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Relevant bibliographies by topics / From Below

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Academic literature on the topic 'From Below'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "From Below"

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Van der Westhuizen, Henco. "Doing theology from below, from below?" STJ | Stellenbosch Theological Journal 6, no. 4 (2021): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17570/stj.2020.v6n4.a4.

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To address the issue of doing theology from below in South Africa, I will question how Bonhoeffer’s learning to see things from below has been interpreted from below. I will ask how John de Gruchy, who edited the new English edition of Bonhoeffer’s final fragments, interpreted him from below. In this light I will reflect on doing theology from below in South Africa.

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Gopinath, Praseeda. "Narrating from Below." Contemporary Literature 57, no. 1 (2016): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/cl.57.1.153.

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Ilyashov, Anatoli, Daniel J. Walkowitz, Barbara Abrash, and Daniel J. Walkowitz. "Perestroika from Below." American Historical Review 96, no. 4 (1991): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165009.

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Park, Daniel. "Evolution from below." Lancet 357, no. 9257 (2001): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71494-x.

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Teeter, Mark H., and Daniel J. Walkowitz. "Perestroika from below." Russian Review 53, no. 1 (1994): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/131299.

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Eshleman, Scott, and Rob Koss. "Built from Below." Civil Engineering Magazine Archive 87, no. 10 (2017): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0001241.

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Wilson, Kristi M., and Tomás Crowder-Taraborrelli. "Solutions from Below." Latin American Perspectives 42, no. 5 (2015): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x15600172.

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Peil, Tiina. "Heritage from Below." Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 68, no. 4 (2014): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2014.923037.

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Waetjen, Thembisa. "Sputnik from Below." Interventions 18, no. 5 (2016): 687–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369801x.2015.1129913.

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Evensen, Lars Sigfred. "Convention from Below." Written Communication 19, no. 3 (2002): 382–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074108802237750.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "From Below"

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Lotze, Cynthia Grier. "From Below Table Mesa." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/2018.

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Biehl, Silvia. "Globalization from top and below." Florianópolis, SC, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/94696.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente, Florianópolis, 2010<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T14:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 281085.pdf: 1166400 bytes, checksum: c4a57c1129fce898f66dbeb0ed0fa13d (MD5)<br>This dissertation analyzes the configuration of socioeconomic and national margins in two contemporary North-American documentaries entirely filmed in Brazil--Favela Rising (Jeff Zimbalist and Matt Mochary, 2005) and Manda Bala (Jason Kohn, 2008). In an attempt to contribute to the research on the representation of Brazil in foreign films, the investigation draws upon concepts such as globalization (Appadurai, 1996; Jameson, 2003), identity (Min-ha, 1997), and difference (Appadurai, 1996; Bhabha, 1996) to approach the documentaries not as fixed representations of a given reality, but as cultural texts that might or not be articulated through the notion of nation. The hypothesis is that the analyzed documentaries are sites for the configuration of margins and, for that reason, are privileged instances to observe the constitution of identities and differences. The conclusion-reached through individual and comparative analyses-is that the documentaries present very distinct articulations of socioeconomic and national margins. On one hand, Manda Bala, through an argumentative and circular structure, reinforces socioeconomic identities circumscribed by a Brazilian national margin. Besides presenting a totalizing portrayal of Brazil, Manda Bala reproduces a colonial gaze that fixes Brazilian society as cannibal, and reinforces the dominant gaze that it seeks to criticize. On the other hand, Favela Rising, through a mainly narrative structure, moves the gaze of national proportions towards the favela of Vigário Geral, in Rio de Janeiro. Less than creating a micro-portrait of Brazil, Favela Rising suggests the existence of social formations beyond national margins, whose political strength exists in its refusal of the negative difference imposed by socioeconomic margins. Another conclusion is that the documentaries present, in an opposite and complementary manner, contradictory forces at play in globalization.

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Owinoh, Antony Zachariah. "Natural convection driven by heating from below." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.625011.

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Baroud, Ramzy Mohamed. "History from below : writing a people's history of Palestine." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17480.

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This submission for PhD by Publication includes three studies designed to reflect the popular view of ordinary Palestinians regarding events and politics in Palestine throughout modern history. They aim to primarily provide a ‘history from below’ political discourse of the Palestinian people. While the studies do not purport to determine with certainty the exact dynamics that propel Palestinian politics and society - as in where political power ultimately lies - they attempt to present a long-dormant argument that sees ‘history from below’ as an indispensable platform providing essential insight into Palestinian history to explain present political currents. Over the course of 11 years, I conducted three studies which resulted in the publication of the following volumes: The first work, Searching Jenin: Eyewitness Accounts of the Israeli Invasion (2003) is centered on the events that surrounded the Israeli siege, invasion and subsequent violence in and around the Palestinian West Bank refugee camp of Jenin in April 2002. The study includes forty two eyewitness accounts, collected from people who witnessed the violence and were affected by it, were recorded and positioned to create a clear and unified narrative. The reality that the refugees portrayed in these accounts was mostly inconsistent with the official Israeli narrative of the violent events that occurred in the refugee camp, on one hand, and that were provided by the Palestinian Authority (PA) or factions, on the other. The Second Palestinian Intifada: A Chronicle of a People’s Struggle (2006) shows the impact of the Israeli military policies used against revolting Palestinians in the Occupied Territories, and the popular response to these policies during the first five years of the Second Palestinian Intifada (2000-2005). The results of the study also demonstrate the inconsistencies between the views and practices held by the official political representation of Palestinians, and the popular view, as demonstrated in the discernible collective behavior of ordinary Palestinians throughout the Occupied Territories. In My Father was a Freedom Fighter: Gaza’s Untold Story (2010) my research pursues the roots of the current situation in the Gaza Strip – that of siege, political deadlock and violence. The study traces the lives of selected refugees before the Nakba - the Catastrophe of 1947-48 - back in Palestine during the British Mandate in the 1920s and just before the Zionist colonial project went into full swing. In the three studies, the central argument is that historical and political events are best explained through non-elitist actors, who although at times lack political representation and platform, are capable of influencing, if not shaping the course of history, thus the present situation on the ground. The studies also indicate that such notions as popular resistance, collective memory and steadfastness (sumud in Arabic) are not mere idealistic and sentimental values, but notions with tangible and decipherable impact on past events and present realities. The central argument endeavors to demonstrate that although the Palestinian people are divided into various collectives, they are united by a common sense of identity and an undeclared political discourse, and they have historically proven to be a viable political actor that has influenced, affected, or, in some instances, deeply altered political realities. To examine my thesis, my paper will be reviewing several theoretical notions of historiography including the Great Man Theory, which uses an elitist approach to understanding the formation and conversion of history. The Great Man Theory argues that single individuals of importance have made decisions that drive the outcomes of history. This notion is challenged by Group Theories which argue that history is shaped by the outcome of competing interest groups belonging to socio-economic elites, and that multidimensional forces often shape political realities. Furthermore, I examine a third theoretical approach that of ‘history from below’, which argues that history is scarcely shaped by ‘great men’ or socio-economic elites. Such historiography rarely contends with how history is formed; instead, it is mostly concerned with attempting to reconstruct the flow of history. It does so through deconstructing largely collective phenomena that are believed to be responsible for shaping current political movements. I attempt, through these volumes, to present a flow of Palestinian history based on the ‘history from below’ approach. The following paper will attempt to explain the logic behind my choice.

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Hoebbel, John Marshall. "The View From Below: Encountering Urban 'Lost Space'." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1245767184.

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Thesis (Master of Architecture)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.<br>Advisor: Vincent Sansalone. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 3, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: infrastructure; terrain; vague; lost; space; levee; river; architecture; marginal; bridge; covington. Includes bibliographical references.

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Yeboah, Eric Henry. "Microfinance in rural Ghana : a view from below." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1189/.

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The thesis investigates, from a contextual and user perspective, the implementation processes of microfinance interventions and the effect of the implementation processes on households and businesses. The thesis’ central argument is that microfinance discourse has neglected the perspective of microfinance users and this can negatively affect microfinance interventions as development tools. The study examines two microfinance interventions, Nsoatreman Women Empowerment Programme and Sinapi Aba Trust, in Nsoatre, a rural community in Ghana. Data for the study is from secondary sources, 26 interviews and 100 questionnaires. The study was guided by the philosophical ideas underlying the Sustainable Livelihood Approach and the Interpretive Approach. Using qualitative, cross-tabulations and ordinal logistic regression, the analysis found that the microfinance institutions studied essentially employ top-down approaches and that the perception of microfinance as non-paternalistic is not supported by this study. The mode of group formation has significant ramifications on subsequent group activities and peer monitoring played a limited role in mitigating moral hazard. Service users exhibited noticeable lack of knowledge on intervention activities. Microfinance interventions contribute to household consumption more than it does to household asset accumulation. Poorer service users reported more household and business benefits. The findings suggest a reappraisal of the design of microfinance interventions, especially in rural areas.

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Aitchison, Cornish G. "Claiming from below : rights, politics and social movements." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1470585/.

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It is often said that many of the canonical rights we enjoy today are the achievement of past political struggle. While these struggles are typically invoked as a source of political inspiration, this thesis argues that they are also key to understanding the nature and significance of rights as a philosophical concept. The thesis marks a new contribution to the literature on rights, which is predominantly oriented to the formal analysis of rights in relation to the law and to their achievement and enforcement through the institutions of the constitutional state. Part I of the thesis sets out and defends an activist theory of rights that explains the special value the concept has as claims that empower agents with the moral standing to challenge and replace unjust laws, institutions and social practices according to critical moral norms. Part II uses the activist theory of rights as a framework to examine the strengths and weaknesses of four influential models of rights politics: the juridical model of Ronald Dworkin; the parliamentary model of Jeremy Waldron and Richard Bellamy; the liberal civil disobedience model of John Rawls, and the radical critique of rights from within the Marxian tradition. The evaluation of these four models generates an argument in support of the legitimacy and effectiveness of activist citizenship for the achievement and enforcement of rights on the basis of democratic inclusion, moral innovation and civic education. Part III of the thesis provides an illustration of activist citizenship taken from a contemporary squatting movement centered on the right to housing, ‘Take Back the Land’. In exercising the moral right to housing, for which they demand political recognition, the group’s practices reflect the adversarial dimension of rights in keeping with the concept’s historical role in empowering subordinate groups to challenge unjust relations of power and inequality.

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Kea, Kiri Renol. "A perspective from the village in Cambodia : toward democratization from below." Graduate School of International Development. Nagoya University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6226.

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Murzabekov, Marat. "Sahelian re-greening - merging a view from above with one from below." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Human Geography, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-39964.

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<p>In the early 2000’s scientists noticed an increase in biomass production in the Sahel for the period 1982-2002 (a process which is referred to as ‘greening’). The goal of this thesis was to investigate the greening phenomenon at the local scale in 4 villages in south-central Niger and compare results of the investigation with the already available regional scale studies. Theoretical starting points for this study were: the micro-macro scale paradox in the Sahelian studies and the critical research about ‘received wisdoms’ and environmental narratives of African landscapes. Methods for this study were: visual interpretation of remote sensing data (aerial photographs and satellite images) and collection of farmers’ knowledge during a fieldtrip (PRA and personal interviews). This study identified that greening was not a uniform or strong process in four villages. Greening primarily concerned appearance of new trees, whereas big old trees continued to disappear. Not only rainfall was a reason behind greening, but also human factor played a substantial role. The greening phenomenon should be investigated critically, as far as its meaning for the affected land users is not clear.</p>

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Morin, Erin Margaret. "Development from below, addressing the needs of Patzulá, Guatemala." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20679.pdf.

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Books on the topic "From Below"

1

Reese, Laura. Topping from below. St. Martin's Griffin, 1996.

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Heritage from below. Ashgate Pub. Company, 2012.

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Reese, Laura. Topping from below. Coronet Books, 1995.

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Datta, Prabhat Kumar. Planning from below. Dasgupta & Co., 2003.

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Topping from below. St. Martin's Press, 1995.

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Lit from below. Salmon Poetry, 2013.

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Draper, Hal. Socialism from below. Humanities Press, 1992.

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Reese, Laura. Topping from below. Hodder & Stoughton, 2012.

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Fabian, Johannes, ed. History from Below. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cll.7.

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Van Ginderachter, Maarten, and Marnix Beyen, eds. Nationhood from Below. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230355354.

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Book chapters on the topic "From Below"

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Zuchtriegel, Gabriel. "Hellenicity from below." In Ancient History from Below. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003005148-10.

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Cooley, Alexander, and Daniel Nexon. "Exit from Below." In Exit from Hegemony. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190916473.003.0005.

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The rise of states interesting in altering international order, or with little interest in promoting domestic liberal institutions, broke the post–Cold War “patronage monopoly” enjoyed by the United States and its democratic allies. The emergence of new patrons—including not just Russia and China but also regional powers—allows recipients of international aid to push back against, and attempt to loosen, many of the kinds of conditions and principles demanded by democratic donors. In turn, the possibility of alternative patrons has assisted the rise of illiberal, populist leaders, including within the “core” of the American system. This chapter examines these dynamics regionally, including in Africa and Central America, and in specific countries such as Hungary, the Philippines, Venezuela, and Turkey.

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Luis, Eduardo Guarnizo, and Peter Smith Michael. "The Locations of Transnationalism 1." In Transnationalism From Below. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351301244-1.

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Schein, Louisa. "Forged Transnationality and Oppositional Cosmopolitanism 1." In Transnationalism From Below. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351301244-10.

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Drainville, André C. "The Fetishism of Global Civil Society: Global Governance, Transnational Urbanism and Sustainable Capitalism in the World Economy." In Transnationalism From Below. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351301244-2.

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Mahler, Sarah J. "Theoretical and Empirical Contributions Toward a Research Agenda for Transnationalism 1." In Transnationalism From Below. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351301244-3.

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Smart, Alan. "Transnational Social Networks and Negotiated Identities in Interactions Between Hong Kong and China." In Transnationalism From Below. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351301244-4.

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Schiller, Nina Glick. "Transnational Lives and National Identities: The Identity Politics of Haitian Immigrants 1." In Transnationalism From Below. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351301244-5.

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Goldring, Luin. "The Power of Status in Transnational Social Fields 1." In Transnationalism From Below. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351301244-6.

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Smith, Robert C. "Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of Mexico and U.S. Migration 1." In Transnationalism From Below. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351301244-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "From Below"

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Grilli di Cortona, G. "Searching SUSY from below." In 18th International Conference From the Planck Scale to the Electroweak Scale. Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.258.0054.

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Hill, Hermann, Tino Schuppan, and Katrin Walter. "Rethinking e-government from below." In the 13th Annual International Conference. ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2307729.2307777.

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Roca, Ronel Christian, Kosei Fukui, Hiroto Mizuno, Mikihito Suzuki, and Itaru Kamiya. "Below-bandgap photoluminescence from GaAs." In 2019 Compound Semiconductor Week (CSW). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciprm.2019.8819251.

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Zhang, Xiang. "Imaging Below Diffraction Limit Using Superlens and Hyperlens." In Photonic Metamaterials: From Random to Periodic. OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/meta.2007.md2.

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Brundell, Patrick, Andrew Crabtree, Richard Mortier, Tom Rodden, Paul Tennent, and Peter Tolmie. "The network from above and below." In the first ACM SIGCOMM workshop. ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2018602.2018604.

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Henderson, L. C. A. "A guide to measuring resistance and impedance below 1 MHz." In IEE Colloquium Interconnections from DC to Microwaves. IEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19990098.

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Morrison, Douglas, Harvey Parsons, and Allan Akerman. "Towards continuous bulk production from below 2.5 km." In Seventh International Conference on Deep and High Stress Mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1410_01_morrison.

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Keitzl, Thomas, Dirk Notz, and Juan-Pedro Mellado. "Video: How fast does ice melt from below?" In 67th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics. American Physical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/aps.dfd.2014.gfm.v0020.

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Kristoffersen, M., and F. A. Kulacki. "TURBULENCE IN A POROUS MEDIUM HEATED FROM BELOW." In Annals of the Assembly for International Heat Transfer Conference 13. Begell House Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc13.p5.60.

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O. Lindsay, R., and D. W. Ratcliff. "Stratigraphic interpretation below salt from 3D PreSDM AVO." In 58th EAEG Meeting. EAGE Publications BV, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201408636.

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Reports on the topic "From Below"

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Roesler, Stefan. Distributions of Secondary Muons at Sea Level from Cosmic Gamma Rays Below 10 TeV. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/787214.

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Pancheva, Dora, Plamen Mukhtarov, and Borislav Andonov. Global Empirical Model of the TEC Response to Geomagnetic Activity and Forcing from Below. Defense Technical Information Center, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada605697.

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Clarke, D. B., A. Piacsek, and J. W. White. Predictions of acoustic signals from explosions above and below the ocean surface: source region calculations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/462877.

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Larmat, Carene, Marcel Remillieux, Lucie Rolland, and Philippe Lognonne. W15_ionisphere “3D modeling and inversion of ionospheric signals driven from below by earthquakes and tsunami". Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1345919.

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Brunt, R., D. J. W. Piper, and D. C. Campbell. Compilation of surficial geological data from the upper Scotian Slope (150 to 500 metres below sea level). Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/215616.

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Chung, C. F., and W. A. Spirito. Estimation of distribution parameters from data with observations below detection limit with an example from South Nahanni River area, District of Mackenzie. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/128063.

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Tsoupas N., M. Bai, H. Huang, and T. Roser. Transferring Polarized Proton Beam from AGS to RHIC at Energies below the Spin Resonance G g=36+ny. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1061598.

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Brotherton, David C., and Rafael Gude. Social Inclusion from Below: The Perspectives of Street Gangs and Their Possible Effects on Declining Homicide Rates in Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001057.

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LeBlanc, A. M., J. Chartrand, and S L Smith. Estimation of maximum lake depth from the surrounding topography: towards a regional assessment of the occurrence of taliks below Arctic lakes. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328242.

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Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.

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This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.

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