Academic literature on the topic 'Fruit juices'

The purpose of this project is to offer a market study of the fruit juices market in France. The aim is to propose not only a comprehensive analysis of the fruit juices market in France, but also a set of recommendations that could be used by managers of fruit juices companies in sustaining a mature market.

Bacteriocins (BCNs) are ribosomally synthesized polypeptides or proteins with antimicrobial activity, produced by different groups of bacteria. Many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce BCNs with broad spectra of inhibition. The antimicrobial activity of BCNs against spoilage organisms (SPOs) has raised considerable interest in their application in juice preservation. The objectives of the study were to: (i) isolate, identify and screen BCN producing bacteria for antimicrobial activity against spoilage bacteria and fungi, (ii) optimize production of BCN from selected producers and (iii) investigate the industrial application of the BCN as a preservative in fruit juice. Eleven LAB strains of BCN producers were screened for antimicrobial activity. BCNs from Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus 34 were the most effective against juice spoilage bacteria and fungi. The effect of medium components on bacteriocin production in L. plantarum and P. pentosaceus 34 was also determined. Clementine:Valencia (1:1) juice was used for the first time as the growth medium for L. plantarum and P. pentosaceus 34. The BCN from L. plantarum showed the highest activity and was, therefore, chosen for juice fermentation studies. The identification of L. plantarum was confirmed by biochemical tests, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the recA gene. The highest BCN activity was observed for L. plantarum grown in De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) and a combination of all supplements (i.e. peptone, MnSO4.H2O, Tween 80, glucose and whey), followed by MRS and Tween 80, peptone, MnSO4.H2O and MRS alone. MRS was a better medium for BCN production than juice [Clementine:Valencia (1:1)]. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to isolate the active L. plantarum BCN fraction which corresponded to an approximate molecular weight of 3.2 kDa and was proteinaceous in nature. Plantaricin structural genes (plnEF, plnJ, plnK, plnN) were detected in the L. plantarum strain by PCR and sequenced, and were chromosomally encoded as no plasmids could be detected. This implies that the BCN from L. plantarum is most likely a type of class IIa plantaricin which is responsible for the broad inhibitory activity observed. For the industrial application studies, L. plantarum BCN-containing cell free supernatant (BCNsup) added to “Ready to Drink” (RTD) Clementine:Valencia (1:1) juice at concentrations of 3 600 - 500 000 ppm decreased growth of SPOs, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus thermophilus. At 250 000 ppm, the L. plantarum BCNsup achieved 5.3 and 6.8 log reductions of the L. acidophilus, after 24 and 48 h, respectively, which is larger than the USFDA (2001) requirement of a 5 log reduction in SPO activity, for preservation of fruit juices. However, there was a decrease in the activity when the BCNsup was applied to industrial (Valor) RTD juice (mango-orange) at decreasing concentrations of 100 000, 50 000 and 25 000 ppm. Organoleptic tests showed that the BCN did not alter flavor or taste of the juice and did not cause toxicity or allergic reactions. A food safety risk assessment was conducted in order to determine the Critical Control Point(s) [CCP(s)] at which the BCN could be applied to control identified microbiological hazards, and a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan was developed. This is the first report on the optimisation of L. plantarum BCN production in juice [Clementine:Valencia (1:1)], followed by inoculation into RTD juice (mango-orange), including a HACCP plan for the application of the BCN as a preservative in juice.

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.<br>Fruit juices were until recently considered to only be susceptible to spoilage by yeasts, mycelial fungi and lactic acid bacteria. Spoilage by these organisms was prevented by the acidic pH of fruit juices and the heat-treatment applied during the hot-fill-hold process. Despite these control measures, an increasing number of spoilage cases of fruit juices, fruit juice products and acidic vegetables due to contamination by thermophilic acidophilic bacteria (TAB) have been reported. The genus Alicyclobacillus, containing TAB were first classified as Bacillus, but were reclassified in 1992. Species of Alicyclobacillus are Gram-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming bacteria. The unique characteristic of these organisms is the presence of ω-alicyclic fatty acids, such as ω-cyclohexane and ω-cycloheptane, as the major components of the cellular membrane. This organism has been shown to survive pasteurisation conditions of 95°C for 2 min and grows within a pH range of 2.5 to 6.0 and temperatures between 25° and 60°C. The genus currently consists of 11 species, with A. acidoterrestris, A. acidocaldarius and A. pomorum being the only species associated with the spoilage of fruit juices and fruit juice products. The aim of this study was to evaluate culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches for the detection and isolation of Alicyclobacillus spp. from pasteurised South African fruit juices and concentrates. The culture-dependent approach was evaluated by comparing five different growth media, for growth and recovery of A. acidoterrestris, A. acidocaldarius and A. pomorum at different incubation temperatures, from sterile saline solution (SSS) (0.85% (m/v) NaCl), diluted and undiluted fruit juice concentrates. The five media evaluated included potato dextrose agar (PDA), orange serum agar (OSA), K-agar, yeast extract (YSG)-agar and Bacillus acidocaldarius medium (BAM). The culture-independent approach was used to identify the micro-organisms present in fruit juices and concentrates from different South African manufacturers before and after pasteurisation, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and DNA sequencing. Spread plates of PDA at pH 3.7 and incubation temperature of 50°C for 3 days was found to be the best isolation media for species of Alicyclobacillus from fruit juice and fruit juice concentrate. With the inclusion of a heat shock treatment at 80°C for 10 min the growth media of preference for spores of Alicyclobacillus from fruit juice concentrates was OSA at pH 5.5 and an incubation temperature of 50°C for 3 days. The culture-dependent approach could detect cells or endospores at a minimum concentration of 104 cfu.ml-1 in SSS and diluted fruit juices. PCR-based DGGE analysis was more sensitive and detected cells of Alicyclobacillus spp. from fruit juices and concentrates at a minimum concentration of 103 cfu.ml-1. Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris was found to be present in South African apple juice, pear juice, white grape juice and aloe vera juice. White grape juice was also found to contain A. pomorum. Other organisms present in the orange, apple, mango and pear juices were two uncultured bacteria that were identified as members of the genus Bacillus, and one uncultured bacterium closely related to Alcaligenus faecalis. This study confirmed the presence of TAB in pasteurised South African fruit juices and concentrates and emphasises the need for the rapid and accurate detection of TAB in food products.

Measuring brand equity is an important brand management function but, the appropriateness of brand equity measurement methods remain a concern. This study applied levels three of brand equity measurement approach to have an understanding of consumers’ brand perception. It is hoped that this understanding could give brand managers the necessary tool to develop and deploy effective and efficient brand management strategies and tactics. At Ceres Fruit Juices (CFJ), brand equity is used to improve competitive marketing actions, gain larger margins, intermediary co-operation and management support for brand extension. This study measures CFJ Brand equity to understand consumers’ perception so that this understanding can be used to develop responsive brand management strategies and tactics. Brand equity measurement methods and model found in the literature shows that measurement success depends on the suitability of the method used. However, customers’ perception is at the centre of brand equity measurement approach – level three used in this study. With merger and acquisition taking place at Ceres Fruit Juices, brand equity measurement emerged as an important brand management function to leverage real brand value. This would inevitably lead to an improvement in customer service through adequate understanding of customers brand perception. Understanding gives brand managers the necessary tool to deploy responsive and efficient brand management strategies and tactics to lessen the severity of the negative impact merger and acquisition may have on brand equity. Thus, this study found measurement model and method to be an essential element of brand equity measurement.

Conventional thermal kinetics of enzyme inactivation and microbial destruction in fruit juices were studied in the pasteurization temperature range (50 to 90°C). Pectin methylesterase (PME), as the most heat resistant enzyme, in orange juice and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum, as the most common spoilage yeast and bacteria, respectively, in apple juice used as indicators were subjected to heat treatment in a well-agitated water bath. Based on gathered time-temperature profiles, effective portions of the come-up (CUT) and come-down (CDT) times (lags) were determined for inclusion in kinetic data handling. The inactivation/destruction kinetics followed typical first-order rate of reactions.<br>A continuous-flow microwave heating system was set up and evaluated for obtaining kinetic parameters under microwave heating conditions. The outlet temperature was characterized as a function of fluid flow rate, heating volume and initial temperature.<br>Kinetics of enzyme inactivation and microbial destruction at various temperatures under continuous-flow microwave heating conditions were then evaluated using the technique established above. The rates of inactivation/destruction varied depending on temperature. Taking into consideration the effectiveness of the CUT and contributory thermal inactivation during the CDT, the D-values were found to vary from 38.5 s at 55°C to 1.32 s at 70°C (pH 3.7) for PME, 4.75 s at 52.5°C to 0.378 s at 60°C (pH 3.4) for S. cerevisiae (ATCC 16664) and 14.1 s at 57.5°C to 0.327 s at 65°C (pH 3.4) for L. plantarum (ATCC 14917).<br>Some non-thermal microwave effects were hypothesized to exist and responsible for such differences between the two heating modes. Enzyme inactivation and microbial destruction were then studied further to evaluate the non-thermal effects. A continuous-flow microwave heating system was developed operating at full power while maintaining sample temperatures below 40°C by circulating a microwave-transparent liquid (kerosene) for immediate removal of heat produced in the juice during microwave exposure.<br>In order to explain and better characterize the faster rate of inactivation/destruction associated with microwave heating conditions observed in kinetic studies, additional tests were carried out using the second set-up described above, but without the cooling heat exchanger. The temperature of samples of different sizes were allowed to progressively increase under carefully controlled conditions. Inactivation of PME in orange juice (pH 3.7) and destruction of S. cerevisiae in apple juice (pH 3.4) were again used as parameters. The results once again clearly demonstrated superior inactivation/destruction effects under microwave heating which increased with temperature and decreased with sample size. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Aquest treball va estudiar la irradiació ultraviolada-visible (UV-Vis) com una alternativa per a la pasteurització de sucs. Els resultats van mostrar que la irradiació ultraviolada no produeix hidroximetilfurfural i es capaç de degradar-lo. Es va proposar un mecanisme de foto-degradació i es van usar diferents models cinètics per descriure la reacció. La foto-degradació de la vitamina C va ser insignificant usant una làmpada d’emissió múltiple. A més, el processament d’UV-Vis va ser efectiu inactivant els enzims polifenoloxidasa i peroxidasa; a major temperatura major inactivació. Mentrestant, la majoria dels paràmetres fisicoquímics van ser pràcticament inalterats i la quantitat inicial de pigments es va reduir. Per tant, el processament d’UV-Vis combinat amb lleu escalfament és una alternativa viable per a la pasteurització de sucs.<br>Este trabajo estudió la irradiación ultravioleta-visible (UV-Vis) como una alternativa para la pasteurización de zumos. Los resultados demostraron que la irradiación ultravioleta no produce hidroximetilfurfural y es capaz de degradarlo. Se propuso un mecanismo de foto-degradación y se usaron diferentes modelos cinéticos para describir la reacción. Por el contrario, la foto-degradación de la vitamina C fue insignificante usando una lámpara de emisión múltiple. Además, el procesamiento UV-Vis fue efectivo inactivando las enzimas polifenoloxidasa y peroxidasa en zumos; a mayor temperatura, mayor inactivación. Mientras tanto, la mayoría de los parámetros fisicoquímicos fueron prácticamente inalterados y la cantidad inicial de pigmentos fue reducida. Por lo tanto, el procesamiento UV-Vis combinado con un calentamiento suave representa una alternativa viable para la pasteurización de zumos.<br>This work studied the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) irradiation as an alternative for fruit juice pasteurisation. The results showed that ultraviolet irradiation does not produce hydroxymethylfurfural and is capable of degrade it. A mechanism of photo-degradation was proposed and different kinetic models were used to describe the reaction. On the contrary, the photo-degradation of vitamin C was insignificant using a multi-wavelength emitting lamp. Moreover, the UV-Vis processing was effective inactivating the enzymes polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase in fruit juices. The higher the temperature the higher the inactivation. Meanwhile, most physicochemical parameters were practically unaltered and the initial quantity of pigments was reduced. Therefore, the UV-Vis processing combined with a mild-heating represents a viable alternative for fruit juice pasteurisation.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>O consumo de sucos de frutas tem crescido, devido a comodidade e praticidade gerada pelos produtos prontos. Segundo a AssociaÃÃo Brasileira das IndÃstrias de Refrigerantes, em 2012, a produÃÃo anual foi de 987 milhÃes de litros de sucos de frutas no Brasil. No entanto, para alcanÃar maior eficiÃncia e rendimento, torna-se necessÃrio o conhecimento do comportamento reolÃgico das matÃrias-primas. A viscosidade à uma das propriedades reolÃgicas usada em diversas aplicaÃÃes, tais como: parÃmetro para o cÃlculo de coeficientes de transferÃncia de calor e massa; dimensionamento de equipamentos; avaliaÃÃo de custos; projetos de processos; controle de qualidade do produto; alÃm de possibilitar a compreensÃo da estrutura quÃmica das matÃrias-primas. Durante o processamento industrial dos sucos de frutas, a matÃria-prima à submetida à variaÃÃes de temperaturas e concentraÃÃes de sÃlidos que alteram sua viscosidade. Por esse motivo, o conhecimento dos efeitos combinados desses dois parÃmetros na viscosidade à essencial para a indÃstria de sucos. Nesse trabalho, dados experimentais da literatura para onze sucos clarificados de frutas (manga, cereja, maÃÃ, pÃssego, groselha, romÃ, pÃra, limÃo, tangerina, limÃo-galego e uva) em concentraÃÃes e temperaturas de 15,0 a 74,0 ÂBrix, e 278,15 a 393,15 K, respectivamente, foram modelados utilizando correlaÃÃes empÃricas e semi-empÃricas oriundas da literatura. ParÃmetros globais e especÃficos, respectivamente, em funÃÃo da temperatura e concentraÃÃo de sÃlidos solÃveis totais (SST), foram mantidos nos modelos. Quatro equaÃÃes foram avaliadas no cÃlculo da energia de ativaÃÃo (equaÃÃo da reta, exponencial, polinomial de 2 e 3 ordem) nos modelos. E trÃs estratÃgias de modelagem foram realizadas: ajuste para todas as concentraÃÃes de SST e temperaturas; em diferentes faixas de concentraÃÃes de SST; e, diferentes faixas de temperaturas. A estratÃgia de otimizaÃÃo por faixas de concentraÃÃes de SST mostrou-se a mais adequada. Duas relaÃÃes matemÃticas exponenciais, baseadas na correlaÃÃo de Arrhenius, obtiveram bons resultados na prediÃÃo da viscosidade dinÃmica de sucos de frutas clarificados entre as concentraÃÃes de 17,0 a 50,1 ÂBrix para todas as temperaturas de estudo. Enquanto que o uso da equaÃÃo de Vogel obteve bons resultados para concentraÃÃes de 51,0 a 66,0 ÂBrix na prediÃÃo da viscosidade dinÃmica dos sucos de frutas. Os modelos foram validados com dados experimentais para suco clarificado de laranja em baixas (30,7 a 50,5 ÂBrix) e altas concentraÃÃes (54,1 a 63,5 ÂBrix) de SST, com excelente prediÃÃo da viscosidade dinÃmica.<br>The comsumption of fruit juices has grown due to co nvenience and practicality generated by the finished products. According to the AssociaÃÃo Brasileira das IndÃstrias de Refrigerantes, in 2012 the annual production was 987 million liter s of fruit juices in Brazil. However, to achieve greater efficiency and performance, it is n ecessary to know the rheological behavior of the raw materials. Among rheological properties, viscosity is widely used in industrial and academic applications such as: a parameter for the calculation of heat and mass transfer coefficients; equipment design; cost assessment; de sign processes; quality control of the product; and enable an understanding of the chemica l structure of raw materials. During industrial processing of fruit juices, the raw mate rials are submitted to temperatures and concentrations of solids variations that altering i ts viscosity. Therefore, the knowledge of the combined effect of temperature and concentration of solids on viscosity are essential for the juice processing. In this work, literature data fro m eleven clarified juices of fruit (mango, cherry, apple, peach, blackcurrant, pomegranate, pe ar, lemon, tangerine, lime and grape) at concentrations and temperatures from 15.0 to 74.0  Brix and from 278.15 to 393.15 K, respectively, were modeled using empirical and semi -empirical correlations derived from the literature. Global and specific parameters for all studied models been obtained in function of temperature and total soluble solids (TSS) concentr ation. Four equations were evaluated to calculate the activation energy in each model (line ar equation, exponential, polynomial of 2nd and 3rd order) using activation energy as specific parameter, and three different modeling strategies were conducted: for all TSS concentratio ns and temperatures; two ranges concentrations of TSS; and, two ranges of temperatu res. The optimization strategy for the concentrations TSS range proved the most suitable. Two exponential mathematical relations based on correlation of Arrhenius have been success ful in predicting the dynamic viscosity of clarified fruit juices at concentrations from 17.0 to 50.1 ÂBrix for all temperatures studied. While Vogel's equation obtained good results for co ncentrations of 51.0 to 66.0 ÂBrix in predicting the dynamic viscosity of fruit juices. T he models were validated using experimental data to clarified orange juices at low (30.7 to 50.5 ÂBrix) and high concentrations (54.1 to 63.5 ÂBrix) of TSS, with ex cellent prediction of dynamic viscosity