Dissertations / Theses: 'From packing'

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Nieuwoudt, Tania. "Packaging of table grapes for exports from SA : a comparative study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96846.

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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Table grapes are the second-largest contributor to the perishable product export in South Africa. The table grape industry also experienced considerable growth in the past ten years. The industry contributes toward employment in South Africa. The South African table grape industry experiences quality-related problems with exporting table grapes to the European market. Examples of quality related problems can range from chemical damage, chilling injury/freezing damage, heavy bruising and decay. A great amount of table grapes is basically wasted. The postharvest loss of table grapes during transportation can range from 1%-25% per day depending on the degree of temperature fluctuation. Therefore, it is important to minimize waste and increase the export volumes in order to utilise the potential profit possibilities. Based on data analysis for this case, results indicated that packaging is preventing cool air from flowing through the pallet during transportation and preventing the table grapes to cool evenly. The fluctuation in temperature contributes to the qualityrelated problems of these table grapes. The primary research goal is to identify packaging-related problems and propose possible solutions to improve the packaging-related conditions in which table grapes arrive at the destination. This study therefore investigated and evaluated the performance of the current packaging system of table grapes within a South African context for exporting to Europe for a specific case. Further analyses of the data received from Dole South Africa, a fruit marketing and distribution company, revealed that the following two types of packaging showed serious quality-related problems: 1) A04I: The 4.5kg box with the grapes in plastic bags. 2) A05E: The 5kg box with 500g punnets (10 x 500g punnets). A questionnaire combining with the Packaging Portfolio Evaluation Model and the Packaging Scorecard was developed and used to evaluate the two identified packaging systems in the following stages: Stage 1: Development of a new questionnaire by combining the Packaging Portfolio Evaluation Model and the Packaging Scorecard. Stage 2: Survey with the questionnaire developed in Stage 1. The identified types of packaging were evaluated with a new questionnaire with specific criteria. Members of the table grape supply chain from the farmer in South Africa to consumer in Sweden were used during the evaluation process. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each criteria or question in order to describe the performance and importance of the different packaging criteria. Data were also analysed with the use of box plots. The box plots and data visualisation methods were used to make conclusions and recommendations regarding the different categories of each type of packaging. It was clear that the major problem areas of both packaging systems involved were related to the environmental aspect of the packaging. The marketing and the logistics of the plastic bag also underperformed. However, individual criteria regarding the other business areas can also be improved. Possible solutions to these problem areas are also suggested in this thesis. The possible solutions include the Tali Grape Basket, Perforated Plastic Liners, New Generation Pack (NGP), Vinguard TM , Easypunnet and the Sulphur Dioxide Liner Bag. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tafeldruiwe is die tweede grootste bydraende faktor tot bederfbare produkuitvoere in Suid-Afrika. Die tafeldruifindustrie het ook aansienlike groei die afgelope tien jaar beleef. Die industrie dra tot werkskepping in Suid-Afrika by. Die Suid-Afrikaanse tafeldruifindustrie ervaar kwaliteitsverwante probleme met die uitvoer van tafeldruiwe na die Europese mark. Voorbeelde van hierdie kwaliteitsverwante probleme kan wissel van chemiese skade, koueskade / vries skade, swaar kneusing en bederf. ‘n Groot hoeveelheid tafeldruiwe word vermors. Die oes verlies van tafeldruiwe tydens vervoer kan wissel van 1% -25% per dag, afhangende van die mate van temperatuur verandering. Daarom is dit belangrik om vermorsing te beperk en uitvoerhoeveelhede te verhoog om sodoende potensiële winsmoontlikhede te benut. Volgens data-analise blyk dit dat huidige verpakking tans verhoed dat koel lug tydens die vervoer van die produk deur die palet vloei, en dit veroorsaak dat die tafeldruiwe nie eweredig afkoel nie. Die wisseling in temperatuur dra grootliks tot die kwaliteitsverwante probleme van die tafeldruiwe by. Die primêre navorsingsdoelwit is om die verpakkingsverwante probleme te identifiseer en moontlike oplossings voor te stel om sodoende die toestand te verbeter waarin tafeldruiwe by die eindbestemming aankom. Daarom ondersoek en evalueer hierdie studie die prestasie van die huidige verpakkingsisteem van tafeldruiwe binne ŉ Suid-Afrikaanse konteks vir uitvoere na Europa; met betrekking tot ŉ spesifieke situasie. Verdere analise van data soos ontvang vanaf Dole Suid-Afrika, ‘n vrugtebemarkingsen verspreidingsmaatskappy, het getoon dat ernstige kwaliteitsverwante probleme veral by die volgende twee tipes verpakkingsisteme voorkom: 1) A04I: Die 4.5kg karton met druiwe in plastieksakkies. 2) A05E: Die 5kg karton met 500g bakkies (10 x 500g bakkies). ŉ Vraelys, gebaseer op die kombinasie van die Verpakkingportefeulje Evalueringsmodel model en die Verpakkingstelkaart, is ontwikkel en gebruik om die bogenoemde verpakkingsisteme te evalueer en wel in die volgende fases: Fase 1: Ontwikkeling van ŉ gekombineerde Verpakkingsportefeulje Evalueringsmodel en die Verpakkingstelkaart tot ŉ nuwe vraelys. Fase 2: Opname met die vraelys soos ontwikkel in Fase 1. Die twee geïdentifiseerde tipes verpakking is geëvalueer met die nuwe vraelys met spesifieke kriteria. Die lede van die tafeldruiwe voorsieningsketting van die boer in Suid-Afrika tot die verbruiker in Swede is gebruik tydens die evaluasieproses. Beskrywende statistiek vir elke kriteria of vraag was bereken sodat die prestasie en belangrikheid van die verskillende verpakkingskriteria beskryf kan word. Data was ook beskryf met behulp van ‘n houer-en-puntstipping. Data visualiseringmetodes en die houer-en-puntstippings was gebruik om gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings rakende die verskillende kategorieë van die tipes verpakking te maak. Dit was duidelik dat die omgewingsaspek van beide tipes verpakking ‘n groot probleem was. Die bemarking en logistiek van die plastieksakkie het ook onderpresteer. Individuele kriteria van ander besigheidsareas kan egter ook verbeter word. Moontlike oplossings vir hierdie probleem-areas word ook in hierdie tesis aangedui. Die moontlike oplossings sluit die “Tali Grape Basket”, “Perforated Plastic Liners”, “New Generation Pack (NGP)”, “Vinguard TM ”, “Easypunnet” en die “Sulphur Dioxide Liner Bag” in

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Muluneh, Melaku. "Soft Colloids from p(NIPAm-co-AAc): Packing Dynamics and Structure." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10454.

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Traditionally, the experimental model of choice for studying the structure and dynamics of glasses or crystals are hard-sphere colloids. An analogy with molecular or atomic materials is often drawn, in which each colloidal particle represents an atom or a molecule. Making the individual particles deformable allows an even wider range of phenomena to be observed. In this thesis, I report the three-dimensional confocal microscopic study of the structure and dynamics of aqueous suspensions of fluorescently labeled poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide)-co-(Acrylic Acid), or p(NIPAm-co-AAc), microgel particles of hydrodynamic diameter 1.0 - 1.5 μm. Image analysis techniques and particle tracking algorithms are used to quantify the particle dynamics and the suspension structure. The phase behavior of the suspensions is dependent on a number of factors including pH, temperature, and concentration. By adjusting the pH, the interactions between the microgel particles can be tuned from purely repulsive near neutral pH, to weakly attractive at low pH. At low pH and low concentration, dynamic arrest results mainly from crystallization driven by the attraction between particles; crystal nucleation occurs homogeneously throughout the sample. The dynamics is nucleation limited where fast crystallization follows a delay time. At low pH and high concentration, relaxation of the suspension is constrained and it evolves only slightly to form disordered solid. At neutral pH, the dynamics are a function of the particle number concentration only; a high concentration leads to the formation of a disordered soft glassy solid. Additionally, the three-dimensional image stacks are studied to determine crystal structure by calculating pair correlation functions, g(r), bond order parameters, and structure factors, s(q). The results show that crystal structure is independent of concentration, charge, size, and stiffness of particles remaining FCC under all conditions. At low concentrations and low pH, the structures formed are polycrystalline solids. Moreover, the ability of the particles to compress enables the suspensions to maintain their crystal structure when subjected to external stress. The results help us better understand the relationship between dynamics and structure in soft colloidal suspensions, enhance our ability to use the colloids to model materials, and improve applications of the colloids in industrial products. Physics

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Lamas, Fernandez Carlos. "From archaeology to 3D printing : packing problems in the three dimensions." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2018. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423469/.

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This thesis is a study on three cutting and packing problems involving irregular items. These problems are highly relevant in areas such as transportation, additive manufacturing or the garment industry. We investigate a special type of one-dimensional bin packing problem appearing in the industry; a novel problem in two dimensions entailing irregular shapes and free rotations; and an open dimension problem in three dimensions. Our aims are to find strategies to deal with irregular shapes, particularly geometric tools, and solution methods for problems with unusual constraints. In the first part we look at an industrial problem related to the management of helicopter fleets. We model and test with realistic data a bin packing problem where the objective is to find the minimum aircraft needed to lift a collection of items. The characteristics of this problem allow us to relax the geometrical constraints and consider it as a variant of the one-dimensional bin packing problem, but its many problem specific constraints make this a multi-objective that, to the best of our knowledge, is new in the literature. In the second part, we deal with a novel problem in two dimensions, motivated by the deciphering of an ancient Aztec codex. The problem itself is a novel packing problem with irregular shapes, an irregular container, free rotation and with the overlap and containment constraints relaxed. We provide a constructive algorithm and a metaheuristic procedure that are able to find satisfying solutions for an open question in the deciphering of the codex. Finally, in the last part we treat three-dimensional irregular shapes. We adopt a discretised approach that allows us to generate quick intersection tests and we develop the no-fit voxel. This is an extension of the no-t polygon, a mainstream tool for two dimensional packing problems that had not been extended to three dimensions in the literature. Using this tool, we investigate local search neighbourhoods and metaheuristic algorithms to find efficient packings and are able to provide an ILP model based on the no-fit voxel to locally improve the packing layouts.

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Sakthivel, A. "Crystal structures of cellulose II derived from packing energy minimization by A Sakthivel." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16464.

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Olsson, Jonas. "Solving a highly constrained multi-level container loading problem from practice." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Optimeringslära, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-134430.

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The container loading problem considered in this thesis is to determine placements of a set of packages within one or multiple shipping containers. Smaller packages are consolidated on pallets prior to being loaded in the shipping containers together with larger packages. There are multiple objectives which may be summarized as fitting all the packages while achieving good stability of the cargo as well as the shipping containers themselves. According to recent literature reviews, previous research in the field have to large extent been neglecting issues relevant in practice. Our real-world application was developed for the industrial company Atlas Copco to be used for sea container shipments at their Distribution Center (DC) in Texas, USA. Hence all applicable practical constraints faced by the DC operators had to be treated properly. A high variety in sizes, weights and other attributes such as stackability among packages added complexity to an already challenging combinatorial problem. Inspired by how the DC operators plan and perform loading manually, the batch concept was developed, which refers to grouping of boxes based on their characteristics and solving subproblems in terms of partial load plans. In each batch, an extensive placement heuristic and a load plan evaluation run iteratively, guided by a Genetic Algorithm (GA). In the placement heuristic, potential placements are evaluated using a scoring function considering aspects of the current situation, such as space utilization, horizontal support and heavier boxes closer to the floor. The scoring function is weighted by coefficients corresponding to the chromosomes of an individual in the GA population. Consequently, the fitness value of an individual in the GA population is the rating of a load plan. The loading optimization software has been tested and successfully implemented at the DC in Texas. The software has been proven capable of generating satisfactory load plans within acceptable computation times, which has resulted in reduced uncertainty and labor usage in the loading process. Analysis using real sea container shipments shows that the GA is able to tune the scoring coefficients to suit the particular problem instance being solved.

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Горобець, Б. С., Володимир Альбінович Марцинковський, Владимир Альбинович Марцинковский та Volodymyr Albinovych Martsynkovskyi. "Аналіз осьових коливань торцевого сальникового ущільнення". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/47161.

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Аксіально-рухома втулка ущільнення разом з кільцем сальникової набивки і пружними елементами є коливальною ланкою і може здійснювати малі осьові коливання щодо положення статичної рівноваги. Тому при певних умовах можуть виникнути коливання аксіально-рухомої втулки ущільнення, які можуть вплинути на вібраційний стан насоса в цілому. Тож метою даної роботи є динамічний розрахунок торцевого сальникового ущільнення, який зводитися до визначення амплітудних і фазових частотних характеристик аксіально-рухомої втулки ущільнення.

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Устименко, М. С., Павло Володимирович Руденко, Павел Владимирович Руденко та Pavlo Volodymyrovych Rudenko. "Комплексный подход в подборе материалов и метода упрочнения основных узлов сальникового уплотнения кислородного компрессора". Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/46045.

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Fu, Wenjun. "From the conventional MIMO to massive MIMO systems : performance analysis and energy efficiency optimization." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25672.

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The main topic of this thesis is based on multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications, which is a novel technology that has attracted great interest in the last twenty years. Conventional MIMO systems using up to eight antennas play a vital role in the urban cellular network, where the deployment of multiple antennas have significantly enhanced the throughput without taking extra spectrum or power resources. The massive MIMO systems “scales” up the benefits that offered by the conventional MIMO systems. Using sixty four or more antennas at the BS not only improves the spectrum efficiency significantly, but also provides additional link robustness. It is considered as a key technology in the fifth generation of mobile communication technology standards network, and the design of new algorithms for these two systems is the basis of the research in this thesis. Firstly, at the receiver side of the conventional MIMO systems, a general framework of bit error rate (BER) approximation for the detection algorithms is proposed, which aims to support an adaptive modulation scheme. The main idea is to utilize a simplified BER approximation scheme, which is based on the union bound of the maximum-likelihood detector (MLD), whereby the bit error rate (BER) performance of the detector for the varying channel qualities can be efficiently predicted. The K-best detector is utilized in the thesis because its quasi- MLD performance and the parallel computational structure. The simulation results have clearly shown the adaptive K-best algorithm, by applying the simplified approximation method, has much reduced computational complexity while still maintaining a promising BER performance. Secondly, in terms of the uplink channel estimation for the massive MIMO systems with the time-division-duplex operation, the performance of the Grassmannian line packing (GLP) based uplink pilot codebook design is investigated. It aims to eliminate the pilot contamination effect in order to increase the downlink achievable rate. In the case of a limited channel coherence interval, the uplink codebook design can be treated as a line packing problem in a Grassmannian manifold. The closed-form analytical expressions of downlink achievable rate for both the single-cell and multi-cell systems are proposed, which are intended for performance analysis and optimization. The numerical results validate the proposed analytical expressions and the rate gains by using the GLP-based uplink codebook design. Finally, the study is extended to the energy efficiency (EE) of the massive MIMO system, as the reduction carbon emissions from the information and communication technology is a long-term target for the researchers. An effective framework of maximizing the EE for the massive MIMO systems is proposed in this thesis. The optimization starts from the maximization of the minimum user rate, which is aiming to increase the quality-of-service and provide a feasible constraint for the EE maximization problem. Secondly, the EE problem is a non-concave problem and can not be solved directly, so the combination of fractional programming and the successive concave approximation based algorithm are proposed to find a good suboptimal solution. It has been shown that the proposed optimization algorithm provides a significant EE improvement compared to a baseline case.

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Scarbath-Evers, Laura Katharina [Verfasser], Daniel [Gutachter] Sebastiani, and Arthur [Gutachter] Ernst. "Conformation and packing structure of conjugated molecules under external constraints : from solvated proteins to reconstructed surfaces / Laura Katharina Scarbath-Evers ; Gutachter: Daniel Sebastiani, Arthur Ernst." Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1210727331/34.

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Lal, Sumit. "Biodegradable packaging from whey protein." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/13815.

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Biodegradable packaging films from whey protein concentrate were made in this study. A total of 46 formulations were made in the form of thin (50 - 120um) films by using solvent casting. Additives used in the formulations included plasticizers i.e glycerol and propylene glycol, chaotropic agent i.e guanidine thiocynate, gelation and crosslinker i.e glutaraldehyde. Tensile tests showed an increase in tensile strength with the addition of glutaraldehyde (1.2 v/v) and gelatin (upto 50% wt%). Addition of glycerol, propylene glycol and guanidine thiocynate increased elongation of films. Water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability of films containing glycerol, propylene glycol and guanidine thiocynate increased, while films made with gelatin, glutaraldehyde showed lower permeability for oxygen and water. Glass transition temperature was measured by DSC and results showed consistent decrease in Tg with increasing amount of plasticizer and chaotropic agent. Biodegradability was measured by degradation in 1% pancreatin. Results showed lower degradation time for formulations containing increasing proportions of glutaraldehyde and gelatin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to evaluate changes in covalent bonding post glutaraldehyde crosslinking. Peaks corresponding to stretching of imine bonds were found at 1590 cm-1 suggesting crosslinking reaction between glutaraldehyde and terminal amine residues of whey/gelatin. Scanning electron micrographs showed an increase in relative porosity for compositions containing glycerol when compared to formulation containing only whey. Surface micrographs of formulations with gelatin showed phase separation. The phase separation may be attributed to partial immiscibility of whey with gelatin.

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Fleckenstein, Thomas, and Eirik Pihlstroem. "Returnable Packaging in the Automotive Supply Chain : From a supplier´s perspective." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-27414.

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Abstract Problem Little research has been conducted on how packaging and returnable packaging are managed within suppliers in the Scandinavian automotive supply chain. Sources also propose that returnable packaging is dealt with inefficiently within the automotive suppliers. Purpose The purpose of the thesis is to explore and analyze how packaging and returnable packaging are managed within suppliers in the ASC. It also aims to identify perceived important factors for efficient returnable packaging management from the perspective of suppliers, sub-suppliers and OEMs. Method The research is based on a holistic single case study. Further, it adopts the inductive approach and exploratory purpose. Data collection is facilitated by qualitative methods, using ten semi-structured interviews and four on-site observations. Conclusion Packaging was found to be managed somewhat differently in the internal, outbound and inbound flows. Non-returnable and returnable packaging was found used in all flows at different ratios. Further, several factors were regarded important for efficient returnable packaging management. These were found specific for the internal, outbound and inbound flows and further divided into fundamental and efficiency factors.

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Alin, Jonas. "Migration from plastic food packaging during microwave heating." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Polymerteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96078.

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Microwave heating of food has increased rapidly as a food processing technique. This increases the concern that chemicals could migrate from food packaging to food. The specific effect of microwave heating in contrast to conventional heating on overall and specific migration from common plastic food storage boxes was studied in this work. The purpose was especially to determine the interaction effects of different plastics in contact with different types of foods during microwave heating. The study focused on polycarbonate (PC), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), polypropylene homo-polymer (PP), co-polymer (PP-C) and random co-polymer (PP-R) packages. The migration determinations were evaluated at controlled times and temperatures, using a MAE device. The migrants were analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC. ESI-MS was evaluated as a new tool for migration determinations. Food/food simulant absorption and changes in degree of crystallinity during heating were also followed. Significant degradation of antioxidants Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1010 in PP packages occurred during microwave heating of the packages in food simulants containing ethanol, resulting in the formation of antioxidant degradation products. Degradation of PC by Fries chain rearrangement reaction leading to formation of 9,9-dimethylxanthene, and transesterification of PET leading to formation of diethyl terephthalate, were also observed after microwave heating the packages in ethanol and 90/10 isooctane/ethanol. These reactions were not observed during conventional heating of the packages at the same temperature, or after microwave heating of the packages in liquid food (coconut milk). The microwave heating also significantly increased the migration of cyclic oligomers from PET into ethanol and isooctane at 80 °C. Migration of compounds into coconut milk was slightly lower than calculated amounts using the EU mathematical model to predict migration of additives into foodstuffs. The results thus show that the use of ethanol as a fat food simulant during microwave heating can lead to a significant overestimation of migration as well as degradation of polymer or the incorporated additives. Some other detected migrants were dimethylbenzaldehyde, 4-ethoxy-ethyl benzoate, benzophenone, m-tert-butyl phenol and 1-methylnaphthalene. All identified migrants with associated specific migration limit (SML) values migrated in significantly lower amounts than the SML values during 1 h of microwave heating at 80 °C. The antioxidant diffusion coefficients in PP and PP co-polymers showed larger relative differences than the corresponding degrees of crystallinity in the same polymers and PP-R showed by far the fastest migration of antioxidants. Mikrovågsuppvärmning av mat har ökat markant under de senaste åren. Detta ökar risken för att ämnen i plast migrerar från matförpackningar till mat. Den specifika effekten av mikrovågsvärmning i kontrast till konventionell värmning på total och specifik migrering från vanliga matförvaringslådor av plast studerades i denna avhandling. Syftet var i huvudsak att bestämma interaktionseffekter mellan olika typer av plaster och olika typer av mat under mikrovågsvärmning. Studien fokuserades på förpackningar av polykarbonat (PC), polyetentereftalat (PET), polypropylen homopolymer (PP), copolymer (PP-C) och random copolymer (PP-R). Migreringstesterna utfördes under kontrollerade tider och temperaturer genom att använda MAE. Migranterna analyserades med hjälp av GC-MS och HPLC. ESI-MS-analys utvärderades också som ny analysmetod för migreringstester. Absorption av mat- och matsimulanter samt förändringar i kristallinitetsgrad följdes också. Signifikant nedbrytning av antioxidanterna Irgafos 168 och Irganox 1010 i PP-förpackningar inträffade under mikrovågsvärmning av förpackningarna i etanol-innehållande matsimulanter, vilket resulterade i bildning av nedbrytningsprodukter från antioxidanterna. Nedbrytning av PC genom en Fries omfördelningsreaktion, vilket orsakade bildning av 9,9-dimetylxanten, samt transesterifikation av PET, vilket orsakade bildning av dietyltereftalat, observerades också efter mikrovågsvärmning av förpackningarna i etanol och 90/10 isooktan/etanol. Dessa reaktioner observerades ej efter konventionell värmning av förpackningarna under samma temperatur och ej heller efter mikrovågsvärmning av förpackningarna i riktig mat (kokosmjölk). Mikrovågsvärmningen ökade också betydelsefullt migrering av cykliska oligomerer från PET till etanol och isooktan under 80 °C. Specifika ämnens migrering till kokosmjölk var alla något lägre än migreringsvärden beräknade m. h. a. EU's officiella matematiska modell för förutsägelse av migrering från matförpackningar till mat. Dessa resultat visar att användandet av etanol som matsimulant för fet mat under mikrovågsvärmning kan leda till betydande överestimering av migrering, samt nedbrytning av polymer och additiv i polymeren. Andra detekterade migranter var till exempel dimetylbenzaldehyd, 4-etoxy-etylbenzoat, benzofenon, m-tertbutylfenol och 1-metylnaftalen. Alla identifierade migranter med tillhörande ‘specific migration limit’ (SML)-värden migrerade i betydelsefullt mindre mängder än ämnenas tillhörande SML-värden under 1 h mikrovågsvärmning under 80°C. Diffusionskoefficienterna för antioxidanterna i PP-förpackningarna visade större relativa skillnader än förpackningarnas motsvarande kristallinitetsgrader och migrering av antioxidanter var snabbast från PP-R. QC 20120530

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Finnis, Christopher J. A. "A DNA packaging system from the Streptomyces phage #phi#C31." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250469.

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Venkatesh, Uma Devi, and Omar Ali Ahmed Alsamuraaiy. "Adoption of Smart Packaging : Case Study Analysis from retailer’s perspective." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Centrum för innovations-, entreprenörskaps- och lärandeforskning (CIEL), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39224.

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This paper presents the challenges faced by the retailers during the adoption of smart packaging in food packaging industry. The paper introduces three largest food retailers in Sweden, and the problems they faced during the introduction of the adoption of smart packaging technologies packaging. Introduction- The authors present the paper with complete background of the food packaging industry in general, as well as each types of smart packaging techniques. In addition, the paper introduces the adoption process for the smart packaging. The research question of this paper is: What are the hinders of adopting smart packaging technology in food packaging industry and why? • What challenges do they face during the adoption process? • What are the hinders in this adoption process? • What are the new hinders in this adoption process? Purpose- The main purpose of this paper is to find the challenges that occur during the adoption of smart packaging in food packaging industry faced by the retailers. Knowing the basic knowledge of the food packaging industry and giving importance to the challenges may lead to achieve our aim. Methodology- This research paper uses the research onion model as a methodology to analyse the gathered data. The authors performed interviews with retailers and end-users of food packaging industry to analyse their challenges during the adoption of smart packaging. The collected data are further discussed in the analysis and discussion part. Conclusion- This paper concludes the adoption in the new technology and concentrates on how each retailer has their own perspective to see the quality and use it to overcome the adoption process. This paper describes the common and unique challenges faced by the retailers during the adoption process. The main common challenges faced by all the retailers in common was to create awareness and to make end-user understand the adoption process but also the benefits of adoption. The most important challenges faced by the retailers of ICA is they consider that adopting to new technology in smart packaging is a challenge for them, because they must create an understanding about the new technology to the end-users which requires a lot of time for the adoption process. According to Coop the open to new smart packaging technologies because since they use only localize products and resources, the overall cost of the product increases which again becomes a barrier for end-user adoption. The interviewee from Willys state that they offer affordable smart packaging technologies without creating barrier for customer adoption, at the same time they are not willing to adopt new technologies without testing its feasibility with the customers. Omar, Uma Thesis in Industrial Innovation Management (IN7001) iii Limitation- The aim of this study is focused on only one element of smart packaging i.e. “Adoption”. Moreover, this study is limited to adoption of smart packaging done in three companies (Coop, Willys & ICA Maxi) in the retail sector in Halmstad, Sweden. This study is conducted from the retailer perspective, by analysing the challenges faced by the retailers during the adoption process.

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Mercer, Angela. "Migration studies of plasticizers from PVC film into food." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4319.

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Mulroy, Mary Geraldine. "The release of contaminants by leaching from boil-in-bag laminates." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330115.

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Ng, May Ling. "An emotional journey : from sensory attributes to packaging and back again!" Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27976/.

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With the rapid proliferation of new products into the marketplace, understanding emotional responses may offer a differential advantage beyond traditional hedonic measures. Thomson et al. (2010) argued that consumers also associate other functional connotations (e.g. refreshing) and abstract feelings (e.g. sophisticated) to a product, referring to these associations (emotional, abstract and functional) as 'conceptualisations'. The aim of this project was to investigate the effect of the sensory attributes and packaging cues of commercial blackcurrant squashes on consumers' liking and conceptualisations. Initially, the sensory attributes of the squashes were characterised using a sequential approach of quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and temporal dominance of sensations (TDS). Using QDA and TDS in tandem was revealed to be more beneficial than each on its own, providing a fuller sensory profile. Next, emotional response and liking within the squash category was measured using the EsSense Profile TM, in which consumers rated a predefined emotion lexicon (n=100) under three conditions: (1) blind, (2) pack and (3) informed (product and packaging). The project also measured how emotional, abstract and functional responses changed across blind, pack and informed conditions. A conceptual lexicon was defined by consumers (n=29), after which a different group of subjects (n=100) rated the squashes using the lexicon and a check-all-that-apply (CATA) approach (CD-CATA). The findings of both EsSense Profile and CD-CATA experiments revealed that intrinsic sensory attributes had more association with emotions and liking, than the packaging. Interestingly, the CD-CATA experiment suggested that extrinsic packaging cues had more association with abstract/functional conceptual responses. The relationship between liking and emotional responses to debranded squash (sensory attributes) was investigated comparing EsSense Profile and CD-CATA approaches. Both approaches yielded emotional data that clearly discriminated across the products more effectively than the hedonic scores. In addition, both approaches produced similar emotional spaces and product configurations. A two dimensional structure (pleasantness vs. engagement/activation) corresponding to published circumplex emotion models was observed in each method. The final phase of the PhD was to determine the relationship between sensory attributes of the squashes (as measured by QDA and TDS) and consumer responses (EsSense Profile and CD-CATA approaches). Sensory attributes in squashes that were found to drive liking and positive conceptual responses in consumers were 'natural processed blackcurrant' and 'natural sweetness'. The study also shows how some temporally dominant sensory attributes (e.g. 'minty') evoked positive conceptual responses in consumers. Throughout the thesis, recommendations regarding practical implications for emotion measurement and general ideas for future research are discussed.

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Al, Asimi Sabrina Maghrab Rashid. "Power, rewards, and management accounting practice : evidence from an Omani packaging organisation." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/29595.

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The purpose of this study is to examine how broad changes in the global business environment, in general, and developments in the Omani business environment, more specifically, are impacting upon the management accounting practices (MAPs) that are used by non-oil-related Omani manufacturing companies (NOROMC). The importance of NOROMC in Oman has increased over the last three decades, as the country's leaders strategically shift away from over-dependence on revenues generated by oil-related manufacturing companies. The research in this thesis is qualitative, and it is informed by complementary socio-political theoretical frameworks - including Burns and Scapens (2000) conceptualisation of management accounting (MA, hereafter) change using institutional theory, and Hardy’s (1996) notion of power and political mobilisation. The empirical work comprises an in-depth case study, but is also preceded by a survey and follow-up interviews that have more generally explored the management accounting practices adopted by NOROMCs. First, the survey results, reinforced also by the follow-up interviews, have indicated that a majority of NOROMCs adopt traditional MAPs, rather than more contemporary MAPs. The most frequently cited reasons for the non-adoption of contemporary MAPs included: lack of affordability, incomplete knowledge, and a perception of relative efficiency in traditional MAPs. However, in terms of those companies which did adopt newer MAPs, the most common response in relation to what drives the adoption of newer MAPs, included: compliance with parent company requirements and regulations, and, more generally, the changing business environment. Having attained these results from the survey and follow-up interviews, it was felt that there was insufficient detail and understanding of the processes of new MAPs’ (non-) adoption. A case study was therefore also undertaken, to provide useful and in-depth understanding. This case study provides new insight into the process of the (non-) adoption of contemporary MAPs in NOROMCs which, in turn, supplements, but also extends, previous research, which is mostly based on questionnaire-style methods. The case study also reveals complexity in employee resistance, and highlights some of the cultural nuances that are related to the Omani setting. This thesis was undertaken in the context of recent calls for further research into MA as a changing process in emerging economies (Hopper et al., 2009). As far as the author is aware, this investigation is the first of its kind to be conducted in Oman, hence it should instantly contribute to the development of knowledge in this important area.

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Silva, Kodikara Manjula Dilkushi. "Environmentally friendly packaging materials from renewable resources as alternatives for oil-based polymers." Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6453.

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Nearly 60 m tonnes of waste is produced annually in Europe from “plastic packaging” engendering significant challenges for legislative controls and minimisation of environmental impact. There is an increasing demand for biodegradable packaging, which can be disposed of with minimum environmental impact, but the growing market is still in its infancy predominantly due to a lack of materials having environmental, practical and economic suitability. This research project dealt with some processing challenges of environmentally friendly packaging materials from renewable resources, as a long term solution to mitigate some issues associated with oil based plastic packaging. In this work, novel Polylactic acid (PLA) and starch based composites were developed with the requisite technical properties to fill the gap in the food packaging and cosmetic packaging industry. It was found that starch can be incorporated in a PLA matrix at the 10% level without difficulty in processing in the presence of 2% methyldiphenyl diisocyante. The blend shows properties similar to pure PLA. It was also found that the elongation at break and impact properties of PLA can be increased remarkably by the addition of a biostrength impact modifier. Furthermore, mixing of PLA and starch in the blend is efficient when the PLA particle size is reduced. It was also found that flexible and tougher PLA/starch blend pellets, that can be injection moulded, can be produced by an extrusion process with a range of additives. Each additive has a maximum level that exhibits optimum properties. The blends also established that 15% starch can be incorporated into the PLA matrix to reduce the cost without any processing difficulties. Encouragingly, the presence of an impact modifier in the PLA/starch blends has shown more desirable properties. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the pellets exposed to increased residence time in the injection moulding barrel and of the test specimens stored for 9 months at 21ºC were also satisfactory for the new blend. The overall results exhibited some attractive properties in the tri blend system, which can be easily adopted by the plastics industry for development of an injection moulded product within the scope of applications such as dry food packaging or cosmetic packaging. A further finding of this project is that biodegradation under a home composting environment can be improved by incorporating starch and certain other modifiers into PLA.

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Barkby, Campbell Tyrone. "Migration from non-ovenable food contact materials at elevated temperatures." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10704.

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A major problem associated with the development of complex polymeric materials for food contact applications is the potential for migration of toxic substances from the polymer to the food. This thesis investigates the transfer of migrants from non-ovenable food contact materials at elevated temperatures, and several applications where migration has occurred have been identified. Boil in the bag applications lead to exposure times of 30 - 120 minutes for complex multilayer laminates, whilst plastic kettles are repeat exposure items, and plastic 'vacuum flasks' have a potential for up to 4 hours exposure. Analytical techniques including, GC-MS, LC-MS, HPLC and UV spectroscopy have been employed to quantify the species migrating from these food contact materials into aqueous and oil simulants, and to ensure that they conform to the implemented EC restrictions. Olive oil is a stipulated EC fatty food simulant, but it is unsuitable for specific migration analyses since it contains many interfering compounds. These could not be eliminated by repeated solvent extraction, and a silicone oil was therefore substituted. In an attempt to identify the species migrating into aqueous and fatty food simulants both the final materials and also the individual components i.e. nylon, adhesive, polyethylene and polypropylene were examined separately. HPLC techniques have been developed to quantify both the known levels of antioxidants present in the polymers and also the anticipated degradation products from these materials. Typical levels of antioxidants in simulants range from <0.1 (aqueous) to 45j..lgdm-2 (oil) and <0.1 (aqueous) to 200j..lgdm" (oil) for antioxidant degradation products. In commercial boil in the bag laminates the major migrants have been shown to be derived principally from the nylon film, and the polyurethane adhesive used to fabricate the laminate. Le-MS investigations have confirmed the presence of the residual monomer Ecaprolactarn and its cyclic oligomers (up to the nonarner) in aqueous food simulants boiled in direct contact with the nylon 6. This technique has also identified the main migrants from the aliphatic and aromatic polyurethane adhesives to be residual oligomers from the polyols. Any residual isocyanates in the adhesive are converted to the corresponding amine, and colourimetric assays have determined levels between 1.1 and O.lj..lgdm". Measured, migration levels into fatty food simulants were found to be greater than in aqueous food simulants. However, none of the material examined showed an overall migration value greater than the EC limit of 10mg dm" for single sided testing. Some instances were found where the consumer was instructed to boil the dry food part of a boil in the bag meal in the same water as that used to heat the pouch containing the meat, and under these circumstances a total migration value for the laminate greater than 10mg dm-2 was measured.

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Chiang, Tan Ping. "From the traditional wet market to the modern supermarket : (food packaging value in Singapore) /." View thesis, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030813.144018/index.html.

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Koontz, John L. "Controlled Release of Natural Antioxidants from Polymer Food Packaging by Molecular Encapsulation with Cyclodextrins." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26757.

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Synthetic antioxidants have traditionally been added directly to food products in a single initial dose to protect against oxidation of lipids and generation of free radicals. Natural antioxidants have been shown to undergo loss of activity and become prooxidants at high concentrations; therefore, a need exists to develop active packaging which can gradually deliver antioxidants in a controlled manner. The objectives of this research were to (1) form and characterize cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with the natural antioxidants, alpha-tocopherol and quercetin, (2) incorporate cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of natural antioxidants into linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), and (3) measure the release kinetics of inclusion complexes of natural antioxidants from LLDPE into a model food system. Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of alpha-tocopherol and quercetin were formed by the coprecipitation method and characterized in the solid state by NMR, IR spectroscopy, and thermal analyses. Solid inclusion complex products of alpha-tocopherol:beta-cyclodextrin and quercetin:gamma-cyclodextrin had molar ratios of 1.7:1 as determined by UV spectrophotometry, which were equivalent to 18.1% (w/w) alpha-tocopherol and 13.0% (w/w) quercetin. Free and cyclodextrin complexed antioxidant additives were compounded with a twin-screw mixer into two LLDPE resin types followed by compression molding into films. Release of alpha-tocopherol and quercetin from LLDPE films into coconut oil at 30 Â°C was quantified by HPLC during 4 weeks of storage. The total release of alpha-tocopherol after 4 weeks was 70% from the free form and 8% from the complexed form averaged across both LLDPE resins. The mechanism by which alpha-tocopherol was released was modified due to its encapsulation inside the beta-cyclodextrin cavity within the LLDPE matrix as indicated by its diffusion coefficient decreasing by two orders of magnitude. Molecular encapsulation of natural antioxidants using cyclodextrins may be used as a controlled release mechanism within polymer food packaging to gradually deliver an effective antioxidant concentration to a food product, thereby, limiting oxidation, maintaining nutritional quality, and extending shelf life. Ph. D.

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Sammons, Laura Dawn. "Migration of Penicillium spinulosum from Paperboard Packaging to Extended Shelf Life Milk." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35441.

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The growth and survival of the psychrotroph Penicillium spinulosum in paperboard was studied along with the wicking characteristics of ultra-pasteurized milk to understand sporadic fungal contamination of ultra-pasteurized, extended shelf life milk products. Previous research has indicated paperboard packaging as a potential source for the fungal contamination. Migration from paperboard to ultra-pasteurized skim milk during a 60-day shelf life, was investigated by inoculating condia (spores) into sterilized paperboard squares (57.2 by 57.2 mm) made from ultra-pasteurized milk cartons. Test-squares were sealed on three sides and inoculated at 3.2, 6.4, 9.5 and 12.7 mm from the uncoated (unskived) edge. The surrounding milk was tested for the presence of the fungus. Penicillium spinulosum was detected in 84% of samples at 3.2, 72% at 6.4, 50% at 9.5, and 28% at 12.7 mm from the uncoated edge. Survival in paperboard was investigated in sealed paperboard test-squares incubated in ultra-pasteurized skim milk at 7°C every 10 days up to 60 days. Penicillium spinulosum survived in the interior of paperboard for the entire incubation period. Survival was also measured on all test-squares for which P. spinulosum was not detected in the surrounding milk in the migration study. Penicillium spinulosum was detected in 94.4% of all negative samples. The wicking characteristics of ultra-pasteurized skim and whole milk were measured in four boards from gable-top cartons for ultra-pasteurized milk products. Test-squares were sealed on 3 sides and incubated in ultra-pasteurized skim or whole milk at 7°C. Wicking distances were measured every 10 days up to 60 days. A significant interaction was seen between the types of paperboard and milk. It is most likely that P. spinulosum at all inoculation distances had access to milk as a source of nutrition by day 40 in the migration study. Master of Science

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Gillespie, Mark B. "Local convective heat transfer from heated flat plates using synthetic air jets." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20926.

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Chiang, Tan Ping, University of Western Sydney, of Performance Fine Arts and Design Faculty, and School of Design. "From the traditional wet market to the modern supermarket." THESIS_FPFAD_SD_Chiang_T.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/90.

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The successful economic growth and the rapid changing of urban development had changed Singapore from a developing to a developed country. The living environment of Singapore has been changed with in the last 25 years. My thesis mainly describes foods and food markets in Singapore. Due to better educational background, higher consumption power and small family planning, the eating habit of Singaporeans has changed. A lot of young Singaporeans today, don't buy their daily marketing needs from the traditional wet market for they prefer to do their weekly marketing in the comfortable, clean, convenient and air conditioned modern supermarket. With the advance electronic cooking equipment in kitchen, they save time in cooking to buy prepared or instant cooked food from supermarkets, instead of raw foodstuff from the traditional wet markets. These rapid changes of the Singaporeans' life style and eating habit created an opportunity. For me to look into the area that directly or indirectly involved with my professional work as a practicing graphic designer and a design educator. The area I am looking into is 'the value of food packaging'. I realized that the contrast of the traditional foodstuffs selling in traditional wet market and the imported foodstuffs displayed within the modern supermarket, the difference has signaled a strong message. If the traditional foodstuffs still does not improve their dull and unhygienic image to catch up with the rapid changing urban living environment. They will disappear from our dining table sooner or later. My thesis has to reach 2 aims. Firstly, to awake the design students (tomorrow's designer). To be more sensitive towards the local traditional food markets. Discover the values of the local ethnic foodstuffs and going to find out why these delicious and remarkable local foodstuffs been rejected outside of the modern supermarket. To create a new image through packaging design to replace with the original dull and unhygienic image. Secondly, the contents and the criterias of the modern packaging design I proposed within this thesis, could be applicable in the practicing design field, food manufactory and most importantly, in the design institutions Master of Design (Hons)

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Gay, Cody E. "Towards an Understanding of the Role of Cation Packaging on DNA Protection from Oxidative Damage." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_etds/65.

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In sperm chromatin, DNA exists in a highly condensed state reaching a final volume roughly twenty times that of a somatic nucleus. For the vast majority (>90%) of sperm DNA in mammals, somatic-like histones are first replaced by transition proteins which in turn are replaced by arginine-rich protamines. This near crystalline organization of the DNA in mature sperm is thought crucial for both the transport and protection of genetic information since all DNA repair mechanisms are shut down. Recent studies show that increased DNA damage is linked to dysfunctions in replacing histones with protamines resulting in mispackaged DNA. This increased DNA damage correlates not only to infertility but also impacts normal embryonic development. This damage is currently poorly characterized, but is known to involve oxidative base damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using a variety of biophysical methods, the effect of DNA condensation by polycations on the on free radical access and DNA damage in the packaged state was investigated. In Chapter 2, gel electrophoresis was used to quantify the ability of free radicals to damage both unpackaged and packaged DNA. DNA condensed by polycations shows significantly reduced levels of indirect damage from exposure to free radicals. Combining previous work on packaging density, it is also shown that differences in the packaged state, even by a few Angstroms, can result in significantly different degrees of damage to the DNA. In Chapter 3, we investigate the effects of protamine concentration on the ability to condense and protect DNA. Insufficient protamination is known to be a potential source of protamine dysfunction in mammalian sperm chromatin. Using gel retardation assays and UV-Vis studies, we examined the ability for DNA to condense with protamine at varying nitrogen to phosphate (N:P) charge ratios. Initial results on damage as a function of N:P are also discussed. Future work will more quantitatively determine the interrelationship between DNA packaging densities and the resulting accessibility of DNA to reactive oxygen species (ROS).

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Lall, Balwant. "Conjugate natural convection from a discrete heat source on a conducting plate in a shallow enclosure." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289741.

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Experiments were performed to characterize the conjugate heat transfer due to a square flush heat source mounted at the center of a square horizontal plate in a small horizontal enclosure. The plate area was six times larger than the heat source area. Three different plates with heat source facing upwards were considered: a 25mm balsa wood plate which provided a nearly adiabatic surface, a 1.57mm thick FR-4 plate with no copper, and a 1.57mm thick FR-4 plate with a single layer of 0.036mm thick copper cladding on source side. The back of the board was insulated for all cases. The experimental exploration included measurement of heat transfer coefficient over the heat source, plate surface temperature distribution and temperature distribution in the air volume above the plate. The heat transfer coefficients exhibited distinct behavior at high aspect ratios in which the dominant length scales were related to the source. At intermediate aspect ratios, length scales for both source and enclosure were relevant, and at small aspect ratios, a conduction limit was observed, which was dependent on board conductivity. The heat transfer coefficients at high aspect ratios exceeded by 14% the prior correlations for upward facing isolate plates, when the ratio of source area to perimeter was used as the significant length scale, and a stronger dependence than Ra1/4 was measured. Classical correlations for shallow differentially heated enclosure were not satisfactory in describing the dependence on enclosure height. With increasing board conductivity, board thermal spreading increased the effective source size so that the discretely heated board heat transfer coefficients tended towards the behavior of the classical uniformly heated board. New first-order thermal design formulae were derived for determining peak temperatures of sources on conducting substrates, and for determining the associated thermal "zone of influence" or "footprint." The board heat spreading was accounted for by using its effective "thermal footprint" radius and correlations for conjugate heat transfer based on this length scale were successful in describing the behavior of the average Nusselt number at large enclosure heights. Some qualitative flow visualization was also performed and representative results are shown.

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Ray, Atris A. III. "Analytical and experimental analysis of heat transfer from current microelectronics package designs." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19147.

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Zhao, Xiaoping. "Investigating Shareholder Social Activism From an Issue-Selling Perspective—Issues, Strategies, and Success." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23887.

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Building on the logic of issue selling, my dissertation explores the micro-processes of shareholder social activism through which shareholders interact with targeted firms and also addresses which micro-processes could affect the effectiveness and the success of shareholder social activism. To do this, my dissertation develops a theory with respect to the approaches of linguistically framing the contents of and of presenting shareholder social activism. Based on a qualitative (descriptive) analysis on 1,612 shareholder social proposals, my dissertation identifies six packaging strategies that are used by the proponents to linguistically frame the contents of their proposals and two selling strategies used by the proponents to present their proposals. Subsequently, a quantitative analysis demonstrates that the effectiveness of shareholder social proposals would be largely determined by the joint effects of opportunity framing, threat framing, coalition building, and repeated submitting and that other packaging strategies would have little unique contribution to the effectiveness and the success of shareholder social activism. I argue that my dissertation would make contributions to the understanding of shareholder social activism and also offer some theoretical considerations for future studies on issue selling, although my dissertation might not directly contribute to the body of work of issue selling. Ph. D.

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Pereira, Jorge Alberto dos Santos Guieiro. "Characterization of tradional cooked blood and rice sausage from Monchique and shelf life study with different packaging technologies." Doctoral thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9268.

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Tjelta, Thomas Aleksander. "Negotiating access to tobacco following the increase in the minimum age of sale in the UK : a study of young people from two disadvantaged communities in Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21054.

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Creating a Tobacco Free Generation: a Tobacco Control Strategy for Scotland sets out the Scottish Government’s ambition to create a tobacco free generation of Scots by 2034. Smoking initiation occurs primarily in adolescence, and the national preventive strategy is correspondingly structured around a range of measures to reduce the availability, affordability and attractiveness of cigarettes and other tobacco products for children and young people. Primary among these are the increase in the minimum age of sale of tobacco from 16 to 18 years instituted in the UK in October 2007, and the ban on the display of tobacco and smoking related products in shops introduced in the Tobacco and Primary Medical Services Scotland Act 2010. This thesis explores young people’s smoking and cigarette access behaviours in the context of the increase in the age of sale of tobacco from 16 to 18 years in 2007, and their perceptions and representations of cigarette brand image in the context of the impending ban on point of sale displays and in anticipation of the introduction of generic cigarette packaging in the UK. A combination of individual, paired and triadic interviews were undertaken with a total of 60 13-15 year old young people recruited from youth clubs and other third sector organisations in two disadvantaged communities in Edinburgh. Around half the participants were regular smokers – defined as smoking a cigarette a day or more – with the remainder reporting ‘occasional’ or ‘experimental’ smoking, defined as intermittent smoking or having tried smoking on one or more occasions. Interviews focussed on participants’ usual cigarette sources, ability to access tobacco, participants’ favoured cigarette brands and their perspectives on recent legislative measures to reduce the attractiveness of cigarettes and other tobacco products for children and young people. Despite the increase in the minimum age of sale, most participants sourced cigarettes from shops, either directly or through intermediaries, and few reported any difficulties securing regular access to tobacco. Retail purchases were described in terms of a progression from more to less targeted purchasing strategies, with those experiencing difficulties buying cigarettes directly employing a range of strategies to identify and target retailers amenable to selling cigarettes to underage customers. Proxy purchases, i.e. purchases made through intermediaries, represented the predominating mode of acquisition among participants, and were described in terms of a progression from less to more targeted third party recruitment strategies, with older and more experienced regular smokers learning to identify and target particular types of individual for proxy purchases. Participants also had recourse to tobacco from a range of social and illicit sources, including ‘fag houses’, although these were not routinely accessed. The diverse cigarette sources identified by participants were not perceived to be equivalent, however, but were rather represented in terms of the parallel acquisition of a range of smoking related competencies. Participants’ diverse modes of tobacco acquisition, as such, reflected not merely their smoking status, with rates of retail cigarette purchasing increasing with age and regular smoking, but their status as a smoker through building symbolic capital. Participants foregrounded their smoking related knowledge and competencies to frame themselves as more or less ‘autonomous’ smokers. In discussions about participants favoured cigarette brands, participants would similarly foreground their knowledge of a range of perceived brand characteristics to frame themselves as more or less ‘discerning’ smokers. The importance of cigarette access and branding in shaping participants’ smoking identities has clear implications for smoking prevention policy, in terms of challenging the implied equivalence between the diverse cigarette sources available to young people routinely implied in the youth access literature and underscoring the importance of limiting the visual cues in cigarette packaging and point of sale advertising that facilitate the continued use of cigarettes as an ‘identity tool’.

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Balushi, Mohammed Said Al [Verfasser]. "The packaging of peptide-receptive MHC class I molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum in COPII vesicles / Mohammed Said Al-Balushi." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2009. http://d-nb.info/103498392X/34.

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Yifan, Liu, Yang Xi, and Zhu Hanbing. "A study of the chips packaging amongyoung consumers in Sweden : From the perspective of customer satisfaction and customer’s purchase decisions." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98118.

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The purpose of the study is to understand the satisfaction of young customers living in Sweden for a long time with the packaging of chips and the impact of packaging on their chip purchase and to discuss corporate social responsibility in connection with environmental sustainability. In this study, theoretical analysis, interviews, and focus groups are used as the research methods. Through the analysis of collected data and combined with the theory to carry out a comprehensive analysis. Through the analysis, it is found that the color, picture, and shape of packaging in the chips market in Sweden are the main factors affecting customers' purchase. It is also found that young customers still attach great importance to the sustainable development of the environment and think that the company should be responsible for this. The findings of this study can be considered to provide customers with real ideas for companies who want to understand the Swedish chip market and help them develop the Swedish market. Due to the lack of research on the packaging market in Sweden, the researchers hope that this study can be helpful to the relevant research.

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Yang, Xi, Yifan Liu, and Hanbing Zhu. "A study of the chips packaging among young consumers in Sweden : From the perspective of customer satisfaction and customer’s purchase decisions." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98444.

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The purpose of the study is to understand the satisfaction of young customers living in Sweden for a long time with the packaging of chips and the impact of packaging on their chip purchase and to discuss corporate social responsibility in connection with environmental sustainability. In this study, theoretical analysis, interviews, and focus groups are used as the research methods. Through the analysis of collected data and combined with the theory to carry out a comprehensive analysis. Through the analysis, it is found that the color, picture, and shape of packaging in the chips market in Sweden are the main factors affecting customers' purchase. It is also found that young customers still attach great importance to the sustainable development of the environment and think that the company should be responsible for this. The findings of this study can be considered to provide customers with real ideas for companies who want to understand the Swedish chip market and help them develop the Swedish market. Due to the lack of research on the packaging market in Sweden, the researchers hope that this study can be helpful to the relevant research.

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Suter, Marco. "Beyond PET: An Extended Deposit-Return System for Plastic Packaging in Sweden : A Qualitative Investigation of Challenges and Lessons from future and earlier Deposit-Return Systems." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254345.

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Collection rates and recycling rates of plastic packaging are considerably lower than for other packaging materials in Sweden. In the context of a circular economy, higher plastic packaging recycling rates could contribute to increased resource efficiency and lowered greenhouse gas emissions. A deposit-returnsystem (DRS) for plastic packaging could be an appropriate economic policy instrument to increase recycling rates. This thesis investigates if and how the scope of the DRS in Sweden could be extended to post-consumer plastic packaging. Potential challenges for an extended DRS are identified through semi-structured qualitative research interviews and a literature review. Solutions to overcome the challenges are identified with lessons from earlier DRSs and are complemented with other possible solutions. The results show that the DRS scope could potentially be extended to small hollow bodies. This product group could be implemented gradually in existing infrastructure, is easy to grasp for consumers and its share of the plastic packaging waste is sufficiently high. The focus should be on non-food packaging to avoid hygienic issues. Higher consumer awareness concerning plastic issuesand policies, which incentivize plastic packaging recycling, were identified as important drivers for an extended DRS. Insamlings- och återvinningsgraden av plastförpackningar är betydligt lägre i Sverige än för andra förpackningsmaterial. Genom att öka återvinningen av plastförpackningar kan högre resurseffektivitet och lägre utsläpp av växthusgaser uppnås. Ett pant-system för plastförpackningar kan således vara ett lämpligt styrmedel för att öka mängden återvunnet material. Detta examensarbete undersöker möjligheterna för ett utökat pantsystem i Sverige där plastförpackningar är inkluderade. Potentiella utmaningar för ett utökat system identifierades genom semi-strukturerade kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer och tillhörande litteraturstudie. Inspiration och lärdomar av liknande fall användes för att minska effekten av dessa i synergi med andra alternativa lösningar. Resultaten visar att användningen av ett pantsystem kan potentiellt utökas för att inkludera små ihåliga produkter. Denna produktgrupp kan implementeras med relativt små medel, inkorporeras i den befintliga infrastrukturen, förstås av konsumenter och står för en tillräckligt hög andel av avfallet för en mätbar effekt. Fokus bör vara på icke-livsmedelsförpackningar för att undvika risk för kontaminering. Ökad medvetenhet hos konsumenter rörande plastfrågor i kombination med tydligare riktlinjer och styrmedel för att motivera återvinning av plastförpackningar identifierades som viktiga drivkrafter för ett utökat pantsystem.

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Athenstädt, Behnusch [Verfasser], Torsten Claus [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt, and Oliver J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmitz. "Development of GC-MS methods for the identification and quantification of leachables from plastic packaging in dialysis solutions / Behnusch Athenstädt. Gutachter: Oliver J. Schmitz. Betreuer: Torsten Claus Schmidt." Duisburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1049523342/34.

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Rocha, AntÃnio Herbert Quintino. "AplicaÃÃo de Processo Oxidativo AvanÃado (H2O2/UV) em Efluente de uma IndÃstria de Embalagens." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5476.

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nÃo hÃ O elevado crescimento industrial, alavancado pelo alto consumo em virtude do crescimento populacional e de melhores condiÃÃes de renda, tem como indicador um tipo de indÃstria, a de embalagens. Os efluentes das fÃbricas de embalagens que realizam impressÃo possuem forte coloraÃÃo. Uma vez descartados no meio ambiente alÃm de causar problemas estÃticos causam tambÃm sÃrios impactos ambientais por prejudicarem os processos de fotossÃntese nos corpos receptores. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a remoÃÃo de cor de um efluente industrial de uma fÃbrica de embalagens utilizando POA (H2O2/UV) apÃs ser tratado por um processo fÃsico-quÃmico. As amostras do efluente foram submetidas ao tratamento proposto atravÃs de um fotoreator de 0,5 L de volume Ãtil com uma potÃncia de 210 W. A amostras (10 L cada) foram recirculadas durante 8 h onde foram retiradas amostras no perÃodo de 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h e 8 h. Em uma primeira fase buscou-se o melhor ajuste operacional variando a vazÃo de recirculaÃÃo (4,0 L/min e 1,0 L/min) como tambÃm a dosagem do H2O2 (1,0%, 0,5% e 0,25%). A remoÃÃo de cor foi conseguida em todas as variaÃÃes de aplicaÃÃo sendo que o teste com 1,0% de perÃxido com uma vazÃo de 1,0 L/ min apresentou uma remoÃÃo de cor em um tempo curto de recirculaÃÃo e apresentou uma elevada remoÃÃo de DQO. Na segunda fase do trabalho otimizou-se o melhor resultado encontrado na primeira fase (1,0% de H2O2 e 1,0 L/min) fazendo o efluente passar por uma coluna de carvÃo ativado granular onde obteve-se um aumento na eficiÃncia da remoÃÃo de DQO em apenas 4 h de recirculaÃÃo. Os resultados obtidos revelam que o POA (H2O2/UV) Ã eficiente na remoÃÃo da cor de efluentes de indÃstria de embalagens que realizam impressÃo. Entretanto devem-se realizar estudos para diminuir custos de implantaÃÃo para um sistema em escala real. The high industrial growth, driven by high consumption due to population growth and better income, is an indicator of industry type, the packaging industry. Effluents produced from packing manufacture in the print works industry carry strong color. If the effluent is disposed in the environment, it can cause esthetical problems besides significant environmental impacts causing serious damage to the photosynthesis process in the water sources. The objective of this study is to remove the color of an industrial effluent from a packing plant using an advanced oxidation process (AOP), after it has been treated by a physic-chemical process. He effluent samples were subjected to the treatment proposed by a photoreactor of 0,5L, with power of 210W. The samples (10,0L each sample) were circulated during 8 hours, when samples were taken within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8h. In a first stage was established to a best operational adjustment, by varying of the flow (4,0L/min e 1,0L/min) as also as the dosage of H2O2 (1,0%, 0,5% and 0,25%). The removal of the color was achieved in all variations of dosages applied, but the test with 1,0% H2O2 using the flow of 1,0L/min showed a removal of color quickly (short time of circulation) and a significant removal of DQO in just four hours of circulation. The results reveal that the POA (H2O2/UV) is effective in removing color from effluents from the packaging industry that perform printing. However studies should be performed to reduce deployment costs for a full-scale system.

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Le, Gars Manon. "Surface modifications of cellulose nanocrystals for biobased food packaging applications Polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate from the surface of cellulose nanocrystals for the elaboration of PLA-based nanocomposites Role of solvent exchange in dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals and their esterification using fatty acids as solvents." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI021.

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Ce projet vise à développer de nouvelles modifications chimiques de surface des nanocristaux de cellulose (NCC), afin d'améliorer leur compatibilité avec le polymère biosourcé qu'est l'acide polylactique (PLA), afin de combiner leurs propriétés intrinsèques respectives. Ainsi, des matériaux multiphasiques ont été produits à partir de PLA en y incluant des nanomatériaux cellulosiques. L'application visée est celle de l'emballage alimentaire, et l'amélioration des propriétés barrières du PLA, notamment vis-à-vis de l'oxygène et de la vapeur d'eau, est alors un point clé dans la caractérisation des produits finis. Plus précisément, dans ce projet, différentes voies sont proposées pour le greffage de divers composés - polymères ou molécules - à la surface des nanocristaux de cellulose. Le succès de ces greffages a été confirmé et quantifié via diverses techniques de caractérisation. Les NCC ainsi modifiés sont ensuite introduits dans un matériau PLA à travers deux stratégies différentes : soit en tant que nanocharges dans une matrice PLA, avec des taux d'inclusion compris entre 2 et 10% massique, soit en tant que couches internes dans des matériaux multicouches de PLA. Dans les deux cas, les matériaux finaux, préparés à partir de PLA et de nanomatériaux cellulosiques modifiés, présentent des propriétés intéressantes et encourageantes en termes d'homogénéité, de transparence, et de barrière à l'oxygène et à la vapeur d'eau, conformément aux propriétés requises pour les matériaux de conditionnement alimentaire The purpose of this project is to develop new surface chemical modifications of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), in order to enhance their compatibility with biobased poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polymer, and to combine their respective outstanding intrinsic properties. Biobased PLA-based multi-phase materials, including the designed nanostructures, are produced. Furthermore, the final materials are expected to be used in food packaging sector, and the improvement of the barrier properties of the PLA, especially towards oxygen and water vapour, is a key point in the characterization of the materials. In this project, different routes are proposed for the grafting of various compounds - polymers or singles molecules - on the surface of the CNCs. Their grafting efficiency has been confirmed and carefully characterized. The modified CNCs are then introduced in PLA-based materials via two different strategies. Indeed, they are either used as nanofillers in a PLA matrix with inclusion rates comprised between 2 and 10 wt%, or as an inner layer of PLA-based multi-layered materials. In both cases, final PLA-based materials including various designed cellulosic nanomaterials exhibit enhanced and highly encouraging properties in terms of homogeneity, transparency, and barrier towards oxygen and water vapour, in accordance with required properties for food packaging materials

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Chaudhuri, Ansuman Ray. "Interactions Involving Organics Fluorine In Crystal Engineering : Insights From Crystal Packing And Polymorphism." Thesis, 2004. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/1352.

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Lo, Lun-Wei, and 羅偉倫. "Inactivate Escherichia coli from wastewater treatment plant effluent by filtration with different packing media." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61011283149882203041.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 環境工程學研究所 105 Water is one of the basic needs of human. With the increase of population, water resource has been over used for agriculture, industry and drinking water in many areas and may lead to environmental problems. It’s important to seek the way to solve the shortage of water resource. Using treated wastewater as new water resource is one of the methods. The treated wastewater effluent from wastewater treatment plants could be a stable and readily available secondary type of water resource. Although the wastewater effluent has been treated in the wastewater treatment plants, it’s still contain a lot of pollutant and microorganism. Filtration system is one of the treatments which commonly used for wastewater reuse. Filtration system has less cost and energy, it also cost less problem and pollution to environment. During the filtration, some chemical, physical and biological reactions such as adsorption, filtration, interception, oxidation and biodegradation may happen and reduce the pollutant. This study explores the pathogen inactivation abilities of three different materials (zero-valent iron(ZVI), sand and pulverized oyster shell) when used as the padding materials in soil percolation. Columns filled with these three materials were fed with recovery water from the wastewater treatment plant within fresh Escherichia coli (1 × 104 to 2.7 × 104 CFU/mL). Since the bacteria in wastewater would compete against E. coli and caused inactivation, the influent of following inactivation experiment are autoclaved before E. coli addition. Five different columns are utilized to evaluate the inactivation efficiencies of a control (C, without padding materials), a sand column (S), a zero-valent iron-sand column, and a pulverized oyster shell-sand column (OS). Inactivation efficiencies were obtained from the E. coli life counts form the influents and effluents. The changes of viable E. coli between influent and effluent in control column are less than 1 log unit. The sand column and pulverized oyster shell-sand column resulted in 2 and 1 log unit reduction, respectively. The zero-valent iron-sand column reduced more than 3 log unit in the inactivation experiment. Among three different materials, the column filled of zero-valent iron-sand has the highest E. coli inactivation efficiencies than sand filtration alone or pulverized oyster shell-sand filtration.

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陳嘉欣. "Competitive Analysis of Semiconductor Packing Industry From the Financial Perspectives– A Case Study of ASE." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15479217608322578927.

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Huang, Hsiang-I., and 黃享毅. "Treatment of As(Ⅴ) from Water by a Continuous Column Packing with Iron-Coated Sand." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31059811606250626314.

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碩士 輔英科技大學 環境工程與科學系碩士班 97 With the progress of the times, the prosperity of the Hi-Tech industry, a large amount of GaAs application, produce a great quantity of arsenic wastewater. Among the treatment methods of high concentration arsenic wastewater, general treatment technology needs a high cost, consider to the treatment capability/cost of the factory, so the treatment technology needs improvement. Due to the high removing efficiency of heavy metals for iron oxides, the coating technique was applied to coat iron oxides onto the sand surface, and the iron oxide-coated sand (IOCS) adsorbent was employed to adsorb the high concentration As(V) wastewater through the batch and column experiments. According the experimental results, the operation parameters would be supplied to the practical application in containing arsenic wastewater treatment. The amount of iron coating onto IOCS surface, the mean deviation ranged from 1.66 to 4.08 %. Following the IOCS dissolving experimental results, the Fe dissolving percentage ranged from 0.04 to 0.15% under various pH values expect 0.01N HNO3 acidic dissolving percentage was equal to 3.2%. According to the batch experimental results, solution pH had a significant influence on the adsorption capability, the adsorption efficiency decreased with pH increased. Adsorption efficiencies of arsenic on IOCS decreased from 50% and 32% to 8% at solution pH increased from 3 to 12 under arsenic concentration 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L, respectively. Beside, solution temperature had a slight influence on arsenic adsorption efficiency. It inferred that the repulsive force increased with solution pH increased. Therefore, the adsorption capacity was reduced through repulsive force increased between arsenic ions and IOCS surfaces. Following the column experimental results, flow rate, influent arsenic concentration and solution pH had a significant influence on the breakthrough time for removing arsenic ions from water in the continuous column packing with IOCS. The longest breakthrough time was 1,620 minutes under the influent pH 4 and arsenic concentration 10 mg/L. According to the breakthrough data, the phenomenon of multi-layers adsorption could be found in the continuous column experiments. It inferred that the physical and chemical adsorption characteristics existed simultaneously on the surfaces between arsenic ions and IOCS. According to the pore size distribution analysis results, the majority of pore diameter for pure quartz sand, IOCS and IOCS adsorbed arsenic ions were 345�痋B33�� and 26��, respectively. Obviously, the quartz sand surface was coated by iron oxides, and the pore size distribution of IOCS was similar to that of iron oxide via coating procedure. So, the pore size distribution of IOCS became small through coating iron oxides. Besides, the main pore diameter of IOCS decreased after adsorbing arsenic ions. The results indicated that the arsenic ions were adsorbed by IOCS surface through diffusion into the pores.

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"From a multi-skilled staff-scheduling problem to the mixed set covering, packing and partitioning polytope." 2013. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5549742.

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本文分為個部分：多技能員工調問題，和集合覆蓋、裝運和劃分混合問題多面體研究，其中第一部分問題啟發我們第二部分的探。 首先，我們研究在一個大型機場的國際客運站中客戶服務人員的調問題。員工有同的技能和技能水平。技能定義是二維的，包括操作技能和語言能。在學模型中，我們也考慮用餐和休息時間的調和多處工作地點。我們證明該問題是NP-hard 的。我們推導出有效等式，以方計算過程。我們的學模型能夠幫助規劃者做出決策，及可計算同型的活性對業務的影響。我們的模型也可以幫助決策者計劃長遠工作調和培訓。 多技能人員調問題啟發我們這篇文的第二部分：集合覆蓋、裝運和劃分混合問題多面體研究。我們首先證明如覆蓋（或裝運）的等式被删去，該多面體是相當於一個放寬的裝運（或覆蓋）多面體的投影。然後我們考慮混合奇穴多面體（即是一個由覆蓋和裝運等式組成的多面體），並採用圖方法研究，通過考慮同型的等式的互動，推導出混合奇穴等式和完全描繪多面體的特徵。我們再推導出集合覆蓋和裝運混合問題的混合奇穴等式。計算結果顯示，混合奇穴等式有助於減少計算時間。我們還提供子明如何用等式幫助決策。 This thesis is divided into two parts: Multi-Skilled Staff-Scheduling Problem and a polyhedral study on the Mixed Set Covering, Packing and Partitioning Problem, where the first part is a motivating example of the latter. In the multi-skilled staff-scheduling problem, we study the problem of scheduling customer service agents at an international terminal of a large airport. The staff members are heterogeneous with different skills and skill levels. The skill specification is two-dimensional, defined by operational skills and language proficiency. In the mathematical model, we also consider the scheduling of meal and rest breaks, and multiple locations. The problem is shown to be NP-hard. We derive valid inequalities to speed up the computational procedure. With our mathematical model, we are able to help schedule planners make decisions and examine the impacts of different types of flexibility on the level of service provided. Our model can also help decision makers with long-term work-schedule planning. Motivated by the staff-scheduling problem, the second part of this thesis studies the polyhedral structure of the mixed set covering, packing and partitioning problem, i.e., a problem that contains set covering, set packing and set partitioning constraints. We first study the mixed odd hole polytope, which is the polytope associated with a mixed odd hole consisting of covering and packing "edges". Adopting a graphical approach and considering the "interactions" between the different types of inequalities, we derive the mixed odd hole inequality, thereby completely characterizing the mixed odd hole polytope. We then generalize the mixed odd hole inequality for the general mixed covering and packing polytope. Computational results show that the mixed odd hole inequalities are helpful in reducing solution time. We also provide examples of problem settings in which the inequalities can be used to help decision making. Detailed summary in vernacular field only. Detailed summary in vernacular field only. Detailed summary in vernacular field only. Kuo, Yong Hong. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-129). Abstracts also in Chinese. Abstract --- p.i Acknowledgement --- p.iii Chapter I --- Scheduling of Multi-skilled Staff Across Multiple Locations --- p.1 Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.2 Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.8 Chapter 3 --- Mathematical Model --- p.14 Chapter 3.1 --- Problem Formulation --- p.14 Chapter 3.2 --- Valid Inequalities --- p.20 Chapter 3.3 --- Shift Scheduling and Longer-Term Work-Schedule Planning --- p.21 Chapter 4 --- Computational Studies --- p.24 Chapter 4.1 --- Dataset and Input Parameters --- p.24 Chapter 4.1.1 --- Staffing Requirements and Shortage Penalties --- p.24 Chapter 4.2 --- Computational Study: Managerial Insights --- p.26 Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of Three Types of Flexibility --- p.26 Chapter 4.2.2 --- Impact of Different Types of Flexibility --- p.28 Chapter 4.3 --- Computational Study: Benefits Compared with Benchmarks --- p.33 Chapter 4.3.1 --- Heuristic H1: CSA Assignment by Time Period --- p.35 Chapter 4.3.2 --- Heuristic H2: CSA Assignment by Criticality --- p.35 Chapter 4.3.3 --- Comparison with Benchmarks --- p.37 Chapter 4.4 --- Computational Study: Computational Efficiency --- p.40 Chapter 5 --- Conclusions --- p.44 Chapter II --- On the Polyhedral Structure of the Mixed Set Covering, Packing and Partitioning Polytope --- p.47 Chapter 6 --- Introduction --- p.48 Chapter 7 --- Preliminaries --- p.51 Chapter 8 --- Overview of Packing, Covering and Partitioning Polyhedra --- p.58 Chapter 8.1 --- Set Packing Polytope --- p.58 Chapter 8.1.1 --- Intersection Graph --- p.59 Chapter 8.1.2 --- Lifting Procedures --- p.63 Chapter 8.1.3 --- Facet-Producing Subgraphs --- p.66 Chapter 8.2 --- Set Covering Polytope --- p.71 Chapter 8.2.1 --- Polyhedral Structure and the Associated Graphs --- p.71 Chapter 8.3 --- Set Partitioning Polytope --- p.76 Chapter 8.4 --- Blocking and Anti-Blocking Pairs --- p.78 Chapter 8.4.1 --- Blocking polyhedra --- p.78 Chapter 8.4.2 --- Anti-blocking polyhedra --- p.80 Chapter 8.5 --- Perfect, Ideal and Balanced Matrices --- p.81 Chapter 8.5.1 --- Perfect Matrices --- p.81 Chapter 8.5.2 --- Ideal Matrices --- p.83 Chapter 8.5.3 --- Balanced Matrices --- p.84 Chapter 9 --- Mixed Set Covering, Packing and Partitioning Polytope --- p.87 Chapter 9.1 --- Mixed Set Partitioning and Covering/Packing Polytope --- p.87 Chapter 9.2 --- Mixed Set Covering and Packing Polytope --- p.88 Chapter 9.2.1 --- Mixed odd hole --- p.90 Chapter 9.2.2 --- General Mixed Covering and Packing Polytope --- p.97 Chapter 9.3 --- Computational Experiments --- p.108 Chapter 9.4 --- Applications of the Mixed Odd Hole Inequality --- p.112 Chapter 9.4.1 --- Railway Time-Tabling --- p.112 Chapter 9.4.2 --- Team Formation --- p.113 Chapter 9.4.3 --- Course Registration --- p.114 Chapter 10 --- Conclusions --- p.117 Bibliography --- p.119

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Chiang, Chi-Ping, and 江啟平. "A Survey of Aerobic Plate Counts and Salmonella Contamination on Pork Carcasses from Abattoirs, Marketplaces and Packing Plants." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08249712083387556357.

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碩士 輔仁大學 食品營養學系 91 The aim of this study was to investigate the aerobic plate counts (APC) and Salmonella contamination on pork carcasses during processing, transportation and selling in retail marketplace. Pork carcasses were collected from large and small abattoirs, packing plant and marketplaces. To determine the APC and Salmonella, the surfaces of jowls, belly and ham of pork carcass were sampled. Shoulder region of worker’s clothing, iron railings of truck and cutting boards used in meat retail booths were also examined. All samples were collected from northern and northeastern areas of Taiwan. The number of pork carcasses included 90 samples from three large abattoirs, 60 from two small abattoirs, 60 from two retail marketplaces, 30 from one packing plant, 10 from shoulder region of clothing , 10 from iron railings of truck , and 10 from cutting boards. Results have shown that the APC were 3.62, 2.69, 5.21, 2.25, 3.22, 5.48 and 5.64 log CFU/cm2 respectively. APC on pork carcass sold in marketplace were significantly higher (P＜0.05) than those from other sampling places. APC on pork carcass from small abattoirs and packing plant were significantly lower than those from any other sampling places. Detection of Salmonella were 10 % (3/30), 0 (0/20), 35 % (7/20), 0 (0/10), 0 (0/10), 40 % (4/10) and 50 %(5/10) respectively for large abattoirs, small abattoirs, marketplaces , packing plants, shoulder region of clothing , iron railings of truck and cutting boards. The average APC of jowls, belly, and ham from all sampling places were 3.67, 3.69, and 3.59 log CFU/cm2 respectively. Poor sanitation of marketplace and cutting board used in meat booth were responsible for the high contamination of APC and Salmonella on pork carcasses.

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45

Flores, Hector Angel. "Effects of blade tenderization and trimming on hot-boned, restructured, pre-cooked roasts from cows." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27441.

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Page, L. G. (Logan Garrick). "Geometric optimization for the maximum heat transfer density rate from cylinders rotating in natural convection." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25840.

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In this study we investigates the thermal behavior of an assembly of consecutive cylinders in a counter-rotating configuration cooled by natural convection with the objective of maximizing the heat transfer density rate (heat transfer rate per unit volume). A numerical model was used to solve the governing equations that describe the temperature and flow fields and an optimization algorithm was used to find the optimal structure for flow configurations with two or more degrees of freedom. The geometric structure of the consecutive cylinders was optimized for each flow regime (Rayleigh number) and cylinder rotation speed for one and two degrees of freedom. Smaller cylinders were placed at the entrance to the assembly, in the wedge-shaped flow regions occupied by fluid that had not yet been used for heat transfer, to create additional length scales to the flow configuration. It was found that the optimized spacing decreases and the heat transfer density rate increases as the Rayleigh number increases, for the optimized structure. It was also found that the optimized spacing decreases and the maximum heat transfer density rate increases, as the cylinder rotation speed was increased for the single scale configuration at each Rayleigh number. Results further showed that there was an increase in the heat transfer density rate of the rotating cylinders over stationary cylinders for a single scale configuration. For a multi scale configuration it was found that there was almost no effect of cylinder rotation on the maximum heat transfer density rate, when compared to stationary cylinders, at each Rayleigh number; with the exception of high cylinder rotation speeds, which serve to suppress the heat transfer density rate. It was, however, found that the optimized spacing decreases as the cylinder rotation speed was increased at each Rayleigh number. Results further showed that the maximum heat transfer density rate for a multi scale configuration (with stationary cylinders) was higher than a single scale configuration (with rotating cylinders) with an exception at very low Rayleigh numbers. Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2012. Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering unrestricted

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Barker, Megan. "Structural Investigation of Processing α-Glucosidase I from Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/32660.

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N-glycosylation is the most common eukaryotic post-translational modification, impacting on protein stability, folding, and protein-protein interactions. More broadly, N-glycans play biological roles in reaction kinetics modulation, intracellular protein trafficking, and cell-cell communications. The machinery responsible for the initial stages of N-glycan assembly and processing is found on the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Following N-glycan transfer to a nascent glycoprotein, the enzyme Processing α-Glucosidase I (GluI) catalyzes the selective removal of the terminal glucose residue. GluI is a highly substrate-specific enzyme, requiring a minimum glucotriose for catalysis; this glycan is uniquely found in biology in this pathway. The structural basis of the high substrate selectivity and the details of the mechanism of hydrolysis of this reaction have not been characterized. Understanding the structural foundation of this unique relationship forms the major aim of this work. To approach this goal, the S. cerevisiae homolog soluble protein, Cwht1p, was investigated. Cwht1p was expressed and purified in the methyltrophic yeast P. pastoris, improving protein yield to be sufficient for crystallization screens. From Cwht1p crystals, the structure was solved using mercury SAD phasing at a resolution of 2 Å, and two catalytic residues were proposed based upon structural similarity with characterized enzymes. Subsequently, computational methods using a glucotriose ligand were applied to predict the mode of substrate binding. From these results, a proposed model of substrate binding has been formulated, which may be conserved in eukaryotic GluI homologs.

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LEE, WAN-TING, and 李宛庭. "The Creative Values from the Visual Art of Cosmetic Packaging." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kxu3wg.

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碩士 國立高雄師範大學 視覺設計學系 105 Nowadays, cosmetics' industrial technology has been on the upgrade because of the popularization of scientific progress and economic activity. As consumption level was raised, the consumer demand for beauty products also became more and more. In order to increase their market share, various cosmetic manufacturers invest considerable effort in building up the brand image. The cooperation between famous brands of cosmetics and contemporary arts become more and more in recent years. In this changing marketing environment, the enterprises from Taiwan must put in more time and efforts to establish a good image for their brands of cosmetics. 　　We collected 10 symbolic packaging of name-brand cosmetics which designed by the artists for this study; they were sold in Taiwan department stores (Shinkong Mitsukoshi, Sogo, Breeze Center, Far Eastern Department Stores, Hanshin Department Store) from 2015 to 2016. And in this study we also had analyzed the way artists expressing and linking the ideas on the works and the cultural significance of them. According to these data we can gain insight into the relation between packaging design and consumer behavior. 　　The suggestions about adding value to arts are shown below： 1. Choose the classic products as the main focus. 2. Promote the classic products by collaborating with artists. 3. Emphasize the difference between goods and other similar types of goods. 4. Through the characteristics of goods to transfer the local culture We hope this article can answer this question, and help cosmetic manufacturers and designers engage in product development in future.

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Sun, Chia-shin, and 孫嘉欣. "The Research on Synchronizing of Bottle Shape and Taste from Food Packaging." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88825506812255006571.

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碩士 國立臺灣科技大學 設計研究所 95 Packaging has a direct contact with the consumers, and it serves as the prime tool for communications. However, food packaging comes with the most frequent contact with its consumers in the market. Generally speaking, food packaging should be able to evoke taste association through visual stimulation by a consumer. This research is aiming at studying the bottle shape and taste association and its smell recognition. This survey is conducting in three phases: The first phase is “A Market Survey of Bottle Shape and Taste.” The objective of this survey is to collect and to observe current food bottle shapes in the market, and classify the odors of the food content from the categorized food bottles to understand the correlations between different bottle shapes and taste. The second phase is “A Survey on Bottle Shape and Taste Association.” Its objective is to aim at testing the diverse bottle shapes and the matching results of the taste association to the bottle shape perceived by the recipients. The third phase is focused on “A Survey in Bottle Shape and Taste Recognizability.” The objective is to verify the ability in recognizing the taste flavor through the food bottle shape, and to find out the taste which is recognizable by the consumers from the different sources of food bottle shapes. The research results as follows: A. There are thirteen food flavors in the current food market. The classifications include five kinds of taste such as sour, sweet, bitter, salty, and spicy as classified as in “one flavor.” The “two flavors combo” consists of six kinds of taste: sweet sour, salty sour, bitter sweet, salty sweet, spicy sweet and spicy salty. And the “three flavors combo” is spicy-salty-sour and salty-sour-sweet. B. The designs of the bottle shapes for the taste flavors such as “sour,” “ bitter,” “spicy,” “ bitter sweet,” “salty sweet,” and “ spicy-salty-sour” in the current market, the bottle designs look similar and they are in a copy trend. The diameter of the mouth of the bottle is smaller, the height of the bottle is long and tiny for an outer design of a bottle, and the market taste is inclined to “sour” and “spicy.” With the bigger diameter on the mouth and the bigger body of the bottle, shorter height or straight outer appearance indicates the market taste is prone to “bitter,” “salty sweet,” and “spicy-salty-sour.” However with the narrower diameter of the mouth than the body of the bottle with a curve shape on the body of the bottle then the market taste will point to “bitter sweet.” C. The results found from the bottle shape and taste association, from the six taste flavors of sour, spicy, bitter sweet, salty sweet, spicy sweet and spicy-salty-sour are likely to be measured with the “similar height” of the bottle appearance by the recipient. The smaller diameter of the mouth and bottle shape with a size of a long and tiny body, it refers to taste association of “sour,” “spicy” and “spicy sweet.” In addition to both diameters are bigger in the mouth and the body of bottle, the body height is shorter or represents straight shape, the taste association will incline to “salty sweet,” “bitter sweet,” and “spicy-salty-sour.” D. The results found between food bottle shape and the “recognizable” taste as follows: the recognizable taste reached “likeness” are sour, sweet, bitter, salty, spicy, sweet sour, salty sweet, spicy sweet and spicy salty sour. And the taste which shows “non-recognizable” is bitter sweet. Among salty sour, spicy salty and salty-sweet-sour are the three flavors can not be differentiate in the taste survey. E. To recognize the representations of the bottle shapes in “sour,” “salty,” and “spicy,” judging from the overall shape that shows significant differences in skinny bottle shape, narrower mouth, neck and the width of the body. The bottle shape represents “sweet” and “sweet sour,” and the overall bottle design is in wide shape, its mouth is narrower with no significant differences and the body comes with a curve line in most cases. While the bottle shape represents “ bitter,” bitter sweet,” salty sweet” and “spicy salty sour,” the overall shape is wider, the mouth and the body are parallel in straight shape. The representative of “spicy sweet” of the bottle shape will be recognized as skinny and long and the mouth along with the body are nearly at the same width.

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50

Fu-Niang, Lu, and 盧富娘. "A Study on Synchronizing of Visual Design and Taste from Chocolate Packaging." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16373242155519802572.

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碩士 國立臺灣藝術大學 視覺傳達設計學系 99 From 21st century design development has been changed from material to human nature. The newest concept of product design is no longer trying to satisfy consumer's material demand. But it is more focus on the scarification of 5 senses: smell, sight, taste, hearing and touch. That’s taking "chocolate" as one of the example. Package designs become one of the main ideas to attract consumer's image and interest. Designer will use different theme to decorate the package in order to help people to fulfill the personal needs under chocolate's beauty, in order to combine the sense of sight and taste. The development of those 5 senses become one of impor tant task under different stage of product design (i.e. supplier, designer, sales and engineer) . "Packing of visual design form" of chocolate is the main topic under our research reference. Questionnaire will be the main form to collect the data to help us to understand and con -sumer's preference of chocolate's packing and taste.Through literature survey, experts and scholars use the KJ method to analyze the visual design of chocolate samples classified. Then conducted a questionnaire survey of consumers feel the taste for chocolate packaging, This research program linked designer and consumers were feeling awareness of chocolate packa -ging, Further analysis of the visual packaging design and other manifestations of taste. (1)Graphic design is divided into 9 categories： Phantom writing, Illustration, a mascot, Word, Density instruction, Image writing ,Entity picture ,Color impression, Brief form。Structure design is divided into 7 categories：rectangle、Baggy shape、Changes from、Windowing shape、Decoration shape、Pot shape、Links up the shape。 (2)Customers used to take it by their own, and create the different the meaning of consume. The dark chocolate is the most popular item in the market; the next will be milk chocolate and mix chocolate of dark and milk. The research shows people prefer sweet chocolate.Chocolate optional factors to shape> color> patterns> text is the order of importance. (3)The sexual won't have much difference on chocolate’s package and flavor, but age difference will, the chocolate design of package would like attain the correct on sense of sight and flavor. We have to know the many way of chocolate, example: flavor, age, style...etc, all the key of effect ion.

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