Journal articles: 'Front-wheel drive'

1

DONISELLI, C., G. MASTINU, and R. CAL. "Traction Control for Front-Wheel-Drive Vehicles." Vehicle System Dynamics 23, sup1 (January 1994): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423119308969507.

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Szente, Márk. "Slip Calculation and Analysis for Four-wheel Drive Tractors." Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2005): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/progress.1.2005.1.2.

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The objective of the research of tires was to determine the dynamic rolling radius and to apply it to wheel slip calculations with special respect to vertical wheel load and to tire inflation pressure. It is typical of mechanical four-wheel drive tractors that there is a definite additional power in the tractor power chain. This additional power is dependent on the difference between the front wheel and rear wheel peripheral speeds. Further-more, the purpose was to determine the effect of additional slip on four-wheel drive tractors operated without drawbar pull. Experiments were performed on asphalt surfaces and fields. A new measurement method was developed, and a device was constructed for the implementation of three tractor wheel drive operational modes (four-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive and front-wheel drive). As the result of the experiments, a relationship was found to describe the dynamic rolling radius for low-profile radial tires tested on rigid road surfaces. On this basis, the classical slip calculation method was modified. This phenomenon appears only on hard roads and soil surfaces with high adhesion coefficients and only within the low drawbar pull range.

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Fushiki, Shunsuke. "The New Generation Front Wheel Drive Hybrid System." SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains 5, no. 1 (April 5, 2016): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1167.

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Wang, Junnian, Xiandong Wang, Zheng Luo, and Francis Assadian. "Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Differential Drive Assist Steering for Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102647.

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The differential drive assist steering (DDAS) system makes full use of the advantages of independent control of wheel torque of electric vehicle driven by front in-wheel motors to achieve steering assistance and reduce the steering effort of the driver, as the electric power steering (EPS) system does. However, as an indirect steering assist technology that applies steering system assistance via differential drive, its linear control algorithm, like existing proportion integration differentiation (PID) controllers, cannot take the nonlinear characteristics of the tires’ dynamics into account which results in poor performance in road feeling and tracking accuracy. This paper introduces an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method into the control issue of the DDAS. First, the third-order ADRC controller of the DDAS is designed, and the simulated annealing algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of ADRC controller offline considering that the parameters of ADRC controller are too many and the parameter tuning is complex. Finally, the 11-DOF model of the electric vehicle driven by in-wheel motors is built, and the standard working conditions are selected for simulation and experimental verification. The results show that the ADRC controller designed in this paper can not only obviously reduce the steering wheel effort of the driver like PID controller, but also have better nonlinear control performance in tracking accuracy and smooth road feeling of the driver than the traditional PID controller.

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Wada, Masayoshi. "A 4WD Omnidirectional Wheelchair with Enhanced Step Climbing Capability." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 20, no. 6 (December 20, 2008): 846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2008.p0846.

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In developing an omnidirectional wheelchair tilted to climb single high steps, we enhanced standard step climbing by introducing a four-wheel drive (4WD). One pair of front and back wheels is connected by transmission belts to rotate in unison with a drive motor, i.e., synchrodrive transmission. To avoid wheel slippage as the mechanism turns, two omniwheels are installed in front and two regular tires in back, enabling the front wheels to slide freely sideways while the two back wheels continuously contact the ground. A third motor on the 4WD platform rotates the chair at the center of the mobile base around the vertical axis. The 4WD enhances step climbing over that of standard wheelchairs, but back wheels limit the step height climbed, meaning that front wheels climb higher steps than back wheels. We analyzed 4WD statics to clarify differences in front and back wheel step climbing, finding that drive torque caused the difference and that this influence depends on the wheelbase and vehicle weight distribution ratio of the front and back wheel axes. We varied the load distribution ratio among wheels to maximize back wheel step climbing. To do so, we developed chair tilting with a linear drive and an inclination sensor. The linear drive changes the chair's tilt angle for keeping the wheelchair statics and to vary positioning of the center of gravity (COG) to enable back wheels to climb steps more efficiently. To confirm the effectiveness of chair tilting in this scheme, we tested step climbing in experiments in which a prototype wheelchair carrying a user climbed a 90 mm step, but the back wheels failed when chair tilting was disabled.

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L. L. Bashford, G. R. Woerman, and G. J. Shropshire. "Front Wheel Assist Tractor Performance in Two and Four-Wheel Drive Modes." Transactions of the ASAE 28, no. 1 (1985): 023–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32196.

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Hu, Jia-Sheng, Xin-Cheng Lin, Dejun Yin, and Feng-Rung Hu. "Dynamic motion stabilization for front-wheel drive in-wheel motor electric vehicles." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 7, no. 12 (December 2015): 168781401562369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814015623694.

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BAIER, Andrzej, and Jerzy MYDLARZ. "SELECTED ASPECTS OF POWER DISTRIBUTION FOR 4WD VEHICLE MOVING ON CURVE." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 159, no. 1 (January 3, 2011): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.2848.

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Observation of the vehicles indicates that during acceleration on the curve the rear external wheel is the most loaded with vertical power. At the same time the front internal wheel is underloaded and even loses contact with the surface. The traditional drive line is not able to transfer the surplus power from the front internal wheel to the rear external one. In the new patented solution, wheels are connected diagonally to improve vehicle performance and safety. Initial investigations of the new drive line performed at first theoretically, then in the NX Motion Simulation environment, and finally by physical tests, confirmed the potential of the new solution. In addition, the article presents potential military applications of the diagonal drive line for the Power-pack configuration.

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Mashadi, B., N. Ebrahimi, and J. Marzbanrad. "Effect of front-wheel drive or rear-wheel drive on the limit handling behaviour of passenger vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 4 (April 2007): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto380.

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Liu, Jin Long, Zhi Wei Gao, and Jing Ming Zhang. "Analyses of the Relations Between Driving Types and Regenerative Braking in Electric Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 896–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.896.

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The relations between Electric Vehicle (EV) drive arrangement and efficiency of regenerative braking were discussed. Firstly, conclusions were concluded according to the analyses of theoretical models. And then the validity of conclusions was proved by the simulations basing on the software of MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results indicate that the EV with four-wheel drive (4WD) pattern has the highest efficiency in regenerative braking mode. It also shows that whether the EV with front-wheel drive (FWD) pattern has higher efficiency than the EV with rear-wheel drive (RWD) pattern in regenerative braking mode depends on the braking force distribution coefficient.

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11

Hu, Jia Sheng, Ying Ruei Huang, and Feng Rung Hu. "Development of traction control for front-wheel drive in-wheel motor electric vehicles." International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 4, no. 4 (2012): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2012.053025.

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12

He, Gang, and Li Qiang Jin. "Drive and Brake Joint Control of Acceleration Slip Regulation Road Test." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.454.

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Based on the independent design front wheel drive vehicle traction control system (TCS), we finished the two kinds of working condition winter low adhesion real vehicle road test, including homogenous pavement and separate pavement straight accelerate, respectively completed the contrastive experiment with TCS and without TCS. Test results show that based on driver (AMR) and brake (BMR) joint control ASR system worked reliably, controlled effectively, being able to control excessive driving wheel slip in time, effectively improved the driving ability and handling stability of vehicle.

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13

Gang, Li, and Yang Zhi. "Energy saving control based on motor efficiency map for electric vehicleswith four-wheel independently driven in-wheel motors." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 8 (August 2018): 168781401879306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018793064.

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For four-wheel independently driven in-wheel motor electric vehicles, the four-wheel drive/braking torque can be controlled independently. Therefore, it has an advantage that energy saving control can be applied effectively. This article studies several energy saving control methods from two levels of driving and braking for four-wheel independently driven in-wheel motor electric vehicles under urban conditions based on the motor efficiency map. First, the energy saving control logic and the evaluation index were proposed in the article. The four-wheel drive torque was online optimized in real time through drive energy saving control, in order to improve the driving efficiency in the driving process of electric vehicles. According to the theory of ideal braking force distribution and Economic Commission of Europe braking regulations, the parallel regenerative braking control method based on the motor efficiency map was then studied. The parallel regenerative braking control method was applied to four-wheel independently driven in-wheel motor electric vehicles. The simulation analysis under typical urban driving cycle conditions was carried out to determine the braking intensity of the parallel brake front axle separate regenerative braking, and finally the braking energy recovery rate of electric vehicle can be improved in the low speed and low braking torque. Finally, simulation experiments have been carried out to verify the researched method under the NEDC, UDDS, and J1015 urban driving cycles. The simulation results show that the energy saving control methods have an obvious effect on energy saving under the urban driving cycle conditions.

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Li, Xiaogao, Ning Zhang, and Nan Chen. "Research on the influence of electric vehicle driven system on vehicle shimmy based on numerical calculation." MATEC Web of Conferences 272 (2019): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927201041.

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A 6 degrees of freedom shimmy model for four in-wheel motors independent drive electric vehicle with independent front suspension is established, and numerical analysis and simulation are used to study the dynamic response of vehicle shimmy. The influence of electric vehicle driving system on shimmy is studied by comparing with fuelengined vehicle, and the influence of vehicle structural parameters such as the caster angle, the inclination angle of front suspensions and the centre of gravity of vehicle on shimmy are studied too. It shows that as the in-wheel motor in drive system increases the weight of wheel, the amplitude of each degree of freedom in electric vehicle are larger than in fuel-engined vehicle when vehicle shimmies. The influence of the caster angle and the centre of gravity of vehicle on vehicle shimmy is obvious, but the inclination angle of front suspension have little influence.

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15

Höhn, Bernd-Robert, Klaus Michaelis, and Matthias Heizenröther. "Compact final drive for vehicles with front wheel drive and transversely mounted engine." ATZ worldwide 108, no. 1 (January 2006): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03224801.

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16

Wong, J. Y., N. B. McLaughlin, Z. Knezevic, and S. Burtt. "Optimization of the tractive performance of four-wheel-drive tractors: Theoretical analysis and experimental substantiation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 212, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407981525966.

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The results of a theoretical analysis reveal that, for a four-wheel-drive tractor to achieve the optimum tractive performance under a given operating condition, the thrust (or driving torque) distribution between the front and rear axles should be such that the slips of the front and rear tyres are equal. For four-wheel-drive tractors with rigidly coupled front and rear drive axles, this can be achieved if the theoretical speed (the product of the angular speed and the free-rolling radius of the tyre) of the front and that of the rear wheels are equal or the theoretical speed ratio is equal to 1. Field test data confirm the theoretical findings that, when the theoretical speed ratio is equal to 1, the efficiency of slip and tractive efficiency reach their respective peaks, the fuel consumption per unit drawbar power reaches a minimum, and the overall tractive performance is at an optimum.

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17

Chen, Te, Xing Xu, Yong Li, Wujie Wang, and Long Chen. "Speed-dependent coordinated control of differential and assisted steering for in-wheel motor driven electric vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 9 (October 6, 2017): 1206–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017728189.

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In this paper, we present a coordinated control system of differential and assisted steering for in-wheel motor driven (IMD) electric vehicles (EVs) with two independent front-wheel drives. An electric differential (ED) control strategy is proposed to track the expected yaw rate based on sliding mode control (SMC). Meanwhile, to realize differential drive assisted steering (DDAS), a variable speed integral PID controller is used to follow the ideal steering wheel torque. The impacts of the coupling with the ED and DDAS systems on EVs are analyzed, and a coordinated control system with adaptive weighting dependent on vehicle speed is designed. Results of the simulation on the CarSim-Simulink joint platform for IMD EVs model show that the proposed coordinated control approach can effectively reduce the torque of a steering wheel while ensuring the vehicle’s stability. Finally, road testing results of IMD EVs are demonstrated to be comparable with joint simulations, indicating the correctness of this solution.

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18

Moinar, Abdolmajid, and Gholamhossein Shahgholi. "The Effect of Tractor Driving System Type on its Slip and Rolling Resistance and its Modelling Using Anfis." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2019-0021.

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Abstract Pulling force required for operations such as tillage is a result of the interaction between the tractor’s wheel drive and soil surface limited by various factors, such as the rolling resistance and slip of the wheel drive. In this research, the traction performance of tractors with different driving systems (four-wheel drive, rear wheel drive, and front wheel drive) was investigated. Test parameters included different tractor forward speeds (1.26, 3.96, and 6.78 km·h−1), tire inflation pressures (170, 200, and 230 kPa), ballast weights (0, 150, and 300 kg), and aforementioned driving systems, as well as required drafts (2, 6, and 10 kN). For each experiment, two indices of slip and rolling resistance were measured. The results of this study showed that the four-wheel-driving system indicated a low slip at similar pulling forces. In order to achieve a low slip, the four-wheel driving system did not necessarily need to add the ballast weight or to reduce the inflation pressure. The four-wheel driving system showed lower rolling resistance than the other two systems. Slip and rolling resistance of wheels were predicted using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). It was found that ANFIS had a high potential for predicting the slip (R2 = 0.997) and rolling resistance (R2 = 0.9893).

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Chen, Xiaoqi, J. Geoff Chase, Patrick Wolm, Isaac Anstis, John Oldridge, William Hanbury-Webber, Rodney Elliot, and Warren Pettigrew. "System Identification and Modelling of Front Wheel Drive Electric Wheelchairs." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 41, no. 2 (2008): 3076–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20080706-5-kr-1001.00522.

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Jung, Insoo, and Doohee Han. "Study on the Booming Noise of Front-wheel-drive Vehicle." Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering 28, no. 4 (August 20, 2018): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5050/ksnve.2018.28.4.397.

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U. A. Rosa, S. K. Upadhyaya, and P. Chen. "MODELING AND VERIFICATION OF AN AUTO FRONT-WHEEL-DRIVE SYSTEM." Transactions of the ASAE 43, no. 1 (2000): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.2683.

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Beregi, Sándor, Dánes Takács, Chaozhe R. He, Sergei S. Avedisov, and Gábor Orosz. "Hierarchical steering control for a front wheel drive automated car." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 14 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.07.189.

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Mo, Chou, Ji Qing Chen, and Feng Chong Lan. "Design and Performance Simulation of a Power-Integrated Transmission Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.388.

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The power system structure of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) critically affects the performance of the vehicle. This study presents a power-integrated transmission mechanism that can provide six basic operating modes that can be further classified into 15 sub-modes. Switching clutch conditions helps transmission achieve speed and torque coupling. The proposed mechanism has CVT capability and an extended range capacity, and it is applicable to front-wheel-drive, rear-wheel-drive, or four-wheel-drive HEVs. A performance simulation on power and economy via Matlab and Cruise software demonstrates that the performance of the proposed transmission mechanism meets the target. Therefore, the mechanism is a feasible candidate for use in HEVs.

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Li, Gang, Sucai Zhang, Lei Liu, Xubin Zhang, and Yuming Yin. "Trajectory Tracking Control in Real-Time of Dual-Motor-Driven Driverless Racing Car Based on Optimal Control Theory and Fuzzy Logic Method." Complexity 2021 (April 29, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5549776.

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To improve the accuracy and timeliness of the trajectory tracking control of the driverless racing car during the race, this paper proposes a track tracking control method that integrates the rear wheel differential drive and the front wheel active steering based on optimal control theory and fuzzy logic method. The model of the lateral track tracking error of the racing car is established. The model is linearized and discretized, and the quadratic optimal steering control problem is constructed. Taking advantage of the differential drive of dual-motor-driven racing car, the dual motors differential drive fuzzy controller is designed and integrated driving with active steering control. Simulation analysis and actual car verification show that this integrated control method can ensure that the car tracks different race tracks well and improve the track tracking control accuracy by nearly 30%.

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Zhao, Ming Hui, Lian Dong Wang, Lei Ma, and Hui Hou. "Control Methods of Active Front Wheel Steering for 4WD Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.735.

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Based on two freedom degrees of vehicle model, control method which takes yaw rate and sideslip angle as system state, and front wheel corner and direct yaw moment as control input is put forward. Considering uncertainty of velocity and direct yaw moment, feedforward-feedback controllers are designed. Four wheel drive force are allocated by using feedforward compensation and yaw moment which is formed by driving force difference value. It makes yaw rate and sideslip well of tracking the desirable model when the vehicle drive steering. Finally, vehicle handling stability is studied on conditions of step input and sine input by simulation.

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Muro, Tatsuro. "Comparison of the traffic performance of a two-axle four wheel drive (4WD), rear wheel drive (RWD), and front wheel drive (FWD) vehicle on loose sandy sloped terrain." Journal of Terramechanics 34, no. 1 (January 1997): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4898(97)00016-5.

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Cho, Jeongmin, and Kunsoo Huh. "Torque vectoring system design for hybrid electric–all wheel drive vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 10-11 (April 7, 2020): 2680–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020906626.

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A torque vectoring system is designed for the hybrid electric–all wheel drive vehicle where the front and rear wheels are powered by the combustion engine and electric motors, respectively. The vehicle provides enhanced handling performance by a twin motor drive unit that can distribute the driving and regenerative braking torques to the rear-left and rear-right wheels independently. Based on the driver’s intention, a sliding mode controller is designed to calculate the desired traction force and yaw moment for the vehicle. The force distribution between the front and rear axles is investigated considering the principle of the friction circle, and characteristics of the engine and drive motors. The vertical tire force is estimated using the random walk Kalman filter for the proportional distribution between the front and rear longitudinal forces. For the torque distribution between the rear-left and rear-right wheels, an optimization problem is formulated by considering the constraints of the friction circle and motor characteristics. The proposed algorithm is evaluated in a simulation environment first by reflecting the characteristics of the hybrid electric–all wheel drive modules. Then, the test vehicle is utilized to validate the handling performance experimentally and to compare with the uncontrolled cases.

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Yin, D., and J. S. Hu. "Active approach to Electronic Stability Control for front-wheel drive in-wheel motor electric vehicles." International Journal of Automotive Technology 15, no. 6 (October 2014): 979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-014-0103-x.

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Farr, G. P. R. "Brake Pressure Apportioning Valves." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 201, no. 3 (July 1987): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_176_02.

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The increasing popularity of front wheel drive cars and the requirements of the European braking regulations have resulted in a corresponding increase in the use of brake pressure apportioning valves. These valves are suitable for conventional braking systems where the driver can push harder on the brake pedal, after the front wheels have locked, to obtain extra retardation from the rear wheels. However, the recent introduction of low-cost front-controlled anti-lock systems has limited the level of rear retardation and has made it necessary to optimize the braking utilization for all conditions of loading and road surface friction levels.

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Oyyaravelu, R., K. Annamalai, M. Senthil Kumar, C. D. Naiju, and Joel Michael. "Design and Analysis of Front Axle for Two Wheel Drive Tractor." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 1808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.1808.

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Fatigue failure has become a major concern in the automobile and aircraft industry, heavy machinery etc. Failures by fatigue are especially dangerous because they are unpredictable; giving no prior notification of the imminent failure they occur suddenly. Front axle of tractor is one of the major and very important components that undergo severe load conditions and it fails unexpectedly causes unrecoverable losses. The objective of this study is to analyze the existing design of the front axle of the tractor for service load conditions and redesign to its functional requirements and to increase its life expectations. Finite element simulation is carried out for the existing front axle using ANSYS. The critical location of the front axle has to be identified and redesigned to ensure the safety. The existing geometry of the front axle is modified to the optimum size which suits for functional requirements with increased life and minimum cost. In this analysis, the geometry of the front axle is modified and a new design is proposed. The life expectancy of the front axle was predicted for the dynamic load using ANSYS fatigue design module.

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TANI, Yuki, and Masayoshi WADA. "Study on Modeling and Operability Improvement of Front-wheel-drive Wheelchair." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2016 (2016): 2A1–02b3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2016.2a1-02b3.

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YOKOTA, Masashi, Hirokazu SUZUKI, and Takashi NOZAKI. "Study on control of front and rear wheel drive electric motorcycle." Proceedings of the Transportation and Logistics Conference 2017.26 (2017): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetld.2017.26.1015.

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Kwon, Hyun Sik. "Assemblability Analysis of Kinematic Configurations of Front-Wheel Drive Automatic Transmissions." Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers 18, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2019.18.11.024.

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ZHANG, Hao, Zongxia JIAO, Yaoxing SHANG, Xiaochao LIU, Pengyuan QI, and Shuai WU. "Ground maneuver for front-wheel drive aircraft via deep reinforcement learning." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 34, no. 10 (October 2021): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2021.03.029.

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Wada, Masayoshi. "Omnidirectional and Holonomic Mobile Platform with Four-Wheel-Drive Mechanism for Wheelchairs." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 19, no. 3 (June 20, 2007): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2007.p0264.

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This paper presents a new type of omnidirectional and holonomic mobile platform with a four-wheel-drive (4WD) mechanism for improving traction of electric wheelchairs on slippery surfaces and enhancing mobility on rough terrain. The 4WD mechanism includes a pair of normal wheels on the back and a pair of omniwheels on the front. The normal wheel in back and the omniwheel in front, on the same side of the drive mechanism, are connected by a power transmission to rotate in unison with a common motor. Omniwheels enable the front of the mechanism to roll freely from side to side. A third motor turns the chair about a vertical axis at the center of the mobile platform. One goal of this project is to apply the 4WD mechanism to a holonomic omnidirectional mobile base for wheelchairs to enhance both maneuverability and mobility in single wheelchair design. The 4WD mechanism guarantees traction on irregular surfaces and enhances step climbing over that of standard wheelchairs because all wheels have a large diameter and no passive casters are used. For omnidirectional control of the 4WD mobile base, two wheel motors are coordinated to move the center of the chair in an arbitrary direction while chair orientation is controlled separately by the third motor. The three motors thus provide nonredundant 3DOF chair movement. A wheelchair with our proposed mobile base moves in all directions without changing chair orientation and turns in place, i.e., holonomic. The configuration minimizing number of motors cuts costs and ensures a high reliable mechanism. We analyze the kinematics of planar motion and statics on the wheel step of the synchronized 4WD, then discuss the development of omnidirectional 4WD control. A series of experiments using a small robotic vehicle verifies kinematic and static models and the feasibility of the 4WD omnidirectional system proposed.

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Janulevičius, Algirdas, and Povilas Gurevičius. "IMPACT OF THE INFLATION PRESSURE OF THE TIRES ON LEAD OF FRONT DRIVE WHEELS AND MOVEMENT RESISTANCE FORCE OF TRACTORS." Transport 34, no. 6 (October 8, 2019): 628–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.11233.

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The transmission of mechanical front-wheel drive tractors normally has a front axle lead ratio, which is equal to 1.5…2.5%. Naturally, when ballast masses are added to the tractor or when inflation pressure in the tires is reduced, distortion of the tires is inevitable, which changes the lead of the front wheels. In this paper, we present the impact of tire inflation pressures on the lead front drive wheels and movement resistance force when the tractor travelled with a front drive axle enabled and was engine braking with the fuel supply off. It was found that the variation in front and rear tires inflation pressure combination can significantly change the lead of the front drive wheels. For the tested tractor up to 6.9%. The result is that when the tractor travelled with the front axle enabled and was engine braking, the engine-braking efficiency decreases with increasing lead of the front wheels. Front (slipping) wheels create the opposite-direction torque, which is transferred to the rear wheels through the tractor’s front-rear axle drive system. Additional losses of the engine braking occur in transmission due to power circulation, and the result is that the tractor wheels receive less braking torque from the engine.

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Spichartz, Philipp, and Constantinos Sourkounis. "Brake force distributions optimised with regard to energy recovery for electric vehicles with single front‐wheel drive or rear‐wheel drive." IET Electrical Systems in Transportation 9, no. 4 (December 2019): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-est.2019.0039.

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Antonescu, Ovidiu, Constantin Brezeanu, and Păun Antonescu. "Synthesis of the Mechanisms Used for Reverse Driving on Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 823 (January 2016): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.823.223.

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The paper presents two kinematic schemes of the reverse driving mechanism on CVT’s, the first one for rear-wheel drive, and the second one for front-wheel drive. For the first kinematic scheme, the reverse driving mechanism consists of a planetary cylindrical gear set and a multi-disk brake. In order to achieve a better efficiency for reverse driving, the authors propose a new kinematic structure of a planetary cylindrical gear mechanism, simpler than the existing designs. While describing a synthesis of the new kinematic solution, special attention was granted to maintaining the advantages of each of the two existing mechanisms, and highlighting the advantage of using less cylindrical gears.

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Bansal, Gourav, Shubham Chadha, Sheifali Gupta, and Rupesh Gupta. "Eco Hybrid Scooter." Advanced Materials Research 1077 (December 2014): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1077.185.

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This paper introduces the novice concept of “Eco-hybrid Two wheeler” which is a combination of two systems i.e. petrol and electric system. This hybrid vehicle will make use of both technologies. Petrol system will be used for rear wheel drive and the electric system for front wheel drive. The batteries will be automatically charged when the vehicle runs on petrol system and that stored power will further be used for running the vehicle on electric system and so running of vehicle on electric system will be free of cost and pollution free also. The most attractive thing is that the batteries can also be recharged from electric supply.

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Tanaka, Takashi, Nobuhiro Tano, and Hiroshi Shimizu. "Effect of front wheel assist in four-wheel drive tractor (Part 2) — digital simulation of traction performance." Journal of Terramechanics 24, no. 1 (January 1987): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4898(87)90076-0.

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Clark, Kirby S., Tejinder Singh, Ronald P. Buffa, Jack M. Gayney, William L. Cousins, Zhe Xie, Steven P. Moorman, et al. "General Motors Front Wheel Drive Seven Speed Dry Dual Clutch Automatic Transmission." SAE International Journal of Engines 8, no. 3 (April 14, 2015): 1379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1093.

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ENDO, Reiko, and Masayoshi WADA. "2P1-J04 Study of straight running control of front-wheel drive wheelchair." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2015 (2015): _2P1—J04_1—_2P1—J04_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2015._2p1-j04_1.

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Huang, Yonghua, Qizheng Liao, Lei Guo, and Shimin Wei. "Simple realization of balanced motions under different speeds for a mechanical regulator-free bicycle robot." Robotica 33, no. 9 (May 15, 2014): 1958–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026357471400112x.

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SUMMARYMechanical regulator-free bicycle robots have lighter weight and fewer actuators than the traditional regulator-based bicycle robots. In order to deal with the difficulty of maintaining balance for this kind of bicycle robot, we consider a front-wheel drive and mechanical regulator-free bicycle robot. We present the methodologies for realizing the robot's ultra-low-speed track-stand motion, moderate-speed circular motion and high-speed rectilinear motion. A simplified dynamics of the robot is developed using three independent velocities. From the dynamics, we suggest there may be an underactuated rolling angle in the system. Our balancing strategies are inspired by human riders' experience, and our control rules are based on the bicycle system's underactuated dynamics. In the case of track-stand and circular motion, we linearize the frame's rolling angle and configure the robot to maintain balance by the front-wheel's motion with a fixed front-bar turning angle. In the case of the rectilinear motion, we linearize both front-bar steering angle and front-wheel rotating angle, and configure the system to maintain balance by the front-bar's turning with a constant front-wheel rotating rate. Numerical simulations and physical experiments are given together to validate the effectiveness of our control strategies in realizing the robot's proposed three motions.

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Miroslaw, Tomasz, Jan Szlagowski, Adam Zawadzki, and Zbigniew Zebrowski. "Simulation model of an off-road four-wheel-driven electric vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 233, no. 9 (January 10, 2019): 1248–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651818822399.

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Electric vehicle gives much more advantages than only less air polluting or less noisy mobility. The current technology enables engineers to better control the electric motor than internal combustion engine. Electronic components like transistors, which can be switched on and off almost anytime, help to control the motor current and indirectly the torque and the speed. The progress in power electronics and motor construction opens new possibilities in vehicle construction and control. The process of wheel rolling can be better controlled which is very important especially on deformed surface of a road. The movement resistance can be reduced by smart power distribution between front and rear wheels in 4 × 4 drive vehicles, where front wheels can compact the ground and rear wheels can move on the rigid road. To reach all the advantages, we need a better understanding of a processes occurring in electric vehicles’ systems, which consist of motors, gears, and wheels reacting with ground. Authors present the model of 4 × 4 drive vehicle focused on this last, but not least, problem—part of an electric vehicle model which is the wheel–ground cooperation. This subsystem decides about power flow from the motor to the wheel and about traction and movement efficiency. This problem is not new, but flexible driving manner going with electric drive makes these analyses more practical and can be used in off-road electric vehicles. The analyses were supported by model and simulation prepared with MATLAB/Simulink software. In conclusion, the comparison of various drive properties and possibilities is presented and recommendations for further development are suggested.

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Kowalski, Mariusz. "Rating forces grip and driving and accelerations of the car with drive different configuration." Journal of KONBiN 36, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2015-0057.

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Abstract The paper shows a typical drive systems used in today's vehicles, mainly cars. Approximated scheme of the formation of the driving force of the vehicle and the necessary mathematical relations for the calculation. For example, a typical passenger car BMW 320 was analyzed and calculations obtained a driving force, of adhesion and acceleration. The calculations were performed for the drive system, the classical (i.e. the rear axle of the vehicle) for front-wheel drive and four-wheel drive (4×4). Virtually assumed that to the above mentioned vehicle it is possible buildings of each of said system. These are shown graphically in diagrams bearing a distribution of the forces acting on the substrate and the reactions - the data necessary for the calculations. The resulting calculation is graphically shown in the diagrams, in which is illustrated a change value of the resulting adhesive strength, and the acceleration depending on the drive type vehicle.

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Angelo Bonfitto, Stefano Feraco, Marco Rossini, and Francesco Carlomagno. "Fuzzy Logic Method for the Speed Estimation in All-Wheel Drive Electric Racing Vehicles." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): B117—B129. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2021.2.b117-b129.

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This paper presents a method for the vehicle speed estimation with a Fuzzy Logic based algorithm. The algorithm acquires the measurements of the yaw rate, steering angle, wheel velocities and exploits a set of five Fuzzy Logics dedicated to different driving conditions. The technique estimates the speed exploiting a weighted average of the contributions provided by the longitudinal acceleration and the credibility assigned by the Fuzzy Logics to the measurements of the wheels’ speed. The method is experimentally evaluated on an all-wheel drive electric racing vehicle and is valid for the front and rear wheel drive configurations. The experimental validation is performed by comparing the obtained estimation with the result of computing the speed as the average of the linear velocity of the four wheels. A comparison to the integral of the vehicle acceleration over time is reported.

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Ildar Gabitov, Andrei Negovora, Azamat Valiev, Vladimir Ilin, Danila Plotnikov, and Mahmut Razyapov. "Assessment of Technical Condition of an Accumulator Common Rail Injector by Temperature of its Units." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): B130—B138. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2021.2.b130-b138.

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This paper presents a method for the vehicle speed estimation with a Fuzzy Logic based algorithm. The algorithm acquires the measurements of the yaw rate, steering angle, wheel velocities and exploits a set of five Fuzzy Logics dedicated to different driving conditions. The technique estimates the speed exploiting a weighted average of the contributions provided by the longitudinal acceleration and the credibility assigned by the Fuzzy Logics to the measurements of the wheels’ speed. The method is experimentally evaluated on an all-wheel drive electric racing vehicle and is valid for the front and rear wheel drive configurations. The experimental validation is performed by comparing the obtained estimation with the result of computing the speed as the average of the linear velocity of the four wheels. A comparison to the integral of the vehicle acceleration over time is reported.

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Liu, Jin Long, Jing Ming Zhang, and Ming Zhi Xue. "Analyses of Relations between Pavement Adhesion Coefficient and Regenerative Braking in Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 1065–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.1065.

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The study object is Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) with front-wheel drive (FWD) pattern and wire-controlled braking system. The relations between pavement adhesion coefficient and recovery efficiency of regenerative braking were discussed. Consequences were concluded through theoretical derivations basing on the two-wheel model. Simulations were built and simulated within a certain HEV on the platform in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results indicate that the recovery efficiency would experience an upward trend if the pavement adhesion coefficient declines.

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Xu, Li Chao. "The Improvement Design for Vehicle Speed Detection System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 1567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.1567.

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The precision of vehicle speedometer directly influenced traffic safety, in order to ensure its reliable work, the speedometer precision must be tested regularly. During the current vehicle speed detection practice, the tested vehicle wheel was driven by the roller and the slippage between the roller and vehicle wheel was not calculated, therefore a great error came into being in the detection result for the vehicle with rear-place, rear-drive and the speed signal getting from the front wheel, aimed at this circumstance and based on analyzing vehicle speed test principle, the speed sensor and data acquisition card were chosen, and a vehicle speed detection system was improved by appling NI LabVIEW software in the paper, which had overcome the shortage of the traditional vehicle speed test principle, When being applied in detection practice, it could improve the accuracy and pass-rate of vehicle speed detection.

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HUANG, Yonghua. "Track-stand Motion of a Front-wheel Drive Bicycle Robot under 45° Front-bar Turning Angle." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 48, no. 07 (2012): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2012.07.016.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Front-wheel drive'

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