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Walker, Donald A., Howard E. Epstein, William A. Gould, Alexia M. Kelley, Anja N. Kade, Julie A. Knudson, William B. Krantz, et al. "Frost-boil ecosystems: complex interactions between landforms, soils, vegetation and climate." Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 15, no. 2 (April 2004): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.487.
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Kaiser, Christina, Hildegard Meyer, Christina Biasi, Olga Rusalimova, Pavel Barsukov, and Andreas Richter. "Storage and mineralization of carbon and nitrogen in soils of a frost-boil tundra ecosystem in Siberia." Applied Soil Ecology 29, no. 2 (June 2005): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.10.005.
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Wang, Zheng Jun, and Jia Bin Liang. "Engineering Characteristics of Expansive Soil and its Improved Research Development." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.657.
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Expansive Soil is a kind of high plastic clay. Because it has Strong hydrophilic mineral composition, its engineering prosperities embodies that its shape contracts under dehydrating, Inflation and softening under the influence of water and the strength attenuates. This is very difficult to construct in the region of expansive soil. In the region of seasonal frozen, as capillary water rising height is larger; it is prone to phenomenon of frost boil or thawing settlement. It has important meaning to improve hydrophilic and physical and mechanical properties of expansive soil for Slope stability of embankment and cutting of highway engineering and reducing the cost of investment. The paper discusses the engineering properties of expansive soil in Detail; expound some main methods of improved expansive soil at home and abroad and compare and analysis the mechanism and characteristics of the corresponding methods. The paper introduces preliminary testing methods of Expansive soil performance and prospects improved in the future.
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Korkmaz, Ahmet, and Robert J. Dufault. "Influence of Short-term Cyclic Cold Temperature Stress on Muskmelon and Honeydew Yield." HortTechnology 13, no. 1 (January 2003): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.1.0067.
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Muskmelon (Cucumis melo) seedlings are transplanted in late winter or early spring before last frost date to ensure early yields; however, this makes them very vulnerable to temperatures cycling between almost freezing and optimal temperatures. To simulate temperature alternations that may occur after field transplanting, `Athena', `Sugar Bowl', `Eclipse' muskmelon, and `Tesorro Dulce' honeydew (C. melo) transplants were subjected to 2 ± 1 °C (35.6 ± 1.8 °F) in a walk-in cooler and then to 29 ± 5 °C (84.2 ± 9.0 °F) in a greenhouse before field planting. In 1998, transplants were exposed to 2 °C for 9 to 54 hours, and for 9 to 81 hours in 1999. `Athena' and `Sugar Bowl' yielded less early melons in both years, whereas `Eclipse' and `Tesoro Dulce' early yields were only reduced in 1999. Total yields of `Athena' decreased linearly in both years with 10% yield reduction occurring with 12 to 21 hours of cold stress. Total yields of `Sugar Bowl' decreased linearly in both years with 11 to 18 hours of cold stress causing 10% yield reduction in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Therefore, early planting before last frosts of all these muskmelon and honeydew cultivars should be done with caution since reductions in early yields are highly probable.
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Koroleva, E. S., Ya V. Tikhonravova, V. P. Mel’nikov, E. A. Slagoda, E. A. Babkina, and V. I. Butakov. "Formation of frost boils in peat plateau of the Pur-Taz interfluve at the background of modern climate warming." Геоэкология. Инженерная геология. Гидрогеология. Геокриология, no. 6 (December 21, 2019): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-78092019642-51.
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In 2016-2017, we have detected numerous organic frost boils on the surface of khasyrey peat plateau in the southern tundra part of Pur-Taz interfluve (the north of West Siberia). They are related to the microrelief depressions in polygons and to the swales between tussocks. Cross-sections, cryogenic structure, properties of peat in active layer (moisture, density, heaving, chemical composition) and peat distribution within the khasyreys were studied. In the active layer, we distinguished soil and vegetation cover, upper and middle solid layers of weakly decomposed peat, lower layer of a well decomposed peat. Under the microrelief depressions, the top of permafrost is lowered, thickness and moisture of decomposed peat is increased due to the recent thawing in comparison to the elevated parts of polygons. In the cross-sections of seasonally thawing peat, we determined injections of organic matter from the lower layer of peat to the surface. We propose the mechanism of organic frost boils formation in peat plateau due to the injections during the summer seasons of 2016-2018 against the increase of a thaw depth without freezing. During the observation period, the amount of frost boils on polygonal peat plateau was found to increase.
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Kusky, T. M., J. S. Chow, and S. A. Bowring. "Age and origin of the Boil Mountain ophiolite and Chain Lakes massif, Maine: implications for the Penobscottian orogeny." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 646–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e17-051.
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The Boil Mountain ophiolite complex of west-central Maine is widely interpreted to mark the Lower Ordovician Penobscottian suture between the Dunnage, Chain Lakes, and Gander terranes. The ophiolite consists of two distinct volcanic groups, including a lower island-arc tholeiite sequence and an upper mid-ocean-ridge basalt sequence. A new Middle Ordovician 477 ± 1 Ma U–Pb age on a tonalite sill that intrudes the lower volcanic–gabbroic sequence is younger than other ca. 500 Ma age constraints for the ophiolite and represents a maximum age for the ophiolite prior to final emplacement over gneissic rocks of the Chain Lakes massif. A comparison of ages and paleogeography of the Boil Mountain ophiolite with ophiolitic sequences in Quebec and Newfoundland indicates that the Taconian and Penobscottian orogenies and ophiolite obduction occurred simultaneously, although on different margins of the Iapetus Ocean. The Taconian ophiolite sequences were obducted onto the Appalachian margin of Laurentia during its collision with the Notre Dame – Bronson Hill belt in the Middle Ordovician, whereas the Boil Mountain ophiolite was obducted onto the Gander margin of Gondwana during its collision with the Exploits subzone – Penobscot arc of the Dunnage terrane in the Lower – Middle Ordovician. We suggest that the lower volcanic–gabbroic sequence of the Boil Mountain ophiolite represents the fore-arc ophiolitic basement to the Penobscot arc. Middle Ordovician rifting of the Penobscottian orogenic collage on the Gander margin formed a new volcanic sequence (Popelogan arc) in front of a growing back-arc basin, and erupted the upper tholeiitic sequence of the Boil Mountain ophiolite in a back-arc-basin setting. The tonalité sill formed during this event by partial melting of the lower volcanic–gabbroic sequence. Spreading in this back-arc basin (Tetagouche basin) brought a fragment of the Gander margin (Chain Lakes massif), along with an allochthonous ophiolitic cover (Boil Mountain complex) across Iapetus, where it collided with the Taconic modified margin of North America in the Late Ordovician and was then intruded by the Ashgillian Attean pluton.
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Overduin, P. P., and D. L. Kane. "Frost boils and soil ice content: field observations." Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 17, no. 4 (2006): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.567.
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Pottlitzer, J. "Up Front: AUGUSTO BOAL (1931 - 2009)." Theater 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01610775-2009-013.
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Boukala, Mouloud. "Les Fros : devenir québécois par le bois." Anthropologie et Sociétés 36, no. 1-2 (2012): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1011727ar.
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Peterson, Rorik A., and William B. Krantz. "A mechanism for differential frost heave and its implications for patterned-ground formation." Journal of Glaciology 49, no. 164 (2003): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830854.
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AbstractThe genesis of some types of patterned ground, including hummocks, frost boils and sorted stone circles, has been attributed to differential frost heave (DFH). However, a theoretical model that adequately describes DFH has yet to be developed and validated. In this paper, we present a mathematical model for the initiation of DFH, and discuss how variations in physical (i.e. soil/vegetation properties) and environmental (i.e. ground/air temperatures) properties affect its occurrence and length scale. Using the Fowler and Krantz multidimensional frost-heave equations, a linear stability analysis anda quasi-steady-state real-time analysis are performed. Results indicate that the following conditions positively affect the spontaneous initiation of DFH: silty soil, small Young’s modulus, small non-uniform surface heat transfer or cold uniform surface temperatures, and small freezing depths. The initiating mechanism for DFH is multidimensional heat transfer within the freezing soil. Numerical integration of the linear growth rates indicates that expression of surface patterns can become evident on the 10–100 year time-scale.
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Michaelson, G. J., C. L. Ping, and D. A. Walker. "Soils Associated with Biotic Activity on Frost Boils in Arctic Alaska." Soil Science Society of America Journal 76, no. 6 (October 19, 2012): 2265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2012.0064.
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Sutton, Jolene T., Luise Hermanutz, and John D. Jacobs. "Are Frost Boils Important for the Recruitment of Arctic-Alpine Plants?" Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 38, no. 2 (May 2006): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2006)38[273:afbift]2.0.co;2.
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Zhang, Xiong, Wendy Presler, Lin Li, David Jones, and Brett Odgers. "Use of Wicking Fabric to Help Prevent Frost Boils in Alaskan Pavements." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 26, no. 4 (April 2014): 728–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000828.
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Klaminder, J., K. Yoo, C. Olid, H. Ramebäck, and A. Vesterlund. "Using Short-lived Radionuclides to Estimate Rates of Soil Motion in Frost Boils." Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 25, no. 3 (June 26, 2014): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1811.
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Stewart, Katherine J., Ian Snape, and Steven D. Siciliano. "Physical, chemical and microbial soil properties of frost boils at Browning Peninsula, Antarctica." Polar Biology 35, no. 3 (August 2, 2011): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-011-1076-0.
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Wilkerson, Forrest D. "RATES OF HEAVE AND SURFACE ROTATION OF PERIGLACIAL FROST BOILS IN THE WHITE MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA." Physical Geography 16, no. 6 (November 1995): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1995.10642567.
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Gubin, S. V., and A. V. Lupachev. "The role of frost boils in the development of cryozems on coastal lowlands of northern Yakutia." Eurasian Soil Science 50, no. 11 (November 2017): 1243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064229317110072.
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Chen, Yong Qin, San Mai Su, Jin Ping Chen, and Wei Chang. "Aircraft Fuel Tank CATIA Model Pretreatment Method for Quality Property Calculation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.573.
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According to the requirement of aircraft fuel quality property calculation, this paper studied pretreatment methods for tank CATIA model. Firstly, extract outside surfaces of wing skins, start and end wing ribs, front and back spars and then joint them to create a complete closed surface by additional repairing surfaces gap. Secondly, inside the closed surface, bool operation is utlized to remove actual bodies of fuel tank structures and internal accessories from the model of fuel tank. Direct accurate calculation of fuel quality property in CATIA environment is then achieved. Finally,simulation is carried out with an real aircraft fuel tank, comparison between simulation results and test data shows that relative error of pretreated fuel tank volume model is less than 1%, which satisfies engineering requirements.
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Gourgoulis, Vassilios, Nikolaos Aggeloussis, Georgios Mavridis, Alexia Boli, Panagiotis Kasimatis, Nikolaos Vezos, Argyris Toubekis, Panagiotis Antoniou, and Georgios Mavrommatis. "Acute Effect of Front Crawl Sprint Resisted Swimming on the Propulsive Forces of the Hand." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 29, no. 1 (February 2013): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.1.98.
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The purpose of the current study was to investigate the acute effect of sprint resisted front crawl swimming on the propulsive forces of the hand. Eight female swimmers swam 25 m with maximal intensity, with and without added resistance. A bowl with a capacity of 2.2, 4 and 6 L was used as low, moderate and high added resistance, respectively. The underwater motion of the swimmer’s right hand was recorded using 4 cameras (60 Hz) and the digitization was undertaken using the Ariel Performance Analysis System. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that the velocity of the hand, the pitch and the sweepback angles of the hand, as well as the magnitude and the relative contribution of the drag and lift forces were not significantly modified and thus the magnitude of the resultant force did not change. Moreover, the magnitude of the effective force, as well as the angle formed between the resultant force and the axis of the swimming propulsion were not significantly affected. Thus, it could be concluded that resistance added as in this study did not alter the pattern of the propulsive hand forces associated with front crawl sprinting.
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Hétu, Bernard. "Évolution récente d’un talus d’éboulis en milieu forestier, Gaspésie, Québec." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 44, no. 2 (December 18, 2007): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032818ar.
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RÉSUMÉ Recouverts par la forêt dans leur partie inférieure, les talus d'éboulis des basses vallées gaspésiennes sont très dynamiques plus haut sur le versant, où la forêt est rapidement remplacée par des nappes de pierraille très mobiles. Des tranchées excavées dans les fronts forestiers sur les éboulis de la vallée de Mont-Saint-Pierre montrent que partout la forêt est en régression au profit des nappes de pierraille. L'analyse stratigraphique et dendrochronologique d'un éboulis représentatif a permis de reconstituer l'évolution d'un front forestier sur plus d'un siècle. Au XIXe siècle, le front forestier était situé plus bas sur le versant, soit 10 à 15 m au moins derrière sa position actuelle (Petit Âge glaciaire?). Après une période d'expansion des forêts sur le versant, au début du XXe siècle, au cours de laquelle le front forestier s'est déplacé vers le haut, au-delà de son tracé actuel, on enregistre un recul du front forestier, important, surtout à partir des années 1950-60. La forêt s'étiole; le sous-bois est peu à peu envahi par les blocs roulés et les paquets de débris transportés par les avalanches. Par endroits, l'épaisseur de pierraille accumulée dépasse les 75 cm. Les données stratigraphiques montrent que le recul récent du front forestier correspond à une augmentation de la fréquence des avalanches. Le site étudié enregistre au moins neuf avalanches chargées de débris depuis 1950-60, alors qu'il n'en recevait aucune au cours de la première moitié du XXe siècle. Cette sédimentation en milieu forestier produit des faciès très originaux où alternent les nappes de blocs roulés, accumulées durant les périodes d'expansion du couvert forestier, et les couches de pierraille plus fine déposées par les avalanches lors de la dégradation des fronts forestiers. Les oscillations du front forestier sont difficiles à interpréter à partir d'un seul site. Il pourrait s'agir d'un phénomène local, déclenché par des feux de forêt ou les déboisements anthropiques, mais elles pourraient correspondre aussi à une tendance régionale influencée par révolution récente du climat.
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Boisson, Antoine, and Michel Allard. "Morphological and evolutionary patterns of emerging arctic coastal landscapes: the case of northwestern Nunavik (Quebec, Canada)." Arctic Science 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 488–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2020-0002.
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Northwestern Nunavik (Quebec, Canada) is characterized by specific landforms and poorly documented examples of emerging coastal landscapes. In this study, we identified the different types of coasts and examined how they were morphologically reworked and shaped during the Holocene. This coastal region is currently emerging at rates of 8–9 mm/year due to glacial isostatic adjustment. The coastal zone includes a large number of glacial and glaciofluvial landforms such as De Geer moraines, eskers, and drumlinoid ridges that are continuously modified by coastal processes as they emerge. Wave erosion, shore drifting, and sedimentation transform the original landforms into transverse spits, tombolos, dunes, beaches, and narrow tidal flats. Once raised above the reach of storm surges, the coastal landscape evolves into a maze of low tundra ridges, wetlands, and lakes, which represent the end point of rapid shoreline regression. Exposure to a cold climate allows permafrost inception and aggradation in the uplifted sediments, forming features such as ice-wedge polygons and frost boils. Conceptual models of coastal evolution and ecosystem formation are proposed, from the original submarine landscapes to the emerged landscapes.
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He, Yunwu, Tao Liu, Tao Wang, Xiayi Liang, Hanxin Wei, Zhigang Zheng, and Xin Xiao. "Case analysis of integrated maintenance technology for multi-dimensional rapid detection and trenchless reinforcement." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 02087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126102087.
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China’s highway construction has moved from “construction-oriented” to the development stage of “equal attention to construction and maintenance”. The infrastructure represented by urban expressways, under heavy and complex traffic loads, is prone to a variety of diseases that take place in the middle and lower layers of pavement such as “frost boils” and “voids”, which cannot be repaired ideally with the help of conventional detection and treatment techniques. In order to solve the above problems, this paper adopts nondestructive testing plans such as ground penetrating radar and falling weight deflectometer to conduct multidimensional rapid detection of the road surface to obtain the image information and mechanical data of the road structure. Based on the improved calculation method, the pavement disease area, depth and type can be effectively judged. Combined with the observation of water level, the polymer grouting reinforcement plan is designed to eliminate the problems in the middle and lower layers of the road surface. It can effectively reduce the incidence of diseases in the upper layer of the sidewalk, and significantly improve the efficiency and service level of the sidewalk.
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Jovanovic, Zoran, Stojan Petrovic, and Miroljub Tomic. "The effect of combustion chamber geometry layout on combustion and emission." Thermal Science 12, no. 1 (2008): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0801007j.
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In this paper some results concerning the combined effect of the tumble flow and combustion chamber geometry layout variations on flame front shape and its propagation through homogenous mixture of isooctane and air are presented. Spatial distributions of NO in different combustion chamber geometries are presented as well. The basic combustion chamber geometry layout considered consists of the flat head with two vertical valves and a cylindrical bowl subjected to variations of depth and squish area. All results presented were obtained by dint of multidimensional modeling of reactive flows in arbitrary geometry with moving objects and boundaries with modified KIVA3 and KIVA3V source codes. Two additional computer codes were applied to generate boundary conditions for KIVA3V calculations with moving valves. The AVL TYCON code was used for the calculation of valve lift profiles, and AVL BOOST code was used for the calculation of relevant data set in the valve regions. Different combustion chamber geometry layouts generate different levels of squish, and the combustion effects in essence depend on the interaction of that flow with tumble. It was found that for particular combustion chamber shapes with different diameter/depth aspect ratios entirely different flame front shapes and propagation velocities were encountered primarily due to variations of fluid flow patterns in the vicinity of top dead center.
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Sanial, Elsa. "L’appropriation de l’arbre, un nouveau front pour la cacaoculture ivoirienne ? Contraintes techniques, environnementales et foncières." Cahiers Agricultures 27, no. 5 (September 2018): 55005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2018036.
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Les producteurs de cacao ivoiriens font face à une nouvelle donne environnementale : en plus de la disparition du couvert forestier sous la progression des fronts pionniers cacaoyers, les systèmes conduits en monoculture montrent leurs limites et les évolutions climatiques récentes sont moins propices à cette culture. La conjonction de ces différents éléments conduit à une situation de blocage structurel. À la croisée de données environnementales et socio-politiques, cet article décrit et interroge les stratégies d’adaptation des producteurs de cacao dans ce contexte ≪ post-forestier ». L’analyse des pratiques indique une dynamique d’introduction d’arbres associés dans les plantations face aux conditions environnementales. Néanmoins, cette stratégie d’adaptation agroforestière et notamment l’introduction de bois d’oeuvre de valeur sont freinées par des obstacles techniques (faible maîtrise de la plantation d’arbres de forêt), environnementaux (composition du recrû spontané) et fonciers (impensé juridique du statut de l’arbre hors forêt).
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Hyoung-Jin, Moon. "The Rite of Passage and Folklore of Koreans." International Area Review 8, no. 2 (June 2005): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590500800210.
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Koreans once considered life a series of continuing codes and rituals. When it was the right time, there was always the appropriate ceremony. The Korean equivalent of a bar-mitzvah, Kwanrye, was a prerequisite for marriage, and Jerye was a ritual for the display of filial duty. Koreans performed these ceremonies at public places because they meant something only when they were recognized by others. Even a small wedding ceremony consecrated with humble food, such as a single bowl of water, had to be performed in front of the neighbors. The idea of performing these rituals in public had become an important factor in uniting and maintaining a community. However, traditional ceremonies were not always positive or constructive. Sometimes they contained merely empty and useless formalities. For instance, the practice of moaning in low voices during Sangrye, or the idea of measuring filial duty by the amount of food at Jerye, were examples of the frivolousness contained in such rituals.
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Mori, Nicola, Elena Cargnus, Marta Martini, and Francesco Pavan. "Relationships between Hyalesthes obsoletus, Its Herbaceous Hosts and Bois Noir Epidemiology in Northern Italian Vineyards." Insects 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090606.
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Hyalesthes obsoletus is the vector of “Candidatus Phytoplasma (Ca. P.) solani,” the causal agent of grapevine yellows Bois noir (BN). The relationships among the planthopper, its main herbaceous hosts as phytoplasma reservoirs (Convolvolus arvensis and Urtica dioica) and BN spreading were studied in northern Italy. In two areas the relationship between host plants and the phenology and survival of planthopper adults was investigated in potted plants and in field conditions. Moreover, H. obsoletus ecology, newly symptomatic grapevine occurrence and “Ca. P. solani” tuf-types’ presence were studied in two vineyards (2014–2019). An earlier occurrence of H. obsoletus adults on C. arvensis than U. dioica and better adult survival of the originating host were observed. When U. dioica was prevalent, the vector occurred almost exclusively along the ditch outside the vineyard. Hyalesthes obsoletus amount varied widely from year to year and nymphal mortality due to late frosts was supposed. In one vineyard, the amount of newly symptomatic grapevines was significantly correlated with vector abundance in the previous year. The “Ca. P. solani” tuf-type was influenced by vector population levels on the two hosts. Since the abundance of H. obsoletus populations on the two hosts influences BN epidemiology and dynamics and the “Ca. P. solani” tuf-type, this must be considered in BN control strategies.
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Thiagarajan, KA, Tvisha Parikh, Anees Sayed, MB Gnanavel, and S. Arumugam. "Cricket Biomechanics Analysis of Skilled and Amateur Fast Bowling Techniques." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research 49, no. 4 (2015): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1171.
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ABSTRACT Cricket fast bowling action involves complex three-dimensional (3D) motion of the body and poses a high risk of injury more so in schoolboys. It is not known how the bowling technique varies between skilled and less skilled fast bowlers. The aim of this study is to compare the differences in bowling technique between young sub-elite (skilled) and amateur university level cricketers. Twelve players, 6 skilled and six amateur, were attached with 35 retro-reflective markers using the full body Plug-in-Gait marker set and asked to bowl 6 deliveries at a good length. Their bowling action was captured with 12 Vicon 3D cameras and the ground reaction force was measured using AMTI force plates. The best delivery from each bowler was selected. Their bowling action types were classified and parameters like shoulder counter rotation (scr), pelvicshoulder separation angle at back foot contact, trunk lateral flexion, front knee angle, front foot vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) and ball release speed were measured. The results were analyzed with Levene's test for Equality of Variances and a t-test for equality of means. The skilled bowlers showed faster ball release speed and experienced larger vGRF while the other parameters did not show any significant differences. How to cite this article Thiagarajan KA, Parikh T, Sayed A, Gnanavel MB, Arumugam S. Cricket Biomechanics Analysis of Skilled and Amateur Fast Bowling Techniques. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(4):173-181.
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Kawakita, Yoshito, Miki Kinoshita, Yukio Furukawa, Isil Tulum, Yuhei O. Tahara, Eisaku Katayama, Keiichi Namba, and Makoto Miyata. "Structural Study of MPN387, an Essential Protein for Gliding Motility of a Human-Pathogenic Bacterium, Mycoplasma pneumoniae." Journal of Bacteriology 198, no. 17 (June 20, 2016): 2352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00160-16.
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ABSTRACTMycoplasma pneumoniaeis a human pathogen that glides on host cell surfaces with repeated catch and release of sialylated oligosaccharides. At a pole, this organism forms a protrusion called the attachment organelle, which is composed of surface structures, including P1 adhesin and the internal core structure. The core structure can be divided into three parts, the terminal button, paired plates, and bowl complex, aligned in that order from the front end of the protrusion. To elucidate the gliding mechanism, we focused on MPN387, a component protein of the bowl complex which is essential for gliding but dispensable for cytadherence. The predicted amino acid sequence showed that the protein features a coiled-coil region spanning residue 72 to residue 290 of the total of 358 amino acids in the protein. Recombinant MPN387 proteins were isolated with and without an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) fusion tag and analyzed by gel filtration chromatography, circular dichroism spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, partial proteolysis, and rotary-shadowing electron microscopy. The results showed that MPN387 is a dumbbell-shaped homodimer that is about 42.7 nm in length and 9.1 nm in diameter and includes a 24.5-nm-long central parallel coiled-coil part. The molecular image was superimposed onto the electron micrograph based on the localizing position mapped by fluorescent protein tagging. A proposed role of this protein in the gliding mechanism is discussed.IMPORTANCEHuman mycoplasma pneumonia is caused by a pathogenic bacterium,Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This tiny, 2-μm-long bacterium is suggested to infect humans by gliding on the surface of the trachea through binding to sialylated oligosaccharides. The mechanism underlying mycoplasma “gliding motility” is not related to any other well-studied motility systems, such as bacterial flagella and eukaryotic motor proteins. Here, we isolated and analyzed the structure of a key protein which is directly involved in the gliding mechanism.
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Luckman, Brian H. "Essai." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 52, no. 2 (October 2, 2002): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004845ar.
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Résumé La dendroglaciologie consiste en l'utilisation de séries dendrochronologiques datées de manière absolue afin de reconstituer l'évolution des mouvements glaciaires. Les séries peuvent être utilisées (a) pour déterminer l'âge minimal des formations d'origine glaciaire sur la base des dates d'établissement des plus vieux arbres qui s'y sont établis, (b) pour dater précisément les dommages subis par les arbres vivants (basculement, abrasion des tiges) au contact de la marge glaciaire, et (c) pour dater la mort d'arbres atteints par les mouvements du front glaciaire (interdation des patrons de croissance des arbres morts avec ceux d'arbres vivants de grande longévité). Bien que les bois in situ soient préférables dans de telles études, les subfossiles transportés et trouvés dans les dépôts avoisinants peuvent livrer des résultats fort utiles. La position et la datation de ces arbres fournissent des indications sur les fluctuations du glacier au cours du dernier millénaire. Cet essai illustre les approches et les indicateurs dendroglaciologiques utilisés dans la Cordillère du Canada à l'aide de certains exemples des études des mouvements glaciaires lors du Petit Âge glaciaire.
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Assie-Lumumba, N’Dri Therese. "Behind and beyond Bandung: historical and forward-looking reflections on south-south cooperation." Bandung: Journal of the Global South 2, no. 1 (July 25, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40728-014-0011-5.
Full textAbstract:
In their respective struggles for liberation the Asians and Africans, as oppressed people, joined forces in the first half of the 20th century by forming several pre-Bandung organizations. On the African side people of African descent, from the continent and the Diaspora, united to provide the leadership for substantive participation to the common African-Asian front that led to the Bandung conference of April 18-24 1955. The intelligentsia of African descent, including young students in Western Europe and the United States, played leadership roles in shaping the movements. Among them are W. E. B. Du Bois of the United States and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. In terms of the post-Bandung establishment of enduring legacies, it is worth indicating that the resolutions and some of their applications led to global coalitions including the Non-Aligned Movement and G77 within the United Nations. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary that was marked by the April 22-24 2005 Asian-African Summit held in Indonesia African and Asian leaders decided to rekindle the spirit of Bandung and renew their commitment to attain its goal through renewed cooperation between Asia and Africa in adopting the New Asian-African Strategic Partnership (NAASP). Despite the continued challenges that African countries face in varying degrees, a regained confidence building on their assets, especially with different generations of people of the continent and historic and recent Diaspora, with it would be possible to build a global front toward the reaffirmation of global common humanity guided by the spirit of Bandung.
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Burris, E., D. R. Cook, B. R. Leonard, and J. B. Graves. "A Threshold Management Test with Nucotn 33B, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.242.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Plots were replicated four times in a RCB design and were eight rows (40 in spacing) X 45 ft. Transgenic cotton seed expressing the Bt delta endotoxin and seed of the non-transgenic parent line (DP 5415) were planted on 15 May, on a Commerce silt loam soil which was fertilized with 90 lb N/acre. Cotton seed was planted with a John Deere 7100 series planter which was equipped with 10 inch seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. The seeding rate was 4 seed/row ft. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with 8 inch belt cone applicators. In-furrow spray treatments were applied with a CO2 charged spray system through 25015 flat fan nozzles positioned in front of the press wheels. The spray tips were turned to spray across the furrow and were calibrated to deliver 5 gpa finished spray. All plots received 0.5 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Terraclor Super X 2E at planting. Insecticide control measures were applied to treatments when boll worms and tobacco budworms first deposited eggs in Jul, and at 2, 5, and 7 percent BW/TBW/BAW damaged squares. The test was conducted in the presence ol high boll weevil population densities. Beet army worms were present in late Jul, Aug and Sep. Control of boll weevils and tarnished plant bugs was maintained on an “as needed” basis using the following treatments: Methyl parathion 4E, (0.33 lb (AI)/acre) on 11 Jul; Vydate 3.77CLV, (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) on 30 Jul; Methyl parathion 4E, (0.33 lb (AI)/acre) + Orthene 90S, (0.33 lb (AI)/acre) on 6 Aug; Methyl parathion 4E, (0.33 lb (AI)/acre) + Dimethoate 4E. (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) on 13 Aug; Baythroid 2E, (0.045 lb (AI)/acre) on 11 Sep. In addition to the overspray treatments listed above, the DP 5415 and NuCOTN 33B spray strategies (treatments 2 and 4) received the following insecticide treatments: Karate IE, (0.03 lb (AI)/acre) on 22 Jul; Karate IE, (0.03 lb (AI)/acre) on 25 Jul; Karate IE, (0.03 lb (AI)/acre) on 30 Jul; Karate IE, (0.03 lb (AI)/acre) on 5 Aug; Karate IE, (0.03 lb (AI)/acre) on 8 Aug. Cu-racron 8E, (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) + Pirate 3E, (0.2 lb (AI)/acre) + Vydate 3.77CLV, (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) on 15 Aug and Curacron 8E, (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) + Pi-rate 3 SC, (0.2 lb (AI)/acre) + Methyl parathion 4E (0.33 lb (AI)/acre on 26 Aug. Bollgard® threshold treatments 2% and 5% were sprayed with Karate IE, (0.033 lb (AI)/acre) on 8 Aug and Curacron 8E (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) + Pirate 3 SC (0.2 lb (AI)/acre) + Vydate 3.77 CLV, (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) on 15 Aug. All NuCOTN 33B threshold treatments were sprayed with Baythroid 2E (0.045 lb (AI)/acre), on 11 Sep. Plant terminals and squares were examined for BW/TBW eggs, larvae, damage and boll weevil damaged squares on 11, 24, 30 Jul, and 2, 8, 13 and 19 Aug. Terminals were examined on all dates except 19 Aug. The center four rows of the plots were harvested on 14 Oct to determine seedcotton yield. Plots were harvested using a John Deere spindle type picker. Yields were converted to lb seedcotton/acre.
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Tuman, Myron C. "Literacy Online." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 16 (March 1996): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500001422.
Full textAbstract:
As the opening quotation suggests, a shift in the practice of literacy such as is suggested by the term, literacy online, has epochal significance: The death of one world (that of print) and its replacement by something else (the online world) signals not just a change in communication or technology but a change in civilization itself. Just what is this new world of literacy online that seems to await us, and how should we approach it—with open arms or poised for battle? Behind such questions lies a host of definitional difficulties. Surely the temptation is here for a kind of simplicity: “Online literacy” means reading and writing with a computer. But reading and writing what and how? In theory, we can read a dense, complex novel like Henry James' Golden Bowl—a work created in and designed for the privacy, solitude, and deep interiority of print culture—sitting in front of a computer terminal. Of central importance, however, is not the theoretical possibility of being able to read anything from a computer screen but whether or not readers and writers fully acclimated to the computer screen as the primary source of literacy would ever think to read, much less produce, such a work in the first place.
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Мягков, I. Myagkov, Львов, V. Lvov, Девисилов, Vladimir Devisilov, Шарай, and E. Sharay. "Analytical Model of Suspensions Separation in Hydrodynamic Filter with Pivoting Perforated Partition." Safety in Technosphere 3, no. 5 (October 25, 2014): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6022.
Full textAbstract:
The article develops a stochastic model of suspensions separation in hydrodynamic filter. Suspensions separation in the
filter is carried out due to hydrodynamic force action on suspension flow (first stage of separation) and filtering through a
porous membrane (second stage). Pivoting perforated partition is put into filter in front of the porous filtering membrane
to increase effectiveness of suspensions separation at stage one. Complex Couette flow develops in the gap between
filter bowl and the perforated partition. Specific modes of flow in the gap produce Taylor vortex, size and intensity of
which depend on parti-tion’s rotation speed and flow velocity. It produces a flow currently known as Couette-Taylor flow.
Multidirectional Taylor vortex arising in the mainstream disrupts its hydrodynamics and creates turbulence. Given such
flow, calculation of hard phase separation with use of determinate models can be an error as does not include stochastic
processes. The article presents a new analytical model of suspensions separation, which takes in stochastic (probabilistic)
separation processes and is based on the theory of Markovian processes. Equations of diffusion type, particularly the
Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation, are offered to describe process of suspensions separation in hydrodynamic filters with
pivoting perforated partition.
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Istiningsih, Siti, Ni Komang Sri Widari, and Nur Hasanah. "EFEKTIVITAS TEKNIK MANGKUK IKAN ATAU AKUARIUM (FISH BOWL) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS PADA SISWA KELAS V A SDN 16 CAKRANEGARA TAHUN PELAJARAN 2016/2017." JKKP (Jurnal Kesejahteraan Keluarga dan Pendidikan) 5, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jkkp.051.08.
Full textAbstract:
Background of this research is the low social learning outcomes on students fifth grade at SDN 16 Cakranegara, it is caused by learning process focus on teaccher (Teacher Centered) and they used monoton method. Teacher usually teach only usuhg speech method and they didn’t support by the appropriate facilities. The problem in this research is how the efectivness of bowl fish teachnique could improve social learning outcomes on fifth grade students at SDN 16 Cakranegara in 2016 to 2017 ? The purpose is to improve social learning outcomes on fifth grade students in 2016 to 2017 by using bowl fish technique or aquarum. This is a base calssrom research in two cydes each cycle consist of planning, implementation, action, observation,and evaluation, reflection as well. The method collecting data are observation, documentation and test. In the frist cycle the result is on average 75,375 with percentage 70,83% and the scores for activities of students are 53 categories active enough. In second cycle the students having an increase on average 82,791 categories active. The conelusion is the efectivness of bowl fish technique could improve social learing outcomes on fifth grade students at SDN 16 Cakranegara in 2016 to 2017.
Key Word : The efectivness, techniques of “bowl fish technique or aquariumâ€, and social learing out comes.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi rendahnya hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas V A di SDN 16 Cakranegara. Hal ini disebabkan pembelajaran masih terpusat pada guru (Teacher Centered) dan teknik serta metode yang digunakan monoton. Guru biasanya hanya mengajar dengan metode ceramah saja, dan tidak di dukung dengan sarana dan prasarana yang memadai. Masalah penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah Efektivitas Teknik Mangkuk Ikan atau Akuarium (Fish Bowl) dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas V A SDN 16 Cakranegara Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017?. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas V A SDN 16 Cakra Negara Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017 dengan menerapkan teknik Mangkuk Ikan Atau Akuarium (Fish Bowl). Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan dalam 2 siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri dari tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, tindakan, observasi, dan evaluasi serta refleksi. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data dalam penelitian ini adalah metode observasi, dokumentasi dan tes. Pada siklus I diperoleh nilai rata-rata 75,375 dengan ketuntasan klasikal 70,83% dan skor rata-rata aktivitas siswa 53 dengan kategori cukup aktif. Pada siklus II data hasil belajar dan aktivitas siswa mengalami peningkatan yakni rata-rata 82,791 dengan ketuntasan klasikal 87,5% dan skor rata-rata aktivitas belajar siswa 58,5 dengan kriteria aktif. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa Efektivitas Teknik Mangkuk Ikan atau Akuarium (Fish Bowl) dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas V A SDN 16 Cakranegara Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017.
Kata Kunci: Efektivitas, Teknik “Mangkuk Ikan atau Akuarium (Fish Bowl)â€, hasil belajar IPS.
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Fitzgerald, John. "The Misconceived Revolution: State and Society in China's Nationalist Revolution, 1923–26." Journal of Asian Studies 49, no. 2 (May 1990): 323–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2057300.
Full textAbstract:
The process of state-building in the Chinese revolution was confounded, and remains obscured, by a contest between rival claimants to state power in the Nationalist and Communist parties. There is a natural temptation to trace conflict in the state-building process to ideological differences between the two parties, as they did themselves, and to overlook their similarities and downplay the potential for political conflict and social resistance inherent in state-building generally. This is the case with histories of the Nationalist Revolution of the 1920s, when the two parties came together briefly to fight for national unification and independence. Each party is assigned an irreconcilable difference of purpose, the Nationalists aiming for cohesive national revolution and the Communists for divisive social revolution, and their combined efforts are represented as the historical working through of this conflict of purpose (Rankin, Fairbank, and Feuerwerker 1986:10; Wilbur 1984). The clash of aims seems to be not far removed from a clash of ideologies, and the collapse of this First United Front is portrayed as the historical resolution to a philosophical contradiction. In the definitive words of C. Martin Wilbur, “The main weakness was disagreement among the leaders concerning the social goals of the national revolution,” traceable to “competing ideologies among intellectuals throughout China” (Wilbur 1968:223). Conflict between the parties and within society boils down, in the end, to an ideological dispute.
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Okatenko, V. N., S. A. Skory, and R. V. Zymovets. "KURGAN OF EARLY SСYTHIAN AGE IN KHARKIV REGION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 27, no. 2 (June 22, 2018): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.02.15.
Full textAbstract:
The publication presents the results of excavations of the mound 4 of the Dushnovo group of large-scale graveyard of the Scythian time near the city Lyubotin, Kharkiv region (the Seversky Donets basin). It is important to emphasize that no one kurgan in this group was previously investigated by archaeologists.
Part of the embankment was seriously damaged by the local people’s economic activity, and before excavation it was a height of up to 0.90 m with a diameter of about 30 m.
In the course of works the remains of a square (4 Ч 4 m) original ground-based facility, with an in-depth foundation, which once had fence walls, were found under the embankment. The massive column-pillars, which originally frame the front of the building, were leaving the entrance to it free. The area around this object was lined with bark, and in the immediate vicinity there was a fairly large wooden platform.
Several items were preserved in the robbery track, in particular, fragments of stucco dishes of the early Scythian period (a pot, a bowl, a scoop), fragments of the light-loamy Miletus amphora.
The constructive feature of the structure and the preserved things make it possible to interpret this object as a sanctuary and date approximately not later than the end of VII century BC.
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WOODS, ANDREW W., and SHAUN D. FITZGERALD. "The vaporization of a liquid front moving through a hot porous rock. Part 2. Slow injection." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 343 (July 25, 1997): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097005855.
Full textAbstract:
We present a series of similarity solutions to describe the temperature field as liquid spreads from a line source into a porous rock saturated with liquid of higher temperature. We identify slow and fast flow regimes. In the slow flow regime, the liquid is heated to the far-field temperature by conduction of heat from the far field. In the fast flow regime, there is negligible conduction of heat from the far field. Instead, the liquid is heated to the far-field temperature by cooling a region of the host rock near the source, and an internal boundary layer develops within the newly injected liquid. We successfully test our quantitative theoretical predictions with a series of laboratory experiments in which water was injected into a consolidated bed of sand filled with liquid of different temperature. We extend our model to describe the vaporization of liquid as it spreads slowly from a central source into a superheated porous rock. A further family of similarity solutions shows that the rate of vaporization depends upon the injection rate as well as upon the initial superheat of the reservoir. For high injection rates, the liquid is typically heated to the interface temperature long before reaching the interface. The rate of vaporization then becomes independent of the initial liquid temperature, and depends mainly on the reservoir superheat. For lower injection rates, heat is conducted from ahead of the boiling front into the liquid. As a result, for progressively smaller injection rates, an increasing fraction of the liquid vaporizes, until virtually all the liquid boils, and only a very small liquid zone develops in the rock. Again, we successfully test our theoretical predictions with a laboratory experiment in which liquid water was injected into a superheated layer of permeable sandstone.
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Dent, J. D., K. J. Burrell, D. S. Schmidt, M. Y. Louge, E. E. Adams, and T. G. Jazbutis. "Density, velocity and friction measurements in a dry-snow avalanche." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog26-1-247-252.
Full textAbstract:
A small avalanche path near the Bridger Bowl ski area in southwestern Montana has been instrumented to measure density, velocity and dynamic friction in a flowing avalanche. These measurements, made by an array of sensors mounted in the avalanche path, have been carried out for several dry-snow avalanches. Measurements of density were made using a capacitance probe that measures the dielectric constant of any material that passes in front of it. Through a calibration procedure, the dielectric constant of a given type of snow can be related to the density of that snow. Optical sensors were used to measure light reflected from the avalanche as it passed by the sensors. Signals from adjacent optical sensors were cross-correlated to determine velocity. Density and velocity measurements were made at several heights in the avalanche, with particular attention directed near the running surface. Results indicate that avalanche deformation is concentrated near the running surface where the snow density is found to be largest. Upward from the surface, the velocity gradient falls off greatly while the density also declines.Finally, the dynamic-friction coefficient at the base of the avalanche was found by measuring shear and normal forces on a roughened 23 cm × 28 cm aluminum plate mounted parallel and flush with the avalanche running surface. The ratio of the shear force to normal force on the plate provides a measure of the dynamic-friction coefficient at the base of the avalanche.
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Dent, J. D., K. J. Burrell, D. S. Schmidt, M. Y. Louge, E. E. Adams, and T. G. Jazbutis. "Density, velocity and friction measurements in a dry-snow avalanche." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500014907.
Full textAbstract:
A small avalanche path near the Bridger Bowl ski area in southwestern Montana has been instrumented to measure density, velocity and dynamic friction in a flowing avalanche. These measurements, made by an array of sensors mounted in the avalanche path, have been carried out for several dry-snow avalanches. Measurements of density were made using a capacitance probe that measures the dielectric constant of any material that passes in front of it. Through a calibration procedure, the dielectric constant of a given type of snow can be related to the density of that snow. Optical sensors were used to measure light reflected from the avalanche as it passed by the sensors. Signals from adjacent optical sensors were cross-correlated to determine velocity. Density and velocity measurements were made at several heights in the avalanche, with particular attention directed near the running surface. Results indicate that avalanche deformation is concentrated near the running surface where the snow density is found to be largest. Upward from the surface, the velocity gradient falls off greatly while the density also declines.Finally, the dynamic-friction coefficient at the base of the avalanche was found by measuring shear and normal forces on a roughened 23 cm × 28 cm aluminum plate mounted parallel and flush with the avalanche running surface. The ratio of the shear force to normal force on the plate provides a measure of the dynamic-friction coefficient at the base of the avalanche.
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McDonald, Alexandra A., Gary B. Wilkerson, Brendon P. McDermott, and Jeffrey A. Bonacci. "Risk Factors for Initial and Subsequent Core or Lower Extremity Sprain or Strain Among Collegiate Football Players." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-152-17.
Full textAbstract:
Context Exposure to game conditions and previous injury are known to increase the risk of injury, but little available evidence pertains to modifiable factors that may mediate dynamic control of body segments, such as core muscle endurance and neurocognitive capabilities. Objective To identify potentially modifiable factors associated with the occurrence of a core or lower extremity sprain or strain during participation in football. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Bowl Subdivision football program. Patients or Other Participants All team members who participated for the duration of 1 season or both of 2 consecutive seasons (n = 142). Main Outcome Measure(s) Predictors of injury occurrence were derived from analysis of preparticipation data that included the results of front plank hold (FPH) and neurocognitive tests. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to establish binary classifications of injury risk. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to build multivariable injury-prediction models for optimal discriminatory power. Results Exceptionally good discrimination between injured and noninjured participants was provided by models that included the results of the FPH and ImPACT neurocognitive tests. A high level of exposure to game conditions and injury during the preceding year magnified the effects of other risk factors. A model for identifying players with an elevated risk for injury occurrence during both of 2 consecutive seasons included FPH ≤120 seconds, verbal memory score ≤87, composite reaction time ≥560 milliseconds, and starter status. Having ≥2 of the 4 risk factors demonstrated 44% sensitivity and 91% specificity, with an odds ratio = 8.40. Conclusions Core muscle endurance and neurocognitive processes may both play important roles in generating anticipatory muscle stiffness during participation in collegiate football. These factors may be particularly important for players who sustained an injury during the previous year and those who have a high level of game exposure.
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Nickell, David, and Wesley J. Johnston. "An attitudinal approach to determining Sponsorship ROI." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 38, no. 1 (September 24, 2019): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-11-2018-0512.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Using multi-wave survey data, the authors quantified the financial impact of a sponsorship. The purpose of this paper is to predict the number of new buyers based upon changed brand attitudes, consistent with a hierarchy of effects model. The authors then established the financial return on the sponsorship spending by estimating the customer lifetime value (CLV) of these new buyers. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected the data around a major college football bowl game. Six phases of data collection were used to determine purchasing behavior and brand attitudes of attendees before and after the sponsored event, in comparison to television viewers of the event and the general public. The authors applied Lavidge and Elrick’s (1961) attitudinal constructs as the independent variables in a logistic regression to predict future purchase. The final data collection was used to validate the model’s prediction. Findings The findings show that the model accurately predicted the number of new customers after one buying cycle for the sponsor’s products. The authors also quantified the positive impact of the sponsorship on the CLV of existing customers within the same time frame. Originality/value The managerial implications of this study are significant. Sponsorships are highly risky, with fixed outlays up front, and unclear benefits to be realized in the future. The authors provide a methodology that not only allows sponsors to measure the effectiveness of the sponsorship, but to determine the return on their sponsorship investment. The authors have taken consumer behavior theory from marketing communications research and combined it with CLV tools, thus allowing marketers to determine the number of new customers that a sponsorship generates, as well as how it influences the buying patterns that drive CLV.
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Whitworth, A. P., and F. D. Priestley. "Ionizing feedback from an O star formed in a filament." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 504, no. 3 (April 22, 2021): 3156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1125.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT We explore a simple semi-analytic model for what happens when an O star (or cluster of O stars) forms in an isolated filamentary cloud. The model is characterized by three configuration parameters: the radius of the filament, $R_{_{\rm FIL}}$, the mean density of H2 in the filament, $n_{_{\rm FIL}}$, and the rate at which the O star emits ionizing photons, $\dot{\cal N}_{_{\rm LyC}}$. We show that for a wide range of these configuration parameters, ionizing radiation from the O star rapidly erodes the filament, and the ionized gas from the filament disperses into the surroundings. Under these circumstances the distance, L, from the O star to the ionization front (IF) is given approximately by $L(t) \sim 5.2 {\rm pc} [R_{_{\rm FIL}}/0.2 {\rm pc}]^{-1/6} [n_{_{\rm FIL}}/10^4 {\rm cm^{-3}}]^{-1/3} [\dot{\cal N}_{_{\rm LyC}}/10^{49} {\rm s}^{-1}]^{1/6} [t/{\rm Myr}]^{2/3}$, and we derive similar simple power-law expressions for other quantities, for example the rate at which ionized gas boils off the filament, $\dot{M}_{_{\rm IF}}(t)$, and the mass, $M_{_{\rm SCL}}(t)$, of the shock-compressed layer that is swept up behind the IF. We show that a very small fraction of the ionizing radiation is expended locally, and a rather small amount of molecular gas is ionized and dispersed. We discuss some features of more realistic models, and the extent to which they might modify or invalidate the predictions of this idealized model. In particular we show that, for very large $R_{_{\rm FIL}}$ and/or large $n_{_{\rm FIL}}$ and/or low $\dot{\cal N}_{_{\rm LyC}}$, continuing accretion on to the filament might trap the ionizing radiation from the O star, slowing erosion of the filament even further.
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Assis, Tamiris De, Èder De Souza Martins, and Antonio Felipe Couto Júnior. "Relações Entre o Relevo e Agroecossistemas na Ecorregião Paraná-Guimarães (The Relationship Between Relief and the Agroecossystems in Paraná-Guimarães Ecoregion)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 9, no. 2 (February 12, 2016): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v9.2.p498-510.
Full textAbstract:
O relevo é um dos fatores que formam a paisagem, fundamental para análise da cobertura da terra e o planejamento ambiental. Dentro deste contexto se insere o presente trabalho cujo objetivo é apresentar as relações entre os padrões de relevo e a organização espacial dos agroecossistemas de bacias hidrográficas representativas da ecorregião do Paraná-Guimarães, localizadas no Sudoeste Goiano: Paranaíba, Peixe, Bonito, Diamantino, Bois e Claro. O mapeamento das unidades de relevo consistiu na utilização de cenas da missão Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) e posteriormente a classificação supervisionada para delimitação dos compartimentos de relevo. Para integração das informações obtidas do relevo com os dados geológicos e de uso e cobertura da terra, foram utilizadas a base do acervo EIBH e do SIEG, respectivamente. Foi possível identificar oito unidades de relevo dentro da área de estudo: Planalto Residual (15,53%), Planalto Parcialmente Denudado (6,20%), Mesa (1,43%), Frente de Recuo Erosivo (7,60%), Rampas de Colúvio (7,45%), Depressão Intraplanáltica (22,80%), Depressão Dissecada (35,35%) e Planície Fluvial (3,64%). De modo geral, em todas as unidades de relevo se verificou a relação existente com as unidades geológicas e com as classes de uso e cobertura da terra. A Depressão Dissecada sobre a Formação Adamantina dominam as coberturas formadas por pastagens cultivadas e constitui a unidade mais representativa em termos de área e delimitação da paisagem. Por outro lado, no Planalto Residual e no Planalto Parcialmente Denudado sobre a Formação Cachoeirinha e as Coberturas Arenosas Indiferenciadas predominam a cobertura agrícola. O estudo mostrou que a ação antrópica predomina sobre relevos planos e contínuos. Porções com declividade elevada predominam a cobertura de cerrado em função das limitações de outros tipos de uso. Conclui-se que a abordagem utilizada de mapeamento do relevo constitui uma importante ferramenta nos estudos de paisagem. A B S T R A C T The relief is one of the factors of landscape, fundamental for the analysis of land cover and environmental planning. This study presents the relationship between the relief patterns and spatial organization of agro-ecosystems in representative watersheds of the Paraná-Guimarães ecoregion, located in Southwest Goiás: Paranaíba, Peixe, Bonito, Diamantino, Bois and Claro. The mapping of landscape units was the use of Shuttle mission scenes Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and later the supervised classification for delimitation of the relevant compartments. For integration of information obtained relief with geological data and use and land cover were used to base the EIBH acquis and the SIEG, respectively. Was identified eight relevant units within the study area: Residual Plateau (15.53%), Partly Denudated Plateau (6.20%), Mesa (1.43%), Erosive Front (7.60%), Colluvial Ramps (7.45%), Intraplanaltic Depression (22.80%), Dissected Depression (35.35%) and Plain River (3.64%). In general, in all relevant relief units was found the relationship with the geological units and the land use and land cover classes. In the Dissected Depression on Adamantina Formation dominates cultivated pastures is the most representative unit in terms of area and delimitation of the landscape. On the other hand, the Residual Plateau and Partly Denudated Plateau on Cachoeirinha Formation and Cobertura Arenosa predominate agricultural coverage. The study showed that human action predominates over continuous and plan relief. Cerrado cover predominates on portions with a high slope due to the limitations of other use types. The study concludes that the relief mapping approach used is an important tool in landscape studies.Key words: geomorphology, land use and land cover, landscape
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Rusu, Simona, Zdenek Knotek, Radu Lacatus, and Ionel Papuc. "PRE AND POSTPRANDIAL THERMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF GREEN IGUANAS (IGUANA IGUANA)." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine 73, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:12345.
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Abstract The body temperature of 10 clinically healthy green iguanas (Iguana iguana) was measured using a thermographic camera (FLIR E6, Flir Systems Sweden) before and after the food was offered. For each animal there were performed a total of 6 measurements (3 before feeding and 3 after the food was offered). The purpose of this experiment was to observe the thermographic pattern of the body before and after the feeding, since herbivore reptiles tend to bask after the feeding to increase the body temperature that will help them afterwards digest the food. The animals were housed in individual vivariums with every animal having a basking spot available. The pictures were taken outside the vivarium in an adjacent room. The animals were handled with gloves and transported in a cardboard box in order to avoid heat transfer between the handler and the iguana that would have produced thermal artefacts. Each individual was placed on a table on a styrofoam slate, again, to avoid the heat transfer between the table and the animal`s body. For each animal a total of 4 pictures were taken (up, front, left and right). The pictures were analysed with the FLIR Tools program that is provided by the manufacturer and 3 temperatures were taken into consideration (the head temperature, body temperature on the right side and body temperature on the left side). The temperatures were compared between them and with the temperature of the vivariums that consisted of the average between the temperature in 3 different spots (basking spot, the feeding bowl site and the coldest spot) measured with an infrared thermometer GM300 (Benetech, China). The temperature of the body was dependent on the vivarium temperature and it was a significant temperature difference between the measurements before the feeding and after the feeding. Also we discovered a significant difference between the head temperature and the body temperature on the left side before the feeding that disappeared after the animals ate. There was also a significant difference between the temperature on right side and on left side of the animals both before and after the feeding. No significant temperature difference was observed between the head and the right side of the body neither before nor after the feeding.
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Spasic, Milos, and Adam Crnobrnja. "Vinca bowls with protoma." Starinar, no. 64 (2014): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta1464185s.
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Bowls with protoma represent one of several tens of types of Vinca vessels made of baked clay which have been published as finds excavated at Vinca sites for more than a century. We are dealing here with bowls of a markedly conical profile, with angled and slightly rounded walls and with a flat or slightly annular bottom. In most cases these bowls are not decorated, with the exception of the rare finds decorated by fluting, engraving and polishing. Their most significant peculiarity is the presence of four or eight protoma on the rim, facing the inside of the vessel. Taking into consideration all stylistic-typological characteristics, it is possible to divide them into two coherent categories of finds. The first consists of bowls with four oppositely placed protoma. Within this group it is possible to single out two subtypes, bowls with all four as anthropomorphic (Pl. I/6, 7; Pl. III/34) or all four as zoomorphic representations (Pl. I/5, 8, 9; Pl. III/33, 36). Bowls with eight protoma have actually got four pairs of oppositely placed representations. It was possible to discern two subtypes based on the objects that were completely preserved. The first subtype includes a bowl from the so-called Vinca ritual set, with two pairs of zoomorphic and two pairs of anthropomorphic protoma, both oppositely placed (Pl. I/3). The second subtype includes a bowl from house 1/2010 from Stubline with four identical, paired, totally stylised and schematised representations, whose identification is impossible (Fig. 1; Pl. I/1). Taking into consideration the metric and technological data, the thesis that seems most possible is that the bowls with protoma served for the consumption of or the storing/displaying of the content during some quite specific activities. Bowls with protoma appear in almost all regions of the central Balkans populated by Vinca culture communities and we do not note them in the areas of the neighbouring Late Neolithic communities. These bowls appear in a very long and clearly defined time span and their usage lasts for exactly the same time as the Vinca culture itself, appearing at the same time and together disappearing. The first vessels with their protoma facing the inside, appear almost synchronously at the very beginning of the Vinca culture, that is the Late Neolithic of the Balkans, in the centre of its area (Vinca and Grivac), but also in its furthermost peripheral areas (R?szke-L?dv?r and Anza). Such a long period of almost 700 hundred years, in which one complex iconographic pattern survives without any significant changes (with the exception of the stylistic characteristics of the protoma themselves), primarily points to a long-standing and unchanged custom/belief/ritual that can evidently be associated solely with the communities within the Vinca culture. It is important to highlight the fact that bowls with protoma show ?canonic? consistency to the utmost degree, even more so than the concurrent sacrificial alters and prosopomorphic lids. Dare we assume, on the basis of all that has been said, that in front of us we have a clearly canonised material pattern through which a clearly defined way of thinking/beliefs of one distinct community can be sensed? Their abrupt disappearance, together with the disappearance of the Vinca culture, that is to say the Late Neolithic way of living, should not be surprising. The change that comes along with the abandonment of the last Vinca settlements is not only perceptible in the material culture, but also, and above all, in the social system and the organisation of the community. Fundamental changes in the social structure in the middle of the 5th millennium BC, evidently led to the downfall and disappearance of many deep-rooted values of the communities of that time, as well as the very system of beliefs and sagas. This resulted in the disappearance of the vessels with protoma?s utilisation, one of the most steadfast material manifestations of the Vinca culture.
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May, P., and Roger Bessis. "Potentialités de croissance des differents types de bourgeons chez la vigne." OENO One 19, no. 2 (June 30, 1985): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1985.19.2.1320.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Dans un vignoble de Pinot Noir en Bourgogne on applique une charge inégale comprise entre 0 et 16 noeuds, distribués sur des coursons à 1 ou 2 noeuds, ou une charge égale à 10 noeuds, distribués sur des coursons à 1 ou 2 noeuds, des baguettes à 5 ou 10 noeuds ou, enfin, de facon traditionelle (Guyot) sur une baguette et un courson. On observe que le nombre de rameaux surnuméraires, issus de bourgeons de base ou âgés de plus d'un an, se réduit linéairement à mesure que la charge augmente. Les ceps soumis à la taille Guyot produisent autant de pousses surnuméraires que de pousses d'origine nodale. La répartition des noeuds sur les ceps à charge égale n'a aucune influence sur le nombre de pousses surnuméraires.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A la suite d'une sévère gelée intervenue juste après la fin du débourrement le nombre de rameaux par souche devient plus important qu'avant cet événement. La plupart des rameaux surnuméraires se trouvent sur le bois de deux ans. Sur d'autres ceps taillés sans baguette ni courson (charge 0) le débourrement se poursuit jusqu'au début de septembre si on enlève les pousses peu de temps après leur apparition. Mais l'intensité du débourrement est la plus grande pendant la période initiale. La relation entre la fréquence de débourrement des bourgeons surnuméraires et la méthode de conduite de la vigne est discutée.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">+++</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pinot Noir vines in a Burgundy vineyard were pruned to unequal numbers of nodes, varying between 0 and 16 and distributed over 2 node spurs, or to 10 nodes distributed over spurs of 1 or 2 nodes, canes of 5 or 10 nodes or over one cane and one spur as is local practice (system Guyot). The number of 'extra' shoots arising from base buds or buds older than one year was in linear, negative relationship to the number of nodes per vine. Vines with Guyot-pruning produced as many extra shoots as shoots from nodes. Node distribution had no influence on the number of extra shoots on vines of equal node number.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The vines carried more shoots after a severe spring frost that occurred just after the conclusion of bud burst than before this event. Most of the extra shoots arose on two-year-old wood. Other vines, left without nodes on one-year-old wood continued to produce shoots until early September under a regime of continuous shoot removal, but most shoots started growth during the early part of the season. The relationship between the development of extra shoots and the method of vine management is discussed.</p>
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Kholod, S. S. "Classificаtion of Wrangel Island vegetation." Vegetation of Russia, no. 11 (2007): 3–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2007.11.3.
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The syntaxonomical study of Wrangel Island carried out in accordance to Braun-Blanquet approach is proposed. As a result 29 associations, 1 type of community, 18 subassociations, 8 variants and 5 facies are distinguished. A series of associations belong to 13 alliances, 12 orders and 9 classes which were described earlier (some of them are provisional). The procedure of classification have showed some methodical difficulties. One of them is the revealing of belonging syntaxa to any class, a lot of which were described in more south regions. As a result much of diagnostic species of these classes are absent in arctic regions. So far as many species of Arctic characterized by wide distribution they cannot be used as character species. The concept of vicariant syntaxa is used: 5 associations are considered as vicariants of syntaxa already distinguished. At present there are not any higher syntaxa (class) for correct description for zonal (plakor) vegetation, erect shrubs and zoogenic vegetation in arctic tundra subzone. The syntaxa of Carici rupestris—Kobresietea bellardii and Thlaspietearotundifolii predominate in island. There are north limits of areas of some syntaxa such as ass. Sphagno—Eriophoretum vaginati vic. Polytrichastrum alpinum, Brachythecio salebrosi—Salicetum glaucae, Parryo nudicaulis—Salicetum lanatae, Equisetetum borealis vic. Polemonium acutiflorum on Wrangel Island. Zonal associations are characterized by lowest number of character species (2—4). The reason of this phenomena is the average meaning of ecological parameters in plakors. As a consequence many species of different ecological groups can growth together. There are fr om 9 to 17 character species in some intrazonal associations: Carici membranaceae—Dryadetum integrifoliae, Castillejo elegantis—Caricetum rupestris, Salici callicarpaeaе—Dryadetum chamissonis, Artemisio borealis—Chamaenerietum latifolii. Following associations of plakor are characterized by the highest species richness: Parryo nudicaulis—Dryadetum punctatae (255 taxa) and Artemisio tilesii—Deschampsietum borealis (250). Besides these the ass. Salici polaris—Caricetum podocarpae which is formed in snowbed sites have 251 taxa. A lot of species have middle (III) or low (II, I) constancy. The higher number of species in syntaxa compared to community is due to rare species. The coverage of majority of species varies from <1 % to 5 %, not more than 10 species — from 6 % to 12 %. Only 3 species form an stable coverage more than 25 %: Carexlugens, Dryaspunctata, D. integrifolia. Two types of community are characterized by the homogeneous cover: ass. Meesio triquetris—Caricetum stantis vic. Warnstorfia sarmentosa and ass. Salici polaris—Caricetum podocarpae. The tundra turf is heterogeneous in zonal (plakor) communities. It consists of different fragments of mosses, lichens and vascular plants. Frost boils (patches) are most common elements of horizontal structure. The turf around patches forms continuous net. Non closed (open) communities are predominate at all slopes, tops and mountain terraces. Cushions formed by herbs Artemisiaborealis subsp. richardsoniana, A. glomerata, Oxytropisgorodkovii, Potentillasubvahliana are usual in such sites. There are 2 layers in communities: an upper one (10—30 cm) wh ere herbs are predominate and dwarf shrubs-lichen-moss (less than 10 cm). The height of shrub Salixlanata subsp. richardsonii layer at the center of island is 45—60 cm.
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Jacobs, Trent. "Mud-Gas Breakthrough Equinor Develops Real-Time Reservoir-Fluid Identification." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0221-0037-jpt.
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For all that logging-while-drilling has provided since its wide-spread adoption in the 1980s, there is one thing on the industry’s wish list that it could never offer: an accurate way to tell the difference between oil and gas. A new technology created by petrotechnicals at Equinor, however, has made this possible. The innovation could be thought of as a pseudo-log, but Equinor is describing it as a reservoir-fluid-identification system. Using an internally developed machine-learning model, it compares a database of more than 4,000 reservoir samples against the real-time analysis of the mud gas that flows up a well as it is drilled. Crunched out of the technology’s various hardware and software components is a prediction on the gas/oil ratio (GOR) that the rock being drilled through will have once it is producing. Since this happens in real time, it boils down to an alert system for when drillers are tapping into uneconomic pay zones. “This is something people have tried to do for 30 years - using partial information to predict entire oil and gas properties,” said Tao Yang. He added that “the data acquisition is rather cheap compared with all the downhole tools, and it doesn’t cost you rig time,” highlighting that the mud-gas analyzer critical to the process sits on a rig or platform without interfering with drilling operations. Yang is a reservoir technology specialist at Equinor and one of the authors of a technical paper (SPE 201323) about the new digital technology that was presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition in October. He and his colleagues spent more than 3 years building the system which began in the Norwegian oil company’s Houston office as a project to improve pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) analysis in tight-oil wells in North America. It has since found a home in the company’s much larger offshore business unit in Stavanger. Offshore projects designed around certain oil-production targets can face harsh realities when they end up producing more associated gas than expected. It is the difference between drilling an underperforming well full of headaches and one that will pay out hundreds of millions of dollars over its lifetime. By introducing real-time fluid identification, Equinor is trying to enforce a new control on that risk by giving drillers the information they need to pull the bit back and start drilling a side-track deeper into the formation where the odds are better of finding higher proportions of oil or condensates. At the conference, Yang shared details about some of the first field implementations, saying that in most cases the GOR predictions made by the fluid-identification system were confirmed by traditional PVT analysis from the trial wells. Unlike other advancements made on this front, he also said the new approach is the first of its kind to combine such a large database of PVT data with a machine-learning model “that is common to any well.” That means “we do not need to know where this well is located” to make a GOR prediction, said Yang.
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Polschikova, N. V., and N. V. Kovbasyuk. "PHILOSOPHY AND ARCHITECTURE OF TEA HOUSES IN JAPAN." Problems of theory and history of architecture of Ukraine, no. 20 (May 12, 2020): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2519-4208-2020-20-166-178.
Full textAbstract:
Tea ceremonies have evolved a great deal since they first got their start, and as the ceremonies have grown and shifted in purpose, so have the tea houses that hold them. Japanese tea house, Chashitsu in Japanese, is where chado, the tea ceremony takes place, which expresses Japanese sentimentality and aesthetics through the act of drinking tea. Chashitsu is truly the product of all of the traditional Japanese crafts combined and sophisticated.As tea began to grow in popularity, tea ceremonies became a source of entertainment for members of the upper class who could afford to gamble, read poetry and attend tea parties in extravagant pavilions. The design of free-standing tea houses is heavily influenced by Zen philosophy. In an attempt to escape from the material strains of daily life, Shukō removed tea parties from the formal setting and instead held the ceremonies in simple grass-thatched huts, like the Tai-an Teahouse. His goal in doing this was to transcend the complex distractions of the world and find enlightenment in everyday life. Another important procedure initiated by Shukou, was that he himself would serve the tea to his guests. He preferred the intimate and personal atmosphere of a small room which could fit five to six people. The four-and-a-half-mat room that he had devised to create a more tranquil atmosphere during the tea ceremony had its origins in the Zen philosophy. In front of the traditional teahouse is a garden referred to as the roji. Guests traverse it on a path of stepping stones, admiring the plants and trees, before washing their hands at a stone basin in preparation for entering the teahouse building. One of the chief characteristics of the thatched hut teahouse begun by Rikyū is the guest entrance, or nijiriguchi. The square door is so low and small that guests can’t move through it without stooping and curling up as they crawl through. When guests enter the tea house, they first proceed to the alcove, tokonoma, to admire the decoration. There is no furniture, except for that which is required for the preparation of tea. Usually, there will be a charcoal pit in the center of the room by cutting a piece of the tatami is used to boil water. Object used in the tea ceremony included special porcelain or ceramic bowls, a cast-iron kettle with bronze lid, freshwater water jars, ceramic of lacquer container for powdered tea, and tea caddies. There are four main principals defining the way people and tea objects interact: wa (harmony); kei (respect); sei (purity) and jyaku (tranquility). Having got everything right in terms of setting and paraphernalia, one then has to do what all this has been leading up to: make tea. The exact movements of the host are vital but depend on which school of tea ceremony one favours. The important thing is to only make the minimum of movements which should be precise, graceful, and restrained. Further, one should be silent when actually preparing the tea. All thenecessary equipment should have already been laid out before the guests, and only the kettle is hidden from their view. The tea caddy and bamboo scoop are first cleaned with a cloth. When ready, the hot water is poured into the tea bowls but only enough to warm them. Powdered tea is then added to the bowls, which are then topped up with hot water, and the mixture is whisked to make a frothy drink. The tea should be drunk in small sips. When everyone has finished, the implements and bowls are cleaned and removed from sight leaving only the kettle before the hopefully now well-satisfied guests. Finally, some of the finer implements may be returned in order for the guests to discuss their appreciation of them.The simplicity of modern teahouses is meant to emphasize the importance of breaking down boundaries that exist among people, objects and ideas. Taking the idea of tea houses designed to mesh with their natural environment to a whole new level, Terunobu Fujimori created the Takasugi-an, which translates to“a tea house too high.” He built the compact teahouse to appear as though it was resting between two chestnut trees, and although the only way to reach the tea house is via ladder, the view from the top gives visitors a perfect view of Chino, Japan. Instead of displaying the picture scrolls of traditional tea houses that indicated the time of year, Fujimori used the building’s windows to achieve the same effect while also allowing visitors to observe the profound changes that were happening in the world around them. Simple materials such asplaster and bamboo were used to construct the interior of the tea house.Modern tea houses still have strong roots in the traditional purposes of tea ceremonies.Today, many practice tea ceremony and enjoy its benefit innumerous types of tea rooms from traditional ones to innovative ones. Both the ceremony and the Japanese tea houses have evolved since the earliest days, and they continue evolving so that they can adapt to the rapidchangesinmodern society.
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Lavrinenko, O. V., and I. A. Lavrinenko. "Zonal vegetation of the plain East European tundras." Vegetation of Russia, no. 32 (2018): 35–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2018.32.35.
Full textAbstract:
Zonal tundra vegetation occupies slightly sloped watershed surfaces, weakly convex tops and gentle slopes of moraine hills and ridges with moderate snow cover and loamy soils (plakors). Environmental conditions of such sites are most relevant to macroclimate (Aleksandrova, 1971; Matveyeva, 1998). For the East European sector of the Arctic this vegetation was described in 30–70 years of last century by the Soviet geobotanists V. D. Aleksandrova (1956), V. N. Andreyev (1932), I. D. Bogdanovskaya-Giyenef (1938), A. A. Dedov (2006), A. E. Katenin (1972), Z. N. Smirnova (1938), who, following the dominant approach, attributed the described associations mainly to the moss vegetation type. In the Asian sector of the Arctic (Yamal and Taymyr peninsulas, Arctic Yakutia, Wrangel Isl.) and in Alaska some associations of zonal communities with Carex bigelowii s. str., C. bigelowii subsp. arctisibirica and C. lugens have been described according to Braun-Blanquet approach: Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietum alaskani Matveyeva 1994, Dryado integrifoliae–Caricetum bigelowii Walker et al. 1994, Salici polaris–Hylocomietum alaskani Matveyeva 1998, Carici lugentis–Hylocomietum alaskani Sekretareva 1998 ex Kholod 2007, Salici polaris–Sanionietum uncinatae Kholod 2007, Tephrosero atropurpureae–Vaccinietum vitis-idaeae Telyatnikov et Pristyazhnyuk 2012, Festuco brachyphyllae–Hylocomietum alaskani Lashchinskiy ex Telyatnikov et al. 2014. Our study area in the East European tundras (730 km of south–north and 550 km of west–east directions) covers 3 tundra subzones (arctic, typical and southern) and two floristic subprovinces (Kanin-Pechora and Ural-Novaya Zemlya) (Fig. 1). 7 associations (one with 5 subassociations) based upon 101 authors’ relevés as well 95 ones by geobotanists-predecessors were described or validated on plakors and habitats close to these. Zonal communities are comprised by thick multi-species moss layer formed by mesophylous bryophytes (Aulacomnium turgidum, Hylocomium splendens, Ptilidium ciliare, Racomitrium lanuginosum and Tomentypnum nitens), the presence of Carex bigelowii subsp. arctisibirica, Deschampsia borealis or D. glauca in the herb layer, the high abundance of dwarf-shrubs, the presence, but not always, of Dryas octopetala and shrubby willows. Their plant cover is closed or discontinuous with frost-boils (3-component module of patch of bare ground – rim – trough or 2-component one of flat surface – patches of bare ground — see Fig. 2, 3). Zonal syntaxa are the richest in species number, compare to all others because the placor habitats are moderate in such important environmental characters as moisture and nutrition of soil and snow depth. That’s why they contain, with the same constancy and sometimes abundance, some character species of alliances and classes of intrazonal vegetation: Kobresio-Dryadion Nordh. 1943 (dryad fell-fields on well drained snowless or poor snowy habitats with slightly carbonated loamy-gravelly soils at outcrops of bedrock) and Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii Ohba 1974, Loiseleurio-Arctostaphylion Kalliola ex Nordhagen 1943 (dwarf-shrub and dwarf-shrub-lichen (often with Betula nana) communities on sandy soils) and Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea Eggler ex Schubert 1960, Rubo chamaemori–Dicranion elongati Lavrinenko et Lavrinenko 2015 (dwarf-shrub-cloudberry-moss (Dicranum elongatum, Polytrichum strictum)-lichen communities of oligotrophic palsa and polygon peatlands) and Oxycocco-Sphagnetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Westhoff et al. 1946. The basic syntaxon, whose communities occupy the placor habitats in the arctic tundra subzone (southern variant) is Salici polaris–Polytrichetum juniperini Aleksandrova 1956, described on the Southern Island of Novaya Zemlya (Table 1). Similar syntaxa in the typical tundra subzone are Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietum splendentis Andreyev 1932 nom. mut. propos. hoc loco (Table 5, Fig. 14–17) and Dryado octopetalae–Hylocomietum splendentis Andreyev 1932 nom. mut. propos. hoc loco salicetosum nummulariae (Bogdanovskaya-Giyenef 1938) subass. nov. (stat. nov.), nom. corr. hoc loco, described by us and earlier by I. D. Bogdanovskaya-Giyenef (1938) and Z. N. Smirnova (1938) on the Kolguyev Isl. (Table 2, Fig. 3, 5, 6); D. o.–H. s. caricetosum redowskianae subass. nov. hoc loco and D. o.–H. s. caricetosum arctisibiricae (Koroleva et Kulyugina in Chytrý et al. 2015) subass. nov. (stat. nov.) hoc loco (Table 4, Fig. 4, 9–13) — in the most eastern part of the studied area (Vaygach Isl., Yugorskiy Peninsula and Pay-Khoy Range); D. o.–H. s. typicum subass. nov. hoc loco (Table 3), described by us with use the V. N. Andreyev (1932) relevés on Vangureymusyur Upland (Bolshezemelskaya tundra). In the southern tundra subzone the basic zonal association is Calamagrostio lapponicae–Hylocomietum splendentis ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 6, Fig. 20–22). Even small deviations from placor habitat conditions are reflected in the community species composition. In such habitats the following syntaxa are described: Deschampsio borealis–Limprichtietum revolventis Aleksandrova 1956 nom. mut. propos. hoc loco and Flavocetrario nivalis–Dryadetum octopetalae Aleksandrova 1956 nom. mut. propos. hoc loco on gentle slopes and loamy soils, not in moderate soil moisture, but in wet or, on the contrary, well-drained ecotopes on the Novaya Zemlya (Table 1); Dryado octopetalae–Hylocomietum splendentis caricetosum capillaris subass. nov. hoc loco — on the deluvial tails, in the mid and lower parts of the gentle slopes in Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundras (Table 4, Fig. 2, 7, 8); Oxytropido sordidae–Hylocomietum splendentis ass. nov. hoc loco — in the Pakhancheskaya Bay area (the northern part of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra) on strongly sloping well drained slopes (Table 6, Fig. 18, 19). We attributed these syntaxa to zonal vegetation due to the presence of such taxa of its differential combination as shrub Salix glauca, dwarf-shrub Salix polaris, herbs Bistorta major, Carex bigelowii subsp. arctisibirica, Deschampsia borealis, D. glauca, Eriophorum brachyantherum, Juncus biglumis, Luzula arcuata, Pedicularis lapponica, Petasites frigidus, Poa arctica, Saxifraga hieracifolia, S. hirculus, Stellaria peduncularis, Valeriana capitata, mosses Aulacomnium turgidum, Hylocomium splendens, Ptilidium ciliare, Racomitrium lanuginosum, Tomentypnum nitens and lichens Lobaria linita, Nephroma expallidum, Protopannaria pezizoides, Psoroma hypnorum. This combination of taxa differentiates (by the presence, constancy, abundance) the zonal communities in studied area from vegetation of other classes (Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii, Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea, Oxycocco-Sphagnetea) (Table 7). The borders of many species area distribution are held in the East European tundras, so the variation of the community species composition along the latitudinal and longitude gradients is quite natural. Thus, in zonal communities Ledum palustre subsp. decumbens and Salix phylicifolia occur and Betula nana as well as hypoarctic dwarf-shrubs Arctous alpina, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium uliginosum subsp. microphyllum and V. vitis-idaea subsp. minus are most active only in the southern tundra subzone; Salix polaris (its activity increases to the north) and, in some syntaxa, Dryas octopetala are common in the subzones of typical and arctic tundras. In zonal conditions shrubs Salix glauca, Betula nana (prostrate) and all hypoarctic dwarf-shrubs occur in the typical tundra subzone on the mainland and on Kolguyev Isl., while in the northern part of this subzone on Vaygach Isl. they are already absent, except the Vaccinium spp. (with low constancy). In the arctic tundra subzone there are no shrubs and hypoarctic dwarf-shrubs on plakors, while Salix polaris is abundant. We believe that these floristic differences of zonal communities can be considered as markers of their subzonal affiliation. A similar shift in species distribution on the latitudinal gradient is established (Matveyeva, 1998) for the zonal biotopes on Taymyr Peninsula. Some species (Arctagrostis latifolia, Cerastium regelii subsp. caespitosum, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Silene acaulis) have high constancy in zonal communities within the Ural-Novaya Zemlya subprovince, as opposed to the Kanin-Pechora one. Herbs Oxyria digyna, Papaver polare, Parrya nudicaulis, Pedicularis sudetica subsp. arctoeuropaea, Saxifraga cernua and S. cespitosa occur with high constancy only in zonal communities on Novaya Zemlya that brings them closer to syntaxa described in the arctic and typical tundra subzones on Taymyr Peninsula (Matveyeva, 1994, 1998). Already in 1994, N. V. Matveyeva stated the need to describe a new class for zonal vegetation. The name Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani cl. prov. has been reserved for this class in Yalta’s conference on the classification of Russian vegetation (Lavrinenko et al., 2016), Prague’s “Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Archive and Classification Workshop” (presentation by N. V. Matveyeva) and “Arctic Science Summit Week 2017” (Lavrinenko et al., 2017). We do not attribute the newly described syntaxa to alliance Dryado octopetalae–Caricion arctisibiricae Koroleva et Kulyugina in Chytrý et al. 2015, which was described at the base of 15 relevés by geobotanists-predecessors (V. N. Andreyev, A. A. Dedov) and as well the 11 ones by E. E. Kulyugina for zonal habitats in the East European tundras (Koroleva, Kulyugina, 2015). At least, it is necessary to revise this alliance, since the name of ass. Pediculari oederi–Dryadetum octopetalae (Andreev 1932) Koroleva et Kulyugina 2015 are not legitimate (nomen superfluum), ass. Salici reticulatae–Dryadetum octopetalae Koroleva et Kulyugina 2015 need to be revised and the rank of the third one (Dryado octopetalae–Caricetum arctisibiricae Koroleva et Kulyugina in Chytrý et al. 2015 was lowered by us (in this paper) to subass. Dryado octopetalae–Hylocomietum splendentis caricetosum arctisibiricae; the definitions of both vegetation and habitats are not quite appropriate to the nature reality; diagnostic species were selected randomly. The current position of this alliance within the Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii is debatable, because this makes vague the syntaxonomical content and expands the syntaxonomical boundaries of class whose communities occur in the intrazonal habitats (fell-fields and dwarf-scrub graminoid stands on base-rich substrates). New higher units of zonal vegetation with sedges Carex bigelowii subsp. arctisibirica, C. bigelowii s. str. and C. lugens, and, most likely, with cotton grass Eriophorum vaginatum, need to be described in the near future, since the data for this are available from various sectors of the Arctic.