Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fromage – Microbiologie'
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Aziza, Majda Amina. "Études physiologiques et cinétiques de "geotrichum candidum" et "Penicillium camembertii" cultivés en bioréacteur sur milieux synthétiques." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S001.
Full textJaquemet, Gabrielle. "Sélection et génomique de souches naturelles provenant de fromages du Québec. Génomique comparative de Staphylococcus equorum." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66555.
Full textThe natural microbiota of cheese has often been characterized to study their potential participation in the development of sensorial properties (taste, odour, texture) of the ripened cheeses. A better understanding of their role during cheese ripening is therefore essential in order to have a better control of its quality. Few in-depth genomic analyzes have been carried out on microorganisms of the natural microflora of cheese (non-inoculated microorganisms), while there is a greater interest for inoculated ferments. The genes possessed by bacterial strains of the Quebec terroir can be revealed by the characterization of their complete genome, leading to the prediction of the associated metabolic pathways. This also allows the establishment of the individual contribution of each strain to the production of aromatic compounds. As part of this work, the complete genome of four strains of Staphylococcus equorum were sequenced. Then, a detailed analysis of the genome of these four strains was completed by their assembly and the functional annotation of the ~ 2700 genes predicted in each of the studied strains. Genes potentially implicated in proteolysis, lipolysis and lactose degradation, were found in all S. equorum strains, revealing their potential metabolisms important for cheese. Several interesting attributes of S. equorum were also identified by comparative genomic analyses. First, the relation in between the phylogenetic grouping and the source of isolation of the strains, indicates a possible adaptation of the strains to their ecological niche. The presence of unique or barely shared genes is also a distinguishable characteristic of the studied strains and can have an impact on the metabolisms of the strains. The characterization of the genome of S. equorum strains and the phylogenomic analyzes have provided new information on their role in cheese and clues about their metabolic potential. The genomic data collected will allow during future validations the selection of strains with desirable properties in function of cheese variety to yield cheeses of optimal quality.
Perkins, Vincent. "Étude de la diversité génomique de la levure d'intérêt fromager, Geotrichum candidum." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68169.
Full textThe yeast Geotrichum candidum is used in several specialty cheeses varieties, such as mold and smear-ripened cheeses, and plays several roles during cheese ripening. Its ability to metabolize proteins, lipids and organic acids enables its growth on the cheese surface and participate to the development of organoleptic properties. By alkalinizing the surface duringi ts growth, it also establishes suitable conditions for the growth of other ripening microorganisms. Yet, several technological abilities of G. candidum are strains dependent. However, little information is available related to the genetic characteristics that define the flavoring and functional properties of this yeast during the ripening of cheeses. A detailed understanding of G. candidum metabolic activities is a priority for both artisanal cheese makers and large industrial cheese factories in order to detect the most efficient strains for their product. The main objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity within the G. candidum species by comparative genomic and to propose a rapid molecular method for the identification and characterization of the strains. Eight strains of G. candidum of dairy origin was sequenced. The genomes obtained had an average of 24.5 Mb and 5,230 putative genes. The sequence homologies show that the strains divide into three distinct groups for which each contains unique genes. On the basis of the genomic sequences, a MLST method was optimized and validated for 41 G. candidum strains. This method reproduces the results obtained for the genomic analysis and allows a rapid identification of the strains and their grouping.The results generated in this project will improve our understanding of the physiology and the utility of the G. candidum strains during the ripening of cheese to ultimately be able to better control it.
Levesque, Sébastien. "Développement d'un outil génétique pour Brevibacterium aurantiacum et analyse génomique comparative de souches laitières." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34492.
Full textBrevibacterium aurantiacum is an orange-pigmented actinobacterium that confers key organoleptic properties to washed-rind cheeses during surface ripening. To date, only two complete and assembled genomes of B. aurantiacum are available and there is currently no genetic tool available to study this industrially relevant species. The acquisition of fundamental knowledge on the gene repertoire of this species and their functions is essential to understand its evolution and its role in cheese ripening In this study, 12 plasmids and 4 synthetic vectors were used to transform 6 B. aurantiacum dairy strains and one B. linens strain in the aim of adapting CRISPR-Cas9 tool for these bacterial species. Different electrocompetent cell preparation and electroporation methods were tested to transform various Brevibacterium strains, but no transformants were recovered with all the experiments. Therefore, it seems that Brevibacterium strains are recalcitrant to genetic transformation We sequenced six additional genomes of Brevibacterium and performed phylogenetic and pan-genome analyses. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that cheese isolates, previously identified as B. linens, belong to the B. aurantiacum species, making this species a key player in cheese production. B. aurantiacum genomes are composed of 2612 core genes with an open pan-genome reaching now 6259 genes. Horizontal gene transfers (HGT) between cheese actinobacteria were observed in all B. aurantiacum genomes. HGT regions involved in iron acquisition were found in five B. aurantiacum genomes, which suggests cooperative evolution between smear-ripened cheese actinobacteria. Our comparative genomic analysis provides novel insights into the evolution and the adaptation of B. aurantiacum to the cheese ecosystem.
Albert, Véronique. "Optimisation de la méthode SIGEX pour l'identification d'opérons cataboliques exprimés lors de l'affinage du fromage Cheddar." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27681/27681.pdf.
Full textGagné, Gabrielle. "Viabilité de souches probiotiques commerciales au cours de la fabrication et de l'affinage du fromage cheddar." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29547/29547.pdf.
Full textWhen added to Cheddar cheese, viability of probiotic strains vary according to combination of several factors. These factors are the probiotic strain being studied, the lactic acid bacteria strain used in the manufacture of cheese, the presence of other probiotic strains, stirring while cooking, pH, salt on moisture (S/M) content and ripening temperature. The lactic acid bacteria strain used for Cheddar cheese process influence the viability of probiotic strains. In the same way, co-culture of two probiotic strains can also affect their viability. While cooking procedure, high level of agitation may affect probiotic strain viability. During ripening, each probiotic strain had a single survival profile according to the pH, S/M and ripening temperature. Moreover, depending on the probiotic strain added in cheese, proteolysis and the amount of organic acids had increase. This increase causes changes in texture and in sensory properties of Cheddar cheese.
Roger, Bruno. "Conservation sous atmosphère modifiée de fromages comportant une flore de surface : dynamique de l'activité respiratoire et des transferts au travers des matériaux d'emballage." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPL078N.
Full textThe scope of this work was to optimise a modified atmosphere package adapted to the requirements of surface-flora cheese so was to moniter the gas equilibrium. The first part of the study focused on unwrapped cheese under various environmental conditions. These conditions were shown to modify the «morphology» (aspect) and physiology (respiration) of the flora. The most suitable conditions (P02, PC02, RH, température) were determined to optimise the preservation of the cheese with Penicillium surface-flora and associated micro-organisms. Five parameters were monitored, establishing their impact on the respiration of Penicillium. Relation to PO2 followed the Michealis-Menten law, whilst the Arrhenius equation translated it' s temperature dependence. Ln the second part of the study, a theoretical model of the gas transfer (02 and CO2) was constructed, taking into account the two major phenomena implied: respiration and gas transfer through the package. The validity of the model was checked for cheeses with the two types of flora, using 19 packages with various gas permeability properties. Non withstanding the complexity and variability of a cheese and the characteristics of packages, this model has a 1 good prediction capacity of the partial pressures in the headspace. This modem approach enables to select the best package for surface- flora cheese using scientific criteria. It is a tool that will facilitate communication between dairy factories and packaging suppliers
Nacef, Mohamed Menouar. "Maroilles fermiers et industriels : quelles sont les différences ? : Une approche pluridisciplinaire allant du consommateur aux caractérisations sensorielles, physico-chimiques et microbiologiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R077.
Full textToday, the consumer is looking for qualitative authentic products. These quality standards are embodied by traditional, “de terroir” or craft products. Among these products, cheese is a valuable food of the French culinary history. In this context, this thesis focused on the study of an AOP cheese: the Maroilles. A multidisciplinary approach (sensory, physicochemical and microbiological analyses) was conducted with the objective of characterizing artisanal (raw milk-based) and industrial Maroilles (pasteurized milk-based). Sensory analyses revealed that consumers were able to perceive differences between these two types of Maroilles. These differences in perception could be explained by physicochemical (composition, texture, color) and microbiological analyses. In addition, the quality of Maroilles in terms of hedonic appreciations and sensory descriptions can be predicted from instrumental measurements, in particular the fatty acid composition. Concomitantly, the quality of Maroilles perceived by the consumer is strongly dependent on the consumer's familiarity with this product. A consumer study, carried out in two cities in France (Lille, the region of origin of Maroilles and Angers outside the Maroilles production region) showed that Maroilles' familiarity in terms of consumption frequency and knowledge influences the appreciation and consumer attitudes. In addition, the familiarity changes the representations that consumers make of artisanal Maroilles. Maroilles is a cheese that keeps its authenticity and its typicality by its inter-product variability, which constitutes a wealth and a variety of choices for consumers
Mallet, Adrien. "Diversité microbienne des laits crus : états des lieux, réservoirs et expression en transformation fromagère : exemple de Camembert de Normandie." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2016.
Full textThis work had three objectives: To raise a inventory of the microbial diversity of raw milk, and to study the influence of the management practices of the herd on the microbiological profiles of milk; To identify reservoirs susceptible to impact the regulation of the bacterial diversity of raw milk, and milking practices which can influence this diversity; And finally to study the potential sources of the diversity of the dominant bacterial flora of the “Camembert de Normandie AOP”. In spite of their low microbial load, evidence of their good hygienic quality, the 260 analyzed raw milk had an important diversity. Variations between farms, as well in the proportions of microbial groups as by the observed extreme values, were revealing by the quantification of nine microbial groups. Hundred and twelve bacterial species and 17 species of yeasts were detected during a molecular inventory realized from 1697 isolates from 24 raw milk, with a dominance of Gram positive bacteria in particular staphylococci and coryneform bacteria. The application of the Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism technique on the bacterial DNA extracted from raw milk of two milkings, from the atmosphere of the milking places, from the surface of cow teats and from milking machines revealed the presence of common bacterial groups between these various ecosystems. The surface of teats seems to constitute the main reservoir of the dominant flora of raw milk, but a big part of the dominant bacteria of raw milk was not detected as being a member of the dominant flora of the studied ecosystems. The variations of microbial balances can certainly explain this observation, in particular by the expression in milk of secondary flora. The statistical analysis of factors which can explain the variability of the flora of raw milk, in terms of load and bacterial composition, revealed particularly the influence of the hygiene practices of teats, and of cleaning of milking machines, on the flora of technological interest. The hygiene practices seem to reduce the diversity of flora such as Lactococcus, Lactobacillus and ripening bacteria. The use of the rep-PCR, a genetic analysis technique, to study the diversity of presumptive Lactobacillus and presumptive coryneform bacteria, in raw milk, in camembert cheeses and in the environment of three cheese dairies, revealed the transmission of several isolates native of raw milk towards camembert cheeses. The origin of a part of the bacterial flora of camembert cheeses was not able to be connected with the dominant flora of the studied ecosystems, testifying probably of the expression in the camembert cheeses of under dominants flora of the environment, stemming certainly partly from raw milk. The presence, in camembert cheeses, of bacterial strains from raw milk augurs of the potential role of the flora of the raw milk in the process and the sensory qualities of the “Camembert de Normandie AOP”
Sablé, Sophie. "Etude de la microflore et de la fraction aromatique volatile d'un fromage de chèvre : implication potentielle de certaines souches bactériennes dans la biosynthèse de constituants de l'arome." La Rochelle, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LAROS012.
Full textGagné, Geneviève. "Typage, détection et quantification de souches de lactocoques dans les ferments du Cheddar." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30138/30138.pdf.
Full textStarters used in Cheddar cheesemaking have a major impact on the quality of the final product. These starters are usually composed of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strain combinations and interactions between strains can be present. The main goal of this study was to discern groups of L. lactis subsp. cremoris and to quantify proportions of each strain group with the objective of studying their behavior during Cheddar cheesemaking. The MLST study showed that the nusA gene classifies strains into six interesting groups. Therefore, a specific PMA-qPCR method was developped with this target gene. The technique was used to quantify strain proportions during cheesemaking simulation. This method could be transferred to the industry because it is easy to use, fast and reproductible.
Martínez, González José Luis. "Caractérisation métataxonomique du microbiote intestinal dans un modèle porcin nourri avec un régime hyperlipidique composé de fromage cheddar et de beurre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68971.
Full textIn recent decades, dairy products have been associated with weight gain due to their high fat milk content, generating a negative consumer assessment. However, scientific studies revealed beneficial effects of dairy products such as cheese due to the presence of functional peptides produced from hydrolysis, as favorable ingredients for health. Nevertheless, several cheeses as cheddar contain a high concentration of dairy fat. Given the interest to know how the dairy products could affect the clinical physiology of host, studies about the gut microbiota structures has been proposed. However, controversial results from these studies have been obtained. This thesis aimed to evaluate the effects of butter and proteins hydrolysate from cheese on the structure of the gut microbiota associated with clinical parameters of lipidemia. The goal of this project was to characterize microbiota variations in the intestinal sections of the ileum, colon and fecal sample using a metataxonomic approach with Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. In the first part of this project, a porcine model was established to provide a model for the study of gut microbiota associated with obesity from fecal samples including ileum and colon. In the first part of this study, the approach of isolation and purification of high-quality DNA has been standardized and established. Subsequently, a bioinformatics pipeline was generated using QIIME v.1.9.1 open source software. Later, a trial was defined in pigs fed with lard-fructose (HFF). At 12 weeks of treatment, a dysbiosis process was associated with diet-induced changes estimated by a LEfse discriminant method (significant LDA score> 2.0), as well as alpha and beta diversity. The genus Fusobacteria, a potent pathogen carrying LPS, associated with sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio and Anaerovibrio a genus of bacteria with lipolytic activity, showed a significant increase (p-value <0,05) of this model fed to HFF in pigs. These metataxonomic profiles of the pig gut microbiota have also been linked to an increase in lipidemia parameters in the peripheral blood. This microbiota composition was also profiled to metabolic syndromes by qPCR. These results constitute an important reference base for the characterization of an obesogenic diet associated with gut microbial dysbiosis. In order to validate the effects of the high-fat free-fructose (HF) diet, a second test was performed. In this trial, the results obtained showed an asymptomatic dysbiosis. Indeed, alpha and beta diversity profiles, in addition to qPCR profiling, showed significant distances between HF treatment and low-fat treatment control. However, the measure of lipidemia (cholesterol and triglycerides) and the level of LPS were irrelevant between treatments. These results showed that the high-fat diet can significantly alter the VI ecological structures of the microbiota without necessarily causing physiological changes in the host. Finally, the third part of the project, consisting in the characterization of the impact of diets with butter or cheddar cheese composed of highly hydrolyzed peptides, on the gut microbiota of pig model. The ileum, the colon, and the feces were sampled at 10 weeks. Measurements of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and Weighted-UniFrac phylogenetic distances, and the LDA-LEfse discriminatory analysis of the beta and alpha diversities demonstrated a neutral effect on the gut microbiota subjected to the cheddar diet, while significant dissimilarities were observed with the butter treatment. The abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Mogibacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Paraprevotella, Phasolarctobacterium, Turicibacter, Clostridiaceae Akkermansia sp., Bacteroides sp., Lactobacillus reuteri, and Ruminococcus characterized the gut microbiota of the treatment with butter. The significant increase of Akkermansia and Ruminococcus gnavus in (two clades closely related to the degradation of mucin, which is a health indicator of intestinal integrity), suggest an alteration of the gut microbiota due to butter treatment, which could be proposed as biomarkers to comply with the control diet with lard-HF. We highlighted the identification of the taxonomic level by oligotypes of the genus Akkermansia in the pig model. This identification revealed nine signed-oligotypes from the Akkermansia taxon, in the colon and fecal samples of pigs fed butter. This was the first time that a highly discriminating depth of metataxonomic analysis was performed in the pig model. The pig as a model that allows the characterization of the gut microbiota affected by a dietary treatment. Finally, diets enriched with cheddar cheese and butter have convergent effects on the host-microbiota relationship and can be observed distinctly through microbial structures in the intestinal sections.
Fares, Almabrouk. "Risque de salmonellose humaine liée à la consommation de fromage à pâte molle au lait cru : développement d’un modèle pour l’appréciation quantitative du risque." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/3463/01/Fares_Thesis_PDF.pdf.
Full textSalmonellae are one of the most important causes of foodborne illness associated with raw dairy products. The assessment of the real risk associated with the consumption of these products is needed and the most appropriate method to achieve this goal is the risk analysis process which links pathogens in food to the public health problem. The main aim of this thesis is to quantitatively assess the risk of human salmonellosis linked to the consumption of Camembert cheese made from raw milk. A data gap that is routinely identified in risk assessment is the lack of quantitative data on pathogens contaminated food. Therefore, as a first objective of this thesis, we developed a rapid, sensitive and reliable method for the quantification of Salmonella in artificially contaminated milk samples. The method combined the principles of most-probable-number (MPN) method with a real-time PCR assay. With this developed assay (MPN-real-time PCR) low levels of Salmonella (1-5 CFU/mL) in milk could be enumerated after 8 h of non-selective enrichment in buffered peptone water. All estimated MPN counts corresponded well to the estimated contamination level of Salmonella inoculated into milk samples. In order to evaluate the utility of this developed quantification assay, our second objective was to apply it to naturally contaminated bulk tank milk samples collected from dairy farms located in western France. Eight (2. 68%) of 299 bulk tank milk samples were found positive, with estimated MPN values ranging from 3. 7 to 79. 2 MPN/mL of milk. Despite the PCR inhibitors that were apparently present in some raw bulk tank milk samples, the application of the MPN-real-time PCR assay for quantifying Salmonella in raw milk proved to be rapid, easy-to-perform and highly sensitive. In the assessment of potential risks associated with Salmonella in raw milk and raw milk products it was necessary to examine the ability of Salmonella to grow in milk. Therefore, we presented in this thesis as a third v objective, primary and secondary models describing mathematically the growth of two Salmonella strains (S. Typhimurium and S. Montevideo) in milk under constant temperatures during different incubation periods. The primary logistic-with-delay model was used to describe Salmonella growth as a function of time. The specific growth rates of S. Typhimurium and S. Montevideo varied according to serotype and temperature. The maximum growth rates were then modeled as function of temperature using the secondary cardinal Rosso model. The reported cardinal estimates obtained with S. Typhimurium and S. Montevideo were: Tmin 3. 02, 3. 40; Topt 38. 44, 38. 55 and Tmax 44. 51, 46. 97°C, respectively. At the optimum growth temperature (Topt) the maximum growth rates were 1. 36 and 1. 39 log10 CFU/h-1 for S. Typhimurium and S. Montevideo respectively. Both the primary and secondary models fitted growth data well with a high-pseudo R2 (0. 97-99). Finally, a quantitative risk assessment of human salmonellosis linked to the consumption of Camembert cheese made from raw milk is presented. Different distributions were assumed for the parameters of the model and a Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the process and to quantify the risk associated with the consumption of 25 g serving of cheese. The 99th percentile of Salmonella cell numbers in servings of 25 g of cheese was 5 cells at the time of consumption, corresponding to 0. 2 cells of Salmonella per gram. The risk of salmonellosis per 25 g serving varied from 0 to 1. 2 × 10-7 with a median of 7. 4 × 10-8. For 100 million servings of 25g, the expected number of cases of salmonellosis predicted by the model is in average of 7. 4. When the prevalence was reduced in the model by a factor of 10, the number of cases per 100 million servings was reduced to less than 1 case. Despite the limitations and the data gap, we demonstrated the benefit of risk assessment not only as a risk evaluation tool but also as a helping device in the decision-making and the risk management
Mansour, Soulaf. "Etude du métabolisme de la levure Yarrowia lipolytica dans un écosystème fromager par une approche transcriptomique." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005341.
Full textGagnon, Diane. "Formulation et propagation de ferments lactiques mésophiles à haut caractère aromatique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23536/23536.pdf.
Full textAziza-Tenenhaus, Fanny. "Maîtrise des dangers microbiologiques en industrie laitière basée sur un modèle d'appréciation quantitative des risques. : application à Listeria monocytogenes dans les fromages à pâte molle au lait pasteurisé." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AGPT0061.
Full textVernozy-Rozand, Christine. "Identification et étude du caractère entérotoxinogène de souches de staphylocoques à coagulase négative isolées de lait et fromages de chèvres." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO1T122.
Full textBellengier, Pascale. "Sélection de souches de Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. Mesenteroides et dextranicum pour leurs aptitudes en technologie fromagère et étude de leur croissance dans le lait." Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMPD807.
Full textRaymond-Fleury, Annick, and Annick Raymond-Fleury. "Étude de la microflore des fromages du terroir québécois par métabarcoding." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38168.
Full textL’industrie des fromages de spécialité occupe une place très importante au Québec. Sa production annuelle représente plus de 60 000 tonnes de fromages. Bien que les produits québécois se démarquent par leur haute qualité, ils manquent parfois de constances au niveau de leurs propriétés sensorielles (goût, odeur, texture, couleur). Ces variations peuvent être expliquées en partie par un déséquilibre de la microflore fromagère (bactéries et mycètes). Bien que la microflore joue un rôle majeur dans le développement des fromages, très peu d’information est disponible sur sa composition (présence et abondance relative des espèces) pour les fromages du terroir québécois. Le but de ce projet de recherche est de développer une méthode de métagénomique ciblée par séquençage massif d’amplicons (metabarcoding) pour faire la caractérisation complète de la microflore de la surface (croûte) et du coeur (pâte) de ces fromages. Le métabarcoding est une méthode d’identification qui utilise une courte séquence d’ADN représentative du génome entier. Les résultats obtenus lors de ce projet montrent que la région V3-V4 de l’ADNr 16S, pour les bactéries, et la région ITS2 de l’espaceur de transcription interne, pour les mycètes, sont les régions qui permettent de dépeindre le portrait le plus fidèle des écosystèmes fromagers. La microflore de 32 fromages du terroir québécois a été caractérisée. Les régions cibles utilisées recensent les genres dominants associés aux écosystèmes fromagers et permettent aussi la détection spécifique de certains genres moins fréquents. Le nombre de genres dominants identifiés est de 20 pour la région V3-V4, de 22 pour la région V6-V8, de 12 pour la région ITS1 et de 13 pour la région ITS2. Il a également été possible de comparer la communauté microbienne de 15 fromages pour deux années de production (2015 et 2018, 30 fromages au total) afin d’observer la variation de la microflore en fonction du temps. Cette étude a permis d’observer que plus de la moitié des écosystèmes étudiés se révèle être constante. Ces nouvelles connaissances permettent de mieux décrire la typicité des fromages québécois et de proposer des leviers technologiques aux artisans pour produire des fromages de haute qualité de façon plus constante.
The speciality cheese industry plays an important role in the province of Quebec, with a production of over 60 000 tonnes of cheeses. Although these products distinguish themselves with their high quality, a lack of constancy is sometime experienced regarding their sensory properties (taste, smell, texture, color). These variations can be explained, partly, by a microflora disequilibrium (bacteria and fungi). Even though microflora plays an important role in cheese ripening, very little information is available about his composition (presence and relative abundance of different species) for Quebec’s terroir cheeses. This research project aims to develop a targeted metagenomic by massive amplicon sequencing (metabarcoding) to characterize the microflora of cheese rind and cheese core. Metabarcoding is a profiling method using short sequences representative of the entire genome. In this project, the V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA and the ITS2 region of the rDNA ITS region were identified as the most precise molecular markers for the profiling of respectively bacterial and fungal cheese ecosystems. The microflora of 32 cheeses of the Quebec terroir has been characterized. The target regions used identified the dominant genera associated with cheese ecosystems and also allow the specific detection of some less frequent genera. The number of dominant genus assigned is 20 for the V3-V4 region, 22 for the V6-V8 region, 12 for the ITS1 region and 13 for the ITS2 region. It was also possible to compare the microbial community of fifteen cheeses for two different years of production (2015 and 2018) in order to observe the variation of the microflora over time. This study shows that over half of the ecosystems analyzed are stable. This new knowledge allows a better understanding of Quebec’s terroir cheese typicity and offers new information to cheesemakers on the way to produce high quality cheeses more consistently.
The speciality cheese industry plays an important role in the province of Quebec, with a production of over 60 000 tonnes of cheeses. Although these products distinguish themselves with their high quality, a lack of constancy is sometime experienced regarding their sensory properties (taste, smell, texture, color). These variations can be explained, partly, by a microflora disequilibrium (bacteria and fungi). Even though microflora plays an important role in cheese ripening, very little information is available about his composition (presence and relative abundance of different species) for Quebec’s terroir cheeses. This research project aims to develop a targeted metagenomic by massive amplicon sequencing (metabarcoding) to characterize the microflora of cheese rind and cheese core. Metabarcoding is a profiling method using short sequences representative of the entire genome. In this project, the V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA and the ITS2 region of the rDNA ITS region were identified as the most precise molecular markers for the profiling of respectively bacterial and fungal cheese ecosystems. The microflora of 32 cheeses of the Quebec terroir has been characterized. The target regions used identified the dominant genera associated with cheese ecosystems and also allow the specific detection of some less frequent genera. The number of dominant genus assigned is 20 for the V3-V4 region, 22 for the V6-V8 region, 12 for the ITS1 region and 13 for the ITS2 region. It was also possible to compare the microbial community of fifteen cheeses for two different years of production (2015 and 2018) in order to observe the variation of the microflora over time. This study shows that over half of the ecosystems analyzed are stable. This new knowledge allows a better understanding of Quebec’s terroir cheese typicity and offers new information to cheesemakers on the way to produce high quality cheeses more consistently.
Le, Dizes Anne-Sophie. "Développement de méthodes de quantification moléculaire de bactéries lactiques et de leur activité : application au suivi de Lactobacillus fermentum et Streptococcus thermophilus dans une matrice fromagère modèle." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2012.
Full textIn order to guarantee the public health, but also to preserve the biodiversity of the microbial ecosystems of fermentation and refining, various strategies are today creating. It is a question as much of describing the involved species and of evaluating their dynamics, to envisage their growth or decrease according to the conditions of manufacture or conservation of food. This study aims to define a method of quantification culture independent, complementary to traditional microbiology. It is based on a DNA extraction and the realization of a range standard making it possible to quantify the micro-organisms culture independent present. The assessment of this study highlights molecular quantifications close to the microbiological data. Once this quantification installation, the second point of the study aims at setting up an “independent culture” technique having for goal to evaluate the real activity of the flora within the dairy products: these experiments make it possible to apprehend the interest of the technique for more pushed studies of the microbial behaviors
Fares, Almabrouk. "Risque de salmonellose humaine liée à la consommation de fromage à pâte molle au lait cru : développement d'un modèle pour l'appréciation quantitative du risque." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003463.
Full textLamarche, Andréanne. "Développement d'une méthode de quantification par PCR en temps-réel afin d'étudier la distribution de trois espèces de levures indigènes dans les fromages québécois." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35003.
Full textThe complex fungal ecosystems of specialty cheeses are increasingly studied because of the potential contribution of indigenous yeasts to the development of the cheese’s sensory properties. They may contribute directly or indirectly by their interaction with the funga l ecosystem or the modification of the cheese matrix. Previous studies detected Cyberlindnera jadinii, Kazachstania servazzii and Pichia k udriavzeviiin both raw milk and/or artisanal specialty cheeses from the province of Québec. The aim of this project was toanalyze the distribution of these three yeast species in cheeses made in the province of Québec. A highly specific and quantitative real time PCR assay was developed to quantitate these yeast species. The rind and the core of cheeses made in the province of Québec were sampled and analyzed using this method. Tracking of C. jadinii and P. k udravzeviirevealed that these yeasts are found within the majority of the analyzed cheeses. This study is the first step toward a better understanding of the possible contribution of these indigenous yeasts species in the development of cheese flavors, and their role in the cheese’s fungal ecosystem.
González, Ariceaga Citlalli Celeste. "Encapsulation de carbobacterium maltaromaticum LMA28, productrice de composés aromatiques, dans la paraffine d'enrobage du Poro, un fromage artisanal mexicain." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0038/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the interdisciplinary study (biochemical, physicochemical, microbiological) in order to improve sensory qualities and, more specifically, aromatic profile of Poro cheese in order to extend its commercialization period on the Mexican market. After cheese characterization, several encapsulations techniques were tested into cheese paraffin coating. Moreover, inhibitory activity of C. maltaromaticum LMA28 isolated from a soft cheese against L. monocytogenes was also studied. Sensory evaluation led to a preferences internal mapping. It appeared that C. maltaromaticum LMA28 encapsulation was a better alternative for the 3-methylbutanal release compared with 3-methylbutanal direct encapsulation to improve off-flavor apparition in Poro. Sensory experiments performed on Babybel® (cheese model) showed a difference between the sensory perceptions of cheese coated containing or not C. maltaromaticum LMA28. Micro-encapsulation in calcium alginate is a quick encapsulation technique, simple, inexpensive and easy to implement even for a small-scale productions. Finally, from a microbiological point of view, no trace of fecal contamination was found in the products. The main strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated were cheese: L. plantarum, L. pentosus, L. farciminis, and L. rhamnosus. The effect of four factors (C. maltaromaticum, NaCl concentration, time and pH) on L. monocytogenes growth, inoculated into two culture media (TSB -YE and skim milk). The C. maltaromaticum LMA28 concentration appeared to be the determining factor for L. monocytogenes inhibition in both media tested
Champigny, Pierre-Luc. "Biocompatibilité des bactéries lactiques et probiotiques et d'affinage avec des mycètes du camembert isolées de laits de terroir québécois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28391/28391.pdf.
Full textThis study was carried out to verify the biocompatibility between the mycetes of Camembert cheese and lactic cultures (probiotic and ripening strains). Most of the fungi strains used had been isolated from different milk sources over the province of Quebec (Canada) and two different kinds of milk were used to produce cheese slurries. Automated spectrophotometry (AS) was employed to screen some biocompatible pairings of mycete and bacterial strains. A milk medium was fermented by yeasts and moulds and then inoculated with bacteria. The previous growth of the mycetes was sometimes stimulatory and sometimes inhibitory, but the effects were minor and varied as a function of the strains. Subsequently, to confirm these AS results, cheese slurries were inoculated simultaneously with different strains combinations. Finally, pilot scale Camembert cheese was produced to verify its ability to support probiotic bacterial cultures viability. The absence of inhibition of the bacteria by the mycetes in SA was confirmed, but the interactions in the cheese slurries differed from those noted in AS because of the different pH patterns in the two experimental series. Camembert was shown to have potential to favour the viability of probiotic bacterial strains during ripening and storage. However, no mycete mix was systematically better than another to stimulate this viability.
Hebert, Agnès. "Ecosystème fromager : de l'étude du métabolisme du soufre chez Kluyveromyces lactis et Yarrowia lipolytica à l'interaction entre Kluyveromyces lactis et Brevibacterium aurantiacum." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00548146.
Full textCeugniez, Alexandre. "Recherche de levures antagonistes, à potentiel probiotique, dans les produits du Terroir du Nord-Pas-de-Calais : étude de Kluyveromyces marxianus et K. lactis, isolées d’un fromage artisanal, la Tomme d’Orchies." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10035/document.
Full textRaw milk cheeses show a complex microbial ecosystem, where each actor interacting with its neighbor and with its environment. Among these interactions, one is particularly interesting, the antagonism, in other words the capacity of an individual to inhibit the growth of another. Antagonistic interactions are massively studied in bacterial cheese ecosystems and lead to the identification of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria. Among these strains, some revealed probiotics properties and a high potential in the fight against antibiotics resistances. Additionally, cheese fungal ecosystems were poorly studied. However, this ecosystem is promising as it might contain mycocin-producing yeasts and/or showing probiotic properties. In this frame, our work focused on a local French cheese, the “Tomme d’Orchies”. Two non Saccharomyces antagonistic yeasts, with a probiotic potential, were identified in this cheese. Microbial ecosystems of the “Tomme d’Orchies” will be described before presenting the research and the characterization of antagonistic yeast in the fungal ecosystem. Two strains of Kluyveromyces (K. marxianus S-2-05 and K. lactis S-3-05) will be highlighted, with broad antagonistic properties, against Gram positive and negative bacteria, but also against pathogenic yeast. A high potential to be used as probiotic agents could be observed, in addition to antioxidative properties for K. marxianus, with medical relevance
Hébert, Agnès. "Ecosystème fromager : de l'étude du métabolisme du soufre chez Kluyveromyces lactis et Yarrowia lipolytica à l'interaction entre Kluyveromyces lactis et Brevibacterium aurantiacum." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553893.
Full textAfzal, Muhammad Inam. "Physiologie et aspects technologiques de Carnobacterium maltaromaticum LMA 28 en biopréservation alimentaire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0174/document.
Full textCarnobacterium maltaromaticum is a lactic acid bacterium isolated from atypical soft cheeses. The major characterstics of this bacterium are i) its ability to produce a malty or chocolate-like flavor 3-methylbutanal from leucine catabolism ii) its ability to produce bacteriocins against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria for instance, Listeria monocytogenes. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of six strains of C. maltaromaticum isolated from the same habitat showed that they were not phylogenetically identical. Although these strains lacked the ability to coagulate the milk quickly, they were acid tolerant. They did not affect the milk coagulation capacity of startes, Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus used in dairy industry. The study on the impact of C. maltaromaticum on the bacterial flora of cheese showed that its presence resulted in the decrease of the concentration of Psychrobacter, which might be responsible for accelerating the aging phenomenon of cheese. An experimental plan was realized to highlight these inhibitions and possible interactions between factors (cell concentration, NaCl, pH, incubation time) by choosing two models i) Psychrobacter sp. and ii) L. monocytogenes. The cell concentration of C. maltaromatiucm was the factor more significant for the inhibitions of the tested bacteria. Being psychrotrophic, alkalinophilic, malty or chocolate flavor producing and biopreservative agent, this species could play a role as a ripening flora of cheese. All strains of C. maltaromaticum tested were able to produce 3-methylbutanal conferring any malt flavor to cheese. The results on the physiology involved in the biosynthesis of 3-methylbutanal showed the presence and functionality of both metabolic pathways; the direct by alpha-ketoacid dacarboxylase enzyme and indirect comprising alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase enzyme. The oxygenation of culture medium had a positif impact on the formation of 3-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanol with the stimulation of both direct and indirect metabolic routes
Lavoie, Karine. "Caractérisation microbiologique des laits du terroir québécois servant à la production de fromages de spécialité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27677/27677.pdf.
Full textDesmasures, Nathalie. "Etude de laits de haute qualité : caractéristiques et aptitude microbiologique à la transformation en camembert au lait cru." Caen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CAEN2051.
Full textForquin, Marie-Pierre. "Étude de Brevibacterium aurantiacum, une bactérie d'affinage de fromage : de son métabolisme du soufre à son interaction avec Kluyveromyces lactis." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00594332.
Full textSerhan, Mireille. "Valorisation durable des laits de chèvre de la région du Nord Liban. Transformation en fromage "Darfiyeh" et établissement de caractéristiques physico-chimiques et microbiologiques en vue de la création d'une appellation d'origine." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL073N/document.
Full textIn order to contribute for the preservation of the Lebanese dairy heritage, the aim of this study was to characterize Darfiyeh cheese, a traditional variety made from raw goats' milk and ripened in goat's skin. Parallel to this objective, and for a better understanding of Darfiyeh ripening, aroma transfer towards goat skin was conducted through an experimental device. Three independent batches of Darfiyeh production were analyzed after 20, 40 and 60 days of ripening. Physico-chemical results showed that Darfiyeh is a semi-hard goat's milk cheese which undergoes a moderate proteolysis and lipolysis. 3-methyl butanal, 1-phenyl ethanol and 1-octanol contribute to the distinctive aromatic fraction of Darfiyeh. As for microbiological results, bacterial counts (Log cfu.g-1 cheese) for mesophilic lactobacilli (7.1-10.4), thermophilic coccal-shaped lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (6.6-8.4) and thermophilic lactobacilli (5.5-7.2) were found. In order to explore Darfiyeh natural ecosystem, a combination of classical and molecular approaches was applied. Classical identification revealed members of the genera Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus and Lactobacillus. Temporal Temperature Gel Electrophoresis (TTGE) profiles revealed common bands between the classical identification. Species-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR) confirmed the presence of S. thermophilus, E. faecium, E. durans, Lc. lactis subsp. lactis and Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris. Real time PCR enabled quantification of S. thermophilus and E. faecium, with a detection threshold of 104 ufc.g-1 of Darfiyeh and a range of 107-109 ufc.g-1 of Darfiyeh, respectively. As for aroma transfer towards goat skin, absorption and permeability of three model aroma molecules (2-butanone, 2,3-butanedione, 2-butanol) in aqueous solution/goat skin system were followed, after 20, 40 and 60 days of exposure. Until 40 days, the transfer of aroma molecules was dependent on their physico-chemical properties and exposure time. After 60 days, the molecules migrate from the skin to the aqueous solution. Therefore, in such a simulated system, aromatic molecules seem to move under a cyclic way. This work is a first scientific and technical contribution to the preservation of traditional Lebanese cheesemaking