whereas D. auratus preferred position cues that could be used to spatially orient relative to the goal. Behavioral flexibility and spatial cognition are associated with hippocampal function in mammals. Accordingly, we examined differential gene expression in the medial pallium, the amphibian homolog of the hippocampus. Our preliminary data indicate that genes related to learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis were upregulated in D. auratus, while genes related to apoptosis were upregulated in túngara frogs, suggesting that these cellular processes could contribute to the differences in behavioral flexibility and spatial learning we observed between poison frogs and túngara frogs.
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Matich, Philip, and Christopher M. Schalk. "Move it or lose it: interspecific variation in risk response of pond-breeding anurans." PeerJ 7 (June 7, 2019): e6956. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6956.
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Changes in behavior are often the proximate response of animals to human disturbance, with variability in tolerance levels leading some species to exhibit striking shifts in life history, fitness, and/or survival. Thus, elucidating the effects of disturbance on animal behavior, and how this varies among taxonomically similar species with inherently different behaviors and life histories is of value for management and conservation. We evaluated the risk response of three anuran species—southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus), Blanchard’s cricket frog (Acris blanchardi), and green tree frog (Hyla cinerea)—to determine how differences in microhabitat use (arboreal vs ground-dwelling) and body size (small vs medium) may play a role in response to a potential threat within a human-altered subtropical forest. Each species responded to risk with both flight and freeze behaviors, however, behaviors were species- and context-specific. As distance to cover increased, southern leopard frogs increased freezing behavior, green tree frogs decreased freezing behavior, and Blanchard’s cricket frogs increased flight response. The propensity of green tree frogs to use the canopy of vegetation as refugia, and the small body size of Blanchard’s cricket frogs likely led to greater flight response as distance to cover increased, whereas innate reliance on camouflage among southern leopard frogs may place them at greater risk to landscaping, agricultural, and transportation practices in open terrain. As such, arboreal and small-bodied species may inherently be better suited in human altered-landscapes compared to larger, ground-dwelling species. As land-use change continues to modify habitats, understanding how species respond to changes in their environment continues to be of importance, particularly in ecosystems where human-wildlife interactions are expected to increase in frequency.