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Journal articles on the topic 'Frogs – Hibernation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Sato, Iwao, Kiyoshi Konishi, Masataka Sunohara, and Akiko Mikami. "Enzyme activities and morphology of Japanese brown frog (Rana japonica) mitochondria in the tibialis anterior muscle during hibernation and active life." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 1316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-083.

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Enzyme activities in the respiratory chain, as well as the structure and numbers of mitochondria of the tibialis anterior muscle, during hibernation were compared with those of normally active muscle in the Japanese brown frog (Rana japonica). Morphological examination using an electron microscope showed that during hibernation, mitochondria were larger and longer and had clearly distinguishable outer and inner membranes with developed cristae. A significantly greater number of glycogen granules was found in the tibialis anterior muscle of hibernating frogs. The average cross-sectional area (C

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2

McInerney, Emma P., Aimee J. Silla, and Phillip G. Byrne. "Carotenoid supplementation affects the post-hibernation performance of southern corroboree frogs." Behaviour 157, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003584.

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Abstract Many animals hibernate to survive winter conditions, however, arousal from hibernation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause oxidative stress. Dietary antioxidants, like carotenoids, may reduce oxidative stress during arousal from hibernation, and assist with post-hibernation recovery and performance. We tested the effect of carotenoid supplementation on exercise performance (escape-response and activity) in southern corroboree frogs (Pseudophryne corroboree) following initial arousal from hibernation (24–48 h post-arousal) and post-recovery (six weeks post-hibernatio

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3

Tong, Qing, Xiao-peng Du, Zong-fu Hu, Li-yong Cui, and Hong-bin Wang. "Modelling the growth of the brown frog (Rana dybowskii)." PeerJ 6 (May 16, 2018): e4587. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4587.

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Well-controlled development leads to uniform body size and a better growth rate; therefore, the ability to determine the growth rate of frogs and their period of sexual maturity is essential for producing healthy, high-quality descendant frogs. To establish a working model that can best predict the growth performance of frogs, the present study examined the growth of one-year-old and two-year-old brown frogs (Rana dybowskii) from metamorphosis to hibernation (18 weeks) and out-hibernation to hibernation (20 weeks) under the same environmental conditions. Brown frog growth was studied and mathe

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4

Irwin, Jason T., Jon P. Costanzo, and Richard E. Lee, Jr. "Terrestrial hibernation in the northern cricket frog, Acris crepitans." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 8 (November 1, 1999): 1240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-087.

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We used laboratory experiments and field observations to explore overwintering in the northern cricket frog, Acris crepitans, in southern Ohio and Indiana. Cricket frogs died within 24 h when submerged in simulated pond water that was anoxic or hypoxic, but lived 8-10 days when the water was oxygenated initially. Habitat selection experiments indicated that cricket frogs prefer a soil substrate to water as temperature decreases from 8 to 2°C. These data suggested that cricket frogs hibernate terrestrially. However, unlike sympatric hylids, this species does not tolerate extensive freezing: onl

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5

Boutilier, Robert G., and Julie St-Pierre. "Adaptive plasticity of skeletal muscle energetics in hibernating frogs:mitochondrial proton leak during metabolic depression." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 15 (August 1, 2002): 2287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.15.2287.

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SUMMARYThe common frog (Rana temporaria) spends the coldest months of each year overwintering in ice-covered ponds where temperatures can vary from 0.5 to 4.0°C. Over the course of a winter season, the animals enter progressively into a state of metabolic depression that relies almost exclusively on aerobic production of ATP. However, if aerobic metabolism is threatened, for example by increasingly hypoxic conditions, decreases in the animal's metabolic rate can reach upwards of 75% compared with the 50%decrease seen during normoxia. Under these conditions, the major proportion of the overall

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6

Donohoe, Paul H., Timothy G. West, and Robert G. Boutilier. "Respiratory, metabolic, and acid-base correlates of aerobic metabolic rate reduction in overwintering frogs." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 274, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): R704—R710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.3.r704.

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Aerobic metabolic rates (M˙o 2) and respiratory quotients (RQ = CO2production/M˙o 2) were measured contemporaneously in hibernating frogs Rana temporaria (L.), submerged for 90 days at 3°C. After 3 mo of submergence in fully aerated water,M˙o 2levels were 61% of those seen at the same temperature before hibernation. Over the first 40 days of hibernation, RQ values (≤0.82) favored a lipid-based metabolism that progressively shifted to an exclusively carbohydrate metabolism (RQ = 1.01) by 90 days of hibernation. Liver glycogen concentrations fell by 68% during the first 8 wk of submergence, ther

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7

Dinsmore, Steve C., and David L. Swanson. "Temporal patterns of tissue glycogen, glucose, and glycogen phosphorylase activity prior to hibernation in freeze-tolerant chorus frogs, Pseudacris triseriata." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-088.

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Freezing survival may differ among winters in chorus frogs ( Pseudacris triseriata (Wied-Neuwied, 1838)), and low freezing survival is associated with low hepatic glycogen stores. The pattern of prehibernation liver glycogen accumulation in chorus frogs is unknown. Frogs might accumulate hepatic glycogen stores until a threshold level sufficient for winter survival is attained, after which frogs enter hibernation (critical threshold hypothesis). According to this model, frogs active late in the season should only be those with low hepatic glycogen stores. Alternatively, hepatic glycogen levels

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8

St-Pierre, J., M. D. Brand, and R. G. Boutilier. "The effect of metabolic depression on proton leak rate in mitochondria from hibernating frogs." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 9 (May 1, 2000): 1469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.9.1469.

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Futile cycling of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane accounts for 20 % or more of the total standard metabolic rate of a rat. Approximately 15 % of this total is due to proton leakage inside the skeletal muscle alone. This study examined whether the rate of proton leak is down-regulated as a part of a coordinated response to energy conservation during metabolic depression in cold-submerged frogs. We compared the proton leak rate of skeletal muscle mitochondria isolated from frogs at different stages of hibernation (control, 1 month and 4 months of submergence in normoxia and hypox

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9

Akulenko, N. M. "Pecular Features of Hematopoiesis in the Liver of Mature and Immature Green Frogs (Pelophylax Esculentus Complex)." Vestnik Zoologii 50, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0062.

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Abstract The article describes characteristic features of the hematopoiesis in mature and immature green frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex). Quantitative differences in liver myelograms were insignificant. However, in a sample of mature animals numerous significant correlations between the number of pigment inclusions in the liver and indicators of erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis were observed. Those correlations were absent in the immature frogs. We concluded that aft er the frogs’ breeding a lack of plastic resources, in particular, hemosiderin remains up to the hibernation.

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10

Berger, W. Andrew, and Leszek Berger. "Progeny of water frog populations in central Poland." Amphibia-Reptilia 13, no. 2 (1992): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853892x00328.

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AbstractThe authors discuss progenies of 18 watcr frog populations. Individuals with esculenta phenotype which arc hybridogenetic hybrids between Rana ridibunda and Rana lessonae are the most numerous frogs among the adults and progeny. Esculenta tadpoles began and finished their metamorphosis mostly as first, and in progeny with esculenta phenotype there were more females than males. In pure esculenta population most of progeny belonged to ridibunda phenotype and female sex. The froglets caught in August were larger on an average than those in October or after hibernation.

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Donohoe, P. H., T. G. West, and R. G. Boutilier. "Factors affecting membrane permeability and ionic homeostasis in the cold-submerged frog." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 2 (January 15, 2000): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.2.405.

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Frogs (Rana temporaria) were submerged at 3 degrees C in either normoxic (P(O2)=155 mmHg, P(O2)=20 kPa) or hypoxic (P(O2)=60 mmHg; P(O2)=8 kPa) water for up to 16 weeks, and denied air access, to mimic the conditions of an ice-covered pond during the winter. The activity of the skeletal muscle Na(+)/K(+) pump over the first 2 months of hibernation, measured by ouabain-inhibitable (22)Na(+) efflux, was reduced by 30 % during normoxia and by up to 50 % during hypoxia. The reduction in Na(+)/K(+) pump activity was accompanied by reductions in passive (22)Na(+) influx and (86)Rb(+) efflux (effecti

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12

Barni, Sergio, Franco Bernini, and Paola De Piceis Polver. "Ultrastructural changes of the air-blood barrier in the lung of Rana esculenta during natural hibernation." Amphibia-Reptilia 17, no. 2 (1996): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853896x00171.

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AbstractPossible changes of the air-blood barrier in naturally hibernating frogs were examined by transmission electron microscopy and measured with an eye-piece micrometer under light microscopy. During hibernation a reduction of the "alveolar" air-space and a folding of the air-blood barrier were noticed: the thickness of the latter in the deep lung septa was double that seen in the active phase, as a consequence of deeper changes of the interstitial and surface epithelial components. An increase in electron-dense multilamellar bodies inside the pneumocyte cytoplasm was also observed. These

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13

Jackson, Donald C., and Gordon R. Ultsch. "Physiology of hibernation under the ice by turtles and frogs." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology 313A, no. 6 (March 26, 2010): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.603.

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14

Socha, Małgorzata, and Maria Ogielska. "Age structure, size and growth rate of water frogs from central European natural Pelophylax ridibundus-Pelophylax esculentus mixed populations estimated by skeletochronology." Amphibia-Reptilia 31, no. 2 (2010): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853810791069119.

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AbstractCentral European water frog Pelophylax esculentus (formerly known as Rana esculenta) is a natural hybrid between P. lessonae and P. ridibundus. The hybrids reproduce by hybridogenesis and usually share populations with one of the parental species. Natural ridibundus-esculentus (R-E) mixed populations are rare. The population described herein is composed of 80% P. ridibundus and 20% P. esculentus represented by both sexes. We analyzed 159 adults and 228 juveniles. Age of adults collected from breeding sites ranged from 2 to 6 years in males and from 3 to 7 years in females of both taxa.

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15

Santana, FE, RR Swaisgood, JM Lemm, RN Fisher, and RW Clark. "Chilled frogs are hot: hibernation and reproduction of the Endangered mountain yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa." Endangered Species Research 27, no. 1 (February 11, 2015): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00648.

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16

St-Pierre, Julie, Glenn J. Tattersall, and Robert G. Boutilier. "Metabolic depression and enhanced O2 affinity of mitochondria in hypoxic hypometabolism." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): R1205—R1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.4.r1205.

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This study examined whether the steady-state hypometabolism seen in overwintering frogs ( Rana temporaria) is reflected at the mitochondrial level either by a reduction in their resting (state 4) and active (state 3) respiration rates and/or by increases in O2 affinity. We isolated mitochondria from the skeletal muscle of cold-submerged frogs at different stages during their hibernation in normoxic and hypoxic water. A modest metabolic depression at the whole animal level (normoxic submergence) was not associated with a reduction in mitochondrial state 4 and state 3 respiration rates. However,

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Gao, Xu, Changnan Jin, Arley Camargo, and Yiming Li. "Allocation trade-off under climate warming in experimental amphibian populations." PeerJ 3 (October 20, 2015): e1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1326.

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Climate change could either directly or indirectly cause population declines via altered temperature, rainfall regimes, food availability or phenological responses. However few studies have focused on allocation trade-offs between growth and reproduction under marginal resources, such as food scarce that may be caused by climate warming. Such critical changes may have an unpredicted impact on amphibian life-history parameters and even population dynamics. Here, we report an allocation strategy of adult anuran individuals involving a reproductive stage under experimental warming. Using outdoor

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18

Churchill, T. A., and K. B. Storey. "Dehydration tolerance in wood frogs: a new perspective on development of amphibian freeze tolerance." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): R1324—R1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.6.r1324.

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Wood frogs, Rana sylvatica, tolerate the loss of 50-60% of total body water during experimental dehydration. The rate of water loss for unprotected frogs is the same whether animals are frozen (at -2 degrees C) or unfrozen (at 1 degrees C) but is greatly reduced when frogs are frozen under a protective layer of moss. Dehydrational death could occur in as little as 7-9 days for unprotected animals; this indicates the importance for winter survival of selecting well-protected and damp hibernation sites. Prior dehydration affected the cooling and freezing properties of frogs, reducing supercoolin

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19

Borzée, Amaël, Miyeon Kim, Jun Young Kim, Taeho Kim, and Yikweon Jang. "Microhabitat use during brumation in the Japanese treefrog, Dryophytes japonicus." Amphibia-Reptilia 39, no. 2 (2018): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-17000036.

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Abstract Although amphibians undergo drastic changes in physiology and behaviour before hibernation, this phase of their life cycle (i.e., brumation) is the least understood. We investigated the patterns of microhabitat use by Dryophytes japonicus during brumation using a Harmonic Direction Finder to track 27 adults in October 2013. Most frogs used chestnut trees throughout their diel cycle. The species was most active within the “leafy vegetation” microhabitat, moving about 2 m within 72 h on average, and mostly circa 10 AM. Frogs moved less in the four other microhabitats, with individuals m

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Loyau, Adeline, Jérémie H. Cornuau, Frances C. Clare, and Dirk S. Schmeller. "Side effects of itraconazole on post-metamorphic Alytes obstetricans after a cold stress." Amphibia-Reptilia 37, no. 4 (2016): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003064.

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Itraconazole is the most widely used treatment against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the fungal pathogen causing chytridiomycosis, a proximate cause of amphibian declines. Several side effects of itraconazole treatment, ranging in severity from depigmentation to death have been reported in different amphibian species and life stages, and these side effects were observed at commonly used dosages of itraconazole. However, no studies have investigated side-effects of itraconazole in conjunction with environmental stress. Post-metamorphic midwife toads (Alytes obstetricans) that were treate

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Stewart, E. Ray, Scott A. Reese, and Gordon R. Ultsch. "The Physiology of Hibernation in Canadian Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens) and Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana)." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77, no. 1 (January 2004): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/378921.

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22

Hudson, Nicholas J., and Craig E. Franklin. "Maintaining muscle mass during extended disuse: aestivating frogs as a model species." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 15 (August 1, 2002): 2297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.15.2297.

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SUMMARYProlonged muscle disuse in vertebrates can lead to a pathological change resulting in muscle wasting and a loss of muscle strength. In this paper, we review muscle disuse atrophy in the vertebrates and examine the factors that influence the magnitude of the atrophic response during extended periods of inactivity, both artificially imposed (e.g. limb immobilisation) and naturally occurring, such as the quiescence associated with dormancy (e.g. hibernation and aestivation). The severity of muscle atrophy is positively correlated with mass-specific metabolic rate, and the metabolic depress

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Conlon, JM, K. Yano, N. Chartrel, H. Vaudry, and KB Storey. "Freeze tolerance in the wood frog Rana sylvatica is associated with unusual structural features in insulin but not in glucagon." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 21, no. 2 (October 1, 1998): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0210153.

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The wood frog Rana sylvatica utilises glucose, derived from hepatic glycogen, as a cryoprotectant in order to survive freezing during winter hibernation, and glycogenolysis is initiated by hormonal and/or neural stimuli. The primary structure of insulin was determined from R. sylvatica and from two species of freeze-intolerant Ranid frogs R. catesbeiana (American bullfrog) and R. ridibunda (European green frog). All three insulins contain a dipeptide (Lys-Pro) extension to the N-terminus of the A-chain. The amino acid sequences of insulins from R. catesbeiana and R. ridibunda differ by only on

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Prokić, Marko D., Slavica S. Borković-Mitić, Imre I. Krizmanić, Jelena J. Mutić, Jelena P. Gavrić, Svetlana G. Despotović, Branka R. Gavrilović, Tijana B. Radovanović, Slađan Z. Pavlović, and Zorica S. Saičić. "Oxidative stress parameters in two Pelophylax esculentus complex frogs during pre- and post-hibernation: Arousal vs heavy metals." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 202 (November 2017): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.07.006.

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Bartmańska, Jolanta, and Maria Ogielska. "Development of testes and differentiation of germ cells in water frogs of the Rana esculenta - complex (Amphibia, Anura)." Amphibia-Reptilia 20, no. 3 (1999): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853899x00286.

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AbstractThe European water frog, Rana esculenta, is a hybrid whose genome is composed of haploid chromosome sets of its parental species R. lessonae and R. ridibunda. Prior to meiosis one of the parental sets is discarded and the other is duplicated (hybridogenesis). In the parental species sex differentiation begins at tadpole stages 28-30 (Gosner, 1960), at stages 30-36 the testes are composed of proliferating pale spermatogonia 1°. At stages 36-39 a new class of spermatogonia I° (dark) appears. Before first hibernation, seminiferous lobules are filled with cysts containing germ cells at var

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Elmberg, Johan. "Long-term survival, length of breeding season, and operational sex ratio in a boreal population of common frogs, Rana temporaria L." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-017.

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A population of individually marked adult Rana temporaria was studied during the breeding season in 1979–1988 in east-central Sweden. Annual return rate averaged 31% (range 16–51%) in males and 16% (range 5–33%) in females. Return rate was not size dependent but increased with every successful previous hibernation, indicating an increased survival rate with age. Return rate was not correlated with winter harshness. Once adult, males had on average 1.5 (maximum 6) seasons with the possibility of reproducing. Corresponding values for females were 1.4 and 4. Mean length of the breeding season was

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Wiebler, James M., Kevin D. Kohl, Richard E. Lee, and Jon P. Costanzo. "Urea hydrolysis by gut bacteria in a hibernating frog: evidence for urea-nitrogen recycling in Amphibia." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1878 (May 2, 2018): 20180241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0241.

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Gut bacteria that produce urease, the enzyme hydrolysing urea, contribute to nitrogen balance in diverse vertebrates, although the presence of this system of urea-nitrogen recycling in Amphibia is as yet unknown. Our studies of the wood frog ( Rana sylvatica ), a terrestrial species that accrues urea in winter, documented robust urease activity by enteric symbionts and hence potential to recoup nitrogen from the urea it produces. Ureolytic capacity in hibernating (non-feeding) frogs, whose guts hosted an approximately 33% smaller bacterial population, exceeded that of active (feeding) frogs, p

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Griffin, Christine T. "Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) in frogs (Rana temporaria) from three locations in Ireland." Journal of Helminthology 63, no. 1 (March 1989): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00008737.

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ABSTRACTA total of 444 adult frogs (Rana temporaria) were obtained from three sites in the east of Ireland. Oswaldocruzia filiformis was present at all times of the year; overall, 64% of the frogs were infected, with a mean burden of 5 worms/frog. Most of the parasites were in the first half of the small intestine. A single gross lesion associated with a high worm burden is described. Female parasites were more abundant than males. Most parasitic stages of O. filiformis overwintered in hibernating hosts. Seasonal patterns in the levels of parasitization were not discerned. The intensity of inf

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Layne, Jr.,, Jack R., and Matt E. Rice. "Postfreeze locomotion performance in wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 2061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-202.

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Freeze tolerance exists among a few species of terrestrially hibernating North American frogs such as the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and the spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer). We investigated jump distance and swimming speed of these two frog species during postfreeze recovery because impaired performance, even if reversible, could have adverse ecological consequences for these frogs. Following a nonlethal freeze at –1.5 °C, R. sylvatica returned to the prefreeze level of both modes of locomotion sooner than P. crucifer (54 h vs. 11 d or longer). Wood frogs recovered slowly following more in

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Rubin, Bruce K., Chris I. Cheeseman, Sita Gourishankar, and Malcolm King. "Is there a seasonal variation in mucus transport and nutrient absorption in the leopard frog?" Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 70, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y92-056.

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We postulated that as a hibernating species, frogs might have variable demands for nutrients at different seasons of the year and that this must be reflected in seasonal variations of physiologic processes related to nutrient transport and absorption. We examined the rate of mucus transport on the ciliated palate and the movement of nutrients across the intestinal lumen of leopard frogs, Rana pipiens. Mucus transport on the frog palate was strongly influenced by season, with maximal transport occurring in late June (Julian day 178, p = 0.0001; r = 0.58). This increased transport rate was assoc

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STEINER, A. A., S. O. PETENUSCI, L. G. BRENTEGANI, and L. G. S. BRANCO. "The importance of glucose for the freezing tolerance/intolerance of the anuran amphibians Rana catesbeiana and Bufo paracnemis." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 60, no. 2 (May 2000): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71082000000200017.

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Several species of terrestrially hibernating frogs, turtles and insects have developed mechanisms, such as increased plasma glucose, anti-freeze proteins and antioxidant enzymes that resist to freezing, for survival at subzero temperatures. In the present study, we assessed the importance of glucose to cryoresistance of two anuran amphibians: the frog Rana catesbeiana and the toad Bufo paracnemis. Both animals were exposed to -2ºC for measurements of plasma glucose levels, liver and muscle glycogen content, haematocrit and red blood cell volume. Frogs survived cold exposure but toads did not.

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Cooper, Edwin L., Richard K. Wright, Alfredo E. Klempau, and Carlos T. Smith. "Hibernation alters the frog's immune system." Cryobiology 29, no. 5 (October 1992): 616–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(92)90066-b.

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Buschman, H. P., W. J. van der Laarse, G. J. Stienen, and G. Elzinga. "Variation in normalized isometric tetanic force of isolated fast-twitch muscle fibres of Rana temporaria." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 3 (February 1, 1997): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.3.523.

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The origin of the threefold variation found previously in isometric force normalized to cross-sectional area of single fast-twitch tibialis anterior muscle fibres of the frog Rana temporaria was studied by using (1) a strictly defined stimulus protocol, and (2) influencing the condition of the frog using artificial hibernation. Variation in normalized force was found to be influenced by the length of the rest period between tetani. After a long rest (&gt; 6h), tetanic force production was less than for a tetanus produced after 1 h. The length of the rest period accounted for a factor of 1.

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Shirakawa, T., and B. I. Hirschowitz. "Seasonal fluctuations in pepsinogen secretion from frog esophageal peptic glands." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 250, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): G484—G488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.4.g484.

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The seasonal activity of pepsinogen secretion in the Rana catesbeiana was studied by use of peptic gland bearing esophageal mucosa mounted in a perfused double chamber. The amount of the basal pepsinogen secretion during hibernation (winter) and breeding (spring) periods was approximately 25 and 55% of basal secretion during the active (summer) period. The circumannual variation of basal secretion was highly correlated (r = 0.88, n = 37) with the pepsinogen content of the mucosa. The fractional rate of basal secretion (approximately 2% of content per hour) remained essentially constant, and pe

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St‐Pierre, J., and R. G. Boutilier. "Aerobic Capacity of Frog Skeletal Muscle during Hibernation." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 74, no. 3 (May 2001): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/320428.

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36

Boutilier, Robert G. "Mechanisms of metabolic defense against hypoxia in hibernating frogs." Respiration Physiology 128, no. 3 (November 2001): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5687(01)00312-7.

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37

Stumpel, Anton H. P. "On hibernation sites in the tree frog Hyla arborea." Amphibia-Reptilia 11, no. 3 (1990): 304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853890x00230.

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38

Sotowska-Brochocka, Jolanta, Lidia Martyńska, and Paul Licht. "Dopaminergic Inhibition of Gonadotropic Release in Hibernating Frogs, Rana temporaria." General and Comparative Endocrinology 93, no. 2 (February 1994): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gcen.1994.1022.

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39

Sharma, P. N., N. Rai, and G. P. Brennan. "Ultrastructure of the tegument of the trematode Ganeo tigrinum parasitizing the intestine of indian frogs." Journal of Helminthology 70, no. 2 (June 1996): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00015297.

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Abstract:

AbstractThe surface tegument of G. tigrinum generally resembles that described for other digeneans. It contains surface tubercles and is covered with a glycocalyx. In the anterior region the tegument bears spines while tubular-like canals and occasional deep invaginations are present on the anteroventral surface. Two types of secretory body are present in the tegumental syncytium and produced in separate tegumental cells. Mitochondria are present in the surface syncytium, suggesting active transport occurs across the tegument in non-hibernating frogs.

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40

Storey, Kenneth B., and Janet M. Storey. "Persistence of Freeze Tolerance in Terrestrially Hibernating Frogs after Spring Emergence." Copeia 1987, no. 3 (August 5, 1987): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445665.

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41

Irwin, Jason T., Jon P. Costanzo, and Richard E. Lee, Jr. "Terrestrial hibernation in the northern cricket frog, Acris crepitans." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 8 (1999): 1240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-77-8-1240.

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42

Costanzo, J. P. "Cryoprotection by urea in a terrestrially hibernating frog." Journal of Experimental Biology 208, no. 21 (November 1, 2005): 4079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01859.

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43

Cerri, Silvia, Giovanni Bottiroli, Maria Grazia Bottone, Sergio Barni, and Graziella Bernocchi. "Cell proliferation and death in the brain of active and hibernating frogs." Journal of Anatomy 215, no. 2 (August 2009): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01101.x.

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44

IHARA, SADAO. "Site Selection for Hibernation by the Tree Frog, Rhacophorus schlegelii." Japanese journal of herpetology 18, no. 2 (1999): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5358/hsj1972.18.2_39.

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45

Sengezer-Inceli, Meliha, O. Murathanoglu, Songül Castillo, Serap Sancar-Bas, and E. Kaptan. "Distribution of prolactin receptor in frog(Rana Ridibunda)dorsal skin during hibernation." Acta Biologica Hungarica 62, no. 4 (December 2011): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/abiol.62.2011.4.2.

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46

Barni, Sergio, Franco Bernini, Carla Fenoglio, and Carlo Reggiani. "Adaptations of the frog myocardium to conditions of natural hibernation: Morphofunctional changes." Bollettino di zoologia 61, no. 4 (January 1, 1994): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11250009409355901.

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47

Kosik-Bogacka, Danuta Izabela, and Tomasz Tyrakowski. "Effect of Hibernation on Sodium and Chloride Ion Transport in Isolated Frog Skin." Folia Biologica 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/173491607780006317.

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48

Banas, J. A., W. J. Loesche, and G. W. Nace. "Possible mechanisms responsible for the reduced intestinal flora in hibernating leopard frogs (Rana pipiens)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54, no. 9 (1988): 2311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.54.9.2311-2317.1988.

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Barni, Sergio, and Graziella Bernocchi. "Internalization of erythrocytes into liver parenchymal cells in naturally hibernating frogs (Rana esculenta L.)." Journal of Experimental Zoology 258, no. 2 (May 1991): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402580202.

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50

Layne, Jack R., Richard E. Lee, and Michele M. Cutwa. "Post-Hibernation Excretion of Glucose in Urine of the Freeze Tolerant Frog Rana sylvatica." Journal of Herpetology 30, no. 1 (March 1996): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564715.

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