To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: From Below.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'From Below'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'From Below.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Lotze, Cynthia Grier. "From Below Table Mesa." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/2018.
Full text
2
Biehl, Silvia. "Globalization from top and below." Florianópolis, SC, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/94696.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente, Florianópolis, 2010<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T14:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
281085.pdf: 1166400 bytes, checksum: c4a57c1129fce898f66dbeb0ed0fa13d (MD5)<br>This dissertation analyzes the configuration of socioeconomic and national margins in two contemporary North-American documentaries entirely filmed in Brazil--Favela Rising (Jeff Zimbalist and Matt Mochary, 2005) and Manda Bala (Jason Kohn, 2008). In an attempt to contribute to the research on the representation of Brazil in foreign films, the investigation draws upon concepts such as globalization (Appadurai, 1996; Jameson, 2003), identity (Min-ha, 1997), and difference (Appadurai, 1996; Bhabha, 1996) to approach the documentaries not as fixed representations of a given reality, but as cultural texts that might or not be articulated through the notion of nation. The hypothesis is that the analyzed documentaries are sites for the configuration of margins and, for that reason, are privileged instances to observe the constitution of identities and differences. The conclusion-reached through individual and comparative analyses-is that the documentaries present very distinct articulations of socioeconomic and national margins. On one hand, Manda Bala, through an argumentative and circular structure, reinforces socioeconomic identities circumscribed by a Brazilian national margin. Besides presenting a totalizing portrayal of Brazil, Manda Bala reproduces a colonial gaze that fixes Brazilian society as cannibal, and reinforces the dominant gaze that it seeks to criticize. On the other hand, Favela Rising, through a mainly narrative structure, moves the gaze of national proportions towards the favela of Vigário Geral, in Rio de Janeiro. Less than creating a micro-portrait of Brazil, Favela Rising suggests the existence of social formations beyond national margins, whose political strength exists in its refusal of the negative difference imposed by socioeconomic margins. Another conclusion is that the documentaries present, in an opposite and complementary manner, contradictory forces at play in globalization.
3
Owinoh, Antony Zachariah. "Natural convection driven by heating from below." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.625011.
Full text
4
Baroud, Ramzy Mohamed. "History from below : writing a people's history of Palestine." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17480.
Full textAbstract:
This submission for PhD by Publication includes three studies designed to reflect the popular view of ordinary Palestinians regarding events and politics in Palestine throughout modern history. They aim to primarily provide a ‘history from below’ political discourse of the Palestinian people. While the studies do not purport to determine with certainty the exact dynamics that propel Palestinian politics and society - as in where political power ultimately lies - they attempt to present a long-dormant argument that sees ‘history from below’ as an indispensable platform providing essential insight into Palestinian history to explain present political currents. Over the course of 11 years, I conducted three studies which resulted in the publication of the following volumes: The first work, Searching Jenin: Eyewitness Accounts of the Israeli Invasion (2003) is centered on the events that surrounded the Israeli siege, invasion and subsequent violence in and around the Palestinian West Bank refugee camp of Jenin in April 2002. The study includes forty two eyewitness accounts, collected from people who witnessed the violence and were affected by it, were recorded and positioned to create a clear and unified narrative. The reality that the refugees portrayed in these accounts was mostly inconsistent with the official Israeli narrative of the violent events that occurred in the refugee camp, on one hand, and that were provided by the Palestinian Authority (PA) or factions, on the other. The Second Palestinian Intifada: A Chronicle of a People’s Struggle (2006) shows the impact of the Israeli military policies used against revolting Palestinians in the Occupied Territories, and the popular response to these policies during the first five years of the Second Palestinian Intifada (2000-2005). The results of the study also demonstrate the inconsistencies between the views and practices held by the official political representation of Palestinians, and the popular view, as demonstrated in the discernible collective behavior of ordinary Palestinians throughout the Occupied Territories. In My Father was a Freedom Fighter: Gaza’s Untold Story (2010) my research pursues the roots of the current situation in the Gaza Strip – that of siege, political deadlock and violence. The study traces the lives of selected refugees before the Nakba - the Catastrophe of 1947-48 - back in Palestine during the British Mandate in the 1920s and just before the Zionist colonial project went into full swing. In the three studies, the central argument is that historical and political events are best explained through non-elitist actors, who although at times lack political representation and platform, are capable of influencing, if not shaping the course of history, thus the present situation on the ground. The studies also indicate that such notions as popular resistance, collective memory and steadfastness (sumud in Arabic) are not mere idealistic and sentimental values, but notions with tangible and decipherable impact on past events and present realities. The central argument endeavors to demonstrate that although the Palestinian people are divided into various collectives, they are united by a common sense of identity and an undeclared political discourse, and they have historically proven to be a viable political actor that has influenced, affected, or, in some instances, deeply altered political realities. To examine my thesis, my paper will be reviewing several theoretical notions of historiography including the Great Man Theory, which uses an elitist approach to understanding the formation and conversion of history. The Great Man Theory argues that single individuals of importance have made decisions that drive the outcomes of history. This notion is challenged by Group Theories which argue that history is shaped by the outcome of competing interest groups belonging to socio-economic elites, and that multidimensional forces often shape political realities. Furthermore, I examine a third theoretical approach that of ‘history from below’, which argues that history is scarcely shaped by ‘great men’ or socio-economic elites. Such historiography rarely contends with how history is formed; instead, it is mostly concerned with attempting to reconstruct the flow of history. It does so through deconstructing largely collective phenomena that are believed to be responsible for shaping current political movements. I attempt, through these volumes, to present a flow of Palestinian history based on the ‘history from below’ approach. The following paper will attempt to explain the logic behind my choice.
5
Hoebbel, John Marshall. "The View From Below: Encountering Urban 'Lost Space'." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1245767184.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Master of Architecture)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.<br>Advisor: Vincent Sansalone. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 3, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: infrastructure; terrain; vague; lost; space; levee; river; architecture; marginal; bridge; covington. Includes bibliographical references.
6
Yeboah, Eric Henry. "Microfinance in rural Ghana : a view from below." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1189/.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis investigates, from a contextual and user perspective, the implementation processes of microfinance interventions and the effect of the implementation processes on households and businesses. The thesis’ central argument is that microfinance discourse has neglected the perspective of microfinance users and this can negatively affect microfinance interventions as development tools. The study examines two microfinance interventions, Nsoatreman Women Empowerment Programme and Sinapi Aba Trust, in Nsoatre, a rural community in Ghana. Data for the study is from secondary sources, 26 interviews and 100 questionnaires. The study was guided by the philosophical ideas underlying the Sustainable Livelihood Approach and the Interpretive Approach. Using qualitative, cross-tabulations and ordinal logistic regression, the analysis found that the microfinance institutions studied essentially employ top-down approaches and that the perception of microfinance as non-paternalistic is not supported by this study. The mode of group formation has significant ramifications on subsequent group activities and peer monitoring played a limited role in mitigating moral hazard. Service users exhibited noticeable lack of knowledge on intervention activities. Microfinance interventions contribute to household consumption more than it does to household asset accumulation. Poorer service users reported more household and business benefits. The findings suggest a reappraisal of the design of microfinance interventions, especially in rural areas.
7
Aitchison, Cornish G. "Claiming from below : rights, politics and social movements." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1470585/.
Full textAbstract:
It is often said that many of the canonical rights we enjoy today are the achievement of past political struggle. While these struggles are typically invoked as a source of political inspiration, this thesis argues that they are also key to understanding the nature and significance of rights as a philosophical concept. The thesis marks a new contribution to the literature on rights, which is predominantly oriented to the formal analysis of rights in relation to the law and to their achievement and enforcement through the institutions of the constitutional state. Part I of the thesis sets out and defends an activist theory of rights that explains the special value the concept has as claims that empower agents with the moral standing to challenge and replace unjust laws, institutions and social practices according to critical moral norms. Part II uses the activist theory of rights as a framework to examine the strengths and weaknesses of four influential models of rights politics: the juridical model of Ronald Dworkin; the parliamentary model of Jeremy Waldron and Richard Bellamy; the liberal civil disobedience model of John Rawls, and the radical critique of rights from within the Marxian tradition. The evaluation of these four models generates an argument in support of the legitimacy and effectiveness of activist citizenship for the achievement and enforcement of rights on the basis of democratic inclusion, moral innovation and civic education. Part III of the thesis provides an illustration of activist citizenship taken from a contemporary squatting movement centered on the right to housing, ‘Take Back the Land’. In exercising the moral right to housing, for which they demand political recognition, the group’s practices reflect the adversarial dimension of rights in keeping with the concept’s historical role in empowering subordinate groups to challenge unjust relations of power and inequality.
8
Kea, Kiri Renol. "A perspective from the village in Cambodia : toward democratization from below." Graduate School of International Development. Nagoya University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6226.
Full text
9
Murzabekov, Marat. "Sahelian re-greening - merging a view from above with one from below." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Human Geography, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-39964.
Full textAbstract:
<p>In the early 2000’s scientists noticed an increase in biomass production in the Sahel for the period 1982-2002 (a process which is referred to as ‘greening’). The goal of this thesis was to investigate the greening phenomenon at the local scale in 4 villages in south-central Niger and compare results of the investigation with the already available regional scale studies. Theoretical starting points for this study were: the micro-macro scale paradox in the Sahelian studies and the critical research about ‘received wisdoms’ and environmental narratives of African landscapes. Methods for this study were: visual interpretation of remote sensing data (aerial photographs and satellite images) and collection of farmers’ knowledge during a fieldtrip (PRA and personal interviews). This study identified that greening was not a uniform or strong process in four villages. Greening primarily concerned appearance of new trees, whereas big old trees continued to disappear. Not only rainfall was a reason behind greening, but also human factor played a substantial role. The greening phenomenon should be investigated critically, as far as its meaning for the affected land users is not clear.</p>
10
Morin, Erin Margaret. "Development from below, addressing the needs of Patzulá, Guatemala." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20679.pdf.
Full text
11
Crawford, Karin. "Continuing professional development in higher education : voices from below." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2009. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/2146/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research is to further understanding of faculty-based academics’ views on what influences their understandings, behaviours and attitudes towards their continuing professional development. Informed by critical realist ontology, it is argued that it is necessary to explore academics’ understandings and accounts of professional development in their practice context in order to gain a better understanding of the complexity and differential practices that underlie professional development in academia. In doing so, the research addresses the current under-representation in the literature of the voices of faculty academics about what influences their approaches to professional development. The data collection was carried out during the academic year 2007-8, using a qualitative multi-case study approach. Methods included semi-structured, narrative interviews with academics, more structured interviews with ‘key informants’ and examination of relevant institutional documents. Findings from this research have enabled new themes and areas for reflection to emerge about the constraints and enablements academics perceive in respect of their professional development. In particular, themes such as issues of interpretation and meaning; concepts of professional status and academic values; misaligned initiatives and priorities; the influence of supportive networks; and emergent personal, individual concerns have surfaced. The conclusion is drawn that the significance of agency raises the importance of opening the debate and responding to the ‘voices from below’.
12
Fatmi, Abdessamad. "Moroccan-Spanish relations from above and below (1990-2012)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/14075/.
Full textAbstract:
This study sets out to analyse the dynamics and complexities of Moroccan-Spanish relations “from above and from below” over a period of 22 years (1990 to 2012) by exploring the impact of the supra-state (EU) and the sub-state (Catalan) entities on the bilateral relationship. While the Rabat-Madrid nexus is the main focus, the thesis also surveys Moroccan-EU and Moroccan-Catalan relations, focusing on economic, migration and cooperation policy areas where Spain, the EU and Catalonia have shared but varying degrees of competence. The investigation seeks to examine whether the complexity of relations and actors turn out to be beneficial or detrimental to the Rabat-Madrid bilateral ties, and strives to produce a theoretically informed investigation by framing the dynamics of this complex relationship in theoretical terms. Multi-level governance, Europeanization, Complex Interdependence and Omnibalancing are the main theoretical frameworks discussed. With regard to the central relationship (Moroccan-Spanish relations), the research highlights its complex, multifaceted and cyclical nature. It underlines some of the structural problems plaguing the bilateral ties such as the dissimilar political systems, the territorial squabbles, economic interests and disparities, migration and security challenges, and the negative public opinion; and it also points to the flourishing web of interdependencies forcing the two neighbours to cooperate such as the intensifying economic, political, and social issues. As to Morocco-EU relations, it transpires that Madrid looms relatively large in most EUMoroccan ties, especially in economic (fisheries and agricultural) and migration issues. Brussels also plays an on-going structural role allowing Madrid to de-problematize some of its dealings with Rabat, by providing resources and a platform allowing Rabat and Madrid to focus on more constructive issues. Importance of Moroccan-Catalan relations is illustrated by the large proportion of Moroccan immigrants living in the autonomous region and the sustained economic and official relations between Barcelona and Rabat. Although Catalonia has its own priorities linked to its economic interests, identity, security, international prestige, and influence in Spanish politics, Barcelona’s impact on Rabat-Madrid relations has mainly been positive, if not complementary. The research also highlights the lingering and potential structural problems in the inter-state bilateral relationship including territorial issues, economic interests and disparities, security challenges, negative perceptions, etc. However, it concludes that the proliferation of actors and the diversification of interests has largely generated a shield of common interdependencies that mitigate tensions and prevent potential conflicts. The thesis argues, therefore, for Complex Interdependence as a fairly satisfactory theoretical base, albeit with limitations. The theory has the potential to frame the dynamics of this complex relationship where increased interdependencies seems to create a buffer of common interests withstanding conflict. Within this framework, the EU and Catalonia can be perceived as external actors and contact channels, largely facilitating relations and alleviating tensions.
13
Brookins, Devanne (Devanne Elizabeth). "Reform from above, reinterpretation from below : state making and institutional change in Ghana." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115708.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D. in International Development Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 274-300).<br>The dissertation engages a fundamental question in the social sciences: How do institutions change? The questions that drive this research include: How does institutional change occur, and how do varied forms of social organization within informal institutions influence institutional reforms in the land sector? The dissertation does this by examining land administration reform in Ghana during the period of 2003 -2016. Theoretically, the dissertation employs the literature on institutions and change, critically engaging the role of the state and the role of society in constituting property rights along with the institutions and organizations that support them. Empirically, the study is based on extensive field research to find that the theoretical assumptions regarding informal organizations are inadequate to understand the role of diverse societal actors in institutional change. The dissertation argues that the state, seeking to build coherence, employs land administration reform as a mechanism towards the objective of economic transformation. The reform is based on an integrative approach, whereby the state seeks to incorporate customary authorities into a logic of the state, emphasizing coherence instead of autonomy. However, this integrative approach is flawed as it downplays the heterogeneity of organizations, including their interests and internal characteristics. The findings demonstrate that institutional change is mediated by the strategies and behaviors of informal organizations, requiring categorizations of these actors and their behaviors as a necessary component of any theory of institutional change. Such categorization requires an analysis of relative power economic, political and social - of informal organizations and their ability to not only affect informal institutions, but formal institutions and change. The prominence of the customary sector in Ghana highlights this condition and challenges the relatively low significance accorded to informal institutions in considering institutional change. As such, customary authorities, leverage institutional innovations using various strategies to achieve their goals according to internal characteristics, rather than collective action. The dissertation reveals that institutional reforms in the land sector are triggering a new moment of territorial competition. These reforms, which seek to reconstitute legal frameworks and institutional arrangements, call into question the balance of political and economic power foundational to the state. The findings also suggest that institutional change, in the context of complex state-society relations, instigates simultaneous dynamics of centralization and fragmentation.<br>by Devanne Brookins.<br>Ph. D. in International Development Planning
14
Clerici, Nathen. "Dreams from below : Yumeno Kyūsaku and subculture literature in Japan." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44643.
Full textAbstract:
Since the middle of the 2000s and the rise of Cool Japan, manga, anime, video games, Japanese horror films and J-Pop music are more popular than ever throughout the world. Both in Japan and abroad, these popular culture products are often synonymous with subculture. Sabukaruchā, as it is known in Japan, is a hot topic even as the concept itself remains unresolved. In this context, what role does literature—a field no longer atop the cultural hierarchy—have to do with the ongoing negotiation of what subculture means in modern Japan? The elements of what we now consider subcultural media and narratives have roots in the literature of past decades, and in this dissertation I explore the possibility of a new analytical framework: “subculture literature.”
By thinking of subculture as a reception category—not unlike cult film—rather than in terms of concrete genres such as manga or anime, I adopt the concept of “subcultural affects” to examine notions of marginality and how society defines itself (and responds to external definitions). Similar to what might be considered narrative elements in a literary context, subcultural affects are the aspects of a text that are drawn out by readers to form affective constellations predicated on minorness.
As a case study, I turn to the texts and reception of Yumeno Kyūsaku (1889-1936), a writer of mystery fiction who, despite achieving modest popular success in the late 1920s and early 1930s, was largely forgotten until his writing was revived in the context of 1960s sub- and counter-culture. For a politically-engaged youth, Kyūsaku offered an alternative model of being in the world: romantic and darkly comic, and engaged with questions of authority and madness. But how was his work received when it was written? Using the subcultural affects of henkaku, nansensu and dochaku, I consider the long-term reception of Kyūsaku’s work as a way to begin to bridge not only the gaps between historical eras, but between center and margin, major and minor, and popular and elite.
15
Mehta, Sunil. "Pattern Formation in a Confined Porous Medium Heated From Below." Thesis, City University London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529458.
Full text
16
Hettiarachchi, Cindy. "“Globalization from below”? Uncovering the Nuances in Grassroots/Transnational Mobilization." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30640.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis offers a micro-level analysis of labour and women’s organizing in the context of globalization through the case study of the Comité Fronterizo de Obrer@s (CFO) from 1978 to 2009. We will see how one organization’s journey can give us insights into the complexities of local organizing and transnational networking in the context of globalization. This case study can be seen as a lens through which we can examine the changing context of labour and women’s organizing in the distinct maquiladora environment. My work positions itself in the “globalization from above” and “globalization from below” debate, specifically around the question of transnational social movements that form the “globalization from below” category in the context of a political economy analysis. However, where my thesis differs from a more traditional analysis of the resistance to globalization, such as that found in the global justice movements or alter-globalization movements, is in its focus on the complexities of organizing at the local level and the pressures that these local organizations feel from “above” from their transnational partners. What this thesis adds to the literature are the stories from the actual members of the organization, about the structure, the decision-making process of their organization, the role of the leadership and the connections between the local organizing and the transnational civil society partners.
The complex history of an organization that has been there since the beginning of the maquiladora industry allows us a better understanding of the changing conditions and struggles these workers have faced. This journey through the history of the CFO, the richness of this empirical data encompassing more than 30 years of organizing in the maquiladora zone of Northern Mexico also allows us to explore “globalization from below” through different lens. This thesis brings in a micro-detail analysis of a specific organization in a specific context where we can see clearly transnational civil society linkages and the impact of globalizing capitalist neoliberal economy. As such, this research can offer us new insights into the intricacies of local-global linkages and thus contribute to an area often neglected or underdeveloped in international relations (IR).
17
Karki, Arjun K. "The politics of poverty and movements from below in Nepal." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422377.
Full text
18
Plüddemann, Peter. "Language policy from below : Bilingual education and heterogeneity in post-apartheid South Africa." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för tvåspråkighetsforskning, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-87229.
Full textAbstract:
The present thesis on bilingual education, with its foci on linguistic heterogeneity and language policy 'from below', covers the first 15 years in the officially multilingual new South Africa. The post-apartheid era has seen South Africa's pro-multilingual Constitution and the language-in-education policy for schools being sidelined in favour of an English-oriented mindset. The subversion of the policy's additive bi/multilingual intent in favour of a replacive 'English-as-target-language' approach indexes a collusion between the political class and the African-language speaking majority, and has been accompanied by systemic underachievement. While the linguistic market beyond school is not necessarily unified in its monolingual habitus, choices for the poor are constrained by a lack of alternatives. Within the implementational spaces afforded by the policy environment, groups such as Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa (PRAESA) have attempted to demonstrate an alternative approach that valorised mother-tongue-based bilingual education. These alternative education initiatives (1995-2009) form the substance of the five published pieces in the present portfolio, capped by the summative thesis. They were written while the author was still a member of PRAESA, and collectively address topics such as language policy initiatives 'from below', the role of surveys in gauging language behaviour and creating language awareness, a multilingual training of trainers programme for southern Africa, a bilingual teacher in-service programme foregrounding different teacher identities in relation to policy realisation, and a classification system for schools by language medium that factors in mother tongues while making allowance for linguistic heterogeneity. The thesis reflects critically on the prevailing monoglossic language ideology informing these studies, and suggests the need for a heteroglossic approach oriented to language as a resource.
19
Giles, Antùnez de Mayolo Carla. "Sustainability from below, the MST and sustainable rural development in Brazil." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ61556.pdf.
Full text
20
Song. "Transnational social practice from below: the experiences of a Chinese lineage." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2002. http://dare.uva.nl/document/66568.
Full text
21
Avalos-Pelaez, Martha. "'Mandar obedeciendo' (rule by obeying) : the construction of citizenship from below." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21190/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the construction of political subjectivity by the Zapatista. The Zapatista uprising gained academic and media attention not only because it was another example of the ‘new social movements’ and the resurgence of the left in Latin America, but also because the Zapatistas aimed to have a revolution without assuming state power. Since then, several approaches have been used to study the Zapatistas, ranging from gender studies to class struggle and social movements. Although these approaches have helped to understand different perspectives of the Zapatismo, the study of the construction of the political subjectivity of the Zapatista through (political) performance has remained unexplored. Revolution for the Zapatistas is the possibility of another world. It is precisely the process of constructing ‘another world’ that this thesis studies, to understand the construction of political subjectivity from below. This thesis draws on Engin Isin’s theorisation of ‘acts of citizenship.’ Isin argues that ‘acts of citizenship’ are practices of any type that enable groups to claim rights (Isin & Nielsen 2008). As such, the focus is not on the group itself, but on the performances that enable the Zapatista to claim rights, rights which were previously denied or ignored, allowing them to be considered as political subjects. As the construction of political subjectivity is a process rooted in the performances of acts of citizenship, this thesis studies the events that lead to the enactment and the resonance of such acts. The findings show that the rejection of the state but simultaneous refusal to seek secession play an important part in the way in which this political subjectivity is constructed. Specifically, this position contributes to the creation of a public realm that allow the Zapatistas to transform modes and forms of being political that are distant to those of the state. This construction of new modes and forms in their public realm had given the Zapatistas agency to protect their rights, identity and act beyond and traversing the Mexican state.
22
Holmström, Sofia. "From above and below : Empowerment through interplay between humans and nature." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-171675.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis departs from the understanding of citizens concern for our Nature, and their feeling of powerlessness due to the climate crisis. Additionally, it has investigated the relationship between humans and nature, with the outcome that we need to start cooperating with our nature. As citizens need to become empowered to understand the issue of climate change before they can do any changes in their lives, education is key. To empower citizens in the issue of climate change I propose classrooms for environmentaland climatic knowledge development. The proposal is platforms with the goal of mutual learnings and meaningful interaction between academia and the community. Its organization is a collaboration that includes the necessary functions for both bottom-up and bottom-down initiated Citizen Science projects. Secondly, I propose the move of/ or initiation of new Research in Climate impact in Umeå, in an urban forest. This to create a closer relationship with the research and enabling participatory- and educational activities with the community. This thesis investigates the possibilities with knowledge cocreation as a response to societal change. Additionally, room for knowledge cocreation between the public and academia in Umeå in created. The aim is to empower citizens and strengthen the local community, and my hypothesis is that that the intervention acts as a catalyst for sustainable future development.
23
Karres, Matthew G. Richardson Michael. "Innovation from below the role of subordinate feedback in irregular warfare operations /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA392863.
Full text
24
Ali, Denny J. "Democratization from below protest events and regime change in Indonesia, 1997-1998 /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/49890480.html.
Full text
25
Sangita, Patel. "Voices from below: a critical perspective of customer relationship management (CRM) ssytem." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493308.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis critically analyses the current popular strategy: Customer Relationship Management (CRM). To date, vendors and management consultants have made significant contributions to existing literature. Important issues have been raised such as the potential benefits to both the organisation and customers. These were promises of achieving strategic objectives and competitive advantage, developing mutual trust and personal relationships, integrating and sharing information across the organisation, providing consistent levels of services through different communication mediums and re-living the corner shop experience. However, many CRM strategies with the complemented CRM systems have failed because long histories of previous strategies and technologies have been ignored. Business Process Reengineering (BPR), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Relationship Marketing (RM) all form part the history of CRM. An equally important key issue absent in mainstream CRM literature has been employees, who have become the forgotten people. This gap in the literature is addressed given that only a few studies scarcely mention employees. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the type of working environment created by CRM changes, particularly organisational culture and change, power and control and conflict of interests A critical realist auto-ethnographic approach has been employed to illustrate a richer analysis and support the gap developed. The empirical research deeply analyses the daily working lives of employees at a local building society branch. Participant observations, data collection and interviews were the research methods used. The nature of this research methodology has led to the inclusion of an autobiography to introduce the reader to the type of thesis written. Autobiographical accounts have been embedded in collection of the empirical research, which is justified for its usage in the research methodology chapter. Findings reveal that a sales environment was created as a result of CRM implementation has led to increased levels of monitoring and surveillance that have deskilled the workforce. A conceptual framework is developed for others wanting to make a contribution to this field.
26
Paoli, Tessa. "Deconstructing the Sex Workers' Rights Movement in San Francisco: Histories from Below." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/410.
Full textAbstract:
This is an investigation of the sex workers’ rights movement in San Francisco. My project is aimed at demystifying the movement and taking its aims seriously in order to see how it has succeeded and failed. This investigation analyses the mainstream rhetoric of the sex workers’ rights movement in San Francisco, and also uncovers sex work narratives that push against societal ideas of legitimate work, empowerment, agency and resistance.
This investigation is divided into two chapters. My first chapter titled “COYOTE to the St. James Infirmary: A Historical Analysis of the sex workers’ Rights Movement in San Francisco” is inspired by Kathi Weeks’ analysis of the movement for domestic wages in the 1970’s and argues that the early movement succeeded in challenging normative ideas of work and sexuality, but ultimately failed because of the exclusion of sex workers of color and/or gender nonconforming sex workers from the movement.
Chapter II, titled “The Silenced Scripts of Sex Workers: Histories Written from Below” uses Paul Apostolidis’ Grascian framework to explain why an investigation of sex workers’ zines, podcasts, blogs and magazines are essential in understanding theoretical themes that underlined the rhetoric of the sex workers’ rights movement in San Francisco. I argue that these narratives must be included in mainstream discourses surrounding sex work in order for sex workers to gain rights and remain safe on the streets of San Francisco.
27
Karres, Matthew G., and Michael Richardson. "Innovation from below: the role of subordinate feedback in irregular warfare operations." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10891.
Full textAbstract:
Of the numerous variables that impact the outcome of irregular warfare operations, leadership is one of me most critical. Irregular operations require decentralization and the freedom of the local commander to create local solutions to the situations that he faces. These local solutions can have a dramatic and positive effect on the outcome of irregular military operations. A review of cases that span a century of US irregular warfare operations provides evidence that, at times, the military hierarchy did allow subordinates to innovate and did listen to their recommendations, with positive outcomes as a result. This evidence also illustrates, however, that the military has failed to institutionalize these lessons and is prone to have to re-learn them from conflict to conflict, and at times this relearning process has resulted in the failure of an operation. Leaders must ensure that innovation and feedback are a part of the conduct of irregular warfare operations. This thesis will illustrate that the doctrine and culture of the United States military does not provide for the systematic analysis and exploitation of subordinate innovation. The purpose of this thesis is to clearly articulate the important role that innovation and feedback from subordinates can have on the outcome of operations. The cases put forth to illustrate these points are the Philippines (1898-1902), Vietnam, and El Salvador. The goal is to draw conclusions and make recommendations on how the US military might better capture and utilize subordinate feedback and innovation in future operations.
28
Rasell, Michael. "Social citizenship, disability and welfare provision in contemporary Russia : views from below." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3190/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis uses an area studies approach to examine the complex relationship between citizenship, disability and welfare provision. It does so through a bottom-up analysis of how the state welfare system affects the everyday lives of physically disabled adults in contemporary Russia. Drawing on thirteen months of qualitative fieldwork in the city of Kazan, I study how tensions between guaranteeing rights and providing care are balanced in social provision. My focus on physical disability offers a sharp insight into the socially constructed tropes of control and exclusion that can mediate experiences of citizenship and also seeks to rectify the lack of research on disabled people in non-Western contexts, especially the postsocialist region. My research is underpinned by a theoretical and methodological framework that sees ‘social citizenship’ as an explicitly relational, emotional and embodied phenomenon and therefore values lived experiences of welfare provision. Each of my four empirical chapters considers a particular dimension of citizenship: needs interpretation, livelihoods, mobility and personal agency. Together they highlight that welfare provision is not always empowering and can create powerful inequalities. At the same time, I show that citizenship is often reworked from below through actions and discourses that challenge official ideas about the capacities and needs of disabled people.
29
Son, Young Jin. "A rediscovery of the significance of 'from below' in Karl Barth's Christology." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30777.
Full textAbstract:
The assumption of many theologians that Barth has a christology <I>only</I> 'from above' is highly questionable in spite of his having such a strong and uncompromising emphasis 'from above' throughout his christology. The primary reason for our doubt is that Barth <I>himself</I> emphasises his christology consists in both movement 'from above' <I>and </I>'from below'. This being the case regarding Barth's christology as a christology only 'from above' is indeed highly questionable, because no interpretation or comprehension can ever postulate its authenticity over against what the author said. Readers can give their opinions or observations, but they cannot force the author to accept their understandings to be the author. Further, this christology 'from above' turns out to be a different matter when we comprehend Barth's christology by means of a <I>Sachkritik</I> ('content criticism'), a critique from an <I>holistic</I> point of view, instead of an analytic point of view. Differently put, when we ask the meaning and intention of this uncompromising emphasis 'from above' it is nothing but envisioning a 'from below'. The 'from above' does indeed stand and exist nowhere but <I>in </I> the 'from below'. Barth's phrasing his christology as <I>The Doctrine of Reconciliation</I> in lieu of <I>The Doctrine of Jesus Christ</I> etc, and portraying the <I>theologia crucifixionis</I> (which is for him the centre of christology) in such a chiastic way that the divine content is operated in the human form are the exact reflections of this christological insight. Certainly Barth in many respects maintains a christology 'from above', especially seen from his method of approach and from the divine domination. However, our <I>Sachkritik</I> also suggests to us the fact that to dispute that Barth is advocating a christology 'from above' in view of the method of approach alone (the divine incarnation 'from above'), or in terms of the divine domination alone are only one-sided observations which surely lack an holistic or a comprehensive understanding of his christology.
30
Kremer, Joanna. "Experiencing migration, language policy and citizenship 'from below' : the case of Luxembourg." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16669/.
Full textAbstract:
Since the turn of the 21st century, many EU countries have introduced language and/or civics tests in the context of citizenship and migration policy. Recent studies have critically analysed the discursive justifications of these language requirements and/or testing procedures in various EU member-states (Extra et al., 2009, Hogan-Brun et al., 2009). It has also been argued that the scope of language policy should be widened to include research on the experiences of people who are directly affected by formal ‘language policy mechanisms’ (Shohamy, 2009). Moreover, there have been calls for the discursive study of citizenship to broaden its range beyond the aspect of language testing in order to investigate how citizenship is enacted by individuals (Milani, 2015). This thesis responds to these recent trends by focusing on the case study of Luxembourg. In Luxembourg, a new law on ‘la nationalité luxembourgeoise’ (Luxembourgish ‘nationalité’) came into effect in 2009 which stipulates that applicants need to pass a Luxembourgish language test and attend ‘civics’ instruction lessons in order to become citizens. Drawing upon 27 semi-structured interviews conducted with recent applicants for citizenship, this thesis considers three aspects: it first asks how the participants construct their experiences of moving to Luxembourg. Secondly, it investigates how they discuss the language testing procedure and thirdly, it queries how the concept of citizenship is understood. Through thematic analysis and discourse analysis, this thesis shows that the participants discuss their experiences of moving to the country in a variety of different ways. Some participants for example talk about experiences of discrimination, others mention the attractiveness of Luxembourg. It also illustrates that there is a broad range of perceptions on the Luxembourgish language testing procedure. In addition to this, the analysis shows that the participants attach a wide range of meanings to citizenship and ‘Luxembourgishness.’ This thesis offers important insights into the complexities of how policy affects people’s lives and demonstrates the importance of combining the areas of migration studies, citizenship studies and language policy.
31
Gudeman, Edward James. "The view from below : a study of the abyss in John's Apocalypse." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.738197.
Full text
32
Sarmiento, Paola. "Interculturalidad from below : an Indigenous movement's encounter with Peruvian intercultural education policy." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60178.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the discursive encounter about the notion of Interculturalidad between the Chirapaq Indigenous organization of Peru and the official Peruvian intercultural education policy. Taking a multi-perspective approach, it addresses how an Indigenous organization discursively (re)constructs the notion of Interculturalidad and how this (re)construction challenges and resists the Peruvian government’s dominant construction reflected in an official policy. The study draws on a hybrid decolonial theoretical framework, which is informed by decolonial theory, conceptualizations of Interculturalidad, and the principle of interrelatedness of Indigenous knowledges. In terms of methodology, the study utilizes a dual Foucauldian-inspired critical discourse analysis approaches. This dual discourse analysis is applied to the Indigenous organization’s written and spoken texts on intercultural education and the text-based official policy document. The findings demonstrate that the Peruvian intercultural education policy is principally dominated by an instrumental conception of cultural diversity, one which does not address the root causes of racism, marginalization, exclusion, and social asymmetries in Peru. Furthermore, the study found that the policy language fails to recognize the holistic nature of Indigenous knowledge systems. On the other hand, the Indigenous organization’s intercultural discourse was found to be intrinsically related to the problem of the colonial power structures that have subordinated all dimension of Indigenous peoples’ lives, while its (re)conceptualization of Interculturalidad constitutes an opportunity to centre Indigenous views on knowledge, language, and territory. The gulf between these divergent intercultural discourses speaks to the different frameworks in which each is grounded and their different conceptions of education for Indigenous students in the Peruvian context. Taking this Indigenous organization’s conceptions and the study’s findings into account, recommendations are made for improving the Peruvian intercultural education policy. Some of these recommendations are to affirm the inseparability of Indigenous knowledge, language, and territory within the intercultural education policy, and to ground it in a decolonial framework.<br>Education, Faculty of<br>Graduate
33
Tazmini, Ghoncheh. "Parallel histories of development and revolution in Russia and Iran : modernisation from above, revolution from below." Thesis, University of Kent, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412466.
Full text
34
Benítez, Leiva Luciano. "The novel from up above and the Anthropology from down below. Argueda’s foxes as experimental etnography." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/79995.
Full textAbstract:
En el presente artículo se elabora una lectura de El Zorro de arriba y el zorro de abajo de José María Arguedas, desde una óptica proveniente de la antropología, haciéndola dialogar con el género de la etnografía experimental, enmarcado dentro de la crisis del paradigma positivista en ciencias sociales. Esta novela pretende dar cuenta de un contexto intercultural complejo, elaborando una fórmula textual con mayores facultades de abordaje que la novela indigenista o el realismo etnográfico clásico. Si bien Arguedas no tiene pretensiones científicas, su novela refleja y abre aspectos de la realidad utilizando recursos como el collage, el mito como antecedente histórico y la perspectiva polifónica mediante el discurso de diversos actores sociales presentes en la obra. Todo ello hace evidencia de su formación como etnólogo que a la vez es literato, inscribiéndose dentro del fenómeno de los géneros confusos y la refiguración del pensamiento social (Geertz 1980). Se procede a partir de la novela en su totalidad y los diarios que la acompañan, destacando ciertos fragmentos y nutriéndonos de perspectivas teóricas referentes a la etnografía. Igualmente, evidenciamos la complejidad del estilo arguediano, como los cuestionamientos teóricos y epistemológicos de la antropología de la segunda mitad del siglo XX.<br>This article elaborates a reading of The Fox from up above and the Fox from down below by Jose Maria Arguedas, from an anthropological perspective, making it dialogue with the genre of experimental ethnography, framed within the positivist paradigm crisis in social sciences. This book aims to describe a complex intercultural context, developing a textual formula with higher powers than the indigenous novel approach or traditional ethnographic realism. While Arguedas has no scientific pretensions, his novel opens and reflects aspects of reality using resources such as collage, myth as historical background and polyphonic perspective through the discourse of social actors within the play. This makes evidence of his training as an ethnologist who is at once literary, enrolling in the phenomenon of blurred genders and the re-figuration of social thought (Geertz 1980). It starts from the novel in its entirety and the accompanying diaries, highlighting certain passages and nourishes of theoretical perspectives relating to ethnography, demonstrating the complexity of the arguedian style, such as theoretical and epistemological questions of anthropology in the second half of the twentieth century.
35
Purs, Aldis Edvards. "Creating the state from above and below, local government in inter-war Latvia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq35290.pdf.
Full text
36
Daily, Lisa A. "Constructing a New Nationalism from Below: The Dalit Movement, Politics and Transnational Networking." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003035.
Full text
37
Moore, Maria-Anne. "Interculturality from below : an ethnography of maternal health encounters in the Peruvian Andes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3026950/.
Full textAbstract:
Across the Peruvian Andes, rural women continue to die in childbirth. Since 2009, Peru's Ministry of Health has promoted a policy of parto institucional (clinically managed birth) in an attempt to lower the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in the Sierra. Andean women have historically given birth at home, leading the Ministry of Health to position high MMR across the Andes as a 'cultural' problem. Introducing a series of intercultural health initiatives, the Ministry of Health encourages Andean women to deliver in designated health clinics. Obstetricians are instructed to respect women's cultural preferences, offering parto vertical (upright delivery) birthing techniques, whilst at the same time, the work of the community partera (midwife) is marginalised by the state. Despite a significant rise in the number of clinically managed births, MMR in the Andes remains higher than in urban areas of the country. Cultural assumptions built around historic preferences for home births have thus influenced policy measures, significantly impacting on the maternal health choices available to rural women. This thesis seeks to challenge the cultural assumptions underpinning the Ministry of Health's current maternal health policy. Rather than focusing on the 'cultural problem', this study centralises the practices and understandings of the social actors involved in maternal health. Taking an ethnographic perspective, this thesis examines maternal health encounters as they are lived out in local context by rural women and the practitioners attending to them. This thesis shows that maternal health in the Andes is not just experienced in the consultation rooms and delivery suites of obstetric departments, but also in the homes, and across the diverse and challenging geographical terrains that make up the routines and everyday lives of rural women. The difficulties of reconciling a rural, agricultural lifestyle with the demands of maternal health policy require that women travel long distances over extended periods of time to attend health clinics. Family dynamics, and pragmatic and logistical concerns are very real and pressing concerns for pregnant women in the Andes today. Situating maternal health interventions in local context, this thesis exposes the biopolitical arrangements that shape women's maternity. It shows how culture is mobilised to ensure that rural women - and the practitioners charged with their care - conform to social and institutional expectations. In order to fully understand Peru's maternal health 'problem' then, we must situate it within the local contexts and lived experiences in which it is firmly embedded.
38
Guerrero, Martinez Fernando Javier. "Three-dimensional numerical models for free convection in porous enclosures heated from below." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7955/.
Full textAbstract:
Numerical modeling of free convection in porous enclosures is investigated in order to determine the best approaches to solve the problem in two and three dimensions considering their accuracy and computing time. Two case studies are considered: sloping homogeneous porous enclosures and layered porous enclosures due to their relevance in the context of geothermal energy. The governing equations are based on Darcy's law and the Boussinesq approximation. The mathematical problem of free convection in 2D homogeneous porous enclosures is solved following the well known stream function approach and also in terms of primitive variables. The numerical schemes are based on the Finite Volume numerical method and implemented in Fortran 90. Steady-state solutions are obtained solving the transient problem for long simulation times. The case study of a sloping porous enclosure is used for comparison of the results of the two models and for validation against results reported in the literature. The two modeling approaches generate consistent results in terms of the Nusselt number, the stream function approach however, turns out a faster computational algorithm. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the Nusselt number in a 2D porous enclosure as a function of the slope angle, Rayleigh number and aspect ratio. The convective modes can be divided into two classes: multicellular convection for small slope angles and single cell convection for large angles. The transition angle between these convective modes is dependent on both the Rayleigh number and the aspect ratio. High Rayleigh numbers allow multicellular convection to remain in a larger interval of angles. This study is extended to the three-dimensional case in order to establish the range of validity of the 2D assumptions. As in the 2D modeling, two different approaches to solve the problem are compared: primitive variables and vector potential. Similarly, both approaches lead to equivalent results in terms of the Nusselt number and convective modes, the vector potential model however, proved to be less mesh-dependent and also a faster algorithm. A parametric study of the problem considering Rayleigh number, slope angle and aspect ratio showed that convective modes with irregular 3D geometries can develop in a wide variety of situations, including horizontal porous enclosure at relatively low Rayleigh numbers. The convective modes obtained in the 2D analysis (multicellular and single cell) are also present in the 3D case. Nonetheless the 3D results show that the transition between these convective modes follows a complex 3D convective mode characterized by the interaction of transverse and longitudinal coils. As a consequence of this, the transition angles between multicellular and single cell convection as well as the location of maxima Nusselt numbers do not match between the 2D and 3D models. Finally in this research, three-dimensional numerical simulations are carried out for the study of free convection in a layered porous enclosure heated from below and cooled from the top. The system is defined as a cubic porous enclosure comprising three layers, of which the external ones share constant physical properties and the internal layer is allowed to vary in both permeability and thermal conductivity. A parametric study to evaluate the sensitivity of the Nusselt number to a decrease in the permeability of the internal layer shows that strong permeability contrasts are required to observe an appreciable drop in the Nusselt number. If additionally the thickness of the internal layer is increased, a further decrease in the Nusselt number is observed as long as the convective modes remain the same, if the convective modes change the Nusselt number may increase. Decreasing the thermal conductivity of the middle layer causes first a slight increment in the Nusselt number and then a drop. On the other hand, the Nusselt number decreases in an approximately linear trend when the thermal conductivity of the layer is increased.
39
Sandu, Adriana Iuliana. "Poverty, institutions and child health in post-communist rural Romania a view from below /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.
Full text
40
Efthymiou, Leonidas. "Workplace control and resistance from below : an ethnographic study in a Cypriot luxury hotel." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9742.
Full textAbstract:
Luxury hotels are service workplaces with high aesthetic, emotional and affective expectations. However, from a critical perspective, hotel workplaces and their labour processes, including issues of control and resistance from below, remain relatively unexplored. Little research has directly examined the subjectivities, perceptions, critical thoughts, plots, interactions and responses of workers in both the hotel’s ‘frontstage’ and ‘backstage’. Therefore, consistent with the concerns of Labour Process Theory (LPT) and theories of aesthetic, emotional and affective labour, this thesis examines workplace control and resistance through an ethnographic study of a luxury hotel in Cyprus. A number of influences, such as employee relations, immigrant mobility and labour markets, seasonality and management attitude, are also discussed in relation to worker resistance or consent. Also, in seeking to contribute to a more detailed examination of resistance, this thesis provides an extensive A to Z catalogue of oppositional forms and practices. My observations produced rich findings that revealed how a number of managerial strategies and mechanisms are in place to monitor, process and discipline worker performance. My evidence advocates that workers challenge the labour process through various forms of opposition, sometimes hidden and sometimes confrontational. Even though some resistance was fragmented by elements of consent, at other times it was challenging, effective and continuous. It also suggests that resistance in an organization can be mapped as a continuum and each practice should not be examined singularly or unconnectedly, but in relation to the previous practices that generated this practices, as well as those that followed. In this direction, even hidden and passive forms of resistance are important because they can produce an escalating effect that may lead to more confrontational resistance.
41
Cooprider, Carlotta K. "Walking the tightrope with no net below : children from foster care transition to college." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1369916.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines many of the common and unique barriers and obstacles that foster care youth encounter when transitioning into postsecondary education. It also considers how these obstacles affect the degree of commitment and persistence toward education aspirations and results. The subjects for the study were Indiana former foster care youth who received educational support funding through Educational Training Vouchers to enroll and attend postsecondary education for the academic years 2004-2005 and 2005-2006.The data set used in this study constitutes the first and only comprehensive data on postsecondary enrolled former foster care youth in Indiana. Also of note, this study will begin to shine a light on the unique challenges faced by resource steams targeted to assist this population. By analyzing this available data using quantitative statistical research methods including logistic regression, those variables, which can be shown to be significant factors to educational continuation, will be discussed. And equally important, using these statistical methodologies, factors which do not hold significance to persistence are pointed out and discussed.By using quantifiable, structured, statistical methodology, relationships were explored between many variables including gender, ethnicity, degree type, grade point average and county of wardship. Implications for future research are included.<br>Department of Educational Studies
42
Jorgensen, Sean (Sean Christopher) Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "State-building from below: a case study of the United Nations intervention in Cambodia." Ottawa, 1994.
Find full text
43
Liinpää, Minna. "Nationalism from above and below : interrogating 'race', 'ethnicity' and belonging in post-devolutionary Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30906/.
Full textAbstract:
2014 was a politically interesting and eventful year in Scotland due to an independence referendum taking place. The referendum also provided a sociologically interesting moment: as the ‘Scottish nation’ was widely debated and reflected upon both prior and after the referendum, this political context provided an opportune moment to consider how nationalist narratives are constructed, expressed and experienced both from above and below. Thus, drawing on data collected before and after the referendum, this thesis seeks to make an original contribution to the broad field of nationalism studies. Specifically, it focuses on the relationship between nationalist narratives and ‘ethnicity’, ‘race’, and belonging in Scotland. The fieldwork took place between May 2014 and September 2015, and this thesis draws on data gathered using a number of qualitative methods: interviews, observation and content analysis. Though the findings emerge within the political context of the referendum, this thesis seeks to situate them in a historically informed, post-devolutionary framework. This thesis has two broad aims: on the one hand it seeks to interrogate the post-devolutionary relationship between nationalism and minority communities within Scotland. In relation to this, it seeks to uncover the ways in which nationalist narratives are constructed and publicly expressed from above by the SNP, and how individuals from different ethnic minority backgrounds interpret, make sense of and potentially challenge nationalist narratives in and through their daily lives and experiences. On the other hand, this thesis aims to understand and investigate the legislative, institutional and structural contexts for the management and creation of ‘the nation’ and who belongs to it, as well as the individual, subjective understandings and negotiations of ‘the nation’ and how one’s place within it is understood. Contrary to much existing scholarship, this thesis argues that the SNP’s nationalism does not take a wholly civic form (and indeed that the civic/ethnic dichotomy is analytically unhelpful). Further, it underlines the importance of ‘values’ and emotions to nationalist narratives, and the centrality of England as Scotland’s ‘national other’. Finally, the findings shed light on ethnic minorities’ complex and often contradictory experiences of nationalist narratives — the findings support Smith’s (2016) argument that the capacity to experience the everyday as unreflective is a privilege. Ethnic minorities encounter continuous implicit and explicit challenges to their sense of belonging —consequently, in a ‘hyper-nationalist’ context the nation merely becomes louder.
44
Ryan, Jenny-Lynn Holland. "The origin of perturbations of seismic reflections from below deformed Tertiary strata, North Sea." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627377.
Full text
45
Wicab-Gutiérrez, Omar. "State-mediated capitalism from below and the small-scale peasant aquaculture in Nayarit (Mexico)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10040013/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents a historical case study of small-scale peasant shrimp production and its forms of organisation in the region known as “La Costa” in the northwest Mexican state of Nayarit. This case study constitutes a good example of the evolution of peasant communities over a century of history in which various government policies left their mark on the development of the political economy of the region in the period following the Mexican Revolution. From that time, La Costa became the setting for a process of peasantisation and for a set of policies supporting the development of cooperatives for the exploitation of water resources. This period was defined by the struggle faced by these communities to consolidate their political, economic, and administrative autonomy. In the 1990s, these same communities and their cooperatives suffered the effects of neoliberal policies (privatisation, trade liberalisation, deregulation) in their Mexican incarnation, which have had the effect of undermining peasant production and promoting a search for new ways of surviving, along with the appearance of new strata and social actors. Using the concepts of early simple commodity production and advanced simple commodity production as used by Terence J. Byres (1996), the process described in this thesis constitutes an example of a process of capitalist development from below, in a region with a high population density and a significant level of state intervention in political and regulatory terms, in the context of a labour surplus (Lewis, 1954). It could be argued that it shows how neoliberalism has changed the way we need to conceptualise the "classical agrarian question" and to interpret the labour surplus in middle income societies as suggested by Bernstein (2009b).
46
Zhang, Guangyu, and Zhang Guangyu@anu edu au. "China's far below replacement level fertility: a reality or illusion arising from underreporting of births?" The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050224.092945.
Full textAbstract:
How fast and how far Chinas fertility declined in the 1990s has long been a matter
of considerable debate, despite very low fertility consistently being reported in a
number of statistical investigations over time. Most demographers interpreted this as
a result of serious underreporting of births in population statistics, due to the family
planning program, especially the program strengthening after 1991. Consequently,
they suggested that fertility fell only moderately below-replacement level, around 1.8
children per woman from the early 1990s. But some demographers argued that
surveys and census may have reflected a real decline of fertility even allowing for
some underreporting of births, given the consistency between data sources and over
time. They believed that fertility declined substantially in the 1990s, very likely in
the range between 1.5 and 1.6 by the year 2000.¶
The controversy over fertility is primarily related to the problem of underreporting of
births, in particular the different estimations of the extent of underreporting.
However, a correct interpretation of fertility data goes far beyond the pure numbers,
which calls for a thorough understanding of different data sources, the programmatic
and societal changes that occurred in the 1990s, and their effects on both fertility
changes and data collection efforts. This thesis aims to address the question whether
the reported far-below-replacement level fertility was a reality of substantial fertility
decline or just an illusion arising from underreporting of births. Given the nature of
the controversy, it devotes most efforts in assessing data quality, through examining
the patterns, causes and extent of underreporting of births in each data source;
reconstructing the decline of fertility in the 1990s; and searching corroborating
evidence for the decline.¶
After reviewing programmatic changes in the 1990s, this thesis suggests that the
program efforts were greatly strengthened, which would help to bring fertility down,
but the birth control policy and program target were not tightened as generally
believed. The program does affect individual reporting of births, but the
completeness of births in each data source is greatly dependent on who collects
fertility data and how the data are collected. The thesis then carefully examines the
data collection operations and underreporting of births in five sets of fertility data:
the hukou statistics, the family planning statistics, population census, annual survey
and retrospective survey. The analysis does not find convincing evidence that
fertility data deteriorated more seriously in the 1990s than the preceding decade.
Rather, it finds that surveys and censuses have a far more complete reporting of
births than the registration-based statistics, because they directly obtain information
from respondents, largely avoiding intermediate interference from local program
workers. In addition, the detailed examination suggests that less than 10 percent
births may have been unreported in surveys and censuses. The annual surveys, which
included many higher-order our-of-plan births being misreported as first-order births,
have more complete reporting of births than censuses, which were affected by the
increasing population mobility and field enumeration difficulties, and retrospective
surveys, which suffered from underreporting of higher-order births.¶
Using the unadjusted data of annual surveys from 1991 to 1999, 1995 sample census
and 2000 census, this research shows that fertility first dropped from 2.3 to 1.7 in the
first half of the 1990s, and further declined to a lower level around 1.5-1.6 in the
second half of the decade. The comparison with other independent sources
corroborates the reliability of this estimation. Putting Chinas fertility decline in
international perspective, comparison with the experiences of Thailand and Korea
also supports such a rapid decline. Subsequently, the thesis reveals an increasingly
narrow gap between state demands and popular fertility preferences, and great
contributions from delayed marriage and nearly universal contraception. It is
concluded that the fertility declined substantially over the course of the 1990s and
dropped to a very low level by the end of last century. It is very likely that the
combination of a government-enforced birth control program and rapid societal
changes quickly moved China into the group of very low-fertility countries earlier
than that might have been anticipated, as almost all the others are developed
countries.
47
Carril, Dennis Frank. "Effects of Repeated Prescribed Fire and Thinning From Below on Understory Components of Southern Illinois Oak-Hickory Forests." OpenSIUC, 2009. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/24.
Full textAbstract:
Fire has influenced species composition within the Central Hardwood Forest for millennia. Since the last glacial retreat, Native Americans followed by European settlers used fire as a tool to manipulate their environment. This fire use by humans helped maintain the dominance of well-adapted oak-hickory species across eastern forests. By the 1940's, land fragmentation from increased settlement and actively enforced suppression policies effectively eliminated fire from the landscape. Without the disturbance of recurrent fire that alters succession, the fertile loess-capped hills of southern Illinois have undergone several decades of compositional and structural change manifested by encroachment of mixed mesophytic competitors that are maladapted to fire. Today, land managers seek practical methods to restore declining oak-hickory forests. Southern Illinois forests in particular are lacking information on how cutting and prescribed fire techniques can be applied to encourage regeneration of oak-hickory species. In 2002, five sites were chosen across the Greater Shawnee Hills geographic region for similar ecological characteristics. A factorial combination of thinning and a fire treatment consisting of two burns was used to test the response of understory components including: seedling density, seedling height, seedling diameter, non-tree cover and available sunlight. Results showed a distinct improvement in oak-hickory seedling competitive position as compared to non oak-hickory species. Seedlings of sassafras out-competed all other groups in this study and were the only species to increase in both density and height following repeated fire. The non-tree vegetation layer increased as a result of thin from below treatments, while burning had no effect on the amount of available sunlight. Generally, woody seedlings benefited from thinning based on their physiological adaptations and fire essentially acts as a filter selecting for traits of disturbance-prone vegetation.
48
Zhang, Guangyu. "China's far below replacement level fertility : a reality or illusion arising from underreporting of births? /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20050224.092945/index.html.
Full text
49
Arthaud, Greg John. "Economic comparisons of thinning from above and below in Loblolly Pine plantations using dynamic programming." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45663.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Thinning from above and below were compared using an
economic optimizing dynamic program, FORTE (Arthaud 1986).
Economically optimal (net present value maximizing) thinning
regime and rotation age were determined for benchmark economic
and model inputs. Sensitivity of net present value and
optimal management regime were tested for varying interest
rates (6 or 8%), site indexes (50, 60 and 70, base 25 years),
fixed and variable thinning costs, planting density (440, 680
and 910 trees per acre), stumpage prices and thinning type.
Given the same assumptions, thinning from below consistantly
provided the higher net present value for the optimal regime
than thinning from above. For the benchmark assumptions,
both thinning types had two thinnings in their optimal regimes.
Optimal rotation age and thinning timings occur later
when thinning from above. Both thinning types provided
higher net present values than not thinning under all conditions
except pulpwood management.</p><br>Master of Science
50
Serrure, Laurent, and Lucia Beltrame and Zachary Rootes. "Solutions from Below : A strategic approach for the sustainable management of organised community seed banks." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1966.
Full textAbstract:
Organised community seed banks (OCBSs) are one of the main tools to preserve crop diversity at a local level and therefore constitute an important driver for local resilience, as well as an important tool to move society towards sustainability. Agriculture is a fundamental leverage point for society: it fulfils a basic survival need as well as being one of the causes of humans’ unsustainable impact on the environment. It also holds the key to the preservation of biodiversity, which is increasingly important in the face of climate change and extreme weather conditions, and the reduction in use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, which is necessary to move towards sustainability. Organised community seed banks have the potential to be a tool for this preservation of biodiversity, however, there is currently a lack of literature, resources and guidelines to position them as such. This research set out to identify the challenges that OCSBs face that could affect their success in contributing to a sustainable society, and the gaps between what management resources are available to them and their current management practices. With the aid of organised seed bank representatives and experts from around the world, the result was the design of a strategic approach to help OCSBs address their challenges and allow them to better contribute to the provision of food sovereignty, food security and socio-ecological sustainability.