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Journal articles on the topic 'Front-End Loaders'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Malon, H., A. Ayuda, F. J. Garcia-Ramos, M. Vidal, and J. Cuartero. "Application of Low-Cost Sensors for the Development of a Methodology to Design Front-End Loaders for Tractors." Journal of Sensors 2020 (February 28, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3504389.

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Tractor front-end loaders are an essential part of the equipment used on farms. At present, there are an important number of small- and medium-sized companies involved in the manufacturing of this equipment. These companies rely heavily on experience for innovative designs, as in the vast majority of cases they lack access to adequate methodology for the optimal design of new front-end loaders. The study conducted has developed a methodology to design tractor front-end loaders with a view of obtaining their accurate design during the bucket loading process. The methodology comprises two phases: the first phase involves a numerical analysis of the structural behaviour of the front-end loader components by means of the Finite Element Method; the second phase, the experimental phase, makes use of low-cost sensors, in particular, strain gauges, to analyse existing strains at selected points in the front-end loader structure. The experimental results obtained by means of low-cost sensors fitted onto the front-end loader allow analysing the existing strains at the points measured, as well as validate the numerical model developed. This methodology is validated by applying it to a commercial front-end loader, more specifically to model 430E2 of the company Maquinaria Agrícola El León S.A (Spain).

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2

Mrochek, Vladimir Ivanovich, Tatiana Vladimirovna Mrochek, Sergey Fedorovich Shashenko, and Alexey Igorevich Puzikov. "HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS TO CONTROL OPERATING EQUIPMENT AND DIRECTION OF MOTION IN FRONT-END LOADERS." Вестник Белорусско-Российского университета, no. 2 (2017): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53078/20778481_2017_2_77.

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3

Madau, Riccardo, Daniele Colombara, Addison Alexander, Andrea Vacca, and Luigi Mazza. "An online estimation algorithm to predict external forces acting on a front-end loader." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 235, no. 9 (March 27, 2021): 1678–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09596518211005583.

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One of the most significant goals of earthmoving equipment is to maximize productivity during loading cycles. A real-time knowledge of the forces exchanged between the machine implement and the surrounding, that is, while digging, can be used in different ways to increase productivity. It can be used to determine the amount of material moved by the machine; or to find the optimal bucket trajectory; moreover, as input to traction control systems. This article presents an online force estimation algorithm able to predict vertical and horizontal forces exchanged between the front-loader and the surrounding environment, as well as the reaction forces through the implement itself. Taking the case of a 14-ton wheel loader as reference, this article illustrates the development of a simulation model for the analysis of the machine digging system, along with the instrumentation and testing of the proposed estimation algorithm. The model is divided into two sections describing, respectively, system kinematic and system dynamics. The kinematic model of the front-loader is compared against measurements, and results show an average error lower than 1%. The dynamic model predicts both hydraulic and dynamic features of the machine implement, achieving an accuracy on the payload mass within 2%–3%, even during dynamic conditions. The estimated pushing force reflects the expected behavior when tested for various pushing efforts and in different ground conditions. Eventually, the algorithm was tested on a complete loading cycle and the results show good consistency considering the measured front-loader trajectory and vehicle speed. The proposed model overcomes some drawbacks of the currently used technologies. For example, it allows for an online estimation of the bucket forces for any position of the implement. Although the results discussed in this article pertain to a specific reference machine, the proposed method can be extended to most wheel loaders equipped with standard digging equipment.

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4

Duchon, James C., and Linneas W. Laage. "The Consideration of Human Factors in the Design of a Backing-Up Warning System." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 3 (September 1986): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000314.

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Despite the use of automatic backing-up warning systems, large mobile equipment is still involved in reversing collisions, causing injuries, fatalities, and property damage. This paper discusses specific human factors that contribute to the failure of this type of system as used on front-end loaders in the surface mining industry. The use of the backing-up automatic alarm causes the operators to lose the perception of responsibility for vigilant behavior, while the ground crew predictably become habituated to the alarm. These human factors and their interaction with the noise pollution created by the alarms sets up a potentially unsafe condition. Bureau of Mines' research into discriminating backup warning systems could provide an effective alternative to the conventional backup alarm.

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5

Adebayo, B., and A. E. Aladejare. "Effect of Rock Properties on Excavation-Loading Operation in Selected Quarries." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.86.

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The effect of rock properties on excavation-loading operation in quarries was investigated by conducting test on the mechanical properties of selected rocks. These rock samples were tested in the laboratory for specific gravity, point load strength, uniaxial compressive strength and mineral composition using weigh balance, point load tester, 1100kN compression machine and petrological microscope respectively. The filling rates of the front end loaders bucket were determined. The result obtained show that value of uniaxial compressive strength varied from 29.22 MPa-30.87 MPa. The bucket filling rate varied from 0.180-0.250 m3/s and 0.145-0.170 m3/s for porphyritic biotite granite and coarse biotite granite respectively. There is strong relationship between bucket filling rate and strength properties with values of R2 ranging from 0.9737 to 0.9981.Therefore strength parameters of the rock have effect on excavation loading operation in quarries.

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6

KYRYLENKO, Nina, Volodymyr SHAMRAI, Liudmyla KOVALEVYCH, Mykola LEBLYA, and Artur MAKHNO. "JUSTIFICATION OF TRANSPORT WORKS IN THE CONDITIONS OF A BLOCK QUARRY." Geoengineering, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2707-2096.5.2021.230667.

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The increase in oil prices, consumables and tools is necessitate the re–equipment of mining enterprises in Ukraine. The share of automobile transport reaches 35–50 % in the dimension blocks production costs. The purpose of the work is to determine transportation costs (TC) of 1 m3 of blocks depending on the volume and transportation distance within the quarry; improving the transportation plan by solving transportation problems of linear programming. Fuel consumption and dimension block TC for three models of front–end loaders (FEL) were newly calculated on the basis of a comprehensive study. A comparison of the economic feasibility of FEL and dump truck (DT) use in certain mining conditions have been made. The rationalization plan (RP) of dimension blocks transportation within the quarry was newly proposed. The research was performed at the dimension gabbro quarry, blocks transportation in which is performed using FEL CAT 988F (1) and DT KrAZ–256B. FELs CAT 988H (2) and CAT 986H (3) were adopted for comparison. The average annual fuel consumption is determined: among the FELs considered in the research, the (3) consumes the least, and the (1) currently used at the enterprise consumes 22.7 % and 9.7 % more fuel compared to the (3) and the (2), respectively, in similar conditions. Trade blocks transportation using FEL is economically more expedient in comparison with the DT at transportation distance up to 300–400 m. It is determined that the trade blocks TC using the (2) and the (3) is 5.3 % and 12.6 % lower, respectively, compared to the (1). This paper also considers the transportation problem for FELs, in which blocks from several banks must be distributed between several storage areas, provided to minimize TC. According to the proposed RP of transportation, the savings will be up to 13 % compared to the initial conditions, which in monetary terms is 41538–48639 UAH/year depending on the FEL model. The replacement of the (1) for the (3) will reduce block TC by 12.6 % (47000 UAH/year) in the current conditions. The TC using the (3) will be 285303.5 UAH according to the proposed RP, which is 23.7 % (88476 UAH/year) less than the (1) application before the rationalization. Keywords: dimension stone; front–end loader; commercial blocks transportation costs; transportation problem; cargo traffic rationalization; fuel consumption; haul road gradient.

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7

Worley, M. D., and V. La Saponara. "A simplified dynamic model for front-end loader design." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 222, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 2231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes688.

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The front-end loader is an indispensable machine for the off-road construction equipment industry. It is a classic example of a working machine with complex interactions between its subsystems (hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical). Dynamic models of the full-scale vehicle coupled with event-based operator models are currently used to help quantify the overall system performance, efficiency, and operability. However, these models are complex and not always necessary to characterize the response of individual subsystems. There is great value added to the design process — especially in prototyping of new vehicle platforms — in development of simpler models that can quickly and accurately define first-order measures of system loads and performance. This paper presents a subscale dynamic model, which isolates the boom and bucket manipulator systems of the front-end loader for the purpose of design load characterization. The model includes state equations governing the hydraulic dynamics across the control valves and in the cylinders, as well as soil—tool interaction loads (passive earth loads) at the bucket cutting edge. The governing equations of motion for the multi-rigid body model of the bucket linkage are developed using Kane's method. The proposed model is intended to accelerate the structural design and analysis of the boom and bucket linkage subsystems and may yield useful information for optimization purposes. The output from the dynamic simulation is compared with the field test data of the machine.

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8

Majors, Lee, and Tracey Huhndorf. "RESPONDER QUALIFICATIONS - KEEPING IT SIMPLE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-229.

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ABSTRACT Many spill response organizations have encountered problems when requesting personnel resources during a spill event. Besides a HAZWOPER certification, how do you determine the proper training level and communicate this to the outside resource providers. Alaska Clean Seas developed a simplified catagorization for spill response personnel. The catagories are: General Laborer Skilled Technician Team Leader Vessel Operator- Nearshore Vessel Operator- Offshore Each of these catagories have minimum training requirements. The regulatory agencies in Alaska approved the catagories for use in describing responder needs in member company contingency plans. The State of Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation adopted the catagories in the development of their Spill Tactics for Alaska Responders (STAR) manual. This manual was developed with input from the OSRO'S in Alaska and the catagories were approved by all of them. With these spill responder catagories, ACS is able to train the North Slope volunteer spill response teams, the Village Response Teams, and the Auxilliary (contract) Response Teams to these levels to meet member company contingency plan requirements. ACS is also able to request personnel during drills and events in a quick and efficient manner. Of course, these levels do not meet all the proficiencies needed during an event. ACS has also developed proficiency checks (PC'S) for each piece of equipment. These check lists provide the method for someone to demonstrate they now how to start and operate a piece of equipment such as skimmers, pumps, boom, etc. Some of the equipment is more complicated and requires a higher level of competency such as bobcats, front end loaders, airboats, etc. The PC'S for these types of equipment have 3 levels: Level 1 familiarization; Level 2 competent operator; Level 3 instructor qualifed. Other qualifications are regulatory driven such as Bird Hazing, Bear Hazing, and Wildlife Capture and Stabilization. With all of these catagorizations and tracking, ACS is able to easily identify response personnel for the tasks required.

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9

Mrochek, Vladimir Ivanovich, Tatiana Vladimirovna Mrochek, and Alexey Igorevich Puzikov. "ANALYSIS OF FRONT-END LOADER MARKET IN RUSSIA." Вестник Белорусско-Российского университета, no. 3 (2017): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.53078/20778481_2017_3_83.

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10

Latorre-Biel, Juan I., Ignacio Arana, Tomás Ballesteros, Jesús M. Pintor, and José R. Alfaro. "Front end loader with automatic levelling for farm tractors." Biosystems Engineering 148 (August 2016): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.05.011.

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11

M. J. Bader, L. R. Walton, and L. G. Wells. "DYNAMIC STABILITY OF TWO TRACTOR FRONT-END LOADER SYSTEMS." Transactions of the ASAE 40, no. 4 (1997): 865–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.21334.

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12

AKAY, Abdullah Emin, Ebru BİLİCİ, İnanç TAŞ, and Hüseyin FINDIK. "Productivity Analysis of Front-end Loader in Timber Harvesting." European Journal of Forest Engineering 6, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.713860.

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13

Qian, Wei Xiang. "Robust Design of 4-Position Motion Generation and Application on Front End Loader." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 736–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.736.

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A robust design approach of 4-position motion generation is presented, and it is applied in the design of front end loader. The mathematical model of optimum design based upon the engineering requirements has been established, by which feasible robust solution regions adhering to conventional constraints and kinematic accuracy requirements can be visually represented. It guides designers to synthesize robust mechanisms that ensure every design condition. The example of front end loader demonstrates that the process of searching the optimal robust mechanism is more intuitive, highly accessible and easy to be applied in engineering practice.

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14

Dwivedi, Saurabh, K. P. Ajit, and Abhinav Gautam. "Breakdown investigation of Diesel Engine Camshaft of Front End Loader." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 377 (June 2018): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/377/1/012035.

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15

P. Chen, Z. Sun, J. J. Mehlschau, N. Smith, and A. Frank. "Development of a Remote Control System for a Front-end Loader." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 12, no. 6 (1996): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25691.

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16

Nezami, Erfan G., Youssef M. A. Hashash, Dawei Zhao, and Jamshid Ghaboussi. "Simulation of front end loader bucket–soil interaction using discrete element method." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 31, no. 9 (2007): 1147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.594.

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17

Dmitrenko, V. P., R. D. Adakin, I. M. Sockaya, and A. A. Hot'ko. "Development of a front-end loader for an MTZ tractor using 3D modeling." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny, no. 3 (2019): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2019-3-19-28.

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18

Spinelli, R., and B. R. Hartsough. "Extracting whole short rotation trees with a skidder and a front-end loader." Biomass and Bioenergy 21, no. 6 (December 2001): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(01)00049-6.

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19

Nasarwanji, Mahiyar F., Jonisha Pollard, and William Porter. "An analysis of injuries to front-end loader operators during ingress and egress." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 65 (May 2018): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2017.07.006.

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20

Li, Ying, Wenyuan liu, and Samuel Frimpong. "Compound mechanism modeling of wheel loader front-end kinematics for advance engineering simulation." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 78, no. 1-4 (December 6, 2014): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6640-7.

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21

Islam, Syed M. "Characteristic and Non-Characteristic Harmonics, Harmonic Cancellations and Relevant International Standards in Variable Speed Drives." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2002): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol7iss1pp123-136.

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This paper will present a review of characteristic harmonics in both single phase and three phase drive front end rectifiers, discuss recent research findings in identifying sources and production of non-characteristic harmonics and amplification of harmonic levels when the front end rectifiers are fed from non-ideal supply conditions. Significant amount of triplens may be generated due to unbalances in utility supply voltage wave form and anticipated harmonic levels may vary widely. The paper will also discuss international harmonic standards such as the AS 2279, IEEE 519, and IEC 61000 series applicable to rectifier loads. Finally, the paper will present techniques to reduce harmonic levels by mixing of single phase and three phase non-linear loads resulting from mutual cancellations.

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22

Jung, Hyunki, Dzuhri Radityo Utomo, Saebyeok Shin, Seok-Kyun Han, Sang-Gug Lee, and Junsung Kim. "A 30–40 GHz CMOS Receiver Front-End with 5.9 dB NF and 16.5 dB Conversion Gain for Broadband Spectrum Sensing Applications." Electronics 8, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8050593.

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A broadband receiver front-end with low noise figure and flat conversion gain response is presented in this paper. The receiver front-end is a part of the broadband spectrum sensing receiver and processes 30–40 GHz of broad input spectrum followed by down-conversion to DC-10 GHz of IF signal. The proposed work is comprised of a low noise amplifier (LNA), on-chip passive Balun, down conversion mixer, and output buffer. To achieve front-end target specification over 10 GHz input bandwidth, the stagger-tuned LNA is employed and the down conversion mixer is loaded with a 3rd-order LC ladder low pass filter. The prototype chip was implemented in 45 nm CMOS technology. The chip achieves 10.3–16.5 dB conversion gain, 5.9 dB integrated NF, and −11 dBm IIP3 from 30 to 40 GHz. The chip is realized within 0.42 mm 2 and consumes 96 mW from a 1.2 V supply.

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23

Chen, Su Xin, and Xu Li. "Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of Spindle Unit of Loaded Test Bench." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.592.

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The dynamic performance of spindle unit have a directly influence on the stability of spindle. The 3D model of spindle unit is build in Pro/E and then guided into ANSYS workbench for modal and harmonic response analysis. The inherent frequencies are carried out by modal analysis. And displacement-frequency curves of dynamic response of spindle unit at the front end, in the middle position, at the rear end are carried out respectively. The results of analysis provide reference for spindle design optimization, and also improve the accuracy and working life of spindle unit.

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24

Weissbrodt, Ernst, Michael Schlechtweg, Oliver Ambacher, and Ingmar Kallfass. "W-band active loads and switching front-end MMICs for radiometer calibration." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, no. 3 (May 24, 2013): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078713000470.

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A millimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuit consisting of a W-band (75–100 GHz) single-pole-five-throw (SP5T) switch and multiple internal active and passive loads for radiometer calibration was designed and manufactured in a low noise 50 nm GaAs metamorphic high electron mobility transistor technology. This highly compact and integrated front-end device for radiometer systems is capable of ultra fast switching between two identical input ports (e.g. for polarimetric applications) and three internal calibration references. It allows an accurate multi-load calibration with noise temperatures between 220 and 1750 K at the output of the device. Compared to conventional calibration methods this marks a substantial advantage in terms of size, mass, power consumption, complexity, and repetition rate.

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25

Park, Young-Jun, Sung-Bo Shim, and Ju-Seok Nam. "Experimental Study on the Structural Safety of the Tractor Front-End Loader Against Impact Load." Journal of Biosystems Engineering 41, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5307/jbe.2016.41.3.153.

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26

Lee, Chang-Joo, Hak-Jin Kim, Jong-Woo Ha, Bong-Jin Cho, and Duk-Soo Choi. "An ISOBUS-Networked Electronic Self-Leveling Controller for the Front-End Loader of an Agricultural Tractor." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 6 (2017): 757–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12315.

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Abstract. There has been a growing trend toward electronic control of hydraulic systems in agricultural machinery to improve operator comfort. Rapid advances in information and communications technology and the expansion of agricultural attachments have led to the introduction of control systems following the ISOBUS standard. Feedback control of a front-end loader (FEL) using electro-hydraulic proportional valves and sensors allows automatic activation of the boom and bucket cylinders and repetitive operational sequences of FEL functions. The mechanical self-leveling systems commonly used to prevent rollback have a limited range of operation and provide overcompensation beyond that range, therefore requiring considerable driver attention when operating the FEL. This article describes the development and evaluation of an ISOBUS-networked electronic self-leveling system that uses three electronic control units (ECUs), i.e., loader, joystick, and virtual terminal ECUs, to automatically adjust the orientation of the loader bucket with respect to the ground based on real-time measurements of bucket angle and angular velocity. Key improvements to the system, compared to a previous study that developed a proportional and integral (PI)–based self-leveling controller include the addition of a velocity feedback element and a dead-time effect computation to the control loop. An embedded electronic controller was implemented on agricultural tractors to test its ability to maintain the desired bucket angle regardless of varying ground slopes or the lifting or lowering motion of the boom. In laboratory testing with a FEL simulator, the use of the velocity feedback loop enabled the bucket angles to reach reference angles of +20°, showing reductions in rise times from 0.75 to 0.51 s and from 0.84 to 0.39 s on ascending and descending slopes, respectively, compared to the PI-based self-leveling algorithm. At a traveling velocity of 2.5 km/h, there was little change in bucket angle, with an almost constant level of <1°. However, at a velocity of 7.5 km/h, inflection points on the paved road caused relatively large deviations from the reference angle ranging from 3° to 5°, thus requiring the use of a look-ahead method to predict sudden changes in slope using a LIDAR sensor that can characterize the ground surface. In an outdoor bench test using a joystick to raise and lower the boom of a FEL, the self-leveling algorithm allowed the bucket angle to be maintained at the desired level, with RMSEs of 2.1±0.65° and 3.4±0.81° in the raising and lowering modes, respectively; thus, it could be implemented in an electronic self-leveling system for a FEL, which could then be employed in an ISOBUS-networked tractor offering the potential to eliminate the possibility of load rollback. Keywords: Dead-time computation, Electro-hydraulic proportional valve, Electronic control unit, Front-end loader, ISOBUS, Self-leveling, Velocity feedback.

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27

Shin, Chang-Seop, Beom-Soo Kim, Hyun-Woo Han, Woo-Jin Chung, Seung-Je Cho, and Young-Jun Park. "Stress Analysis of Tractor Front-End Loader against Impact Load Using Flexible Multi-Body Dynamic Simulation." Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers 18, no. 3 (March 31, 2019): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2019.18.3.026.

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28

Bhola, M., N. Kumar, and S. K. Ghoshal. "Reducing fuel consumption of Front End Loader using regenerative hydro-static drive configuration-an experimental study." Energy 162 (November 2018): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.006.

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29

Mahmood, Hafiz Usman, Dzuhri Radityo Utomo, Seok-Kyun Han, Jusung Kim, and Sang-Gug Lee. "A Ku-Band RF Front-End Employing Broadband Impedance Matching with 3.5 dB NF and 21 dB Conversion Gain in 45-nm CMOS Technology." Electronics 9, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030539.

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This paper presents a K u -band RF receiver front-end with broadband impedance matching and amplification. The major building blocks of the proposed receiver front-end include a wideband low-noise amplifier (LNA) employing a cascade of resistive feedback inverter (RFI) and transformer-loaded common source amplifier, a down-conversion mixer with push–pull transconductor and complementary LO switching stage, and an output buffer. Push–pull architecture is employed extensively to maximize the power efficiency, bandwidth, and linearity. The proposed two-stage LNA employs the stagger-tuned frequency response in order to extend the RF bandwidth coverage. The input impedance of RFI is carefully analyzed, and a wideband input matching circuit incorporating only a single inductor is presented along with useful equivalent impedance matching models and detailed design analysis. The prototype chip was fabricated in 45-nm CMOS technology and dissipates 78 mW from a 1.2-V supply while occupying chip area of 0.29 mm 2 . The proposed receiver front-end provides 21 dB conversion gain with 7 GHz IF bandwidth, 3.5 dB NF, −15.7 dBm IIP 3 while satisfying <−10 dB input matching over the whole input band.

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30

Gutman, M. "Optimization of a Deepening Load Acting on a Flexible Cable Towed Under Water." Journal of Fluids Engineering 122, no. 4 (July 19, 2000): 825–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1314865.

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In this paper we examine the problem of flexible cable equilibrium in water flow, when the cable is loaded with an arbitrarily distributed load which is directed perpendicular to the flow. We define optimal value and distribution of this load and parameters of cable equilibrium corresponding to this load. The optimal load provides maximum deflection of the rear end of the cable in relation to front end in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction, provided the tension is limited. [S0098-2202(00)01204-9]

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31

Hynes, Andrew. "Gravity, flexure, and the deep structure of the Grenville Front, eastern Quebec and Labrador." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1002–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-089.

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The Grenville Front in eastern Quebec and southern Labrador is characterized by a large negative Bouguer gravity anomaly with flanking highs. Forward flexural modelling of this anomaly provides constraints on the deep structure of the eastern Grenville. The Grenville Front is assumed to mark the surface trace of a boundary between less dense crust to the northwest and more dense crust to the southeast, with constant dip all the way to the Moho. An end load is applied to the northwestern plate to simulate the effect of orogenic and (or) subsurface loads, but is then removed underneath a continuous plate to simulate the transient nature of the load. This simple model yields good fits to the gravity anomaly, provided the effective elastic thickness of the lower plate is less than about 30 km and the crustal boundary dips at about 20°. The deep structure of the eastern Grenville Front may therefore be dominated by a major shallow-dipping straight thrust. The applied end loads for the best-fitting models are only a few tens of kilometres southeast of the Grenville Front. This may reflect the former presence of allochthonous crust at and near the present Grenville Front in the eastern Grenville, or delamination of the lithospheric mantle of the northern plate from its overlying mantle, which could also be responsible for the low modelled elastic thicknesses. The absence of a similarly pronounced gravity anomaly in the western Grenville may reflect a lower orogenic load, as evidenced by the absence of a fold-and-thrust belt there, and a steeper dip for the crustal boundary.

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32

FREEZE, B. S., and T. G. SOMMERFELDT. "BREAKEVEN HAULING DISTANCES FOR BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, no. 4 (November 1, 1985): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-074.

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The economics of hauling manure as a substitute for commercial fertilizer in the production of cultivated crops was investigated using a computer model that accommodates variables such as hauling distance, machinery complement, hauling speed, labor use, spreading time, and crop response. Machinery complement and labor requirements were defined and budgeted for three farm-feedlot scenarios, namely: a very large farm-feedlot (> 1000 head capacity), a large farm-feedlot (500–1000 head capacity), and a small farm-feedlot (< 500 head capacity). Results indicate that manure, valued for its N and P2O5 nutrient content, is generally an economical substitute for commercial fertilizer when hauled up to 15 km from feedlot sources. Large farm-feedlots, hauling manure less frequently and employing a farm tractor with front-end loader and single axle truck with a manure box, can haul manure up to 15 km and recover all costs. Small farm-feedlots employing a farm tractor with front-end loader and pull-type manure spreader can economically haul manure up to 15 km if non-cash costs and labor charges are disregarded. Alternatively, custom corral cleaners can be hired to haul manure up to 18 km in competition with commercial fertilizer on an N and P2O5 nutrient value basis. The yield benefits of manure increased the breakeven hauling distances dramatically for some crops. A need for more research to determine economic optimum manure application rates for various crops is identified. Key words: Fertilizer, feedlot manure, fertilizer economics, animal wastes

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Cho, Bong Jin, Seong Wook Ahn, Chang Joo Lee, Young Hwan Yoon, Soo Seong Lee, and Hak Jin Kim. "Improved Design of Hydraulic Circuit of Front-end Loader for Bump Shock Reduction of an Agricultural Tractor." Journal of Drive and Control 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7839/ksfc.2016.13.2.010.

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Lee, Boo-Youn. "Design Improvement of Front-End Loader for Tractor to Reduce Stress Concentration and Evaluation of Impact Safety." Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers 17, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2018.17.3.109.

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35

Peng, Miao, Min Lin, Yin Shi, and Foster Dai Fa. "A transformer-loaded receiver front end for 2.4 GHz WLAN in 0.13 μm CMOS technology." Journal of Semiconductors 32, no. 12 (December 2011): 125002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/32/12/125002.

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36

Lezhnev, S. N., A. B. Naizabekov, E. A. Panin, and A. O. Tolkushkin. "Development and Research of Pressing Technology of Billets in New Design of Equal Channel Step Matrix." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.722.

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Performed a simulation of pressing process of the billet in new designed equal channel step matrix. Made a comparison of the deformation loads and distribution of accumulated strain in the billets, deformed in the proposed and previously known tools. Also investigated forming of the front end of the billets to determine the degree of sharpening of the end sections. Studied the influence of multi-cycle deformation process of billets in equal channel step matrix of a new design on the microstructure and mechanical properties.

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37

Sobolevska, M. B., N. Yu Naumenko, and D. V. Horobets. "Analysis of dynamic loads on the cars of a high-speed motor-car train with a passive safety system in its collision with a freight car." Technical mechanics 2020, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/itm2020.03.079.

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The performance characteristics of the cars of a modern home high-speed motor-car train must meet Ukrainian State Standards DSTU EN 12663 and DSTU EN 15227 now in force in Ukraine, which regulate its crashworthiness and passive safety in emergency collisions. An integral part of new cars must be passive safety systems (PSSs) with energy-absorbing devices (EADs), which save the lives of the pasengers and the train crew and reduce car damage in a collision with an obstacle. The aim of this paper is to evaluate dynamic loads on the cars of PSS-equipeed motor-car train in its collision with a freight car according to Scenario 2 of DSTU EN 15227. The scientific novelty of the paper is a mathematical model for the study of a collision of a motor-car train with a freight car based on the authors’ model of a collision of identical motor-car trains (Scenario 1 of DSTU EN 15227) with account for the force characteristic of head car – freight car interaction in an emergency. The proposed mathematical model allows one to obtain the average values of the car accelerations and plastic deformations to compare them with their admissible values according to DSTU EN 15227. The paper presents the results of a study of dynamic loads on the cars of a PSS-equipped motor-car train in its collision at 36 km/h with a 80 t freight car for a reference train with a 80 head car and four intermediate cars of mass 50 t, which is the mass of the majority of cars on the 1,435 mm European railways, and 64 t, which is the typical mass of inremediate cars used in the 1,520 mm Ukrainian railways. The following protective devices developed at the Institute of Technical mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agenccy of Ukraine are proposed for passive protection: EAD 1 devices of energy capacity 0.95 MJ to be mounted at the coupler level at the head car front end, EAD 2 devices of energy capacity 0.25 MJ and EAD 3 devices of energy capacity 0.3 MJ to be mouned at the coupler level at the head car rear end and at the ends of passenger cars of mass 50 t and 64 t, respectively, and EAD UL upper-level energy-absorbing devices of energy capacity of 0.12 MJ to be mounted at the head car front end under the window. It is shown that by the criteria of DSTU EN 15227 for a train with 50 t intermediate cars it is advisable to use the passive protection according to Scenario 1 (the front end of the head car is equipped wuth two EAD 1 and two EAD UL devices, its rear end is equipped with two EAD 2 devices, and the intermediate cars are equipeed with two EAD 2 devices at the front and at the rear), while for a train with 64 t intermediate cars it is advisable to use the passive protection according to Scebario 2 (the front end of the head car is equipped wuth two EAD 1 and two EAD UL devices, its rear end is equipped with two EAD 3 devices, and the intermediate cars are equipeed with two EAD 3 devices at the front and at the rear). The proposed mathematical model and the results obtained may be used in designing head and intermediate cars for a home motor-car passenger train in accordance with the DSTU EN 15227 requirements.

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38

Yin, Jian, Deyan Lin, Chi Kwan Lee, Thomas Parisini, and S. Y. Hui. "Front-end monitoring of multiple loads in wireless power transfer systems without wireless communication systems." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 31, no. 3 (March 2016): 2510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2015.2426313.

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39

Rizov, Victor. "Non-linear delamination in two-dimensional functionally graded multilayered beam." International Journal of Structural Integrity 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 646–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-12-2017-0079.

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Purpose A delamination fracture analysis of two-dimensional functionally graded multilayered end-loaded split beam configuration with non-linear mechanical behaviour of material is conducted. The beam is made of an arbitrary number of longitudinal layers. Perfect adhesion between layers is assumed. The material is two-dimensional functionally graded in the cross-section of each layer. Also, each layer has individual thickness and material properties. A delamination crack is located arbitrary along the beam height. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The delamination fracture behaviour is investigated analytically in terms of the strain energy release rate by analysing the balance of the energy. An additional analysis of the delamination fracture is performed by applying the J-integral approach for verification. Findings The solutions derived are used to evaluate the effects of crack location, material gradients and material non-linearity on the delamination fracture behaviour of end-loaded split beam. The effect of material gradient on the distribution of the J-integral value along the crack front is elucidated too. Originality/value Delamination in the multilayered functionally graded end-loaded split beam exhibiting non-linear mechanical behaviour of the material is analysed assuming that the material property is distributed non-linearly in both thickness and width directions in each layer.

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40

Chiniforoosh, S., H. Atighechi, A. Davoudi, J. Jatskevich, A. Yazdani, S. Filizadeh, M. Saeedifard, et al. "Dynamic Average Modeling of Front-End Diode Rectifier Loads Considering Discontinuous Conduction Mode and Unbalanced Operation." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 27, no. 1 (January 2012): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2011.2168983.

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41

He, Dawei, Liang Du, Yi Yang, Ronald Harley, and Thomas Habetler. "Front-End Electronic Circuit Topology Analysis for Model-Driven Classification and Monitoring of Appliance Loads in Smart Buildings." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 3, no. 4 (December 2012): 2286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2219327.

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42

Chiniforoosh, S., H. Atighechi, A. Davoudi, J. Jatskevich, J. A. Martinez, M. Saeedifard, D. C. Aliprantis, and V. K. Sood. "Steady-State and Dynamic Performance of Front-End Diode Rectifier Loads as Predicted by Dynamic Average-Value Models." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 28, no. 3 (July 2013): 1533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2013.2262316.

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43

Kuusela, Mikko, Olli Asp, and Anssi Laaksonen. "Cracking of the End Diaphragm of a Post-tensioned Beam Bridge." Nordic Concrete Research 60, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0001.

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Abstract In concrete beam bridges, the end diaphragm at the end of the bridge is a common structural component that connects the main beams and transfers the beam loads to the bridge bearings. In integral bridges the end diaphragm also retains the soil of embankments due to the absence of abutments. Cracking of the front surface on the end diaphragm has been detected in post-tensioned beam bridges in Finland and Sweden. Presumably the post-tensioning of the bridge and the shaping and detailing of the connection of the end diaphragm and main beam have an effect on cracking tendency. The aim of this study is to examine the structural behaviour and the cracking potential of end diaphragms using linear analysis of the post-tensioned bridge and to find measures to prevent the cracking. The observations collected through field surveys are compared to results of linear FE analysis to clarify the cause of the cracking. The verification of model is performed by comparison of patterns of cracking observed in field surveys and the distribution of maximum tensile stresses in the FE model. With model variations, the effectiveness of measures for the prevention of cracking are observed.

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Loftis, Perry Jonathan, Kendall R. Kirk, John D. Mueller, and John G. Andrae. "Development of a Round Bale Weighing System for Spring-Loaded Bale Ramps." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 6 (2019): 969–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13019.

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Abstract. Knowledge of individual hay bale weights can be beneficial to both the hay producer and the consumer. A weighing system that utilizes a pressure transducer has been developed for round balers that are equipped with a hydraulic kicker plate; however, a large amount of round hay balers on the market are manufactured with a spring-loaded bale ramp. The weighing system developed here tested two different sensors (accelerometer and gyroscope) mounted in three different locations of a model spring-loaded ramp to predict the weight of various cylinders (PVC pipe filled with concrete) as they were dropped on to the ramp. The sensor device was mounted at the end of the ramp furthest from the pivot point, in the middle of the ramp, and directly in front of the pivot point. Of the two sensors tested, a gyroscope was found to be the sensor with the lowest prediction error when correlating a peak response of the sensor to the weight of a cylinder. Accuracy of the sensor response was improved from an absolute error of 31.4% to 15.4% when the sensor was mounted directly in front of the pivot point of the ramp. The accuracy of the gyroscope was further improved to an absolute error of 3.6% by correlating a single axis response to cylinder weight for a particular diameter of cylinders. Repeatability of the test in a lab setting suggested that the use of a ramp-mounted gyroscope might be suitable to predict the weight of a bale as it is ejected from a round baler onto a spring-loaded bale ramp. In this configuration, the bale weight is estimated as a function of the peak angular rate of change of the ramp as it is forced to the ground. On-baler field data from a gyroscope mounted in front of the pivot point on a spring-loaded bale ramp showed promising results, but additional research is needed before conclusions can be made about the accuracy of a gyroscope under field conditions. Keywords: Forage, Forage harvester, Hay, Hay baler, Precision agriculture, Weighing system.

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45

Wang, Yihang, Qiang Fu, Yufeng Zhang, Wenbo Zhang, Dongliang Chen, Liang Yin, and Xiaowei Liu. "A Digital Closed-Loop Sense MEMS Disk Resonator Gyroscope Circuit Design Based on Integrated Analog Front-end." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030687.

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A digital closed-loop system design of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) disk resonator gyroscope (DRG) is proposed in this paper. Vibration models with non-ideal factors are provided based on the structure characteristics and operation mode of the sensing element. The DRG operates in force balance mode with four control loops. A closed self-excited loop realizes stable vibration amplitude on the basis of peak detection technology and phase control loop. Force-to-rebalance technology is employed for the closed sense loop. A high-frequency carrier loaded on an anchor weakens the effect of parasitic capacitances coupling. The signal detected by the charge amplifier is demodulated and converted into a digital output for subsequent processing. Considering compatibility with digital circuits and output precision demands, a low passband sigma-delta (ΣΔ) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is implemented with a 111.8dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The analog front-end and digital closed self-excited loop is manufactured with a standard 0.35 µm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The experimental results show a bias instability of 2.1 °/h and a nonlinearity of 0.035% over the ± 400° full-scale range.

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Sundar, P. Syam, Sarat K Kotamraju, B. T. P. Madhav, M. Sreehari, K. Raghavendra Rao, L. Prathyusha, and Y. Pravallika. "Parasitic Strip Loaded Dual Band Notch Circular Monopole Antenna with Defected Ground Structure." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i4.10529.

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In this article a parasitic strip loaded monopole antennas are designed to notch dual and triple bands. The designed models are constructed on one side of the substrate material and on the other end defected ground structures are implemented. The basic antenna comprises a tuning stub and a ground plane with tapered shape slot as DGS. Another model is constructed with circular monopole radiating element on front side and similar kind of ground structure used in the basic rectangular tuning stub antenna. To create notched bands with tuning stubs, two symmetrical parasitic slits are placed inside the slot of the ground plane. The basic model is of the rectangular stub notching triple band and the circular tuning stub antenna notching dual band. Dual band notched circular tuning stub antenna is prototyped on FR4 substrate and measured results from vector network analyzer are compared with simulation results of HFSS for validation.

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Sundar, P. Syam, Sarat K Kotamraju, B. T. P. Madhav, M. Sreehari, K. Raghavendra Rao, L. Prathyusha, and Y. Pravallika. "Parasitic Strip Loaded Dual Band Notch Circular Monopole Antenna with Defected Ground Structure." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i4.pp1742-1750.

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In this article a parasitic strip loaded monopole antennas are designed to notch dual and triple bands. The designed models are constructed on one side of the substrate material and on the other end defected ground structures are implemented. The basic antenna comprises a tuning stub and a ground plane with tapered shape slot as DGS. Another model is constructed with circular monopole radiating element on front side and similar kind of ground structure used in the basic rectangular tuning stub antenna. To create notched bands with tuning stubs, two symmetrical parasitic slits are placed inside the slot of the ground plane. The basic model is of the rectangular stub notching triple band and the circular tuning stub antenna notching dual band. Dual band notched circular tuning stub antenna is prototyped on FR4 substrate and measured results from vector network analyzer are compared with simulation results of HFSS for validation.

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48

Macintosh, Brian R., Shirley N. Bryan, Peter Rishaug, and Stephen R. Norris. "Evaluation of the Monark Wingate Ergometer by Direct Measurement of Resistance and Velocity." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 26, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h01-030.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of the new basket-loaded Wingate ergometer introduced by Monark (Model 834E). Velocity was measured directly from the pedal switch while tension was measured with transducers on each end of the brake lacing. Moment of inertia of the flywheel was determined and accounted for in the calculation of power. Constant load tests (39.24 to 98.1 N), were done at pedaling speeds from 80 to 140 r•min−1 (flywheel angular velocity = 30-50 rad•s−1). The load transmitted to the lacing at the front and back of the flywheel was 95.5 ± 0.8% (mean ± SEM) and 6.71 ± 0.8%, respectively, of the load in the basket. Thus, the resultant tension (front minus back) was on average 88.8 ± 0.57% of the applied load. The velocity recorded by the Monark Wingate Ergometer computer program (MWECP) was the same (100.4 ± 1.56%) as that determined from the pedal switch directly. Five male mountain bikers performed a 30-s all-out test. Peak power calculated by MWECP (1181 ± 55W) was always higher (p < .01) than that calculated from direct measures of tension and velocity (1102 ± 66W), when not taking into account the moment of inertia. These experiments suggest that the basket-loaded Monark Wingate ergometer does not provide a correct calculation of power because of incomplete load transmission to the flywheel. Key words: power, anaerobic power, moment of inertia, cycle ergometer

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Montes, Hector, Lisbeth Mena, Roemi Fernández, and Manuel Armada. "Energy-efficiency hexapod walking robot for humanitarian demining." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 44, no. 4 (June 19, 2017): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-11-2016-0281.

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Purpose The aim of this paper is to introduce a hexapod walking robot specifically designed for applications in humanitarian demining, intended to operate autonomously for several hours. To this end, the paper presents an experimental study for the evaluation of its energy efficiency. Design/methodology/approach First, the interest of using a walking robot for detection and localization of anti-personnel landmines is described, followed by the description of the mechanical system and the control architecture of the hexapod robot. Second, the energy efficiency of the hexapod robot is assessed to demonstrate its autonomy for performing humanitarian demining tasks. To achieve this, the power consumed by the robot is measured and logged, with a number of different payloads placed on-board (always including the scanning manipulator arm assembled on the robot front end), during the execution of a discontinuous gait on flat terrain. Findings The hexapod walking robot has demonstrated low energy consumption when it is carrying out several locomotion cycles with different loads on it, which is fundamental to have a desired autonomy. It should be considered that the robot has a mass of about 250 kg and that it has been loaded with additional masses of up to 170 kg during the experiments, with a consumption of mean power of 72 W, approximately. Originality/value This work provides insight on the use of a walking robot for humanitarian demining tasks, which has high stability and an autonomy of about 3 hours for a robot with high mass and high payload. In addition, the robot can be supervised and controlled remotely, which is an added value when it is working in the field.

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50

Cho, Yoonkyung, Changsang Yun, and Chung Hee Park. "The effect of fabric movement on washing performance in a front-loading washer IV: under 3.25-kg laundry load condition." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 9 (May 13, 2016): 1071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516648508.

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This study investigated the effects of fabric movement on detergency in a front-loading washer. To this end, various fabric movements of 3.25-kg loads were induced by controlling wash spin speeds at 34, 46, 50, and 54 r/min and detergency was measured, after which the correlation between the fabric movement and detergency at each wash speed was analyzed. The observed fabric movement characteristics were represented by 10 Fabric Movement Indexes (FMIs), with numerical values defined to describe fabric movements in a front-loading washer. It was revealed that detergency was highest at the wash spin speed of 46 r/min. It was also found that each speed resulted in distinguishing characteristics of fabric movements and two FMIs, “Distance from the center of the drum to the tracer fabric” and “Number of appearances of the tracer fabric”, had the greatest influence on detergency. These results show that not only falling movement, which provides high mechanical force to fabric, but also fabric interactions, such as abrasion and mixing, also affected detergency just as significantly.

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