Academic literature on the topic 'Fronts thermohalins'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fronts thermohalins"
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Shakespeare, Callum J., and Leif N. Thomas. "A New Mechanism for Mode Water Formation Involving Cabbeling and Frontogenetic Strain at Thermohaline Fronts. Part II: Numerical Simulations." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 7 (July 2017): 1755–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0001.1.
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AbstractSubmesoscale-resolving numerical simulations are used to investigate a mechanism for sustained mode water formation via cabbeling at thermohaline fronts subject to a confluent strain flow. The simulations serve to further elucidate the mechanism and refine the predictions of the analytical model of Thomas and Shakespeare. Unlike other proposed mechanisms involving air–sea fluxes, the cabbeling mechanism, in addition to driving significant mode water formation, uniquely determines the thermohaline properties of the mode water given knowledge of the source water masses on either side of the front. The process of mode water formation in the simulations is as follows: Confluent flow associated with idealized mesoscale eddies forces water horizontally toward the front. The frontogenetic circulation draws this water near adiabatically from the full depth of the thermohaline front up to the surface 25 m, where resolved submesoscale instabilities drive intense mixing across the thermohaline front, creating the mode water. The mode water is denser than the surrounding stratified fluid and sinks to fill its neutral buoyancy layer at depth. This layer gradually expands up to the surface, and eddies composed entirely of this mode water detach from the front and accumulate in the diffluent regions of the domain. The process continues until the source water masses are exhausted. The temperature–salinity (T–S) relation of the resulting mode water is biased to the properties of the source water that has the larger isopycnal T–S anomaly. This mechanism has the potential to drive O(1) Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) mode water formation and may be important in determining the properties of mode water in the global oceans.
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Thomas, Leif N., and Callum J. Shakespeare. "A New Mechanism for Mode Water Formation involving Cabbeling and Frontogenetic Strain at Thermohaline Fronts." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 9 (September 2015): 2444–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0007.1.
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AbstractA simple analytical model is used to elucidate a potential mechanism for steady-state mode water formation at a thermohaline front that involves frontogenesis, submesoscale lateral mixing, and cabbeling. This mechanism is motivated in part by recent observations of an extremely sharp, density-compensated front at the North Wall of the Gulf Stream. Here, the intergyre, along-isopycnal, salinity–temperature difference is compressed into a span of a few kilometers, making the flow susceptible to cabbeling. The sharpness of the front is caused by frontogenetic strain, which is presumably balanced by submesoscale lateral mixing processes. The balance is studied with the simple model, and a scaling is derived for the amount of water mass transformation resulting from the ensuing cabbeling. The transformation scales with the strain rate, equilibrated width of the front, and the square of the isopycnal temperature contrast across the front. At the major ocean fronts where mode waters are found, this isopycnal temperature contrast decreases with increasing density near the isopycnal layers where mode waters reside. This implies that cabbeling should result in a convergent diapycnal mass flux into mode water density classes. The scaling for the transformation suggests that at these fronts the process could generate 0.01–1 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) of mode water. These formation rates, while smaller than mode water formation by air–sea fluxes, should be independent of season and thus could fill select isopycnal layers continuously and play an important role in the dynamics of mode waters on interannual time scales.
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Walczowski, W. "Frontal structures in the West Spitsbergen Current margins." Ocean Science Discussions 10, no. 4 (July 2, 2013): 985–1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-10-985-2013.
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Abstract. The structures of the hydrographic fronts separating the Atlantic origin waters from ambient waters in the northern Nordic Seas are discussed. Flows of the western and eastern branches of the West Spitsbergen Current create the Atlantic domain borders and maintain these fronts. The work is based on previous research and on investigations in the project DAMOCLES (Developing Arctic Modeling and Observational Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies). Most of the observational data were collected during the R/V Oceania cruises. The main focus of the paper is put on the western border of the Atlantic domain – the Arctic Front, along- and transfrontal transports, the front instability and variability. The baroclinic instability and advection of baroclinic eddies which occurs due to this instability were found as the main transfrontal transport processes. Most of the Atlantic Water transported by the western branch recirculates west and southward. The eastern branch of the West Spitsbergen Current provides most of the Atlantic Water entering the Arctic Ocean. Both processes are very important for the Arctic and global Thermohaline Circulation.
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Klein, Patrice, Anne-Marie Treguier, and Bach Lien Hua. "Three-dimensional stirring of thermohaline fronts." Journal of Marine Research 56, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 589–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224098765213595.
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Walczowski, W. "Frontal structures in the West Spitsbergen Current margins." Ocean Science 9, no. 6 (November 14, 2013): 957–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-9-957-2013.
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Abstract. The structures of the hydrographic fronts separating the Atlantic-origin waters from ambient waters in the northern Nordic Seas are discussed. Flows of the western and eastern branches of the West Spitsbergen Current create the Atlantic domain borders and maintain these fronts. This work is based on previous research and on investigations carried out in the project DAMOCLES (Developing Arctic Modelling and Observational Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies). Most of the observational data were collected during the R/V Oceania cruises. The main focus of the paper is the western border of the Atlantic domain – the Arctic Front, alongfrontal and transfrontal transports, and the front instability and variability. The alongfrontal baroclinic jet streams were described as a significant source of the Atlantic Water and heat in the Nordic Seas. The baroclinic instability and advection of baroclinic eddies which occurs due to this instability were found to be the main transfrontal transport processes. Most of the Atlantic Water transported by the western branch recirculates west and southward. The eastern branch of the West Spitsbergen Current provides most of the Atlantic Water entering the Arctic Ocean. Both processes are very important for the Arctic and global thermohaline circulation.
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Kuzmina, Natalia, Bert Rudels, Tapani Stipa, and Victor Zhurbas. "The Structure and Driving Mechanisms of the Baltic Intrusions." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2749.1.
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Abstract Data from closely spaced CTD profiling performed in the eastern Gotland Basin after the 1993 inflow event are used to study thermohaline intrusions in the Baltic Sea. Two CTD cross sections display abundant intrusive layers in the permanent halocline. Despite the overwhelming dominance of the salinity stratification, diffusive convection is shown to work in the Baltic halocline enhancing diapycnical mixing. To understand the driving mechanisms of observed intrusions, these are divided into different types depending on their structural features. Only two types of observed intrusions are suggested to be strongly influenced by diffusive convection: 1) relatively thin (3–5 m) and long (up to 8 km) intrusions inherent to high-baroclinicity regions and 2) relatively thick (∼10 m) and short (2–5 km) intrusions inherent to low-baroclinicity regions. To verify this hypothesis the linear stability models of 3D and 2D double-diffusive interleaving in approximation of a finite-width front were used. It is shown that the horizontal and vertical scales of thick and short intrusions correspond well to the 3D rotational mode for a pure thermohaline front. Since mesoscale thermohaline fronts in the Baltic halocline are shown to be essentially baroclinic, the influence of baroclinicity on the rotational mode was studied, which resulted in more adequate estimates of the growth rate of the unstable modes. The thin and long intrusions are shown to be likely driven by 2D baroclinic instability triggered by diffusive convection. The model results demonstrated that diffusion convection can be considered as a possible driver for some intrusions observed in the Baltic halocline, while most of the intrusions have a non-double-diffusive origin. Nevertheless, diffusive convection can affect all types of observed intrusions, for example, by tilting them relative to isopycnals and thereby promoting diapycnal mixing and ventilation in the Baltic halocline.
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KOKKINI, Z., R. GERIN, P. M. POULAIN, E. MAURI, Z. PASARIĆ, I. JANEKOVIĆ, M. PASARIĆ, H. MIHANOVIĆ, and I. VILIBIĆ. "A multiplatform investigation of Istrian Front dynamics (north Adriatic Sea) in winter 2015." Mediterranean Marine Science 18, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1895.
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In the northeastern Adriatic Sea, southwest of the Istrian Peninsula, a persistent thermohaline front is formed, called here the Istrian Front (IF). A Slocum glider was operated across the IF near the entrance to the Kvarner Bay between 24 and 27 February 2015. Three Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) were also deployed at the entrance of the Kvarner Bay during the same period. The glider crossed twice the IF, which was characterized by a fast response to the local wind condition, detecting strong salinity, temperature and density gradients. During the first crossing a strong northeasterly Bora wind was blowing. This resulted in a very sharp and strong thermohaline front, extended vertically in the entire water column, between saltier and warmer water to the south, and the fresher and colder water to the north. Across the front the SST changed ~ 1.2 °C within a distance of 2.4 km. On the contrary, during the second crossing, about 2 days later, under weaker wind conditions, the IF appeared to be much smoother, inclined and wider while the SST changed ~ 1.2 °C within a distance of 8 km. A strong density gradient was also reported, coincident with the thermohaline IF. From previous observations, mainly experiments in 2003, the IF was known only as a thermohaline front compensated in density. In winter 2015, the density front was strong and well defined, demonstrating a density difference of about 0.36 kg/m3 within a distance of 2.4 km. The ADCP measurements and the numerical model simulations demonstrated a circulation of cold waters exiting from the Kvarner Bay in the southern part of the entrance, while during a Bora event this outflow was taking place in the northern part.
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Sheehan, Peter M. F., Barbara Berx, Alejandro Gallego, Rob A. Hall, Karen J. Heywood, Sarah L. Hughes, and Bastien Y. Queste. "Shelf sea tidal currents and mixing fronts determined from ocean glider observations." Ocean Science 14, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-225-2018.
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Abstract. Tides and tidal mixing fronts are of fundamental importance to understanding shelf sea dynamics and ecosystems. Ocean gliders enable the observation of fronts and tide-dominated flows at high resolution. We use dive-average currents from a 2-month (12 October–2 December 2013) glider deployment along a zonal hydrographic section in the north-western North Sea to accurately determine M2 and S2 tidal velocities. The results of the glider-based method agree well with tidal velocities measured by current meters and with velocities extracted from the TPXO tide model. The method enhances the utility of gliders as an ocean-observing platform, particularly in regions where tide models are known to be limited. We then use the glider-derived tidal velocities to investigate tidal controls on the location of a front repeatedly observed by the glider. The front moves offshore at a rate of 0.51 km day−1. During the first part of the deployment (from mid-October until mid-November), results of a one-dimensional model suggest that the balance between surface heat fluxes and tidal stirring is the primary control on frontal location: as heat is lost to the atmosphere, full-depth mixing is able to occur in progressively deeper water. In the latter half of the deployment (mid-November to early December), a front controlled solely by heat fluxes and tidal stirring is not predicted to exist, yet a front persists in the observations. We analyse hydrographic observations collected by the glider to attribute the persistence of the front to the boundary between different water masses, in particular to the presence of cold, saline, Atlantic-origin water in the deeper portion of the section. We combine these results to propose that the front is a hybrid front: one controlled in summer by the local balance between heat fluxes and mixing and which in winter exists as the boundary between water masses advected to the north-western North Sea from diverse source regions. The glider observations capture the period when the front makes the transition from its summertime to wintertime state. Fronts in other shelf sea regions with oceanic influence may exhibit similar behaviour, with controlling processes and locations changing over an annual cycle. These results have implications for the thermohaline circulation of shelf seas.
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Morin, P., P. Le Corre, and J. Le Févre. "Assimilation Aand Regeneration of Nutrients off the West Coast of Brittany." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 65, no. 3 (August 1985): 677–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400052528.
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A high degree of variation in hydrographic conditions is found in the so-called Iroise Sea, within less than 100 km of the west coast of Brittany. Tidal current maximal velocity, especially, ranges there from about 0·5 knot to more than 8 knots (locally, near the island of Ushant), i.e. practically as wide a range as found over the whole of north-west European shelf seas. Pelagic ecosystems accordingly exhibit a high degree of variety, related not only to classical inshore-offshore gradients, but also to the extent of vertical mixing or stratification. Areas where different physical and biological conditions prevail are generally separated by rather clearcut boundaries. The better-known of these is the Ushant thermal front, which runs in summer across the whole entrance to the English Channel, but also extends into the Iroise. In addition, freshwater runoff results in thermohaline stratification, or at least in the existence of thermohaline vertical gradients, in the two major bays of the west coast of Brittany. The relevant area is limited seawards by a thermohaline front, the Iroise inner front (Grail & Le Fèvre, 1967; Le Fèvre & Grall, 1970), beyond which are found the well-mixed waters inshore of the Ushant front. Fig. 1 sums up these hydrographic patterns in the area taken here into consideration.
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Wang, Jiahao, Kefeng Mao, Xi Chen, and Kelan Zhu. "Evolution and Structure of the Kuroshio Extension Front in Spring 2019." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070502.
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Satellite data products and high-resolution in situ observations were combined to investigate the evolution and structure of the Kuroshio Extension Front in Spring 2019. The former reveals the variation of the front is influenced by the northward movement of the Kuroshio Extension through transporting warm and saline water to a cold and brackish water region. The latter indicates steep upward slopes of the isopycnals, tilting northward in the frontal zone, as well as several ~300 m thick blobs of North Pacific Intermediate Water between 26.25 and 26.75 kg/m3, where conspicuous thermohaline intrusions occur. Further analysis indicates these thermohaline intrusions prefer to alternate salt fingering and diffusive convection interfaces, and are affected by strong shears.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fronts thermohalins"
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Desprès, Agnès. "Les fronts de méso-échelle dans la mer d'Irminger : origine dynamique et variabilité." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066162.
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L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude des fronts thermohalins de méso-échelle (20 à 60 km) dans la mer d'Irminger, comme marqueurs des interactions entre masses d'eau aux propriétés hydrologiques contrastées. Ce travail se focalise sur les mécanismes associés à la formation et à l'établissement des propriétés hydrologiques des fronts de surface dans une région-clef du gyre subpolaire, qui, située au carrefour entre les influences polaire, subpolaire et subtropicale, alimente en aval les zones de formation d'eau profonde impliquées dans la branche profonde de la circulation thermohaline. Ce travail est basé sur une approche originale qui combine trois jeux de données. Données de surface issues de navires d'opportunité, données de campagnes océanographiques, et modèle d'advection basé sur l'utilisation des champs de courant altimétriques, sont ainsi combinés pour effectuer une description dynamique et en trois dimensions des fronts observés. Une première étude est consacrée à la mise en évidence de l'origine dynamique des fronts. Concentrée dans deux zones spécifiques du bassin d'Irminger, dont l'une seulement est associée à un front climatologique, la frontogénèse se produit dans les régions de confluence locale du champ de courant. Cette analyse a permis de démontrer le rôle du brassage horizontal à méso-échelle dans la structuration des champs thermohalins de surface. Une seconde étude a mis en évidence l'extension verticale des fronts sous la couche mélangée, et identifié le rôle saisonnier des interactions air-mer dans l'établissement des propriétés thermohalines de surface, qui aux saisons stratifiées ne sont que partiellement le reflet des propriétés de subsurface.
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Velp, Fernand Liam James van. "High resolution measurements of the velocity and thermohaline structure of the western Irish Sea gyre." Thesis, Bangor University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327517.
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Silva, Lourval dos Santos. "Estudo numérico da circulação e da estrutura termohalina no Canal de São Sebastião." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21132/tde-29072003-114606/.
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O Princeton Ocean Model foi adaptado ao Canal de São Sebastião (CSS) para estudar as variações sazonais de sua circulação e estrutura termohalina. Três grades numéricas foram aninhadas. A de menor resolução na Plataforma Continental Sudeste (PCSE) e a de maior resolução no Canal de São Sebastião (CSS) com uma grade de resolução intermediária na região adjacente ao canal (PCI). O modelo numérico partiu de condições termohalinas médias sazonais e teve como forçantes, ventos, fluxos de calor, de sal e de radiação de ondas curtas mensais. Nessas condições médias, o modelo representou razoavelmente bem as condições típicas de primavera, verão, outono e inverno, preenchendo o fundo do CSS com a Água Central do Atlântico Sul na primavera e no verão. No outono e no inverno esta massa de água não se encontra no canal, porém, seus sinais mais fracos são obtidos no outono sendo que nesta estação são encontrados os sinais mais fortes da Água Tropical. O modelo aponta o sul do canal, no fundo, ao lado da Ilha de São Sebastião como entrada preferencial de águas mais frias e a simulação numérica da passagem de uma frente fria pela Plataforma Continental Sudeste sugere a rápida resposta das águas do canal com o recuo para o largo da Água Central do Atlântico Sul e pronto retorno assim que a frente deixa a plataforma. Ventos de nordeste na grade da PCSE são imprescindíveis para que a Água Central do Atlântico Sul penetre o Canal de São Sebastião; todos os experimentos com ventos de outras direções nesta grade ou ventos de nordeste somente nas grades média e do CSS não colocaram esta massa de água no canal. A circulação de fundo obtida no CSS é basicamente para nordeste e associada à intrusão da ACAS forçada em primeira instância pelo vento de nordeste na PCSE e em um segundo momento pela força do gradiente de pressão (com destaque para a componente baroclínica), sempre maior na entrada sul do que na entrada norte e sempre maior no verão do que no inverno. A circulação superficial é para sudoeste com relaxamento no outono, intensificando-se em direção ao verão com máximo nesta estação.The Princeton Ocean Model was adapted to São Sebastião Channel (SSC) so as to study the seasonal changes of its circulation and thermohaline structure. Three numerical grids were nested. The coarse grid on Southeast Continental Shelf (SCS) and the fine grid on São Sebastião Channel with an intermediary grid on the region adjacent to the channel. The numerical model started from average seasonal thermohaline conditions and average monthly data forcing such as wind, heat flux, salt flux and short wave radiation flux. Within these average conditions, the numerical model simulated reasonably the typical conditions of spring, summer, autumn and winter, filling the bottom channel with South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) in spring and in summer. In autumn and in winter this mass of water is not found, nevertheless its weaker signs appear in autumn, which season one finds the stronger signs of Tropical Water (never more than 50%). The model points out the bottom south entrance of the channel, next to the São Sebastião Island (SSI) as the natural gate of colder water and the numerical simulation of a cold front through SCS suggests the quick answer of the water channel with the falling back offshore of the SACW and immediate return when the cold front is gone. Northeasterly winds on the SCS grid are essential so that the SACW enters the SSC; all the experiments with another direction winds in this grid or northeasterly winds only in the intermediate and in the fine grid failed to get in the SACW in the channel. The bottom circulation obtained in SSC is essentially to northeast and associated to the intrusion of the SACW forced in first instance by the northeasterly winds in SCS and in second instance by the pressure force (with emphasis on the baroclinic component) always bigger at the south entrance than in the north entrance and always bigger in summer than in the winter. The superficial currents are southeastward with weakening in autumn and intensification towards summer with maximum in this season.
Book chapters on the topic "Fronts thermohalins"
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Yanagi, Tetsuo, and Atsuhiko Isobe. "Generation Mechanism of Thermohaline Front in Shelf Sea." In The GeoJournal Library, 11–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2773-8_2.
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Yanagi, Tetsuo, Xinyu Guo, Takashi Ishimaru, and Toshiro Saino. "Detailed flow structure around a thermohaline front at the mouth of Ise Bay, Japan." In Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 97–106. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ce053p0097.
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Álvarez-Borrego, Saul. "Physical Oceanography." In Island Biogeography in the Sea of Cortés II. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195133462.003.0008.
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The nature of the relationships between physical and biological processes in the ocean is subtle and complex. Not only do the physical phenomena create a structure, such as a shallow, mixed layer or a front, within which biological processes may proceed, but they also influence the rates of biological processes in many indirect ways. In the ocean, physical phenomena control the distribution of nutrients necessary for phytoplankton photosynthesis. Places with higher kinetic energy have higher concentrations of planktonic organisms, and that makes the whole food web richer (Mann and Lazier 1996). For example, in the midriff region of the Sea of Cortés (Tiburón and Ángel de la Guarda; fig. 1.2), tidal currents are strong, and intense mixing occurs, creating a situation similar to constant upwelling. Thus, primary productivity is high, and this area supports large numbers of sea birds and marine mammals (Maluf 1983). The Gulf of California is a dynamic marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean and has been described as an area of great fertility since the time of early explorers. Gilbert and Allen (1943) described it as fabulously rich in marine life, with waters fairly teeming with multitudes of fish, and to maintain these large numbers, there must be correspondingly huge crops of their ultimate food, the phytoplankton. Topographically the gulf is divided into a series of basins and trenches, deepening to the south and separated from each other by transverse ridges (Shepard 1950; fig. 3.1). Input of nutrients into the gulf from rivers is low and has only local coastal effects. The Baja peninsula has only one, very small river, near 27°N; rivers in mainland Mexico and the Colorado River have dams that divert most of the water for agricultural and urban use. The gulf has three main natural fertilization mechanisms: wind-induced upwelling, tidal mixing, and thermohaline circulation. Upwelling occurs off the eastern coast with northwesterly winds (winter conditions from December through May) and off the Baja California coast with southeasterly winds (summer conditions from July through October), with June and November as transition periods (Álvarez-Borrego and Lara- Lara 1991).
Conference papers on the topic "Fronts thermohalins"
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Geoffroy, Sandrien, Sophie Mergui, and Christine Benard. "Experimental Study of Heat and Mass Transfers at the Interface of Solidification of a Binary Solution." In ASME 2002 Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2002-31075.
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This paper deals with the experimental analysis of the influence of thermohaline natural convection on phase change liquid-solid of multicomponent mixtures. We present solidification experiments (dendritic front) from a horizontal plane heat exchanger placed in a cavity filled with a binary NH4Cl-H2O mixture. The solid grows simultaneously on the upper and lower faces of the exchanger and permits the study of two simultaneous configurations. We qualitatively study phenomena met in the presence of thermohaline convection in the liquid phase (cooling from the top) and we analyze in detail the case of the growth without convective movement in the liquid phase (cooling from the bottom). Thus, coupled effects of salt rejection and solid fraction on the front kinetics are examined by measurements of the front temperature and solid fraction. A simple model confirms the weak role played by these two phenomena for the range of characteristic parameters studied. Two conflicting effects of the solid fraction are nevertheless put in evidence.
Reports on the topic "Fronts thermohalins"
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Posmentier, Eric S. Double Diffusive Interleaving Across a Thermohaline Front. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada224822.
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Trukhchev, Dimitar. Seasonal Characteristics of the Black Sea Climatic Thermohaline Fields in front of the Bulgarian Coast: General Structure. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2021.03.13.
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