Academic literature on the topic 'Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"
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PATERSON, STEVE, and STUART B. PIERTNEY. "Frontiers in host-parasite ecology and evolution." Molecular Ecology 20, no. 5 (2011): 869–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04991.x.
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Davies, M. S., I. H. Rorison, J. P. Grime, R. Hunt, G. A. F. Hendry, and D. H. Lewis. "Frontiers of Comparative Plant Ecology." Journal of Ecology 77, no. 3 (1989): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260994.
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Kouzuma, Atsushi, and Kazuya Watanabe. "Microbial Ecology Pushes Frontiers in Biotechnology." Microbes and Environments 29, no. 1 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.me2901rh.
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Hart, Patrick J., Thomas Ibanez, Kristina Paxton, Grace Tredinnick, Esther Sebastián-González, and Ann Tanimoto-Johnson. "Timing Is Everything: Acoustic Niche Partitioning in Two Tropical Wet Forest Bird Communities." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9 (October 15, 2021): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.753363.
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Hart, Patrick J., Ibanez, Thomas, Paxton, Kristina, Tredinnick, Grace, Sebastián-González, Esther, Tanimoto-Johnson, Ann (2021): Timing Is Everything: Acoustic Niche Partitioning in Two Tropical Wet Forest Bird Communities. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9: 1-10, DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.753363, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.753363
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Maturana, Claudia S., Elisabeth M. Biersma, Angie Díaz, et al. "Survivors and colonizers: Contrasting biogeographic histories reconciled in the Antarctic freshwater copepod Boeckella poppei." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10 (December 1, 2022): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.1012852.
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Maturana, Claudia S., Biersma, Elisabeth M., Díaz, Angie, González-Wevar, Claudio, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Jackson, Jennifer A., Poulin, Elie (2022): Survivors and colonizers: Contrasting biogeographic histories reconciled in the Antarctic freshwater copepod Boeckella poppei. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution (1012852) 10: 1-15, DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1012852
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Rendoll-Cárcamo, Javier, Melisa Gañán, R. Isaí Madriz, Peter Convey, and Tamara Contador. "Wing reduction and body size variation along a steep elevation gradient: a case study with Magellanic sub-Antarctic mayflies and stoneflies." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 11 (July 7, 2023): 1579425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1188889.
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Rendoll-Cárcamo, Javier, Gañán, Melisa, Madriz, R. Isaí, Convey, Peter, Contador, Tamara (2023): Wing reduction and body size variation along a steep elevation gradient: a case study with Magellanic sub-Antarctic mayflies and stoneflies. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 11: 1579425, DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1188889, URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1188889
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Aziz, Sheema Abdul, Kim R. McConkey, Krizler Tanalgo, et al. "The Critical Importance of Old World Fruit Bats for Healthy Ecosystems and Economies." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9 (April 6, 2021): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.641411.
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Aziz, Sheema Abdul, McConkey, Kim R., Tanalgo, Krizler, Sritongchuay, Tuanjit, Low, Mary-Ruth, Yong, Joon Yee, Mildenstein, Tammy L., Nuevo-Diego, Christine Ely, Lim, Voon-Ching, Racey, Paul A. (2021): The Critical Importance of Old World Fruit Bats for Healthy Ecosystems and Economies. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9: 1-29, DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.641411
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Dreyer, Niklas, and Benny K. K. Chan. "The diversity and biology of symbiotic and parasitic crustaceans: an introduction." Journal of Crustacean Biology 40, no. 6 (2020): 761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa082.
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Abstract The present special number of Journal of Crustacean Biology (JCB) house, in addition to novel contributions, articles originating from two symposia, ‘Frontiers in the Ecology and Biology of the Thecostraca’ in ICC9, Washington DC, 2018, and ‘Evolution and Ecology of Parasitic and Symbiotic Crustaceans’ in The Crustacean Society summer meeting in Hong Kong, 2019. Articles on symbiotic and parasitic crustaceans, including tantulocarids, isopods, amphipods, barnacles, and pilumnid and pinnotherid crabs, are devoted to advancing our knowledge on the diversity and biology of symbiotic (including parasitic) crustaceans.
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Maturana, Claudia S., Mejias Tamara Contador, Felipe L. Simões, et al. "Ancient diversification in extreme environments: exploring the historical biogeography of the Antarctic winged midge Parochlus steinenii (Diptera: Chironomidae)." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 12 (July 11, 2024): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1393376.
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Maturana, Claudia S., Contador Mejias, Tamara, Simões, Felipe L., Valladares, Moisés A., Vidal, Paula M., Gañán, Melisa, González-Wevar, Claudio A., Poulin, Elie, Sands, Chester J., Convey, Peter (2024): Ancient diversification in extreme environments: exploring the historical biogeography of the Antarctic winged midge Parochlus steinenii (Diptera: Chironomidae). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution (1393376) 12: 1-13, DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1393376, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1393376
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Liberles, David A., Belinda Chang, Kerry Geiler-Samerotte, et al. "Emerging Frontiers in the Study of Molecular Evolution." Journal of Molecular Evolution 88, no. 3 (2020): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-020-09932-6.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"
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Scales, Ivan Richard. "Forest frontiers : the political ecology of landscape change in western Madagascar." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612306.
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Nichols, Phillip Brent. "Tardigrade evolution and ecology." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001270.
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Wanke, Stefan. "Evolution of the genus Aristolochia - Systematics, Molecular Evolution and Ecology." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1169634459488-35651.
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Evolution of Piperales – matK gene and trnK intron sequence data reveal lineage specific resolution contrast. Piperales are one of the largest basal angiosperm orders with a nearly worldwide distribution. The order includes three species rich genera, Piper (ca. 1,000 species), Peperomia (ca. 1,500-1,700 species), and Aristolochia s. l. (ca. 500 species). Sequences of the matK gene and the non-coding trnK group II intron are analysed for a dense set of 105 taxa representing all families (except Hydnoraceae) and all generic segregates (except Euglypha within Aristolochiaceae) of Piperales. A large number of highly informative indels are found in the Piperales trnK/matK dataset. Within a narrow region approximately 500 nt downstream in the matK coding region (CDS), a length variable simple sequence repeat (SSR) expansion segment occurs, in which insertions and deletions have led to short frame-shifts. These are corrected shortly afterwards, resulting in a maximum of 6 amino acids being affected. Furthermore, additional non-functional matK copies were found in Zippelia begoniifolia, which can easily be discriminated from the functional open reading frame (ORF). The trnK/matK sequence data fully resolve relationships within Peperomia, whereas they are not effective within Piper. The resolution contrast is correlated with the rate heterogenity between those lineages. Parsimony, Bayesian and likelihood analyses result in virtually the same topology, and converge on the monophyly of Piperaceae and Saururaceae. Lactoris gains high support as sister to Aristolochiaceae subf. Aristolochioideae, but the different tree inference methods yield conflicting results with respect to the relationships of subfam. Asaroideae. In Piperaceae, a clade formed by the monotypic genus Zippelia and the small genus Manekia (=Sarcorhachis) is sister to the two large genera Piper and Peperomia. Systematics of pipevines – Combining morphological and fast-evolving molecular characters to investigate the relationships within subfamily Aristolochioideae (Aristolochiaceae) A combined phylogenetic analysis of the Aristolochioideae was conducted based on 72 morphological characters and molecular datasets (matK gene, trnK intron, trnL intron, trnL-trnF spacer). The analysis sampled 33 species as the ingroup, including two species of Thottea and 30 species of Aristolochia and the monotypic genus Euglypha, which represent all the infrageneric taxa formally described; Saruma henryi and Asarum caudatum were used as the outgroup. The results corroborate a sister-group relationship between Thottea and Aristolochia, and the paraphyly of Aristolochia with respect to Euglypha that consequently should be included into Aristolochia. Two of the three subgenera within Aristolochia (Isotrema and Pararistolochia) are shown to be monophyletic, whereas the signal obtained from the different datasets about the relationships within subg. Aristolochia is low and conflicting, resulting in collapsed or unsupported branches. The relationship between the New World and the Old World species of subgenus Aristolochia is conflictive because morphological data support these two groups as monophyletic, whereas molecular data show the monophyletic Old World species of Aristolochia nested within the New World species. A sister group relationship is proposed between A. lindneri and pentandrous species, which suggests that a group of five species from central and southern South America (including A. lindneri) could be monophyletic and sister to Aristolochia subsection Pentandrae, a monophyletic taxon consisting of about 35 species from southern USA, Mesoamerica, and the West Indies. Colonisation, phylogeography and evolution of endemism in Mediterranean Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). This study provides evidence for a multiple colonisation of the western Old World from Asian ancestors within Aristolochia section Diplolobus (subsection Aristolochia and Podanthemum). Within subsection Podanthemum it is assumed, that the colonisation of the African continent happened at least two times independently. In contrast, for subsection Aristolochia, a rapid morphological radiation in the Near East (or close to this area) with subsequent star like colonisation of the different current distribution areas, which is not paralleled on the molecular level, appears to be more likely. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction is unsupported for these clades, but most clades are highly supported as monophyletic. Interestingly the Mediterranean and temperate Eurasian species, which are morphologically distinct (A. pistolochia, A. clematitis) are not clustering within the main clades, but are independent lineages. Analogue, A. rigida a species from Somalia is well-supported sister to the subsection Aristolochia. Within subsection Podanthemum the colonisation event from an Asian ancestor is clearly traceable, whereas in subsection Aristolochia the path is not traceable, since the ancestors are extinct or not present in the connecting areas. Within the Mediterranean, Near East and Caucasian species of subsection Aristolochia two morphologically and biogeographically well supported groups can be identified: the Near East/Caucasian species and the West Mediterranean species. The previous groupings for the latter, based on morphological characters, could be substantiated only partly by our results. This study provides the first phylogeny of all West Mediterranean species. In addition an independent complex is established including some micro endemic species. The phylogenetic results are discussed with respect to biogeography, and morphology, to give a first insight into the radiation and colonisation of the genus Aristolochia in the Mediterranean region. Universal primers for a large cryptically simple cpDNA microsatellite region in Aristolochia. We provide a new and valuable marker to study species relationships and population genetics in order to trace evolutionary, ecological, and conservational aspects in the genus Aristolochia. Universal primers for amplification and subsequent sequencing of a chloroplast microsatellite locus inside the trnK intron are presented. Utility of the primers has been tested in 32 species representing all clades of Aristolochia, including population studies within the A. pallida complex, A. clusii and A. rotunda. The microsatellite region is characterized as a (AnTm)k repeat of 22–438 bp containing a combination of different repeats arranged as ‘cryptically simple’. Trapped! Pollination of Aristolochia pallida Willd. in the Mediterranean A first study of the pollination biology of a Mediterranean Aristolochia species in its natural habitat is presented. 183 flowers of Aristolochia pallida were investigated, which in total contained 73 arthropods, dominated by two groups of Diptera, Sciaridae (37%) and Phoridae (19%). However, only Phoridae are regarded as potential pollinators, since pollen has been found exclusively on the body surfaces of these insects. All Phoridae belong to the genus Megaselia and are recognised as four undescribed species. The measurements of flower and insect dimensions suggest that size is an important constrain for successful pollination: 1) the insects must have a definitive size for being able to enter the flower and 2) must be able to get in touch with the pollen. Only very few insect groups found in Aristolochia pallida fulfil these size requirements. However, size alone is not a sufficient constrain as too many fly species of the same size might be trapped but not function as pollinators. Instead, specific attraction is required as otherwise pollen is lost. Since all trapped Phoridae are males, a chemical attraction (pheromones) is proposed as an additional constrain. Since A. pallida flowers are protogynous, the record of Megaselia loaded with pollen found in a flower during its female stage proves that this insect must have been visited at least one different flower during its male stage before. Further on, this observation provides strong evidence that the flowers are cross-pollinated. All these factors indicate a highly specialised pollination of Aristolochia pallida by Megaselia species.
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Wanke, Stefan. "Evolution of the genus Aristolochia - Systematics, Molecular Evolution and Ecology." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2006. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23929.
Full textAbstract:
Evolution of Piperales – matK gene and trnK intron sequence data reveal lineage specific resolution contrast. Piperales are one of the largest basal angiosperm orders with a nearly worldwide distribution. The order includes three species rich genera, Piper (ca. 1,000 species), Peperomia (ca. 1,500-1,700 species), and Aristolochia s. l. (ca. 500 species). Sequences of the matK gene and the non-coding trnK group II intron are analysed for a dense set of 105 taxa representing all families (except Hydnoraceae) and all generic segregates (except Euglypha within Aristolochiaceae) of Piperales. A large number of highly informative indels are found in the Piperales trnK/matK dataset. Within a narrow region approximately 500 nt downstream in the matK coding region (CDS), a length variable simple sequence repeat (SSR) expansion segment occurs, in which insertions and deletions have led to short frame-shifts. These are corrected shortly afterwards, resulting in a maximum of 6 amino acids being affected. Furthermore, additional non-functional matK copies were found in Zippelia begoniifolia, which can easily be discriminated from the functional open reading frame (ORF). The trnK/matK sequence data fully resolve relationships within Peperomia, whereas they are not effective within Piper. The resolution contrast is correlated with the rate heterogenity between those lineages. Parsimony, Bayesian and likelihood analyses result in virtually the same topology, and converge on the monophyly of Piperaceae and Saururaceae. Lactoris gains high support as sister to Aristolochiaceae subf. Aristolochioideae, but the different tree inference methods yield conflicting results with respect to the relationships of subfam. Asaroideae. In Piperaceae, a clade formed by the monotypic genus Zippelia and the small genus Manekia (=Sarcorhachis) is sister to the two large genera Piper and Peperomia. Systematics of pipevines – Combining morphological and fast-evolving molecular characters to investigate the relationships within subfamily Aristolochioideae (Aristolochiaceae) A combined phylogenetic analysis of the Aristolochioideae was conducted based on 72 morphological characters and molecular datasets (matK gene, trnK intron, trnL intron, trnL-trnF spacer). The analysis sampled 33 species as the ingroup, including two species of Thottea and 30 species of Aristolochia and the monotypic genus Euglypha, which represent all the infrageneric taxa formally described; Saruma henryi and Asarum caudatum were used as the outgroup. The results corroborate a sister-group relationship between Thottea and Aristolochia, and the paraphyly of Aristolochia with respect to Euglypha that consequently should be included into Aristolochia. Two of the three subgenera within Aristolochia (Isotrema and Pararistolochia) are shown to be monophyletic, whereas the signal obtained from the different datasets about the relationships within subg. Aristolochia is low and conflicting, resulting in collapsed or unsupported branches. The relationship between the New World and the Old World species of subgenus Aristolochia is conflictive because morphological data support these two groups as monophyletic, whereas molecular data show the monophyletic Old World species of Aristolochia nested within the New World species. A sister group relationship is proposed between A. lindneri and pentandrous species, which suggests that a group of five species from central and southern South America (including A. lindneri) could be monophyletic and sister to Aristolochia subsection Pentandrae, a monophyletic taxon consisting of about 35 species from southern USA, Mesoamerica, and the West Indies. Colonisation, phylogeography and evolution of endemism in Mediterranean Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). This study provides evidence for a multiple colonisation of the western Old World from Asian ancestors within Aristolochia section Diplolobus (subsection Aristolochia and Podanthemum). Within subsection Podanthemum it is assumed, that the colonisation of the African continent happened at least two times independently. In contrast, for subsection Aristolochia, a rapid morphological radiation in the Near East (or close to this area) with subsequent star like colonisation of the different current distribution areas, which is not paralleled on the molecular level, appears to be more likely. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction is unsupported for these clades, but most clades are highly supported as monophyletic. Interestingly the Mediterranean and temperate Eurasian species, which are morphologically distinct (A. pistolochia, A. clematitis) are not clustering within the main clades, but are independent lineages. Analogue, A. rigida a species from Somalia is well-supported sister to the subsection Aristolochia. Within subsection Podanthemum the colonisation event from an Asian ancestor is clearly traceable, whereas in subsection Aristolochia the path is not traceable, since the ancestors are extinct or not present in the connecting areas. Within the Mediterranean, Near East and Caucasian species of subsection Aristolochia two morphologically and biogeographically well supported groups can be identified: the Near East/Caucasian species and the West Mediterranean species. The previous groupings for the latter, based on morphological characters, could be substantiated only partly by our results. This study provides the first phylogeny of all West Mediterranean species. In addition an independent complex is established including some micro endemic species. The phylogenetic results are discussed with respect to biogeography, and morphology, to give a first insight into the radiation and colonisation of the genus Aristolochia in the Mediterranean region. Universal primers for a large cryptically simple cpDNA microsatellite region in Aristolochia. We provide a new and valuable marker to study species relationships and population genetics in order to trace evolutionary, ecological, and conservational aspects in the genus Aristolochia. Universal primers for amplification and subsequent sequencing of a chloroplast microsatellite locus inside the trnK intron are presented. Utility of the primers has been tested in 32 species representing all clades of Aristolochia, including population studies within the A. pallida complex, A. clusii and A. rotunda. The microsatellite region is characterized as a (AnTm)k repeat of 22–438 bp containing a combination of different repeats arranged as ‘cryptically simple’. Trapped! Pollination of Aristolochia pallida Willd. in the Mediterranean A first study of the pollination biology of a Mediterranean Aristolochia species in its natural habitat is presented. 183 flowers of Aristolochia pallida were investigated, which in total contained 73 arthropods, dominated by two groups of Diptera, Sciaridae (37%) and Phoridae (19%). However, only Phoridae are regarded as potential pollinators, since pollen has been found exclusively on the body surfaces of these insects. All Phoridae belong to the genus Megaselia and are recognised as four undescribed species. The measurements of flower and insect dimensions suggest that size is an important constrain for successful pollination: 1) the insects must have a definitive size for being able to enter the flower and 2) must be able to get in touch with the pollen. Only very few insect groups found in Aristolochia pallida fulfil these size requirements. However, size alone is not a sufficient constrain as too many fly species of the same size might be trapped but not function as pollinators. Instead, specific attraction is required as otherwise pollen is lost. Since all trapped Phoridae are males, a chemical attraction (pheromones) is proposed as an additional constrain. Since A. pallida flowers are protogynous, the record of Megaselia loaded with pollen found in a flower during its female stage proves that this insect must have been visited at least one different flower during its male stage before. Further on, this observation provides strong evidence that the flowers are cross-pollinated. All these factors indicate a highly specialised pollination of Aristolochia pallida by Megaselia species.
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Vargas, Ramirez Sergio. "Evolution and ecology of antarctic sponges." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-141266.
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Ishida, Yoichi. "Secret analogies mathematics, ecology, and evolution /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1442878.
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Veen, Franciscus Johannes Frank van. "Aphid hyperparasitoids : taxonomy, ecology and evolution." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313144.
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Reece, Sarah E. "Evolution and ecology of sex allocation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12849.
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Ricono, Angela. "Ecology and Evolution of Common Milkweed." W&M ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1550154023.
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All organisms must interact with and adapt to their surrounding environment. There are myriad ways in which species accomplish this; ultimately resulting in the vast diversity of life on earth today. Changes in the environment can have profound impacts on an organisms' ability to compete and utilize their surroundings. Plants are particularly impacted by local environmental differences because of the fact that they are immobile. This environmental variation exists at both large and small spatial scales. For example, on larger scales, forces such as fire and grazers can remove dominant plant competitors. on smaller scales, variation in resource availability (e.g. light, nutrients, water) may benefit more phenotypically plastic species. to better understand how changes in the environment, on both large and small spatial scales, I established a two part study using milkweed (Asclepias spp.) as a model system. in the first chapter, I ask how fire, large grazers, and nutrients have affected milkweed abundance over relatively long time and large spatial scales. Here I found that most milkweed species increase in abundance with burning alone but expressed species-specific responses to other treatment combinations. This indicates that milkweed species have likely experienced unique fluctuations in abundance as fire and large herbivores moved across the landscape. The second aspect of this research focuses in on a single year and relatively small spatial scales. Here, using common milkweed (A. syriaca), I ask how environmental variation shapes spatial structuring of phenotypes within fine-scale physical distance and how genotypes impact phenotypes. I found that environment, not genotype, had a relatively larger role on fine-scale phenotypic variation. Combined, these results have implications for understanding the role of large and small scale environmental variations in plant phenotypes and plant abundance.
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Goddard, Matthew. "The ecology and evolution of selfish genes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11419.
Full textBooks on the topic "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"
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L, Lambert David, ed. Frontiers of stellar evolution. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1991.
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B, Floyd R., Sheppard A. W. 1960-, and De Barro, P. J. 1963-, eds. Frontiers of population ecology. CSIRO Pub., 1996.
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Leck, Mary Allessio, V. Thomas Parker, and Robert L. Simpson, eds. Seedling Ecology and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511815133.
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Korb, Judith, and Jörgen Heinze, eds. Ecology of Social Evolution. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75957-7.
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editor, Méric Guillaume, and Swansea University, eds. Campylobacter ecology and evolution. Caister Academic Press, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"
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McConnell, Matthew. "Frontiers in Cichlid Research: A History of Scientific Advancement." In The Behavior, Ecology and Evolution of Cichlid Fishes. Springer Netherlands, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2080-7_2.
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Herrmann-Pillath, Carsten, and Christian Hederer. "Evolution, ecology, economy." In A New Principles of Economics. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003094869-7.
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Filippov, Alexander E., and Stanislav N. Gorb. "Ecology and Evolution." In Biologically-Inspired Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41528-0_9.
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Cousens, Roger, and Mark Dale. "The evolution of ecology." In Effective Ecology. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003314332-2.
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Strier, Karen B. "Evolution and Sex." In Primate Behavioral Ecology, 6th ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429274275-5.
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Naveh, Zev, and Arthur S. Lieberman. "The Evolution of Landscape Ecology." In Landscape Ecology. Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2331-1_1.
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Gittleman, John L., and Patrick R. Stephens. "Rates of Metabolism and Evolution." In Metabolic Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119968535.ch10.
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Ayub and Fadhli Lukman. "Evolution of the Evolution." In New Frontiers in Islam and Evolution. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003364931-6.
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Strier, Karen B. "Evolution and Social Behavior." In Primate Behavioral Ecology, 6th ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429274275-4.
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Tribe, G. D., and B. V. Burger. "Olfactory Ecology." In Ecology and Evolution of Dung Beetles. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444342000.ch5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"
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Arishi, Hamzah, Nickolas Falkner, Christoph Treude, and Thushari Attapattu. "Understanding the Computer Science Student Experience Through the Lens of System Ecology." In 2024 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/fie61694.2024.10892959.
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Rossi, Anthony. "Ecology and evolution ofAsphondylia borrichiae." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.114491.
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Fulantelli, Giovanni, Lidia Scifo, and Davide Taibi. "THE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT TO EXPLORE THE STUDENT-SOCIAL MEDIA INTERACTION." In eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-019.
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According to the Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory of human development ([1][2][3][4][5]), the development of each individual cannot be observed without considering its relationship with the development of other people and, above all, with the environment in which they live. The ecological orientation of Bronfenbrenner with respect to human development is therefore based on the interest in the progressive adaptation between an active organism that grows and its immediate environment: the individual-environment interaction that is determined by the relationships existing between the different environmental situations and the individuals present in that context is fundamental. Consequently, the ecological environment that is considered relevant to development processes is not limited to a single environmental situation but includes the interconnections between multiple environmental situations and the different influences of each individual. The evolution of the Internet-based technologies has brought to the development of solutions that have profoundly changed the way we live, including education. The advent of social media and social networks represents a milestone in the history of Internet, opening up to profound reflections on the "virtualization" of relationships, their growing importance in everyday life, and their role in education. Many authors argue that the Internet and the social media should no longer be considered as a tool to connect to a virtual reality that is separate from the real world, but as a place in which users live daily ([6][9][11][10]); consequently, they constitute one of the environmental situations mentioned by Bronfenbrenner. However, the risks deriving from the use of social media have been widely discusses in the literature ([7][8][12]). Adolescents are more exposed to the social media threats, since they are unable to perceive the profoundly different dynamics that govern offline and online networks. In this paper, having in mind the Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory of human development, we argue that the progressive adaptation of students to social media should be considered as a process of their growth and development. Furthermore, we analyze some corrections to be introduced in the educational paths of adolescents necessary to reduce the threats deriving from the use of social media and social networks in education. Reference Text and Citations [1] Bronfenbrenner, U. (1961). Toward a theoretical model for the analysis of parent-child relationships in a social context. In J. C. Glidewell (Ed.), Parental attitudes and child behavior (pp. 90-109). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. [2] Bronfenbrenner, U. (1973). Social ecology of human development. In F. Richardson (Ed.), Brain and intelligence: The ecology of child development (pp. 113-129). Hyattsville, MD: National Education Press. [3] Bronfenbrenner, U. (1974). Developmental research, public policy, and the ecology of childhood. Child Development, 45, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.2307/1127743 [4] Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. In T. Husen & T. N. Postlethwaite (Eds.), International encyclopedia of education (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 1643-1647). Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press and Elsevier Science. [5] Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & R. M. Lerner (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 793-828). New York, NY: Wiley. [6] Carr, N. (2011). The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. [7] Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., G?rzig, A., & ?lafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children. Full Findings. London: EU Kids Online, LSE. [Google Scholar] [8] Martin, F., Wang, C., Petty, T., Wang, W., & Wilkins, P. (2018). Middle school students' social media use. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 213-224. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26273881 [9] Musetti, A., Cattivelli, R., Giacobbi, M., Zuglian, P., Ceccarini, M., Capelli, F., et al. (2016). Challenges in internet addiction disorder: is a diagnosis feasible or not? Frontiers in Psychology, 7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00842 [10] Musetti, A., Cattivelli, R., Zuglian, P., Terrone, G., Pozzoli, S., Capelli, F., et al. (2017). Internet addiction disorder o internet related psychopathology? [Internet Addiction disorder or Internet Related Psychopathology?]. Giornale Italiano di Psicologia, 44, 359-382. doi: 10.1421/87345 [11] Taymur, I., Budak, E., Demirci, H., Akdag, H.A., Gungor, B.B., & Ozdel, K. (2016). A study of the relationship between internet addiction, psychopathology and dysfunctional beliefs. Computers in Human Behavior,61, 532-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.043 [12] Willoughby, M. (2018). A review of the risks associated with children and young people's social media use and the implications for social work practice. Journal of Social Work Practice,33(2), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2018.1460587
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Орвикку, К., K. Orvikku, Х. Тониссон, and H. Tonisson. "SEA ICE AND ITS INFLUENCE TO COASTAL PROCESSES – BALTIC SEA, ESTONIA." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce371f3f3a6.87362427.
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The Baltic Sea region is characterized by variable winter weather conditions. Sea ice forms near the Estonian coast almost every winter and is characterized by large temporal and spatial variability [1, 2].
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Балабанов, И., I. Balabanov, Е. Манучарянц, and E. Manucharyanc. "MODERN COASTAL ZONE LITHODYNAMICS OF THE INTERFLUVE AREA MZYMTA–PSOU." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce372e2adf1.23870021.
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A need for the validated assessment of the existing Msymta-Psou interstream bank conditions has heightened because the Olympic facilities are planned to be located here. The analysis of multiyear stationary observations
 (1975–2010) has resulted in a detailed assessment of the coastal area evolution, division of 11 lithodynamic areas, and issue of recommendations how to arrange and maintain lithology monitoring.
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Балабанов, И., I. Balabanov, С. Никифоров, and S. Nikiforov. "PALEOGEOGRAPHIC PREREQUISITE FOR THE FORMATION OF THE GEOTECHNICAL CONDITIONS OF THE BLACK SEA HOLOCENE COASTAL TERRACE." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce373c46027.13820544.
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The results of summary integral studies and analyzed references allow describing the geologic structure and paleographic formation conditions of the Caucasus Black Sea coast’s Holocene terraces, and reconstructing the spatialtemporal development picture of hydro- and lithodynamics processes caused current coastal geotechnical conditions.
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Белова, Н., N. Belova, В. Соломатин, and V. Solomatin. "THE ROLE OF MASSIVE ICE BEDS IN COASTAL DYNAMICS ON THE SOUTH-WESTERN COAST OF KARA SEA (BY EXAMBLE OF OYUYACHA RIVER MOUTH AND KHARASAVEY SETTLEMENT AREAS)." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce3743bff50.50182884.
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Бобыкина, В., V. Bobykina, П. Жураховская, and P. Zhurahovskaya. "SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF GRANULOMETRIC COMPOSITION OF THE BALTIC (VISTULA) SPIT BEACHE SEDIMENTS." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce374ed2651.42058449.
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The beaches of the marine coast of the Baltic Spit are composed of medium size sand. granulometric differentiation of the beach sediment is observed around the perimeter from north to south. Changes in the composition suggest the existence of the flow of sediment from north to south. Comparison of changes in the fractional composition of sediments for the period 2004–2010 shows a trend of enlargement. This is due to the cessation of flow of anthropogenic deposits into the coastal zone.
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Ванкевич, Р., R. Vankevich, А. Исаев, A. Isaev, Е. Софьина, and E. Sof'ina. "ESTIMATION AND FORECASTING OF THE FLOODING OF COASTAL AREAS AS A RESULT COMMISSIONING OF THE COMPLEX OF PROTECTION CONSTRUCTIONS (CPC) IN THE NEVA BAY." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce375e40214.39233583.
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Closing the water and navigation gates, preventing flooding on the coast of the Neva Bay in St. Petersburg, causes an additional increase in the level rise and flooding of coastal areas of the Gulf of Finland to the west from the complex of protection constructions (CPC). The magnitude of this flooding and its distribution along the coast have not been investigated. There is only a model for evaluating the likely level rise caused by CPC closing.
 It should be noted also that sea level rise event to the west of the dam leads to a shift of the area undergoing active wave influence in the direction of the coast. The situation is complicated by the fact that ground in this area not previously exposed to hydrodynamic forces and therefore can be easily washed out. Also due to the fact that flooding is almost always accompanied by stormy waving in flooded areas we can expect a significant morphological transformation: coastal erosion, as well as change the contour of the shore. It is planned the implementation of operational three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the coastal areas with a horizontal spatial resolution of about 100 m and variable eastern boundary, simulating the closure of the water and navigation gates, as well as built-in procedure that simulates the drying zone and flooding. As a result will be new knowledge on the effects of hydraulic constructions to the level variations during the flooding, the quantitative assessment of flooding potential areas and drying shores, GIS maps to visualize the results, developed a method for rapid prediction of flooding coasts.
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Айбулатов, Д., D. Aybulatov, Р. Казюлин, and R. Kazyulin. "THE PECULIARITIES OF WATER RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YEILD IN THE MOUTH OF THE RIVERS OF BOLSHOI SOCHI DISTRICT." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce37a295261.75393256.
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Estuaries of the rivers in Bolshoi Sochi district are the most densely populated areas of the Black Sea coastline area in Russian Federation. Study of water runoff and sediment yield in the mouth of the rivers has an important role in applied science, because the frequency of dangerous hydrological processes is very high. Floods and lateral rivers erosion can leads to catastrophic emergencies.
 Analysis of hydrological data and physiographic properties of the region help to make several conclusions about water runoff and sediment yield of the region rivers: average annual water and sediment runoff tends to increase, maximum flood discharges increase too.
 The mouths of the rivers in Bolshoi Sochi District were classified by natural and anthropogenic factors. In the estuaries district were calculated and ploted on topographic maps flooding areas. Also in the work considered
 information of the anthropogenic intervention in the natural environment of the rivers mouths.
Reports on the topic "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"
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Price, Peter W., William J. Mattson, and Yuri N. Baranchikov. The ecology and evolution of gall-forming insects. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nc-gtr-174.
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Muyle, Aline. Analysis of DNA Methylation. Instats Inc., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.61700/6ayq8hff26qxn1470.
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This three-day workshop provides comprehensive training in the analysis of DNA methylation, a key epigenetic modification influencing gene expression and controlling the spread of transposable elements in genomes. Led by Dr Aline Muyle, participants will gain theoretical knowledge and practical skills in data preprocessing, statistical analysis, and visualization using RStudio and various bioinformatic software using Bash scripts. The workshop is suited for researchers in Biostatistics, Biology, Genetics, Ecology, Evolution, Bioinformatics, Molecular Biology, and Medical Research.
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Romanchuk, Viktoriya, та Oleh Romanchuk. Екологічні загрози і національна безпека України. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11722.
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Today, we are more likely to speak and write about the more progressive destruction of land biosphere as a result of irrational economic activities of mankind – the replacement of traditional natural ecosystems by anthropogenic systems (techno-, urban- and agro-systems), discuss the harmonization of the interaction of society and nature, talk about growing socio-political tension and instability on the planet. However, it is not just about understanding the effects of environmental civilization, but also awareness of the psychological and socioeconomic consequences of the brutal destruction of the biosphere, finding ways and means of solving the tasks associated with the ecological crisis, which has already entered the geopolitical level – during the last years there is carried out an intensive research on the effects of the crisis in the biosphere on the system of national interests and state security. The war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine is causing serious environmental damage to the Ukrainian state. Combat operations spoil the air, pollute water bodies, destroy forests and unique ecosystems, destroy crops and, in the long run, can cause colossal damage to the ecosystem of the whole Eastern Europe, and shorten the lives of Ukrainians. Key words: biosphere, ecosystem, evolution, ecology, civilization, the Russian-Ukrainian war, safety, problem, ecology.
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Hunter, Martha S., and Einat Zchori-Fein. Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Phenotypic variants and fitness effects. United States Department of Agriculture, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594394.bard.
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The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of vegetables, field crops, and ornamentals worldwide. This species harbors a diverse assembly of facultative, “secondary” bacterial symbionts, the roles of which are largely unknown. We documented a spectacular sweep of one of these, Rickettsia, in the Southwestern United States in the B biotype (=MEAM1) of B. tabaci, from 1% to 97% over 6 years, as well as a dramatic fitness benefit associated with it in Arizona but not in Israel. Because it is critical to understand the circumstances in which a symbiont invasion can cause such a large change in pest life history, the following objectives were set: 1) Determine the frequency of Rickettsia in B. tabaci in cotton across the United States and Israel. 2) Characterize Rickettsia and B. tabaci genotypes in order to test the hypothesis that genetic variation in either partner is responsible for differences in phenotypes seen in the two countries. 3) Determine the comparative fitness effects of Rickettsia phenotypes in B. tabaci in Israel and the United States. For Obj. 1, a survey of B. tabaci B samples revealed the distribution of Rickettsia across the cotton-growing regions of 13 sites from Israel and 22 sites from the USA. Across the USA, Rickettsia frequencies were heterogeneous among regions, but were generally at frequencies higher than 75% and close to fixation in some areas, whereas in Israel the infection rates were lower and declining. The distinct outcomes of Rickettsia infection in these two countries conform to previouslyreported phenotypic differences. Intermediate frequencies in some areas in both countries may indicate a cost to infection in certain environments or that the frequencies are in flux. This suggests underlying geographic differences in the interactions between bacterial symbionts and the pest. Obj. 2, Sequences of several Rickettsia genes in both locations, including a hypervariableintergenic spacer gene, suggested that the Rickettsia genotype is identical in both countries. Experiments in the US showed that differences in whitefly nuclear genotype had a strong influence on Rickettsia phenotype. Obj. 3. Experiments designed to test for possible horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, showed that these bacteria are transferred from B. tabaci to a plant, moved inside the phloem, and could be acquired by other whiteflies. Plants can serve as a reservoir for horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, a mechanism that may explain the occurrence of phylogenetically-similarsymbionts among unrelated phytophagous insect species. This plant-mediated transmission route may also exist in other insect-symbiont systems, and since symbionts may play a critical role in the ecology and evolution of their hosts, serve as an immediate and powerful tool for accelerated evolution. However, no such horizontal transmission of Rickettsia could be detected in the USA, underlining the difference between the interaction in both countries, or between B. tabaci and the banded wing whitefly on cotton in the USA (Trialeurodes sp. nr. abutiloneus) and the omnivorous bug Nesidiocoristenuis. Additionally, a series of experiments excluded the possibility that Rickettsia is frequently transmitted between B. tabaci and its parasitoid wasps Eretmocerusmundus and Encarsiapergandiella. Lastly, ecological studies on Rickettsia effects on free flight of whiteflies showed no significant influence of symbiont infection on flight. In contrast, a field study of the effects of Rickettsia on whitefly performance on caged cotton in the USA showed strong fitness benefits of infection, and rapid increases in Rickettsia frequency in competition population cages. This result confirmed the benefits to whiteflies of Rickettsia infection in a field setting.
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Anderson, Donald M., Lorraine C. Backer, Keith Bouma-Gregson, et al. Harmful Algal Research & Response: A National Environmental Science Strategy (HARRNESS), 2024-2034. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/69773.
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Harmful and toxic algal blooms (HABs) are a well-established and severe threat to human health, economies, and marine and freshwater ecosystems on all coasts of the United States and its inland waters. HABs can comprise microalgae, cyanobacteria, and macroalgae (seaweeds). Their impacts, intensity, and geographic range have increased over past decades due to both human-induced and natural changes. In this report, HABs refers to both marine algal and freshwater cyanobacterial events. This Harmful Algal Research and Response: A National Environmental Science Strategy (HARRNESS) 2024-2034 plan builds on major accomplishments from past efforts, provides a state of the science update since the previous decadal HARRNESS plan (2005-2015), identifies key information gaps, and presents forward-thinking solutions. Major achievements on many fronts since the last HARRNESS are detailed in this report. They include improved understanding of bloom dynamics of large-scale regional HABs such as those of Pseudo-nitzschia on the west coast, Alexandrium on the east coast, Karenia brevis on the west Florida shelf, and Microcystis in Lake Erie, and advances in HAB sensor technology, allowing deployment on fixed and mobile platforms for long-term, continuous, remote HAB cell and toxin observations. New HABs and impacts have emerged. Freshwater HABs now occur in many inland waterways and their public health impacts through drinking and recreational water contamination have been characterized and new monitoring efforts have been initiated. Freshwater HAB toxins are finding their way into marine environments and contaminating seafood with unknown consequences. Blooms of Dinophysis spp., which can cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, have appeared around the US coast, but the causes are not understood. Similarly, blooms of fish- and shellfish-killing HABs are occurring in many regions and are especially threatening to aquaculture. The science, management, and decision-making necessary to manage the threat of HABs continue to involve a multidisciplinary group of scientists, managers, and agencies at various levels. The initial HARRNESS framework and the resulting National HAB Committee (NHC) have proven effective means to coordinate the academic, management, and stakeholder communities interested in national HAB issues and provide these entities with a collective voice, in part through this updated HARRNESS report. Congress and the Executive Branch have supported most of the advances achieved under HARRNESS (2005-2015) and continue to make HABs a priority. Congress has reauthorized the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act (HABHRCA) multiple times and continues to authorize the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to fund and conduct HAB research and response, has given new roles to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and required an Interagency Working Group on HABHRCA (IWG HABHRCA). These efforts have been instrumental in coordinating HAB responses by federal and state agencies. Initial appropriations for NOAA HAB research and response decreased after 2005, but have increased substantially in the last few years, leading to many advances in HAB management in marine coastal and Great Lakes regions. With no specific funding for HABs, the US EPA has provided funding to states through existing laws, such as the Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and to members of the Great Lakes Interagency Task Force through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, to assist states and tribes in addressing issues related to HAB toxins and hypoxia. The US EPA has also worked towards fulfilling its mandate by providing tools and resources to states, territories, and local governments to help manage HABs and cyanotoxins, to effectively communicate the risks of cyanotoxins and to assist public water systems and water managers to manage HABs. These tools and resources include documents to assist with adopting recommended recreational criteria and/or swimming advisories, recommendations for public water systems to choose to apply health advisories for cyanotoxins, risk communication templates, videos and toolkits, monitoring guidance, and drinking water treatment optimization documents. Beginning in 2018, Congress has directed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to develop a HAB research initiative to deliver scalable HAB prevention, detection, and management technologies intended to reduce the frequency and severity of HAB impacts to our Nation’s freshwater resources. Since the initial HARRNESS report, other federal agencies have become increasingly engaged in addressing HABs, a trend likely to continue given the evolution of regulations(e.g., US EPA drinking water health advisories and recreational water quality criteria for two cyanotoxins), and new understanding of risks associated with freshwater HABs. The NSF/NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Program has contributed substantially to our understanding of HABs. The US Geological Survey, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Aeronautics Space Administration also contribute to HAB-related activities. In the preparation of this report, input was sought early on from a wide range of stakeholders, including participants from academia, industry, and government. The aim of this interdisciplinary effort is to provide summary information that will guide future research and management of HABs and inform policy development at the agency and congressional levels. As a result of this information gathering effort, four major HAB focus/programmatic areas were identified: 1) Observing systems, modeling, and forecasting; 2) Detection and ecological impacts, including genetics and bloom ecology; 3) HAB management including prevention, control, and mitigation, and 4) Human dimensions, including public health, socio-economics, outreach, and education. Focus groups were tasked with addressing a) our current understanding based on advances since HARRNESS 2005-2015, b) identification of critical information gaps and opportunities, and c) proposed recommendations for the future. The vision statement for HARRNESS 2024-2034 has been updated, as follows: “Over the next decade, in the context of global climate change projections, HARRNESS will define the magnitude, scope, and diversity of the HAB problem in US marine, brackish and freshwaters; strengthen coordination among agencies, stakeholders, and partners; advance the development of effective research and management solutions; and build resilience to address the broad range of US HAB problems impacting vulnerable communities and ecosystems.” This will guide federal, state, local and tribal agencies and nations, researchers, industry, and other organizations over the next decade to collectively work to address HAB problems in the United States.
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Microbial Evolution: This report is based on a colloquium convened by the American Academy of Microbiology on August 28-30, 2009, in San Cristobal, Ecuador. American Society for Microbiology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.28aug.2009.
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The year 2009 marked both the 200th anniversary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of his landmark book, On the Origin of Species. In August 2009, to celebrate these milestones, the American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium in the Galapagos Islands, where Darwin made some of his most crucial observations, to consider a new question: what would Darwin have made of the microbial world? The ability to sail to remote sites like the Galapagos, and access to specimens collected by himself and other avid naturalists, gave Darwin the information he needed to develop a conceptual framework for understanding life's visible diversity. Today, new discoveries and technical capabilities in microbiology are providing information that for the first time makes it possible to develop a conceptual framework for deepening our understanding of the diversity of the microbial world. Darwin focused his attention on visible life forms, which actually make up only a small fraction of the living world—the invisible world of microorganisms was as yet largely unexplored in his time. Yet Darwin's theory has proven remarkably robust; despite some fundamental differences between microorganisms and the rest of the living world, the two lynchpins of Darwin's theory—descent with modification and natural selection—have proven as powerful in explaining microbial evolution as they have in explaining macrobial evolution. Since Darwin, the advent of Mendelian Genetics and the Modern Synthesis have provided a wealth of new tools to evolutionists; these tools are also of fundamental importance in the modern study of microbiology. The scientists gathered at the colloquium considered two fundamental questions: ▪ Is the balance of evolutionary mechanisms, for example natural selection or drift, or individual and group selection, consistent among microbes and similar between microbes and macrobes? ▪ How are the mode and tempo of microbial evolution influenced by Earth's diversity of environments, and the changing global environment, and how are microbes themselves driving these changes? The colloquium provided an opportunity for individuals with expertise in evolutionary biology, genetic engineering, mycology, virology, microbial ecology, and other fields to discuss these issues and review the areas in which research is needed to fill gaps in our understanding.
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Microbiology in the 21st Century: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? American Society for Microbiology, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.5sept.2003.
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The American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium September 5–7, 2003, in Charleston, South Carolina to discuss the central importance of microbes to life on earth, directions microbiology research will take in the 21st century, and ways to foster public literacy in this important field. Discussions centered on: the impact of microbes on the health of the planet and its inhabitants; the fundamental significance of microbiology to the study of all life forms; research challenges faced by microbiologists and the barriers to meeting those challenges; the need to integrate microbiology into school and university curricula; and public microbial literacy. This is an exciting time for microbiology. We are becoming increasingly aware that microbes are the basis of the biosphere. They are the ancestors of all living things and the support system for all other forms of life. Paradoxically, certain microbes pose a threat to human health and to the health of plants and animals. As the foundation of the biosphere and major determinants of human health, microbes claim a primary, fundamental role in life on earth. Hence, the study of microbes is pivotal to the study of all living things, and microbiology is essential for the study and understanding of all life on this planet. Microbiology research is changing rapidly. The field has been impacted by events that shape public perceptions of microbes, such as the emergence of globally significant diseases, threats of bioterrorism, increasing failure of formerly effective antibiotics and therapies to treat microbial diseases, and events that contaminate food on a large scale. Microbial research is taking advantage of the technological advancements that have opened new fields of inquiry, particularly in genomics. Basic areas of biological complexity, such as infectious diseases and the engineering of designer microbes for the benefit of society, are especially ripe areas for significant advancement. Overall, emphasis has increased in recent years on the evolution and ecology of microorganisms. Studies are focusing on the linkages between microbes and their phylogenetic origins and between microbes and their habitats. Increasingly, researchers are striving to join together the results of their work, moving to an integration of biological phenomena at all levels. While many areas of the microbiological sciences are ripe for exploration, microbiology must overcome a number of technological hurdles before it can fully accomplish its potential. We are at a unique time when the confluence of technological advances and the explosion of knowledge of microbial diversity will enable significant advances in microbiology, and in biology in general, over the next decade. To make the best progress, microbiology must reach across traditional departmental boundaries and integrate the expertise of scientists in other disciplines. Microbiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the need to harness the vast computing power available and apply it to better advantage in research. Current methods for curating research materials and data should be rethought and revamped. Finally, new facilities should be developed to house powerful research equipment and make it available, on a regional basis, to scientists who might otherwise lack access to the expensive tools of modern biology. It is not enough to accomplish cutting-edge research. We must also educate the children and college students of today, as they will be the researchers of tomorrow. Since microbiology provides exceptional teaching tools and is of pivotal importance to understanding biology, science education in schools should be refocused to include microbiology lessons and lab exercises. At the undergraduate level, a thorough knowledge of microbiology should be made a part of the core curriculum for life science majors. Since issues that deal with microbes have a direct bearing on the human condition, it is critical that the public-at-large become better grounded in the basics of microbiology. Public literacy campaigns must identify the issues to be conveyed and the best avenues for communicating those messages. Decision-makers at federal, state, local, and community levels should be made more aware of the ways that microbiology impacts human life and the ways school curricula could be improved to include valuable lessons in microbial science.