Journal articles: 'Fruiting'

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Smalley, Eric. "Fruiting fungi." Nature Climate Change 1, no. 706 (June 2007): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/climate.2007.5.

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Thompson, E., J. R. Clark, B. C. Strik, and C. E. Finn. "FLOWERING AND FRUITING MORPHOLOGY OF PRIMOCANE-FRUITING BLACKBERRIES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 777 (January 2008): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.777.42.

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Thompson, Ellen, Bernadine C. Strik, John R. Clark, and Chad E. Finn. "Flowering and Fruiting Patterns of Primocane-fruiting Blackberries." HortScience 42, no. 5 (August 2007): 1174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.5.1174.

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The flowering morphology of the erect, thorny, primocane-fruiting blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus, Watson) cultivars ‘Prime-Jan’ and ‘Prime-Jim’ were studied in 2005 and 2006 in Aurora, OR. Primocanes that were “soft-tipped” in early summer to 1 m were compared with untipped primocanes. In both years, soft-tipped primocanes developed two- to threefold more branches and almost twice the number of flowers as untipped canes. ‘Prime-Jan’ and ‘Prime-Jim’ began blooming on the branches of soft-tipped canes in mid-July, whereas untipped primocanes began to bloom in late July in 2005 and 2006. Within a primocane inflorescence, the terminal or distal flower was always the first to open followed by terminal flowers from axes located on the basal portion of the inflorescence. Flowers then opened acropetally within the inflorescence, with the exception of the most basal flower, which was typically the last to open. The blooming pattern within an inflorescence was similar for soft-tipped and untipped primocanes. Days from anthesis to black fruit for soft-tipped and untipped primocanes averaged 45 to 51 d in both years, depending on cultivar.

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Roper, T. R., K. D. Patten, C. J. DeMoranville, J. R. Davenport, B. C. Strik, and A. P. Poole. "Fruiting of Cranberry Uprights Reduces Fruiting the Following Year." HortScience 28, no. 3 (March 1993): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.3.228.

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Sedgley, Margaret. "Manipulation of fruiting." Scientia Horticulturae 45, no. 1-2 (December 1990): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(90)90081-o.

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Miller, Tara K., Amanda S. Gallinat, Linnea C. Smith, and Richard B. Primack. "Comparing fruiting phenology across two historical datasets: Thoreau’s observations and herbarium specimens." Annals of Botany 128, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab019.

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Abstract Background and Aims Fruiting remains under-represented in long-term phenology records, relative to leaf and flower phenology. Herbarium specimens and historical field notes can fill this gap, but selecting and synthesizing these records for modern-day comparison requires an understanding of whether different historical data sources contain similar information, and whether similar, but not equivalent, fruiting metrics are comparable with one another. Methods For 67 fleshy-fruited plant species, we compared observations of fruiting phenology made by Henry David Thoreau in Concord, Massachusetts (1850s), with phenology data gathered from herbarium specimens collected across New England (mid-1800s to 2000s). To identify whether fruiting times and the order of fruiting among species are similar between datasets, we compared dates of first, peak and last observed fruiting (recorded by Thoreau), and earliest, mean and latest specimen (collected from herbarium records), as well as fruiting durations. Key Results On average, earliest herbarium specimen dates were earlier than first fruiting dates observed by Thoreau; mean specimen dates were similar to Thoreau’s peak fruiting dates; latest specimen dates were later than Thoreau’s last fruiting dates; and durations of fruiting captured by herbarium specimens were longer than durations of fruiting observed by Thoreau. All metrics of fruiting phenology except duration were significantly, positively correlated within (r: 0.69–0.88) and between (r: 0.59–0.85) datasets. Conclusions Strong correlations in fruiting phenology between Thoreau’s observations and data from herbaria suggest that field and herbarium methods capture similar broad-scale phenological information, including relative fruiting times among plant species in New England. Differences in the timing of first, last and duration of fruiting suggest that historical datasets collected with different methods, scales and metrics may not be comparable when exact timing is important. Researchers should strongly consider matching methodology when selecting historical records of fruiting phenology for present-day comparisons.

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Pritts, Marvin, Eric Hanson, Joseph Fiola, and Mary Jo Kelly. "Rowcovers Accelerate Fruiting and Increase Productivity in Primocane-fruiting Red Raspberries." HortTechnology 2, no. 1 (January 1992): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.2.1.46.

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Studies were conducted over eight location-years to evaluate the effects of rowcover material, time of application, and time of removal on `Heritage' red raspberry cane growth, flowering, and fruiting. We anticipated that rowcovers would accelerate fruit maturity so that more of the crop could be harvested before the onset of cold temperatures in autumn. In seven of the eight experiments, rowcovers either increased yields or accelerated harvest. With a March application, harvest began 3 weeks earlier, and August yields of covered plants were 42 times higher than those of noncovered plants. Responses were observed with spunbonded polypropylene and polyester covers, but not with polyethylene covers. Rowcovers placed over the row before primocane emergence and removed when canes were ≈50 cm tall resulted in the greatest plant response. The use of polyester or polypropylene rowcovers with primocane-fruiting raspberries appears to be economically feasible in most years in northern climates.

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Ali, Angrej, and B. P. Singh. "Effect of plant spacing and fertility level on leaf area variation at different phenological stages of cape gooseberry (Physalisperuviana L.) grown in sodic soil." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1183.

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Vegetative and reproductive growth in cape gooseberry (Physalisperuviana L.) proceed concomitantly during the greater part of the life cycle thereby foliar traits (e.g. leaf area) become important in photosynthetic action of the plant. In present study, the leaf area variation in cape gooseberry was studied at five phenological stages i.e. pre-flowering (30 DAT), start of flowering (60 DAT), early fruiting (120 DAT), peak fruiting (180 DAT) and late fruiting (240 DAT), grown at three spacings (60 × 75, 75 × 75 and 75 × 90 cm) and four NPK levels (control, 60:40:40, 80:60:60 and 100:80:80 kg ha-1). Leaf area increased from per-flowering (73.51 cm2) to start of flowering (82.26 cm2) and thereafter, it was decreased gradually at later stages i.e. early fruiting (79.17 cm2), peak fruiting (73.15 cm2) and late fruiting (60.21 cm2). Spacing had no significant effect on leaf area at pre-flowering and start of the flowering, but at later stages, widest spacing (75 × 90 cm) exhibited significantly maximum leaf area at early fruiting (82.44 cm2), peak fruiting (78.22 cm2) and late and fruiting (65.31 cm2). Leaf area increased due to increased NPK levels with maximum values under 100:80:80 kg NPK ha-1 at all the phenological stages: pre-flowering (78.99 cm2), start of flowering (90.97 cm2), early fruiting (88.47 cm2), peak fruiting (80.74 cm2) and late fruiting (67.22 cm2). Spacing × NPK Interactions was significant only at peak fruiting and late fruiting stages with maximum leaf area (75.22 and 71.02 cm2, respectively) at 75 × 90 cm + NPK @ 100:80:80 kg ha-1. These findings can be further helpful in leaf sclerophylly studies in cape gooseberry.

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Lestari, Dewi Ayu, and Agung Sri Darmayanti. "Plants Flowering and Fruiting Behaviour in Alas Purwo National Park, Banyuwangi, East Java." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.54011.

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Alas Purwo National Park (APNP) is a conservation area with lowland forest type. The adaptation of plants conserved is strongly influenced by environmental factors and the behaviour of flowering and fruiting. The aims of this research were to find the number, species, dominance, and abundance of flowering and fruiting plants, comparison of flowering and fruiting species, and environmental factors affecting the flowering and fruiting time in APNP observation tracks. This study used purposive random sampling in each observation track where flowering and fruiting plants were found. Environmental factors (temperature, humidity, light intensity, soil pH, elevation, and coordinates) in each observation track were measured. Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel and PAST 4.0. statistic program. The behaviour of flowering and fruiting plants species in APNP was unique. There were 90 species of flowering and fruiting plants in APNP from 45 families. Most species often found flowering and fruiting were Orophea enneandra, Polyalthia littoralis and Leea angulata which were scattered in Moto Lele, Patirtan Mas, and Sadengan Savanna. Fruiting plants species were more often found than flowering ones. Temperature and light intensity became the two most affecting environmental factors on flowering and fruiting plants behaviour. The study of flowering and fruiting behaviour is very important for genetic resources conservation and conservation areas management.

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Kauserud, Håvard, Einar Heegaard, Mikhail A. Semenov, Lynne Boddy, Rune Halvorsen, Leif Chr Stige, Tim H. Sparks, Alan C. Gange, and Nils Chr Stenseth. "Climate change and spring-fruiting fungi." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1685 (December 11, 2009): 1169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1537.

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Most macrofungi produce ephemeral fruit bodies during autumn but some have adapted to spring fruiting. In this study, temporal changes in the time of spring fruiting in Norway and the UK during 1960–2007 have been investigated by statistical analyses of about 6000 herbarium and field records, covering 34 species. Nearly 30 per cent of the temporal variation in fruiting could be ascribed to spatial and species-specific effects. Correcting for these effects, linear trends towards progressively earlier fruiting were detected during the entire period in both Norway and the UK, with a change in average fruiting day of 18 days over the study period. Early fruiting was correlated with high winter temperatures in both countries, indicating that the observed phenological changes are likely due to earlier onset of spring. There were also significant correlations between climatic conditions in one year and timing of fruiting the following year, indicating that below-ground mycelia are influenced by climatic conditions over a longer time period before fruiting. Fruiting dates were, however, not strictly related to changes in vernal accumulated thermal time. Our results indicate that global warming has lead to progressively earlier fruiting of spring fungi in northwest Europe during the last half century.

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Iglesias, Domingo J., Manuel Cercós, José M. Colmenero-Flores, Miguel A. Naranjo, Gabino Ríos, Esther Carrera, Omar Ruiz-Rivero, et al. "Physiology of citrus fruiting." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 19, no. 4 (December 2007): 333–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202007000400006.

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Citrus is the main fruit tree crop in the world and therefore has a tremendous economical, social and cultural impact in our society. In recent years, our knowledge on plant reproductive biology has increased considerably mostly because of the work developed in model plants. However, the information generated in these species cannot always be applied to citrus, predominantly because citrus is a perennial tree crop that exhibits a very peculiar and unusual reproductive biology. Regulation of fruit growth and development in citrus is an intricate phenomenon depending upon many internal and external factors that may operate both sequentially and simultaneously. The elements and mechanisms whereby endogenous and environmental stimuli affect fruit growth are being interpreted and this knowledge may help to provide tools that allow optimizing production and fruit with enhanced nutritional value, the ultimate goal of the Citrus Industry. This article will review the progress that has taken place in the physiology of citrus fruiting during recent years and present the current status of major research topics in this area.

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Marsh, Lurline. "FRUITING CHARACTERISTICS OF OKRA." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1172f—1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1172f.

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Thirty-seven okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plant introductions and 3 cultivars, `Clemson Spineless', `Clemson Spineless 80', and `Candelabra Branching' were evaluated for their fruiting characteristics during a three year field study. Harvesting at 3 to 4 day intervals produced inmature fruits which were approximately 4 to 7 days old. These immature fruits when graded according to fruit length, were primarily very small (<4.4 cm) or small (4.4-8.9 cm). There were few medium (>8.9 cm but <12.7) or large (>12.7 cm) fruits. Of the 40 genotypes, Clemson Spineless averaged 46 pods per plant over 17 harvests. Few other plant introductions were comparable in the number of pods produced. Except for one, all other genotypes produced predominantly green fruits. Many of the genotypes were early maturing.

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Watling, Roy. "Late or early fruiting?" Mycologist 9, no. 2 (May 1995): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(09)80226-7.

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Tapper, Per-Göran. "Irregular fruiting inFraxinus excelsior." Journal of Vegetation Science 3, no. 1 (February 1992): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3235996.

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Ryan, Michael G., Ram Oren, and Richard H. Waring. "Fruiting and sink competition." Tree Physiology 38, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 1261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpy114.

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Clark, John R. "Primocane-fruiting Blackberry Breeding." HortScience 43, no. 6 (October 2008): 1637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1637.

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Primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding was initiated in the early 1990s at the University of Arkansas. The source of this trait is the diploid genotype ‘Hillquist’. Introductions from this effort are the cultivars Prime-Jim® and Prime-Jan®. These genotypes are intended for home-garden use as a result of lack of quality for commercial production. Several traits have been identified that are high priorities in primocane blackberry breeding advancement, including heat tolerance of flowers and fruits, fruit quality, thornlessness, and time of fruit ripening. Progress in addressing these limitations through breeding has been positive and the outlook for further improvement of this type of blackberry is promising.

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Pritts, Marvin. "Primocane-fruiting Raspberry Production." HortScience 43, no. 6 (October 2008): 1640–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1640.

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Primocane-fruiting raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) have the capacity to fruit in the fall and again the next summer. Because of their low chilling requirement, this type is used to produce a double crop in warmer regions of the world. However, many growers prune canes to the ground after the fall crop, sacrificing the summer crop for a single, large fall crop. This practice is less labor-intensive than the selective cane removal required for double-cropping and crop quality is often higher. Primocane-fruiting raspberries also are easily manipulated to extend the season. Early- and late-fruiting cultivars, cultural manipulations, rowcovers, high tunnels, and greenhouses are all used commercially to extend the season of primocane raspberries year-round. This is beneficial for consumers because high-quality fruit is now available for a much longer period than was possible in the past.

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Hanson, Eric, Steven Berkheimer, Annemiek Schilder, Rufus Isaacs, and Sasha Kravchenko. "Raspberry Variety Performance in Southern Michigan." HortTechnology 15, no. 3 (January 2005): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.3.0716.

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Seven primocane-fruiting and 15 floricane-fruiting raspberry varieties (Rubus idaeus) were compared for three fruiting seasons on a loamy sand soil in southwest Michigan. The earliest primocane-fruiting varieties (`Autumn Bliss', `Autumn Britten', `Polana') began ripening 3 weeks before the standard variety, `Heritage'. `Autumn Bliss' was the most productive early primocane-fruiting variety. `Caroline' and `Dinkum' ripened about 1 week earlier than `Heritage', and `Ruby' was 2 days later. `Caroline' was the most productive of this group and also had large fruit that were somewhat resistant to rot caused by Botrytis cinerea. `Caroline' also received the greatest leaf feeding from rosechafer beetles (Macrodactylus subspinosus). Most primocane-fruiting varieties were fairly resistant to leaf spot (Sphaerulina rubi), while `Dinkum' was highly susceptible to spur blight (Didymella applanata). Floricane-fruiting varieties were evaluated based on fruit production and quality as well as winter injury to canes, disease resistance, and feeding injury from two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae). The floricane-fruiting varieties showing minimal winter injury were `Boyne', `Killarney', `Latham', `Nova', and `Prelude'. `Canby', `Encore', `Glen Ample,', `Qualicum', `Reveille', `Titan', and `K 81-6' were moderately hardy; while `Tulameen', `Malahat', and `Lauren' were not hardy enough for this location. `Reveille', `Killarney', `Boyne', and `Prelude' were the most productive floricane-fruiting varieties. `Nova' and `Qualicum' had low levels of botrytis rot. `Nova' was most resistant to leaf spot and also had resistance to spur blight. Injury from mites was greatest on `Glen Ample' and lowest on `Malahat', `Prelude', `Qualicum', and `Tulameen'. `Caroline' (primocane-fruiting), `Prelude', and `Nova' (floricane-fruiting) were promising newer varieties.

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Aruna, R., and P. Balasubramanian. "Fruiting Phenology of a Scrub Forest in Thiruporur, Eastern Ghats, India." International Letters of Natural Sciences 44 (July 2015): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.44.25.

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This paper describes the fruiting phenology of 110 individuals of woody species belonging to 22 taxa (21 species, 1 variety) belonging to 15 families including 2 species of figs in a scrub forest, Thiruporur, Eastern Ghats. Fruiting peak was observed during July 2009 with 11 species in fruiting, a dip was observed during March 2009 where only 2 species were in fruiting. Season wise fruiting peak was observed during South-west and North-east Monsoon while the dip was during summer.

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Patel, Aviva. "Phenological patterns of Ficus in relation to other forest trees in southern India." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 5 (September 1997): 681–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010865.

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ABSTRACTThe importance of figs as keystone resources depends partly on their year-round fruiting pattern. However, most non-equatorial fig species show seasonality in reproductive phenology. If fig and other species' fruiting peaks coincide, the importance of figs as key resources during lean fruiting periods may be reduced. Fig and other forest tree phenology was studied in a deciduous and an evergreen site in the Western Ghats, southern India, from January 1991 to May 1992. In the deciduous site, most non-fig flowering and leaf flushing occurred during the two dry seasons, while most fruiting occurred during the dry and early wet seasons. In the evergreen site, all non-fig tree phenological stages – flowering, fruiting and leaf flushing – were concentrated during the two dry seasons annually (dry and post-monsoon). Individual fig trees produced crops one to three times annually, at different times of the year for different trees. Fig community fruiting peaks in the evergreen site coincided with fruiting peaks of the other forest trees, but in the deciduous site occurred slightly offset from non-fig fruiting peaks. The role of figs as key resources is likely to differ among forests, and to depend on factors such as diversity of fruiting pattern among fig species, fig tree density and territoriality of frugivores.

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Anilkumar, C., A. Mohan Rao, S. Ramesh, and T. Lakshmi Pathy. "Do fruiting habit traits affect green fruit yield and its component traits in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)?" Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 19, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262121000058.

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AbstractIn chilli, farmer preferences for fruiting habit traits, namely fruit orientation (pendant erect) and fruits node−1 (solitary cluster), vary from region to region. For increased acceptability by farmers/consumers, cultivars should be bred with preferred fruiting habit traits in high green fruit yielding background. An investigation was carried out to study the influence of fruiting habit traits on green fruit yield and its component traits during the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons. The F2, backcross populations and near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from crosses involving parents differing for single or both the fruiting habit traits were grouped into fruiting habit classes (single and cluster fruiting; and clustered erect, clustered pendant, single erect and single pendant). Significance of differences in fruit yield and its component traits between/among different fruiting habit trait classes were examined using ‘t’/‘F’ tests. The significance of ‘t’/‘F’ tests was regarded as pieces of evidence for considerable effects of fruiting habit traits on fruit yield and its component traits. While results-based on F2 and backcross generations indicated a lack of effects, those based on NILs indicated significant effects of fruiting habit traits on fruit yield and its component traits. The plants bearing pendant fruits (irrespective of whether they are clustered or single) produced a large number of heavier and longer fruits than those bearing erect fruits. The results are discussed about the strategies to develop high yielding cultivars with farmer preferred fruiting habit traits.

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Elkner, Timothy E., J. A. Barden, M. M. Kushad, and D. D. Wolf. "EFFECTS OF FRUIT AND GIRDLING ON GAS EXCHANGE, SPECIFIC LEAF WEIGHT, WATER POTENTIAL, AND CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT OF APPLE LEAVES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1166a—1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1166a.

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Fruiting spurs (`Red Prince Delicious') (RD) and shoots (`Sundale Spur Golden Delicious') (CD) with three leaf:fruit ratios and comparable nonfruiting spurs and shoots were girdled on 7 September 1988. An interaction between fruiting status and time existed for most parameters measured on both cultivars while there was no effect of leaf:fruit ratio. At 1 day after treatment (DAT) few differences existed due to fruiting status on either cultivar. At 8 DAT with RD and at 4 and 8 DAT with GD, Pn, transpiration (Tr), leaf water potential (ψ L), and nonreducing sugars were greater on fruiting than nonfruiting spurs and shoots while leaf resistance (RL), SLW, and starch were lower on fruiting spurs. In nonfruiting spurs and shoots Pn, Tr, and ψL tended to decrease while RL and SLW increased with time whereas m fruiting spurs and shoots most parameters remained constant. Total nonstructural carbohydrates, reducing sugars, and starch were greater in nonfruiting than fruiting spurs and shoots.

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Bhattacharya, Sanchita, Sanjit Debnath, and Ajay Saha. "Diversity of Foliar Endophytic Fungi in Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. and Citrus reticulata Blanco of Tripura." Journal of Tropical Life Science 11, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jtls.11.02.15.

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Present investigation dealt with the isolation and diversity of foliar fungal endophytes from two fruit yielding plants of Tripura state. Seasonal distributions of endophytes in respect to fruiting and non-fruiting season in two host plants were also studied. Twenty one fungal strains along with one nonsporulating hyaline form were isolated as foliar endophytes from the two host plants. In both fruiting and non-fruiting seasons, from Citrus reticulata seven foliar endophytic fungi were isolated. Whereas from Artocarpus heterophyllus in both the season eleven fungal endophytes with one nonsporulating hyaline form were isolated. The relative frequencies of isolated fungi from both A. heterophyllus and C. reticulata in fruiting and non-fruiting season significantly differed among the sampling sites, whereas relative frequencies individual endophytic fungus showed no significant differences among various sampling sites.

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Berleman, James E., and John R. Kirby. "Multicellular Development in Myxococcus xanthus Is Stimulated by Predator-Prey Interactions." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 15 (May 18, 2007): 5675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00544-07.

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ABSTRACT Myxococcus xanthus is a predatory bacterium that exhibits complex social behavior. The most pronounced behavior is the aggregation of cells into raised fruiting body structures in which cells differentiate into stress-resistant spores. In the laboratory, monocultures of M. xanthus at a very high density will reproducibly induce hundreds of randomly localized fruiting bodies when exposed to low nutrient availability and a solid surface. In this report, we analyze how M. xanthus fruiting body development proceeds in a coculture with suitable prey. Our analysis indicates that when prey bacteria are provided as a nutrient source, fruiting body aggregation is more organized, such that fruiting bodies form specifically after a step-down or loss of prey availability, whereas a step-up in prey availability inhibits fruiting body formation. This localization of aggregates occurs independently of the basal nutrient levels tested, indicating that starvation is not required for this process. Analysis of early developmental signaling relA and asgD mutants indicates that they are capable of forming fruiting body aggregates in the presence of prey, demonstrating that the stringent response and A-signal production are surprisingly not required for the initiation of fruiting behavior. However, these strains are still defective in differentiating to spores. We conclude that fruiting body formation does not occur exclusively in response to starvation and propose an alternative model in which multicellular development is driven by the interactions between M. xanthus cells and their cognate prey.

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Lux, R., Y. Li, A. Lu, and W. Shi. "Detailed three-dimensional analysis of structural features of Myxococcus xanthus fruiting bodies using confocal laser scanning microscopy." Biofilms 1, no. 4 (October 2004): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479050505001559.

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Myxococcus xanthus is a motile soil bacterium with complex social behaviors. Upon starvation, a developmental program is initiated that results in cellular aggregation and fruiting body formation. This process requires the exopolysaccharide (EPS) component of the extracellular matrix. With prolonged starvation, a part of the cells within a fruiting body die, while the other cells differentiate into spores. Extensive genetic and biochemical information has been generated that elucidates this interesting developmental process. Little is known, however, about the detailed three-dimensional structural features of native fruiting bodies or the EPS and distribution of live/dead cells (spores) within these structures. In this study, changes in the three-dimensional architecture of fruiting bodies and the distribution of the extracellular matrix within the fruiting bodies during the developmental process were investigated using a gfp-expressing M. xanthus strain and carbohydrate-specific lectins or monoclonal antibodies in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The extracellular matrix was found to form a scaffold within the fruiting body structure. Furthermore, using a bacterial viability staining assay, the distribution of live/dead cells within fruiting bodies was examined at different times. The majority of live cells were found to localize at the outer layer of a mature fruiting body, with dead cells underneath.

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Rimpika, Rimpika, N. Sharma, and D. P. Sharma. "Effect of chemical thinning, gibberellic acid and pruning on growth and production of nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica) cv. May fire." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1192.

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The present investigation was carried out on 12-year old trees of nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica) cultivar May Fire raised on wild peach seedling rootstocks, Farmer’s orchard at Kotla- Barog in District Sirmour during the years 2014 and 2015. In this experiment, experimental trees were subjected to seventeen different treatments;T1: Pruning to retain 60 fruiting shoots tree-1 (control), T2: Pruning to retain 50 fruiting shoots tree-1, T3: Pruning to retain 40 fruiting shoots tree-1 ,T4: NAA 40 ppm, 2 WAPF (week after petal fall) ,T5: Ethrel 300 ppm, 2 WAPF, T6: GA3 100 ppm, 4 WAPF, T7: GA3 200 ppm, 4WAPF, T8: GA3 100 ppm, 6 WAPF T9: GA3 200 ppm, 6 WAPF, T10: Pruning to retain 50 fruiting shoots tree-1 + NAA 40 ppm (T4), T11: Pruning to retain 50 fruiting shoots tree-1 + Ethrel 300ppm (T5), T12: Pruning to retain 50 fruiting shoots tree-1 + GA3100 ppm (T6), T13: Pruning to retain 50 fruiting shoots tree-1 + GA3 100 ppm (T8),T14: Pruning to retain 40 fruiting shoots tree-1 + NAA 40 ppm (T4), T15: Pruning to retain 40 fruiting shoots tree -1 +Ethrel 300 ppm (T5),T16: Pruning to retain 40 fruiting shoots tree -1 + GA3 100 ppm (T6), T17: Pruning to retain 40 fruiting shoots tree -1 + GA3 100 ppm (T8), pertaining to alternative approach to chemical thinning, chemical thinner were more effective in improving the production of superior grade fruits than reducing the crop load directly by pruning or indirectly by GA 3 (Gibberellic Acid) treatments. Treatments with NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) at 40 ppm when applied two weeks after petal fall reduced the crop load to the greatest extent and improve the yield of superior grade fruits and increase the leaf to fruit ratio and decrease the fruit drop. Pruning to retain 40 fruiting shoots tree-1 + NAA 40 ppm, 2WAPF increased the shoot growth (160.80, 170.20cm), tree height (3.70,4.50 cm), tree spread (2.84,3.60), leaf area (42.71, 40.63 cm) during both the year. However, effect of chemical were less pronounced on trees subjected to severe pruning.

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Stiles, Herbert D. "TRELLISING TO IMPROVE MANUAL HARVEST EFFICIENCY AND TO ENABLE MECHANICAL HARVEST OF RUBUS FOR FRESH FRUIT MARKETS.." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1162a—1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1162a.

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Three different “shift-trellises” were designed to localize the fruiting zone and to separate it-from vegetative structures. This allows efficient manual harvests by making berries more visible and easier to reach. It improves the quality of manual harvest conditions by reducing human contact with thorns (i.e., prickles).Better definition of the fruiting zone's dimensions and location, important factors in mechanical harvesting, is possible with these systems. One system allows horizontal placement of the fruiting zone as in the Lincoln Canopy System, but with an inverted orientation of the fruiting shoots. Inverted orientation of fruiting shoots will shorten the distance to the mechanical harvester's collector surface. This changed juxtaposition among trellis components, floricanes and fruiting shoots will eliminate most obstacles against which berries might impinge during their fall to the collector surface. A new kind of agitator may be required to effect fruit removal in this system.

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Strik, Bernadine C., John R. Clark, Chad E. Finn, and Gil Buller. "Management of Primocane-fruiting Blackberry: Impacts on Yield, Fruiting Season, and Cane Architecture." HortScience 47, no. 5 (May 2012): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.5.593.

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Primocane management systems were compared for ‘Prime-Jan’® and ‘Prime-Jim’®, primocane-fruiting blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus, Watson), grown in a field planting in Aurora, OR. Treatments studied were: 1) no manipulation of primocanes (untipped; no floricanes); 2) untipped primocanes growing in the presence of floricanes; 3) untipped primocanes grown with rowcover in late winter to early spring; and 4) primocanes “soft-tipped” at 1 m to encourage branching. Date of primocane first bloom and cane height at bloom were unaffected by cultivar and were only affected by primocane management in 2005. The number of growing degree-days to first bloom ranged from 1272 to 1390 depending on year. Primocane management did not affect ovule or drupelet number per berry or percent drupelet set. ‘Prime-Jim’ had more drupelets and greater weight per berry in 2005 than ‘Prime-Jan’. Fruit harvested earlier in the season had more ovules and drupelets than later harvested fruit in 2004. Primocanes that grew in the presence of floricanes were longer and bloomed later but did not differ in yield from untipped canes grown only for a primocane crop. Use of rowcover in 2005 advanced bloom and harvest, improving yield 73% compared with untipped control canes. Soft-tipping primocanes increased yield 114% to 150% compared with untipped canes (5.6 vs. 2.4 t·ha−1) through increasing branch and node number per cane and percentage of fruiting nodes; soft-tipping did not delay harvest. Yield/cane was negatively correlated with the number of fruiting canes/plot but positively correlated with branches/cane, total branch and cane length, number of nodes and percent fruiting nodes, fruit/cane, and berry weight. The proportion of fruiting nodes was greater on branches than on the main cane illustrating the importance of managing this type of blackberry to increase branch number for high yield.

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Strik, B. C., C. E. Finn, J. R. Clark, and G. Buller. "MANAGEMENT OF PRIMOCANE-FRUITING BLACKBERRY TO MAXIMIZE YIELD AND EXTEND THE FRUITING SEASON." Acta Horticulturae, no. 777 (January 2008): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.777.63.

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Lauri, P. E., and J. M. Lespinnasse. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTIVAR FRUITING-TYPE AND FRUITING BRANCH CHARACTERISTICS IN APPLE TREES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 349 (October 1993): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.349.43.

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Lauri, P. E., and J. M. Lespinnasse. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTIVAR FRUITING-TYPE AND FRUITING BRANCH CHARACTERISTICS IN APPLE TREES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 349 (October 1993): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.349.44.

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Kauserud, Håvard, Einar Heegaard, Rune Halvorsen, Lynne Boddy, Klaus Høiland, and Nils Chr Stenseth. "Mushroom's spore size and time of fruiting are strongly related: is moisture important?" Biology Letters 7, no. 2 (October 20, 2010): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0820.

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Most basidiomycete fungi produce annual short-lived sexual fruit bodies from which billions of microscopic spores are spread into the air during a short time period. However, little is known about the selective forces that have resulted in some species fruiting early and others later in the fruiting season. This study of relationships between morphological and ecological characteristics, climate factors and time of fruiting are based upon thorough statistical analyses of 66 520 mapped records from Norway, representing 271 species of autumnal fruiting mushroom species. We found a strong relationship between spore size and time of fruiting; on average, a doubling of spore size (volume) corresponded to 3 days earlier fruiting. Small-spored species dominate in the oceanic parts of Norway, whereas large-spored species are typical of more continental parts. In separate analyses, significant relationships were observed between spore size and climate factors. We hypothesize that these relationships are owing to water balance optimization, driven by water storage in spores as a critical factor for successful germination of primary mycelia in the drier micro-environments found earlier in the fruiting season and/or in continental climates.

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Chapman, Colin A., Lauren J. Chapman, Thomas T. Struhsaker, Amy E. Zanne, Connie J. Clark, and John R. Poulsen. "A long-term evaluation of fruiting phenology: importance of climate change." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 1 (January 2005): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001993.

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Within the last decade the study of phenology has taken on new importance because of its contribution to climate-change research. However, phenology data sets spanning many years are rare in the tropics, making it difficult to evaluate possible responses of tropical communities to climate change. Here we use two data sets (1970–1983 and 1990–2002) to describe the fruiting patterns of the tropical tree community in Kibale National Park, Uganda. To address variation in spatial patterns, we describe fruiting over 2–3 y among four sites each separated by 12–15 km. Presently, the Kibale region is receiving c. 300 mm more rain than it did at the start of the century, droughts are less frequent, the onset of the rainy season is earlier, and the average maximum monthly temperature is 3.5 °C hotter than it was 25 y ago. The 1990–2002 phenology data illustrated high temporal variability in the proportion of the populations fruiting. Interannual variation in community-wide fruit availability was also high; however, the proportion of trees that fruited has increased over the past 12+y. At the species level a variety of patterns were exhibited; however, a number of the most common species currently rarely fruit, and when they do, typically <4% of the individuals take part in fruiting events. Combining the data set from 1990 to 2002 with that from 1970 to 1983 for specific species again reveals an increase in the proportion of trees fruiting between 1990 and 2002; however, the proportion of the populations fruiting decreased during the earlier period. When one examines particular species over this whole period a variety of patterns are evident. For example, Pouteria altissima exhibited a relatively regular pattern of fruiting during the 1970s; however, it rarely fruited in the 1990s. Contrasting phenological patterns at four sites revealed that at the community level the fruiting patterns of only one of the six pair-wise site combinations were correlated. Relationships between rainfall and fruiting were variable among sites. Contrasting changes in fruiting patterns over the 30 y with differences among the four sites varying in rainfall, suggests that the changes observed in fruiting may be due to climate change. Responses to this climate change are likely complex and will vary among species. However, for some species, current conditions appear unsuitable for fruiting.

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Ahmed, Ferdaus, Jahedur Rahman, Nazrul Islam, Jafar Ullah, and Nirod Chandra Sarker. "EFFECT OF CASING MATERIAL MANAGEMENT ON YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF MILKY WHITE MUSHROOM (CALOCYBE INDICA)." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 10 (November 16, 2020): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i10.2020.1880.

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General practice in Bangladesh is, after harvest producers leave the non-effective fruiting body of milky white mushroom in the spawn packet as it is. But every fruiting body primordia take some nutrient from the substrate, and the dried & rotten primordia may encourage other competitive fungi or harmful microorganism to grow on the upper surface of the substrate which may affect the fruiting body formation and yield in the subsequent flushes. Therefore, the present study was under taken to know the effect of casing material management technique on yield and yield attributes of milky white mushroom. Five different casing material management technique were practiced in this experiment, such as T1= removal of dried non effective fruiting bodies after each harvest; T2= removal of dried non effective fruiting bodies and filling the casing hole with fresh casing material after each harvest; T3= scraping the upper surface of the substrate after each harvest; T4= scraping the upper surface of the substrate and adding 10% fresh casing material after each harvest; and T5= no disturbance of the casing material (control). Number of effective fruiting body (NEFB), number of flushes, days to total harvest and size of fruiting body were significantly affected by casing material management technique but economic yield and biological efficiency among the treatments were insignificant. Considering all the parameters removal of dried non effective fruiting bodies and filling the casing hole with fresh casing material after each harvest (T2) was the best technique for casing material management.

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Polyakova, N. V. "FEATURES OF INTRODUCED SPECIES OF LILAC (SYRINGA) FRUITING IN THE BASHKIR URALS." Ekosistemy, no. 22 (2020): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2414-4738-2020-22-90-96.

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Fruiting is an important characteristic of plant adaptation to new growing conditions. This is especially actual for ornamental plants, which, after successful introduction, can be used in landscaping of settlements. The genus Syringa L. has about 30 species, many of which can replenish the range of ornamental plants in the region. The collection of lilacs of the South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of the UFIC RAS (Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences) currently contains 11 species that have reached a generative state. The aim of this research is to identify the features of fruiting species of the genus Syringa during introduction in the conditions of the Bashkir Cis-Urals. The fruiting level of lilac species in the collection of the Botanical Garden was studied by determining the total number of fruits of the mother bushes. It is revealed that the fruiting level of introduced species of lilac is determined by the biological (hereditary) characteristics of the species and seasonal changes of weather conditions. S. velutina is characterized by the highest fruiting level, S. vulgaris and S. wolfii – by the lowest ones. It is assumed that there might be a tendency for dependence of the degree of fruiting on the quality of the formed pollen. Two taxa among all studied ones demonstrate fruiting level instability: S. reticulata ssp. reticulata blooms and bears fruit irregularly, while S. reticulata ssp. amurensis has regular abundant flowering, but there is a lack of fruiting in some years.

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Darnell, Rebecca L., Nicacio Cruz-Huerta, and Jeffrey G. Williamson. "Night Temperature and Source-sink Effects on Growth, Leaf Carbon Exchange Rate, and Carbohydrate Accumulation in Bell Pepper Ovaries." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 5 (September 2013): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.5.331.

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Low night temperatures and/or high source-sink ratios increase ovary swelling and subsequent fruit malformation in many sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum), including bell pepper. Although this response has been correlated with increased ovary carbohydrate accumulation, evidence for this is limited. Furthermore, it is unknown how the combined effects of night temperature and source-sink ratio affect ovary carbohydrate accumulation and ovary swelling. The objectives of the present work were to determine night temperature and source-sink effects on ovary swelling, net carbon exchange rate (CER), and soluble sugar and starch concentrations in bell pepper ovaries at anthesis. Source-sink and temperature effects were tested by comparing fruiting (low source-sink ratio or high sink demand) with non-fruiting (high source-sink ratio or low sink demand) ‘Legionnaire’ bell pepper plants grown at 22/20 °C [high night temperature (HNT)] or 22/12 °C [low night temperature (LNT)] day:night temperatures. Flowers that opened after imposition of the temperature and fruiting treatments were harvested at anthesis. Ovaries from harvested flowers were weighed and analyzed for non-structural carbohydrates. Leaf gas exchange measurements were performed every 3 days. Ovary fresh weight of flowers harvested at anthesis was highest in non-fruiting plants under LNT and lowest in plants grown under HNT regardless of fruiting status. Mean CER averaged over the experimental period was significantly higher in fruiting plants under HNT compared with all other treatments. There were no significant interactions between night temperature and fruiting status on ovary soluble sugar or starch concentrations. Low night temperature increased glucose, fructose, and starch concentration and decreased sucrose concentration in the ovary wall compared with HNT. There were no differences in soluble sugar or starch concentrations in the ovary wall between fruiting and non-fruiting plants. Thus, although both low temperature and high source-sink ratio (i.e., non-fruiting plants) resulted in ovary swelling, the mechanisms appear to differ. Whereas LNT effects on ovary swelling were associated with increased ovary carbohydrate accumulation, this association was not apparent when ovary swelling occurred in response to high source-sink ratios.

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Heerema, Richard J., Dawn VanLeeuwen, Rolston St. Hilaire, Vince P. Gutschick, and Bethany Cook. "Leaf Photosynthesis in Nitrogen-starved ‘Western’ Pecan Is Lower on Fruiting Shoots than Non-fruiting Shoots during Kernel Fill." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 139, no. 3 (May 2014): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.139.3.267.

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Photosynthetic function in nut trees is closely related to nitrogen (N) nutrition because much of tree N is held within the leaf photosynthetic apparatus, but growing fruit and seeds also represent strong N sinks. When soil N availability is low, nut trees remobilize and translocate N from leaves to help satisfy N demand of developing fruit. Our objective was to describe shoot-level impacts of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch.] fruiting on leaf N and photosynthesis (Pn) during kernel fill under a range of tree N statuses. Our study was conducted in a mature ‘Western’ pecan orchard near Las Cruces, NM. In 2009, 15 trees showing a range of N deficiency symptom severity were grouped according to leaf SPAD into low, medium, and high N status categories. Differential N fertilizer rates were applied to the soil around high and medium N trees to accentuate differences in N status among the three categories. Light-saturated leaf Pn was measured on fruiting and non-fruiting shoots during kernel fill in 2009 and 2010. After measurement of Pn, the leaflet and its leaflet pair partner were collected, dried, and analyzed for tissue N. Leaf N concentration was significantly lower on fruiting shoots than non-fruiting shoots on all three sampling dates. The tree N status main effect was also significant, whereas the two-way interaction of shoot fruiting status and tree N status was not. Photosynthesis of leaves on fruiting shoots was significantly lower than that of non-fruiting shoots on all sampling dates. These data suggest that N demand by the growing kernel reduced N in leaves on the same shoot. Consequently, Pn of those leaves was reduced. The effect of tree N status and shoot fruiting status was best summarized with an additive model where there is a larger relative reduction in leaf N and Pn for fruiting shoots on trees with low N status.

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Gabella, Silvia, Simona Abbà, Sebastien Duplessis, Barbara Montanini, Francis Martin, and Paola Bonfante. "Transcript Profiling Reveals Novel Marker Genes Involved in Fruiting Body Formation in Tuber borchii." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 9 (September 2005): 1599–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.9.1599-1602.2005.

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ABSTRACT cDNA arrays were used to explore mechanisms controlling fruiting body development in the truffle Tuber borchii. Differences in gene expression were higher between reproductive and vegetative stage than between two stages of fruiting body maturation. We suggest hypotheses about the importance of various physiological processes during the development of fruiting bodies.

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Tong, Xinxin, Han Zhang, Fang Wang, Zhengyao Xue, Jing Cao, Cheng Peng, and Jinlin Guo. "Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed genes involved in the fruiting body development of Ophiocordyceps sinensis." PeerJ 8 (January 16, 2020): e8379. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8379.

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Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a highly valued fungus that has been used as traditional Asian medicine. This fungus is one of the most important sources of income for the nomadic populations of the Tibetan Plateau. With global warming and excessive collection, the wild O. sinensis resources declined dramatically. The cultivation of O. sinensis hasn’t been fully operational due to the unclear genetic basis of the fruiting body development. Here, our study conducted pairwise comparisons between transcriptomes acquired from different growth stages of O. sinensis including asexual mycelium (CM), developing fruiting body (DF) and mature fruiting body (FB). All RNA-Seq reads were aligned to the genome of O. sinensis CO18 prior to comparative analyses. Cluster analysis showed that the expression profiles of FB and DF were highly similar compared to CM. Alternative splicing analysis (AS) revealed that the stage-specific splicing genes may have important functions in the development of fruiting body. Functional enrichment analyses showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in protein synthesis and baseline metabolism during fruiting body development, indicating that more protein and energy might be required for fruiting body development. In addition, some fruiting body development-associated genes impacted by ecological factors were up-regulated in FB samples, such as the nucleoside diphosphate kinase gene (ndk), β subunit of the fatty acid synthase gene (cel-2) and the superoxide dismutase gene (sod). Moreover, the expression levels of several cytoskeletons genes were significantly altered during all these growth stages, suggesting that these genes play crucial roles in both vegetative growth and the fruiting body development. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to validate the gene expression profile and the results supported the accuracy of the RNA-Seq and DEGs analysis. Our study offers a novel perspective to understand the underlying growth stage-specific molecular differences and the biology of O. sinensis fruiting body development.

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Black, Brent L., Tiffany Maughan, Christina Nolasco, and Blake Christensen. "Advancing Primocane-fruiting Raspberry Production in the Intermountain West Using Spring Protection." HortScience 54, no. 3 (March 2019): 476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13782-18.

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Winter injury to raspberry floricanes commonly limits productivity in cold climates. Primocane-fruiting raspberries avoid winter injury by fruiting on first year canes, but fruit production in the high-elevation valleys of the Intermountain West is later than needed for local markets, and may be limited by early fall freezes. High tunnels were used for early spring heat to advance primocane growth and the fruiting season of two primocane-fruiting red raspberry cultivars. Tunnels were covered with plastic in March and April. Then, they were covered with shade cloth during fruit ripening. Tunnel-covered plots were compared with field plantings for primocane growth rate, fruiting season, yield, and fruit quality over two seasons. High tunnels increased cane growth rate, with the harvest season advanced by 18 to 26 days depending on season and cultivar, but they did not consistently affect the total season yield or fruit size. Low-cost two-season tunnels used in conjunction with early-season primocane-fruiting raspberries may provide a viable method for small acreage producers in harsh climates to reliably supply high-value seasonal raspberry markets.

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Nguyen, Trai Ngoc, Nam Quoc Phan, SaNa Que Son, and Dang Thi Thao Tran. "INVESTIGATION ON FRUITING BODY OF CORDYCEPS MILITARIS CULTIVATION IN TRA VINH." Scientific Journal of Tra Vinh University 1, no. 27 (June 19, 2019): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.27.2017.134.

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Cordyceps sinensis has traditionally been used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, C. sinensis has very low mass production and only grows in natural environment, whereas the fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris can be successfully farmed in cereals. C. militaris contains similar biochemical components as C. sinensis as well as the anticancer component cordycepin. This study is to investigate the effect of temperature, light intensity, milling of silkworm pupae supplemented with brown rice medium and silkworm pupae age on fruiting bodies of C. militaris. The optimal temperature for the formation of fruiting bodieswas 25oC, under conditions of 500 lux lighting. A bottle with 50 g of brown rice supplemented with 50 ml of distilled water and 5 g of milling silkworm pupae produced 20,11 fruiting bodies with the weight of 10.14 g, Cordycepin and Adenosine obtained were 10.08 mg/g and 0.57 mg/g, respectively. From mounting, the nine-dayold pupae showed the best incidence of infection and development of fruiting bodies of C. militaris with 1.69 fruiting bodies/pupae.

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Djaboutou, M. C., M. G. Sinha, S. S. Houedjissin, G. H. Cacai, and C. Ahanhanzo. "Variability and Heritability of Morphological Traits in Collection of Cotton Genotypes (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Their Potential Use for the Selection." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2017): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n3p385.

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This study was conducted to estimate variability and heritability of some morphological traits available in 14 introduced cotton genotypes. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental site is based in Cotton and Fibres Center for Agricultural Research at Cana located in the south of Republic of Benin.Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among the 14 cotton genotypes (p˂0.001). The results showed high heritability for plant height, plant height to first fruiting branch, number of vegetative branches, length of vegetative branch, length of fruiting branch, number of fruiting branches and number of nodes among 14 varieties. Heritability values vary from 0.720 (NFB) to 0.999 (PH and LVB).Positive correlations were found between plant height and length of fruiting branch and number of fruiting branches and other morphological characters. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.80) was observed between plant height to first fruiting branch and plant height. The relatively high variability and heritability estimates for morphological traits suggested that they could be used in breeding programs.

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Clark, John R., and Penelope Perkins-Veazie. "‘APF-45’ Primocane-fruiting Blackberry." HortScience 46, no. 4 (April 2011): 670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.4.670.

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Finn, Chad E., Bernadine C. Strik, Mary E. Peterson, Brian M. Yorgey, Patrick P. Moore, Patrick A. Jones, Jungmin Lee, and Robert R. Martin. "‘Kokanee’ Primocane-fruiting Red Raspberry." HortScience 53, no. 3 (March 2018): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12691-17.

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McKelly, Bernadette, E. G. Rhoden, and G. W. Carver. "FRUITING CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT PEPPERS." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 497h—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.497h.

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Hot pepper (Capsicum annum) is gaining popularity as a food flavor additive. A study was initiated to determine the fruiting characteristics of two hot pepper cultivars; `Scotch Bonnet' and `Brown Lue'. After evaluating 100 fruits of each cultivar, it was found that `Scotch Bonnet' fruits had 34% more seeds and these seeds weighed 9% more than `Brown Lue'. Although `Brown Lue' had longer fruits (3.89 vs 3.33 cm) than `Scotch Bonnet', this difference was not significant. In addition, `Scotch Bonnet' had greater fruit circumference and circumference to length ratio than `Brown Lue'. When fruits were compared for fresh and dried weights, there was no significant difference. However, `Brown Lue' had a significantly higher percent dry matter. Based on dry matter, if fruits were to be produced for crushed peppers, it might be more advantageous to use `Brown Lue'.

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Khurana, Ujjawal, Gunjan Raghubanshi, Uma Handa, and Jagdish Chander. "“Fruiting Bodies” of Aspergillus flavus." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 20, no. 1 (November 13, 2011): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896911425486.

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Ting, Steven, Stephen Hartley, and K. C. Burns. "Global patterns in fruiting seasons." Global Ecology and Biogeography 17, no. 5 (September 2008): 648–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00408.x.

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Kovács, SZ, D. Szilágyi, M. Tóth, and E. Szabó-Erdélyi. "FRUITING CHARACTERISTICS OF ROSA TAXA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 976 (February 2013): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2013.976.27.

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Kauserud, H., L. C. Stige, J. O. Vik, R. H. Okland, K. Hoiland, and N. Chr Stenseth. "Mushroom fruiting and climate change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 10 (February 29, 2008): 3811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709037105.

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Ostroff, L. "Fungal Fruiting Bodies and Fanatics." Science 335, no. 6076 (March 29, 2012): 1574–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1216854.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fruiting'

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