Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fruit fly life cycle'

Understanding how organisms function is central to Biology. Assessing how animals respond to fluctuations in their environment and determining inter-individual variation in phenotypic plasticity is paramount to identifying the physiology of traits, the selective pressures which have shaped them, and how we can manipulate them to benefit human life. The over-arching goal of my thesis is to understand the effects of sex, diet and pathogen exposure on the physiology of the fruit fly to assess the versatility of their individual traits in response to these natural factors. Chapter 2 investigates how the sexes utilise nutrition towards their lifespan and reproduction, providing evidence that the reproduction of males and females requires different dietary components while lifespan does not. Chapter 3 reveals that the sexes also differ in how they utilise nutrients for pathogen resistance identifying that females are highly protein-limited and more susceptible to infection than males. Chapter 4 provides the first comprehensive study of how organisms alter their dietary intake in response to infection, finding that flies behaviourally ingest less and consume higher protein:carbohydrate ratio diets when exposed to live fungal spores. Chapter 5 explores the phenomenon of trait-enhnacing external stresses, a response often termed hormesis. This study reveals that the beneficial physiological response from inactive fungal spore exposure, a potential form of hormesis, incurs immune costs. The implications of my results to the field of physiology are discussed in Chapter 6 where I also highlight the limitations of my work and potential consequences for life history research. Overall it is determined that studies investigating the natural physiological response of organisms or potentially beneficial treatments for our own species, must consider sex-specific effects, physiological consequences in a variety of traits, and how organisms may utilise variation within their environment to alter their phenotypic condition.

The South African economy has in the past been categorised as carbon intensive due to an energy and capital intensive development path and an associated set of economic activities termed the minerals-energy complex. International export markets, specifically the European Union (EU), are systematically applying pressure on imported products with a high carbon footprint through potential trade barriers, border tariffs and consumer lobbying. The objective of this research is to determine whether South African pome fruit has a higher global warming potential (GWP) per kg fruit compared to pome fruit cultivated and packaged in other countries. Following on from this finding, is to determine whether the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions for pome fruit in South Africa are declining, ,as could be expected based upon the declining carbon intensity of the South African economy since 1990 and efficiency improvements in the industry itself. The Attributional Life Cycle Assessment (ALCA) methodology is used to determine the Global Warming Potential (GWP) per kg fruit for multiple boundaries within the value chain, retrospectively for the years 2000, 2010 and prospectively for 2020. The product system boundary includes the farm, packhouse, controlled atmosphere store (CA) and cold store (CS). For the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), the temporal variations in pome fruit cultivation, packing and storing for the export and local market are taken into account for each of the years studied. Using the single issue characterisation methods – the GHG Protocol and the IPCC GWP 2013 100a – the results for each of the years under study are compared at a value chain, boundary and activity level. The results indicate that the baseline GWP result for South African pome fruit in the year 2000 was relatively high compared to similar international LCA research on apples and pears during this period. However, the results for the years 2010 and 2020 clearly indicate a sustained decline in relative GHG emissions of South African pome fruit according to the GWP indicator result per kg fruit and the normalised results for the industry. It is clear that there has been an increase in eco-efficiency in a number of farming and agro-processing practices since 2000 which correlates to the declining CO2e emissions in the boundaries and value chain of South African pome fruit. The carbon intensity and efficiency of the pome fruit value chain is also determined for each year using the kg CO2e per kg fruit and the industry revenue for a specific year (ZAR 2010 adjusted for PPI). The findings support the hypothesis that the carbon intensity of the pome fruit industry has indeed declined since the year 2000. This decline in carbon intensity represents a relative decoupling of CO2e emissions from economic growth of the industry from 2000 to 2020.

The biogenic amines serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA), and octopamine (OA) have been indicated in the regulation of behaviors, including aggression. The flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, was used to investigate ontogenetic and circadian changes in amines and aggression. Heads of male flies were analyzed for amine content using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) at 3 time points on each of 4 consecutive days in 2 light cycles, 12:12 LD and 15:9 LD. Both DA and OA levels decreased with age. Light-cycle dependent differences were observed for all amines in overall levels and patterns of change throughout the day. A behavioral assay quantified interactive and aggressive behaviors at three time points in the light period for 2 age groups. The daily changes in behavioral profiles differed dependent on age. Correlations from these data can be made between changes in amine levels and time of day, photoperiod, age, and aggressive state.

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata, is a multivoltine pest species present throughout large parts of Western Australia. Medfly is a polyphagous species and has been breed from 250 different species of native and commercially produced fruits and fleshy vegetables. This thesis has developed and optimised the Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) methods for analysis of the volatile and non-volatile compounds, sugars and amino acids of C. capitata using multiple scales from individuals through to populations at different stages. The results showed that optimal number of insects required for volatile organic compounds (VOC) extraction at each life stage was 20 at 4 hours of extraction. The VOCs in five different fruit types infested by C. capitata have been investigated. The results indicated that for a few chemicals no significant differences between infested and non-infested fruit could be seen, especially in the fruits with the first instar. However, in the case of third instar larvae infested fruit, significant differences in the chemicals could be seen when compared with the non-infested fruits and other instar infestations. Twenty-seven compounds from larvae, 23 compounds from pupae and 29 compounds from adults were detected. While DI-SPME detected ethyl glycolate, oxime-, methoxy-phenyl-, α-farnesene, dodecanoic acid, decanoic acid, octyl ester, heptadecane, hexadecanoic acid, pyrrolidide, 11-tricosene, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester, 9-tricosene, (Z)-, 9,11-didehydrolumisterol acetate, tetrapentacontane, 1,54-dibromo-, campesterol, 9-hexadecenoic acid, hexadecyl ester, (Z)-, 9-octadecenoic acid, (E)- and 9-hexadecenoic acid, octadecyl ester (Z). Stable isotopes are atoms with an equal number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons. The most current isotope of carbon is 12C6, where 12 is the atomic mass or the total of neutrons and protons, and 6 is the atomic number. A stable isotope is defined as one that is energetically stable and does not decay. There are about 300 stable isotopes, and over 1200 radioactive isotopes. The possible use of stable isotopes to study medfly mating and life history was also investigated. Results showed that stable isotopes were used successfully for labelling medfly in laboratory conditions, and there were significant differences between labelled and unlabelled treatments in eggs hatching, larval development, pupae emergence, the survival of adults and mating behaviour. Further studies were conducted to investigate the sugars, and amino acids of the C. capitata extracted samples in different labelled treatments. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were identified as the major sugars. Fifteen amino acids were identified from extracts including l-alanine, ammonium chloride, l-aspartic acid, l-cysteine, l-glutamic acid, l-glycine, l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-methionine, l-proline, l-phenylalanine, l-serine, l-threonine, l-tyrosine, and l-valine. This study concludes that C. capitata shows that different compounds with different are released at all stages of insect development. The labelling of medfly with 13C6-glucose plays a major role in this study. Overall, this information details an excellent base of knowledge for studying insect biochemical and metabolomics on different fruits, diet and life stages to understand the biological and physiological of medfly.

O complexo de espécies crípticas de Anastrepha fraterculus compreende oito morfotipos dos quais três ocorrem no Brasil. Anastrepha sp.1 aff. fraterculus é o morfotipo Brasil-1 e é uma espécie de ampla distribuição no planalto sudeste/sul do Brasil e no norte da Argentina. O comportamento reprodutivo dessa espécie é complexo, envolvendo uma série de movimentos desempenhados pelos machos para atrair as fêmeas para acasalamento, e ocorre, preferencialmente, nas primeiras horas do dia. Dois genes, period e fruitless, entre outros, são conhecidos por participar do controle do comportamento reprodutivo de vários organismos, incluindo algumas espécies de moscas-das-frutas. O presente trabalho buscou informações sobre a atuação desses genes no comportamento reprodutivo de A. sp.1, utilizando o silenciamento transitório desses genes pela metodologia de RNA interferente. Foram, primeiramente, desenhados iniciadores específicos para amplificar fragmentos do DNA genômico desses genes, sendo demonstrado que apresentaram uma similaridade entre 97 a 99% com os genes equivalentes de outras espécies de Anastrepha. A seguir, após padronização e adaptação de protocolos, foram sintetizados os RNA de dupla-fita (dsRNA) dos dois genes, que foram, então, utilizados nos experimentos de silenciamento. Análises, para verificação se os genes foram realmente silenciados foram feitas a partir a injeção dos dsRNAfru e/ou dsRNAper no abdomên de machos sexualmente maduros, tendo sido demonstrado que os genes estavam silenciados ao máximo, sete a oito dias após a injeção. Interferências no comportamento de machos sexualmente maduros, com um ou outro gene silenciado, foram avaliados por testes relacionados com dois parâmetros do comportamento reprodutivo: alterações nas atividades gerais (qualquer tipo de movimentação dos insetos) dos machos durante o ciclo circadiano (dia/noite) e mais especificamente, a atividade relacionada ao comportamento reprodutivo. Ao injetar dsRNAfru em machos adultos de A. sp.1 foi observado que não houve alteração significativa nas suas atividades gerais. Porém, foi observado que houve uma diminuição significativa no número de machos que realizavam atividades reprodutivas, sugerindo que o silenciamento de fruitless no macho adulto altera o funcionamento normal do comportamento sexual masculino. Em contrapartida, ao injetar dsRNAper em machos adultos de A. sp.1 não foi observada alteração significativa tanto nas suas atividades reprodutivas quanto nas atividades gerais. O silenciamento dos genes aparentemente não afeta a produção de espermatozóides. Apesar de controverso, esses dados corroboram com o que foi observado em D. melanogaster, em que o mutante nulo per04 não apresenta alteração significativa nos seus comportamentos em relação aos machos selavagens em um regime cíclico Dia/Noite. Dessa forma, análises adicionais serão necessárias com o objetivo de elucidar as implicações desses dois genes no comportamento locomotor e reprodutivo de Anastrepha sp.1 aff. fraterculus.<br>The complex of cryptic species Anastrepha fraterculus comprises eight morphotypes three of which occur in Brazil. Anastrepha sp.1 aff. fraterculus correspond to the morphotype Brazil-1 and is a species of wide distribution in the southeast/south plateau of Brazil and in north of Argentina. The reproductive behavior of this species is complex, involving a series of movements performed by males to attract females for mating, and occurs in the early hours of the day. Two genes, period and fruitless, among others, are known to participate in the control of reproductive behavior of various organisms, including some species of fruit flies. The present work aimed to get information about the presumable role of these genes in the reproductive behavior of A. sp.1, using transient silencing of these genes by interfering RNA methodology. Specific primers were first designed to amplify fragments of the genomic DNA of these genes, showing they have a similarity between 97 to 99% with the equivalent genes of other Anastrepha species. After standardization and adaptation of protocols, the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of the two genes were synthesized, and used in the silencing experiments. Tests to verify that the genes were actually silenced, were made after injection of the dsRNAfru and/or dsRNAper into the abdomens of sexually mature males. These tests showed that the genes were silenced to the maximum, seven to eight days after the injection. Interferences in the behavior of sexually mature males with one or other silenced gene were evaluated by tests related to two parameters of reproductive behavior: changes in the general activities (any type of movement of insects) of males during the circadian cycle (day/night) and more specifically, activity related to reproductive behavior. Injection of dsRNAfru in adult males of A. sp.1 showed that they did not cause significant alterations in general activities, but it was observed that they cause a significant decrease in the number of males that performed reproductive activities, suggesting that silencing of fruitless. alters the normal functioning of male sexual behavior. In contrast, when injecting dsRNAper. in adult males of A. sp.1, no significant alteration was observed neither in their reproductive activities nor in their general activities. Moreover, silencing of the genes seems not to affect the production of spermatozoa. Although controversial, the data are in line with observations in D. melanogaster, in which the null mutant per04 did not present significant alterations in behaviors relatives to the control males in a Day/Night cyclic regime. Thus, additional analyzes will be needed to elucidate the participation of the two genes in the coordination of behaviors in Anastrepha sp.1 aff fraterculus.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Ferraz<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T09:36:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yokoyama_LucianeYumiRosa_M.pdf: 764510 bytes, checksum: 449c6db1fffebe07c86cb609f147db2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004<br>Resumo: Figos são suscetíveis a danos, pois oferece pouca resistência à solicitações mecânicas. Por isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do transporte na qualidade do figo 'Roxo de Valinhos' e investigar parâmetros extraídos da curva força e deformação, para se obter um índice de firmeza de menor variabilidade para o figo.Figos foram acondicionados em bandejas de papelão (tradicional), em bandejas plásticas com divisões individuais, e plásticas com divisões individuais, forradas com algodão em cada divisão e também depositadas sob uma camada de algodão. As bandejas foram colocadas em engradados de madeira para permitir empilhamento. As embalagens foram dispostas nas posições dianteira e traseira da carroceria do caminhão, e nas posições inferior e superior da pilha. Os engradados, contendo as bandejas plásticas forradas com algodão, foram colocadas no centro da carroceria e na parte inferior do empilhamento.O percurso se iniciou numa propriedade em Valinhos, seguindo até a CEAGESP - São Paulo/SP. Na CEAGESP, as embalagens foram descarregadas e pesadas, e logo à seguir foram conduzidas ao laboratório da FEAGRI-UNICAMP - Campinas/SP. Após armazenamento mediu-se a perda de massa, aparência, firmeza, sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável e avaliou-se o extravazamento do conteúdo celular durante o armazenamento em condições ambientais. Observou-se que os figos, independente do tipo de embalagem, apresentaram excessiva perda de massa 24h após o transporte. Para a aparência, os figos transportados em bandejas de papelão apresentaram marcas de contato entre frutas e marcas de superfície, e os das bandejas plásticas apresentaram manchas de umidade na casca proveniente da transpiração do fruto, e abrasões causadas pelo contato com as paredes das divisões. A variabilidade dos valores de força e energia específica a 10% de deformação apresentaram pequena diferença entre si, devido a semelhança de comportamento foi adotada o valor de energia de deformação como índice de firmeza. Não houve diferenças de perda de massa, aparência, firmeza, sólidos solúveis, e de extravazemento do conteúdo celular entre posições no caminhão.<br>Abstract: Figs are commodities that are highly susceptible to damages. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of transportation on the quality 'Roxo de Valinhos' figs and also to investigate parameters of the force and deformation curve in order to obtain a firmness index with low variability. Figs were conditioned in traditional cardboard trays, plastic trays with unitary divisions and plastic trays with uniting divisions, lined with cotton in each division and also between the crate and the tray. The packings were disposed on a truck plattaform in the front and back positions, and in inferior and superior positions of the pilles. The packings - with the lined plastic trays - were placed at the center of the plattaform and at inferior part of the pile. The journey initiated in a property in Valinhos and ended at CEAGESP - Paulo/SP. At CEAGESP the packings had been unloaded and weighed and then they taken to the laboratory at Feagri-Unicamp - Campinas/SP where they were kept at room temperature. Mass of loss, appearance, firmness, soluble solid /acid ratio of the figs and cellular leakage content after transport were mesuared and avaluated storage. It was observed the figs, independent of the tray type, presented extreme loss of mass 24h after transportation. For the appearance the figs packed in cardboard trays showed marks of contact between fruits and surface marks and the ones in the plastic trays showed humidity marks from the perspiration of the fruit and abrasions caused by the contact with the walls of the divisions. Values of force and specific energy 10% of deformation showed similar variability, than were adopted as index firmness the values of the deformation energy. There were no significant differences of loss of mass, appearance, firmness, solids and acidity and of cellular leakage content between the various positions inside the truck.<br>Mestrado<br>Maquinas Agricolas<br>Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

A avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) é uma ferramenta que avalia os aspectos ambientais e os impactos potenciais ao longo do ciclo de vida de um produto, desde a aquisição de matérias-primas, passando por produção, uso e disposição. Suas características possibilitam a aplicação da ferramenta na comparação de produtos. Um setor que costuma ser alvo deste tipo de análise é o de embalagens, por possuir o período de uso muito curto e não necessariamente ligado ao produto embalado. Neste trabalho, a metodologia de avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) é aplicada à indústria de embalagens descartáveis para frutas, com a finalidade de comparar o desempenho ambiental de caixas de madeira e de papelão ondulado (PO). A metodologia para realização da ACV utilizada está de acordo com o descrito na família de normas ISO 14040, sendo dividida em quatro etapas: definição de objetivo e escopo, análise de inventário, avaliação de impacto e interpretação dos resultados. O cenáriobase da avaliação considera a produção energética segundo a matriz dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina, e disposição de resíduos sólidos em aterro controlado. Na avaliação de impacto, foi realizada a análise no nível de caracterização e dano normalizado. Os resultados obtidos, no nível de caracterização, demonstram que as embalagens em madeira são mais interessantes ambientalmente do que as em PO, para a maioria das categorias de impacto avaliadas. Para as categorias relacionadas à saúde humana, os escores das embalagens em madeira são 75% menores para carcinogênicos e não-carcinogênicos. Os escores do cenário PO foram melhores para as categorias de radiação ionizante, depleção do ozônio estratosférico e oxidação fotoquímica, sendo entre 62% e 74% menores que os do cenário madeira. Para mudanças climáticas, o ciclo de vida PO possui valor de impacto 25% maior que o madeira. Já para as categorias relacionadas à qualidade do ecossistema, o valor obtido para o ciclo de vida madeira é 95% menor para eutrofização e 70% menor para ecotoxicidade dos corpos d’água. Os resultados obtidos na caracterização conduziram à avaliação no nível de dano normalizado. Na avaliação de dano normalizado, foi demonstrado que a maior vantagem do ciclo de vida PO é a baixa utilização de recursos minerais e energéticos. Para as demais categorias de dano – mudanças climáticas, saúde humana e qualidade do ecossistema – o ciclo de vida da madeira demonstrou melhor comportamento que o do PO. A discussão dos resultados evidencia que os processos que mais contribuem para os impactos, nos dois ciclos de vida analisados, estão relacionados à extração da madeira, produção de energia e disposição dos resíduos sólidos. Para o cenário PO, cabe destacar ainda a produção de celulose pelo processo Kraft. A avaliação de cenários permite inferir que a matriz energética e a disposição final de resíduos sólidos teve influência direta nos resultados da ACV. A partir dos resultados obtidos, constata-se que a embalagem em madeira possui comportamento ambiental melhor que a em PO para o cenário-base avaliado.<br>Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool which evaluates the environment aspects and the potential impacts through a product life cycle, from the acquisition of raw materials to production, use and final disposition. Theirs features enable the use of this tool application on the products comparison. One industry that is the target of this kind of analysis is packaging, for it has a very short time of usage and not necessarily linked to the packaged product. In this work, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is applied to the fruit disposable packages industry, aiming at comparing wood and corrugated cardboard boxes environmental performances. The methodology used to apply the LCA is in accordance with what is indicated on the ISO Standards 14040, and it is divided in four stages: goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory analysis, life cycle impact assessment and interpretation. The assessment baseline scenario takes into consideration the energetic production according to the Rio Grande do Sul energy matrix and the landfill solid wastes disposition. In the impact assessment, an analysis was made on the level of characterization and normalized damage. The results obtained at the characterization level show that the wood packages are more environmentally interesting than those in corrugated cardboard to most of the impact categories assessed. In relation to the categories related to human health, the wood packages scores are 75% lower to carcinogenics and non-carcinogenics. The corrugated cardboard scenario scores are better to the ionizing radiation, stratospheric ozone depletion and photochemical oxidation categories, being among 62% and 74% lower than those of the wood scenario. For climate changes, the corrugated cardboard life cycle has an impact value 25% higher than the wood one. For the categories related to ecosystem quality, the value obtained for the wood life cycle is 95% lower for eutrophication and 70% lower for water bodies’ ecotoxicity. The characterization results conducted to the normalized damage assessment. For normalization at damage level, it was demonstrated that the major advantage of the corrugated cardboard life cycle is its low utilization of energy and mineral resources. For the other damage categories – climate change, human health and ecosystem quality – the wood life cycle showed better performance than corrugated cardboard life cycle. The results discussion demonstrates that the processes that contribute most to the impacts, in both life cycles analyzed, are related to wood extraction, energy production and solid wastes disposition. For the corrugated cardboard scenario, it is also interesting to call attention to the cellulose production by the Kraft process. Scenario evaluation demonstrates that the energetic production matrix and the final solid waste disposition have a direct influence on LCA results. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that the wood package has a better environmental performance that the one in corrugated cardboard in the baseline scenario assessed.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-20T14:26:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Roberto Dos Santos.pdf: 2805393 bytes, checksum: 05385968aee97107c3fb2c3af54f225c (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T14:26:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Roberto Dos Santos.pdf: 2805393 bytes, checksum: 05385968aee97107c3fb2c3af54f225c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-21<br>The aim of this study was to evaluate the eco-efficiency of the transformation of industrial waste in potential profitable co-products, as a business approach to reducing environmental impacts within the supply chain. The paper was based on to the following research question: How to measure the eco-efficiency of companies that value their industrial waste to allocate or offer them as alternative raw material for other industries? In this context, bottom ash resulting from the coal combustion in power plants was evaluated as a alternative raw material replacing sand in the production of ceramic materials and clinker in Portland cement industry, as an approach to eco-efficiency in power plants. The methodological procedures have been carried out in three phases: data collection through interviews; secondary data collection in thesis and periodical articles for the Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] preparation and the data evaluation. Pollutant emissions to atmosphere, water and soil were measured in numerical terms, relating to the production process of electric power and its waste, focused on bottom ash. All pollutants emissions to atmosphere, water and soil in numerical terms relating to the production process of sand and clinker were also measured. The evaluation has been carried out following the ABNT NBR ISO 14045 standard. The inventory calculation was based on primary data collected directly in the studied company and secondary data collected from the literature and regulatory agencies and analyzed by the software SimaPro. Within the limits of this research, it can be inferred that the eco-efficiency measure is carried out in two steps: 1) assessment of environmental impacts through research of the environmental aspects involved in the production process from the extraction of raw materials to the final disposal of waste and compare them to the production process to include the use of such waste. For this evaluation it was essential to measure LCA of waste (or wastes) to be evaluate and to compare the two processes (using and without using residue) so you can check what the major impacts are. Calculate the eco-efficiency of the process; 2) survey the probable cost’s uses of this waste in other production processes so that you can check for a monetary threshold that can afford possible valuation resulting from the new operations additions to the delivery of waste to another industrial sector. Based on these two phases it was possible to established eco-efficiency of the project, from both environmentally and economic perspectives. This research used the ReCiPe endpoint score method that presented the following results: a) Eco-efficiency of the generation of bottom ash for use in the ceramic industry compared with the generation of bottom ash by thermal plant and replacing the sand by the bottom ash in the production of ceramic tiles, thermal plant eco-efficiency spend 0.2% lower to 0.97% higher; b) Eco-efficiency of generation of bottom ash for use in cement industry compared with the generation of bottom ash by thermal plant and replacing the clinker by between 15-50%, have eco-efficiency values ranging from 2.4% to 11.5%. The use of bottom ash total replacement scenario of industrial sand in the production of ceramic tiles can use 91% of the amount spent on the acquisition of sand to buy the bottom ash. The use of bottom ash in the partial replacement scenario clinker in Portland cement production is that 91.4% of the clinker value can be used in the purchase of bottom ash. We can infer that it is possible to measure the eco-efficiency by measuring the environmental impacts through the ACV of the waste and, together, economically test the feasibility of their use.<br>O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a ecoeficiência da transformação de resíduos industriais em potenciais coprodutos rentáveis, como uma abordagem empresarial para a redução dos impactos ambientais dentro de uma cadeia de suprimentos. Este trabalho teve como referência a seguinte questão de pesquisa: Como medir a ecoeficiência das empresas que valorizam seus resíduos sólidos industriais ao destiná-los como matéria-prima alternativa para outros setores industriais? Nesse contexto, foi avaliada a valorização de cinzas pesadas, provenientes da combustão de carvão mineral em usinas termelétricas, como matéria-prima alternativa em substituição da areia na produção de materiais cerâmicos e também na substituição do clínquer na indústria de cimento Portland, como uma abordagem de ecoeficiência em termelétricas. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram realizados em três fases: levantamento dos dados por meio de questionários e entrevistas; levantamento de dados secundários em teses e artigos de periódicos para elaboração da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida [ACV]; e a avaliação dos dados. Foram dimensionadas as emissões de poluentes para atmosfera, água e solo em termos numéricos relativos ao processo produtivo de energia elétrica e seus resíduos, com o foco nas cinzas pesadas. Foram dimensionadas também todas as emissões de poluentes para atmosfera, água e solo em termos numéricos relativos ao processo produtivo da areia e do clínquer. A avaliação foi realizada segundo a norma ABNT NBR ISO 14045. O cálculo do inventário foi baseado em dados primários levantados diretamente na empresa estudada e os dados secundários coletados na literatura e nas agências reguladoras e analisados pelo software SimaPro. No limite desta pesquisa, pode-se inferir que a medida de ecoeficiência seja realizada em duas etapas: 1) avaliação dos impactos ambientais por meio da pesquisa dos aspectos ambientais envolvidos no processo produtivo desde a extração das matérias-primas até a disposição final dos resíduos e sua comparação com o processo produtivo com a inclusão do uso desses resíduos. Para essa avaliação, é fundamental dimensionar a ACV do resíduo (ou dos resíduos) a ser valorizado e comparar os dois processos (sem uso e com do resíduo) para que se possa verificar quais são os maiores impactos. Calcular o valor da ecoeficiência do processo; 2) levantamento dos prováveis custos do uso desses resíduos em outros processos produtivos para que se possa verificar se há uma margem monetária que possa arcar com possíveis valores decorrentes do acréscimo de novas operações até a entrega do resíduo para outro setor industrial. Baseado nessas duas etapas, foi possível estabelecer a ecoeficiência, tanto ambiental quanto econômica do projeto. Esta pesquisa utilizou o método ReCiPe endpoint H pontuação única, que apresentou os seguintes resultados: a) Ecoeficiência da geração de cinzas pesadas para uso na indústria de revestimentos cerâmicos comparada com a geração de cinzas pela termelétrica e a substituição da areia pelas cinzas pesadas na produção de revestimentos cerâmicos, a ecoeficiência da termelétrica passaria de 0,2% inferior para 0,97% superior; b) Ecoeficiência da geração de cinzas pesadas para uso na indústria de cimento comparada com a geração de cinzas pela termelétrica e a substituição do clínquer por cinzas pesadas em quantidades de massa entre 15-50%, têm-se valores de ecoeficiência variando de 2,4% a 11,5%. O uso das cinzas pesadas no cenário de substituição total da areia industrial na produção de revestimentos cerâmicos poderá usar 91% do valor gasto na aquisição de areia para comprar as cinzas pesadas. No uso das cinzas pesadas no cenário de substituição parcial do clínquer na produção de cimento Portland tem-se que 91,4% do valor do clínquer poderá ser utilizado na compra das cinzas pesadas. Pode-se inferir que é possível medir a ecoeficiência medindo-se os impactos ambientais, por meio da ACV do resíduo e, em conjunto, verificar economicamente a viabilidade do seu uso.

Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) es un pseudocóccido invasor originario del África subsahariana que fue detectado causando graves daños en cítricos del este de España en el año 2009. Debido al desconocimiento existente sobre esta especie, la gestión de D. aberiae se ha llevado a cabo mediante el uso de tratamientos químicos autorizados contra este tipo de insectos. Sin embargo, la última Directiva Europea (2009/128/EC) sobre el uso sostenible de productos fitosanitarios estipula que la aplicación de plaguicidas en el ámbito agrícola debe reducirse, promoviendo estrategias de manejo más sostenibles como es la aplicación del control biológico de plagas. Además, cuando una especie invasora llega por primera vez a un territorio es necesario estudiar su biología, comportamiento, daños causados y posibilidades de control. En esta tesis se presentan por primera vez estos estudios de biología y comportamiento de la plaga así como un análisis de los daños producidos por D. aberiae. También se han realizado estudios con el objetivo de implementar la aplicación de un programa de control biológico clásico sobre esta especie en cítricos en España. Para analizar la biología y comportamiento de D. aberiae se han muestreado durante tres años varias parcelas de cítricos con poblaciones de D. aberiae en la Comunidad Valenciana. En estas parcelas se han recogido muestras y contabilizado todos los pseudocóccidos presentes, su estadío de desarrollo y el estrato y órgano del árbol donde se encontraban. El periodo de daños al fruto fue estudiado en semicampo y campo mediante la infestación artificial con D. aberiae de frutos de distintos tamaños de diámetro. Por último se estudió el comportamiento y las posibilidades de control biológico de D. aberiae muestreando diversas parcelas de cítricos en su zona de origen (Sudáfrica). Los resultados mostraron que la abundancia de las poblaciones de D. aberiae en cítricos es elevada en primavera y verano, reduciéndose a niveles mucho más bajos en otoño e invierno. Además el insecto completa varias generaciones a lo largo del año, estando dos de ellas muy claramente definidas y siendo las que dan lugar a elevadas poblaciones de la plaga. En cuanto a su distribución, D. aberiae se instaló principalmente en la copa del árbol y se observaron migraciones entre los distintos órganos, mostrando una clara preferencia por el fruto en desarrollo. Entre febrero y septiembre parte de las poblaciones de D. aberiae se encontraron en tronco y suelo, existiendo movimientos de subida y de bajada a la copa en función de la fenología de la planta y las condiciones climáticas. La comparativa entre técnicas de muestreo reveló que las trampas de cartón corrugado proporcionan una medida cuantitativa de la abundancia de D. aberiae en las parcelas. Por su parte, las trampas pegajosas, provistas de hembras de D. aberiae, fueron capaces de detectar los principales vuelos de machos. Por otro lado, D. aberiae causó daños directos al fruto (deformación y/o reducción de tamaño) al alimentarse del ovario de la flor o de los primeros estados de desarrollo de éste. Estos daños son posiblemente debidos a su interferencia con el proceso de división celular. Por último, en Sudáfrica, lugar de origen de la plaga, los mayores niveles poblaciones de D. aberiae se encontraron en verano y la tasa de parasitismo fue máxima en otoño. Entre el complejo de enemigos naturales de D. aberiae encontrados destacaron dos especies, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) y Allotropa sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Ambos parasitoides podrían tener un papel importante en un programa de control biológico contra D. aberiae en España. Por ahora, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 parece el mejor candidato por sus mayores tasas de parasitismo en Sudáfrica.<br>Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive mealybug native to sub-Saharan Africa that was detected causing significant damage to citrus fruits in eastern Spain in 2009. Due to the lack of knowledge about this species, the management of D. aberiae has been carried out by the application of authorized insecticides against mealybugs. However, the latest European Directive (2009/128 / EC) on the sustainable use of pesticides stipulates that chemical treatments in agroecosystems must be reduced, promoting more sustainable management strategies such as the application of biological control methodologies. In addition, when an invasive species arrives for the first time in a territory it is necessary to study its biology, behavior, damage caused and control possibilities. This thesis presents for the first time these studies of biology and behavior of the pest as well as a characterization of the damage produced by D. aberiae. The possibilities of implementing a classical biological control program against this species in citrus in Spain have also been studied. To analyze the biology and behavior of D. aberiae, several citrus orchards infested with the mealybug have been sampled for three years in the Valencian Community (eastern Spain). Samples have been collected periodically and the number of mealybugs, their developmental stage as well as the infested stratum and organ where they were present have being recorded. The period of damage to the fruit was studied in semi-field and field conditions by the artificial infestation with D. aberiae of fruits of different diameter. Finally, the behavior and possibilities of biological control of D. aberiae were studied by sampling several citrus orchards in the native area of the mealybug (South Africa). Results showed that the density of D. aberiae populations in citrus orchards is high in spring and summer, decreasing to lower levels in autumn and winter. In addition, the insect completes several generations throughout the year and two of them are clearly defined and result in high population levels. Regarding its distribution, D. aberiae was mostly installed in the canopy of the tree and migrations were observed between different organs, showing a clear preference for the developing fruit. From February to September some mealybugs were found in the trunk and soil, moving upwards or downwards depending on the phenology of the plant and the climatic conditions. The comparison between sampling techniques revealed that corrugated cardboard band traps provide a quantitative measurement of D. aberiae density in the orchards. On the other hand, sticky traps, baited with D. aberiae females were able to detect the main male flight periods. D. aberiae caused direct damage to the fruit (deformation and/or reduction in size) by feeding on the ovary of the flower or on small fruits in development. These damages are probably due to their interference with the process of cell division. Finally, in South Africa, native area of the pest, the highest density levels of D. aberiae were found in summer and the highest parasitism rates occurred in autumn. Among the complex of D. aberiae natural enemies, the two most abundant species were Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Allotropa sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Both parasitoids could play an important role in a biological control program against D. aberiae in Spain. For now, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 seems the best candidate because of its higher rates of parasitism in South Africa.<br>Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) és un pseudocòccid invasor originari de l'Àfrica subsahariana que va ser detectat causant greus danys en cítrics de l'est d'Espanya l'any 2009. A causa del desconeixement existent sobre aquesta espècie, la gestió de D. aberiae s'ha dut a terme mitjançant l'ús de tractaments químics autoritzats contra aquest tipus d'insectes. No obstant això, l'última Directiva Europea (2009/128/EC) sobre l'ús sostenible de productes fitosanitaris estipula que l'aplicació de plaguicides en l'àmbit agrícola ha de reduir-se, promovent estratègies de maneig més sostenibles com és l'aplicació del control biològic de plagues. A més, quan una espècie invasora arriba per primera vegada a un territori és necessari estudiar la seua biologia, comportament, danys causats i possibilitats de control. En aquesta tesi es presenten per primera vegada els estudis de biologia i comportament de la plaga així com una anàlisi dels danys produïts per D. aberiae. També s'han realitzat estudis amb l'objectiu d'implementar l'aplicació d'un programa de control biològic clàssic sobre aquesta espècie en cítrics a Espanya. Per a analitzar la biologia i comportament de D. aberiae s'han mostrejat durant tres anys diverses parcel·les de cítrics amb poblacions de D. aberiae a la Comunitat Valenciana. En aquestes parcel·les s'han recollit mostres i comptabilitzat tots els pseudocòccids presents, el seu estadi de desenvolupament i l'estrat i òrgan de l'arbre on es trobaven. El període de danys al fruit va ser estudiat en semicamp i camp mitjançant la infestació artificial amb D. aberiae de fruits de diferents mides de diàmetre. Finalment es va estudiar el comportament i les possibilitats de control biològic de D. aberiae mostrejant diverses parcel·les de cítrics en la seua zona d'origen (Sud-àfrica). Els resultats van mostrar que l'abundància de les poblacions de D. aberiae en cítrics és elevada a la primavera i estiu, reduint-se a nivells molt més baixos a la tardor i hivern. A més l'insecte completa diverses generacions al llarg de l'any, estant dos d'elles molt clarament definides i sent les que donen lloc a elevades poblacions de la plaga. Quant a la seua distribució, D. aberiae es va instal·lar principalment en la copa de l'arbre i es van observar migracions entre els diferents òrgans, mostrant una clara preferència pel fruit en desenvolupament. Entre febrer i setembre part de les poblacions de D. aberiae es van trobar en tronc i sòl, existint moviments de pujada i de baixada a la copa en funció de la fenología de la planta i les condicions climàtiques. La comparativa entre tècniques de mostreig va revelar que les trampes de cartró corrugat proporcionen una mesura quantitativa de l'abundància de D. aberiae en les parcel·les. Per la seua banda, les trampes apegaloses proveïdes de femelles de D. aberiae van aconseguir detectar els principals vols de mascles. D'altra banda, D. aberiae va causar danys directes al fruit (deformació i/o reducció de mida) en l'alimentar-se de l'ovari de la flor o dels primers estats de desenvolupament d'aquest. Aquest danys són possiblement deguts a la seua interferència amb el procés de divisió cel·lular. Finalment, a Sud-àfrica, lloc d'origen de la plaga, els majors nivells poblacionals de D. aberiae es van trobar a l'estiu i la taxa de parasitisme va ser màxima a la tardor. Entre el complex d'enemics naturals de D. aberiae trobats van destacar dues espècies, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) i Allotropa sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Tots dos parasitoides podrien tindre un paper important en un programa de control biològic contra D. aberiae a Espanya. Per ara, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 sembla el millor candidat per les seues majors taxes de parasitisme a Sud-àfrica.<br>Martínez Blay, V. (2018). Biology and management, by application of classical biological control, of the invasive mealybug Delotoccoccus aberiae (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae) in citrus orchards in Spain [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/106363<br>TESIS

A large part of energy carriers and chemicals of our society come from fossil fuels; due to their critical exploitation and environmental concerns, alternative solutions should be promoted. The goal of this work is to understand the environmental impacts of different supply chains of levulinic acid production. To enable this comparison, a cradle-to-gate LCA was conducted on different kinds of biomasses, under an innovative thermochemical process called Biofine. The study concerns biomass not only of agri-food origin (corn stover, barley straw, wheat straw), but also deriving from the waste collection supply chain (organic fraction of municipal solid waste). Results show that biochemicals production from waste-derived biomass represent the lowest environmental impact solution, compared to the supply chain with biomass of agri-food origin. For agri-food biomasses, the impacts deriving from the agricultural phase are orders of magnitude more significant than those of the industrial phase, while the transport phase is the least impacting in absolute terms. For waste-derived biomasses, transport is the most impacting phase of the entire supply chain.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>環境工程學研究所<br>103<br>As global population has increased, the generation of municipal solid waste has also increased and its treatment is a salient issue for many governments. Fly ash is a byproduct of solid waste incineration and is regarded as hazardous waste. Yet fly ash can be reused in cement, bricks, alkaline, aggregate sand other treatments. However, these fly ash reuse treatments might create higher environmental impacts. Therefore, the study aims to discuss the most common fly ash reuse and treatments and evaluate them by environmental impact and cost benefit analysis, to choose the better fly ash reuse treatment alternatives. This research discusses four kinds of fly ash treatments scenarios: 1) Landfill after solidification, 2) Reuse as cement, 3) Reuse as bricks, 4) Reuse as alkaline in Waelz process, and evaluates each in two parts. The first part experimental, which analyzed heavy metal composition before and after washing process. The second part is to evaluate fly ash reuse treatment by life cycle assessment. Inventory data were obtained from commercial operation factories and references, and LCA software SimaPro and environmental impact model IMPACT 2002+ were used to evaluate the outcome of LCA. It was found that although washed fly ash can stabilize toxic substances, it also can increase heavy metal concentration, In LCA portion, the highest impact scenario is scenario 2, second is scenario 1, third is scenario 3, the lowest impact is reusing as alkaline of the low impact of scenario 4 is due to the benefit from recycling zinc. Fly ash reuse treatment will be increasingly important and will require many considerations. In terms of environmental impact, this research aims to provide a holistic comparison between different fly ash reuse treatments to further recommendation of better fly ash reuse treatment.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>農業經濟學研究所<br>106<br>Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a structured and comprehensive method to estimate the potential environmental impact of new processes or products. This thesis investigates the potential Green House Gas (GHG) emissions of using household food waste to produce larvae meal of the Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) in Taiwan applying a life cycle methodology. It is estimated that one tonne of food waste can be converted to 20 kg of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) with potential GHG emissions equal to 4.00 kgCO2e. Therefore, 50 tonnes of food waste are needed to produce of 1 tonne of BSFL meal potentially generating 200 kgCO2e. In addition, a preliminary economic analysis is performed. The economic analysis results show that the annual food waste in Taiwan could be transformed to 12,000 and 120,000 tonnes of BSFL meal and compost material by adopting the black soldier fly larvae production scenario. The BSFL meal could be used to feed livestock or aquaculture species, partially replacing Taiwan’s dependency on soybean and fishmeal imports. BSFL production is economically feasible and environmental friendly as long as there is a reliable and constant source of food waste or any other organic waste in which the larvae might thrive. Addressing the need to reduce the dependency on feed ingredient imports in Taiwan is important for food security. As a result, BSFL production and other similar insect production systems to transform waste into valuable feed ingredients needs more attention from the academia and governmental support.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>昆蟲學研究所<br>97<br>The oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)) is an important economic pest for tropical fruits in the world. In recent years, fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) resistances to organophosphate insecticides (OPs) in the field have been reported in Taiwan. Generally, the resistant populations are hypothesized to have fitness costs as compared to the normal group, because they have the ability to generate resistance. There are three parts in this research for finding the differences of the life history traits between the resistant line and susceptible line to make the pest controls more efficient. Firstly, we investigate the fitness performance by comparing life-history traits (life table) between the naled-resistant and -susceptible lines of oriental fruit flies. We mainly compare the hatchability, the duration of egg, larval, and pupal stages as well as adult longevity and fecundity of the two lines under three constant temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C). We also compared the relationship between the OPs resistant allele frequency and temperature conditions in the field for proving the situation of adult longevity between the two lines in the laboratory. As to the application of the life table results into pest management of the oriental fruit fly, the third part of this study is predicting the population parameters by the matrix model and estimating the influences of different controlling rates to the fruit fly populations. The first part of the results showed no significant differences of egg hatching rate between the two lines. However, the susceptible line significantly possesses shorter developmental time of egg, larval, and pupal stage at every temperature than those in the resistant line, except the egg stage at 30°C, where there was no significant difference. The adult longevity of the resistant line significantly outlives susceptible populations under 20°C, but is significantly shorter than the susceptible line at 30°C. The highest fecundity values occur at 25°C in both lines though there are no significant differences between the two lines at 20°C. However, the fecundity of the susceptible line at 25 and 30°C are significantly higher than the resistant line. The values of mean generation time (T), intrinsic rate (rm), finite rate of increase (λ), and the doubling time (DT) are increased from 20 to 30°C. The highest and lowest values of the net reproductive rate (R0) in the susceptible line are 362.97 and 229.86 at 25 and 20°C, respectively. However, the highest and lowest values of the net reproductive rate (R0) in the resistant line are 234.57 and 189.90 at 25 and 30°C, respectively. As to the mean generation time (T) in the susceptible line, the lowest and highest values are 46.55 d and 58.06 d at 30 and 20°C, respectively. In contrast, the resistant line also has the lowest and highest values at 30 and 20°C, which are 41.66 d and 62.01 d, respectively. On the aspect of the intrinsic rate (rm), the highest and lowest values are 0.123 and 0.093 in the susceptible line, respectively; the highest and lowest values of the intrinsic rate (rm) are 0.126 and 0.087 at 30 and 20°C, respectively. The highest and lowest values of the doubling time (DT) in the susceptible line are 7.40 d and 5.64 d at 20 and 30°C, respectively, and the highest and lowest values of the doubling time (DT) in the resistant line are 7.93 d and 5.50 d at 20 and 30°C, respectively. Results of the relative fitness costs from this study are generally consistent with the hypothesis of fitness cost on the resistant line at 25 and 30°C. On the concept of field investigation, the results of detecting the gene point mutation of acetylcholinesterase show that the resistant allele frequency at July, 2008 and March, 2009 are 69% and 43%, respectively, indicating that the amount of the resistant population was higher than the susceptible population when the temperature was lower. Hence, the differences of the adult longevity between both lines at 20 and 30°C can be explained. In the estimation by the matrix model, the life cycle of the oriental fruit fly was divided into 5 stages, including the egg, larval, pupal, sexually immature adult (SIA), and sexually mature adult (SMA) stage, for evaluating the eigenvector. The estimations of the λ change with daily survival probability which show that the eigenvector of the resistant line is 20°C at SIA and SMA stages and the eigenvector of the susceptible line are 25 and 30°C at the SIA stage. In contrast, the same estimations of the eigenvectors of the susceptible line at 20, 25, and 30°C are pupal stage, SIA, and SIA stages, respectively. Finally, the estimations of the λ by changing in stage duration show that if the egg duration is elongated, the λ will decrease sharply in both lines. However, elongating the SMA little influences the population growth of both lines. It suggests that we can do the pest control based on the resistant allele frequencies and the temperature conditions in certains area at the SIA stage.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>水資源及環境工程學系碩士班<br>98<br>The recovery is the best way to the management of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash. However, we have to consider that the whole environmental load affected by recovery process for fear of causing more environmental problems after solving the problem of fly ash. Thus, if the Life Cycle Thinking could be introduced at the initial stage of research and full-scale simulated assessment, we might have a clear direction and improved skill for fly ash recovery to reduce the whole environmental load. In this study, Life Cycle Assessment was applied to simulate the environmental influence of in-plant recovery of fly ash and the Life Cycle program “Simapro” was adopted to perform this study. The technology assessed here was the recovery of fly ash for green brick manufacture which was developed from our research team. The improvement project was presented after the assessment and comparison of traditional bricks, green bricks and 2nd green bricks. The results indicated that the use of phosphoric acid has the biggest environmental load in the process of green brick manufacture and power was the next. Therefore, waste phosphoric acid was suggested for the substitute in the experiment and we found that it can reduce environmental load substantially. Finally, comparing with traditional brick, green brick and 2nd green brick, we found that single score of traditional bricks was 3.77E-03 Pt, the green brick was 4.05E-03 Pt. The difference between these two was only 2.08E-04 Pt. Before the assessment, people usually considered that the recovery of fly ash was high-energy consumption and high impact to environment. However, the results showed that recovery of fly ash didn’t spend much more than the traditional process, and further, if waste phosphoric acid was adopted for substitute in the production process of 2nd green brick, the single score was reduced to 3.44E-03 Pt which was less than the single score of traditional brick. Therefore, the process of 2nd green brick was the friendliest technology to environment that could be the further direction of research in the future.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>水資源及環境工程學系碩士班<br>101<br>In Taiwan, the quantity of waste glass recycling has increased over years. Current recyclable technology can effectively achieve the purpose of the waste glass recycling. Recycling is also the best way to manage municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash. However, the whole environmental load affected by the treatment process need to be consider, which can avoid to generate more environmental problems. Thus, if the Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) could be introduced at the initial stage of research and with full-scale simulation, we might have a better sense of direction and could improve the technique of the fly ash recycling that can reduce the environmental impact. This study used LCA to simulate the effect of recycling process of the MSWI fly ash and analyzed the environmental impact by Gabi of Life Cycle Assessment Software. This recycling technique of the MSWI fly ash with waste glass to manufacture humidity-controlling ceramic material can provide improving solutions accordingly. Waste glass, kaolinite and fly ash are the porous material and foaming agent, which can be synthesized by sintering technology to produce humidity-controlling ceramic material. The results of experiment indicate that there are two composition ratios can meet the standard of Japan humidity-controlling ceramic material specification and which would conform to CNS3299-4 standard. These ratios are 60% waste glass powder, 20% kaolinite and 20% fly ash (GKF-622); and 60% waste glass powder, 30% kaolinite, 10% fly ash (GKF-631). By using to the two ratios, this study accesses their lifecycles respectively. LCA used Eco-Indicator 99 index of Gabi5 to access the impact of human health, ecosystem and resources. The result of the LCA shows that the best ratio of GKF is GKF-631. The main environmental impact for producing 1 Kg of humidity-controlling ceramic material is 5.65Pt of resource consumption. The minor environmental impact is 2.13E-01Pt of human health. The minimal environmental impact is 1.51E-02 Pt of ecosystem quality. The order of environment impact in each process is as following: sintering process > water extraction process of MSWI fly ash > adjusting process > waste glass powdering process > molding process.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>水資源及環境工程學系碩士班<br>104<br>MSWI fly ash need to be processed so that its toxicity is below the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) standard before being accepted into a landfill or reused. Currently there are no appropriate ways of reusing the tons of fly ash stabilized by cement solidification and landfill is its final disposal. However, there will not be adequate room for landfill, since New Taipei City is densely populated. The stabilization process discussed in the research can use the resultant as raw materials for potential products, but its effects on the Ecosystem quality, Human health, Resources, Climate change in New Taipei City and the feasibility of transforming the resultant into products are unknown. Accordingly, the above four effects are discussed based on the life cycle assessment by the scenario analysis. In the procedure of assessment, the impact assessment method for IMPACT 2002+, the GaBi software, the system boundary for waste management, and the functional unit for stabilized one ton of MSWI fly ash in New Taipei City are chosen so that the resultant can meet the standard of reuse. The impact assessment is separated into three parts: in the first and second parts, the comparison of the results of the impact assessment for each procedure is made, but in the second part is added the scenario of the reuse of the resultant as the red brick, and in the third part the impact assessment for the second part and the process for stabilization of MSWI fly ash by cement solidification then sanitary landfill is compared. Of the four effects in each procedure discussed in the first part, the greatest is the effect on Human health, which, according to research, is contributed mostly by Taipower. The major effect of the four effects in the second part in the procedure of transforming the resultant into red bricks is Climate change, but when the milling time is extended to more than 3 hours, the major effect in each procedure changes from Climate change to Human health which is the same result as the first part. The major effect of the four effects in the third part in the process of cement solidification is Human health, and second to it is Climate change. Except Climate change, the other three effects of the process of cement solidification is greater than those of the other process, and the total impact is larger too.