Dissertations / Theses: 'FSSC'

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Severino, Paula Rita de Sousa. "Food defense e a sua relação com as normas IFS V6, BRC V7 e FSSC 22000." Master's thesis, ISA-UL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13372.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Qualidade e Segurança Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL
Os sucessivos acontecimentos terroristas no setor alimentar, verificados ao longo de décadas levaram a que, pela primeira vez, no domínio alimentar, emergisse nos EUA o conceito de defesa alimentar, cujo objetivo é adotar medidas preventivas da contaminação intencional de produtos, onde indivíduos motivados ideologicamente recorrem a agentes (biológicos, químicos, físicos ou radiológicos) com o intuito de causar prejuízos às organizações, governos ou à população em geral. O reconhecimento da sua importância na cadeia alimentar promoveu a difusão deste conceito através de normas certificáveis como a IFS Food versão 6, BRC Food versão 7 e FSSC 22000 e o desenvolvimento de novas metodologias. Apesar de ser uma iniciativa recente, verifica-se a nível mundial uma forte adoção das práticas de defesa alimentar, embora em Portugal esta adoção se tem revelado de pequena amplitude. No presente estudo foi feita uma análise do conceito de defesa alimentar, a sua importância nas organizações e a correlação com os referenciais de segurança alimentar. Para tal, procedeu-se a uma sistematização das metodologias existentes para proteger as organizações da contaminação intencional, adulteração e fraude alimentar, das quais nomeiam-se o CARVER+Shock, TACCP, VACCP, HACCDP, HARPC e ORM. Apesar das diferentes especificações reveladas pelos sistemas, verifica-se que convergem para o mesmo fim, adotar procedimentos que auxiliem as organizações a avaliar potenciais vulnerabilidades, ameaças e riscos inerentes. O estudo permitiu identificar os sistemas mais adequados a implementar para uma organização que seja certificada numa das três normas (BRC, IFS, FSSC 22000). Constatou-se da análise efetuada que o TACCP foi o método que revelou ser o mais completo para atender aos requisitos referentes à defesa alimentar impostos nas normas em estudo
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Matos, Suzana Ferreira de. "Referenciais de segurança dos alimentos : estudo comparativo entre ISO 22000 e FSSC 22000 quando aplicado a uma unidade de processamento de carne." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20191.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
A crescente preocupação e exigência dos consumidores relativamente à segurança dos alimentos que lhes são fornecidos, leva à necessidade de todos os intervenientes da cadeia alimentar melhorarem a implementação de normas de segurança e qualidade e reforçarem todos os sistemas de gestão e controlo, desde a produção primária até ao consumidor final. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal, a implementação de um referencial de segurança dos alimentos, FSSC 22000, numa unidade de processamento de carnes de forma a comprovar a sua aptidão para fornecer produtos seguros, cumprindo os requisitos legais e acompanhando as exigências de um mercado cada vez mais competitivo e exigente. Como resultado do trabalho realizado ao longo do estágio, foram atualizados alguns documentos já pré-existentes, no âmbito da implementação da NP EN ISO 22000:2005, nomeadamente os fluxogramas de processo, a descrição das etapas e medidas de controlo, revisão da análise de potenciais perigos com nova categorização das medidas de controlo, revisão do Programa de Pré-Requisitos Operacionais, revisão do Plano HACCP e por fim validação, verificação e melhoria do Sistema de Gestão de Segurança Alimentar, nomeadamente das medidas de controlo de forma a estar conforme os requisitos da norma FSSC 22000. Foi igualmente elaborado um estudo comparativo entre o referencial NP EN ISO 22000:2005 e FSSC 22000 no qual foi verificado uma divergência nos requisitos exigidos e na estrutura dos referenciais. De forma a colmatar esta divergência foram aplicados esforços para cumprir com os requisitos exigidos o que levou à criação de novas etapas de processo nas diferentes etapas de produção, novos tipos de potenciais perigos identificados e por fim respetivas medidas preventivas. Verificou-se que com o esforço e empenho de todos os operadores, a unidade de processamento possuía todas as capacidades para implementar com sucesso, o referencial de segurança dos alimentos em questão.
ABSTRACT - Food Safety Standards: Comparative study between ISO 22000 and FSSC 22000 when applied to a meat processing unit - The growing concern and demand from consumers regarding the safety of the food supplied to them, leads to the need of all stakeholders of the food chain to improve quality standards implementation and reinforce all management systems and control along the food chain, that is from the primary production to the final consumer. The main objective of this work was to implement a food safety reference, FSSC 22000, in a meat processing unit in order to attest its ability to provide safe products, complying with legal requirements and following the requirements of an increasingly competitive and demanding market. As result of the work done throughout the internship, some pre-existing documents were updated as part of the implementation of NP EN ISO 22000:2005, including process flow charts, description of control steps and measures, revision of potencial hazards identification with new categorization of control measures, revision of the operational pre-requisite program, revision of HACCP plan and at least validation, verification and improvement of the food safety management system, including control measures to comply with the standard FSSC 22000. A comparative study between the references NP EN ISO 22000:2005 and FSSC 22000 was also elaborated, where divergences in the structure and requirements were identified. In order to rectify divergences, efforts were made to comply with the requirements, which lead to the creation of new process steps at the diferente stages os production, new types of potential hazards identification and finally preventive measures. It was concluded that, with the effort and commitment of all operators, the processing unit had all the capabilities to successfully implement the food safety standard in question.
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Chaves, Joana Patrícia Vasques. "Atualização de um sistema de gestão de segurança dos alimentos e sua migração do referencial ISO 22000 para FSSC 22000 numa unidade de processamento de carne." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21116.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Ao longo dos anos, tem-se verificado uma crescente preocupação sobre a segurança dos alimentos suportada pela criação de legislação e normas na área. O presente trabalho visa a melhoria contínua do sistema de gestão de segurança dos alimentos de uma unidade de processamento de carnes. Pretende com o compromisso, preocupação e responsabilidade que a própria organização assume, demonstrar a sua capacidade para minimizar e até mesmo eliminar todos os potenciais perigos identificados nas diferentes etapas de processamento e simultaneamente fornecer padrões de excelência enquanto procura conhecer as expetativas dos consumidores atuais para conquista da sua confiança e garantia da conformidade dos produtos de acordo com os princípios regulamentares em vigor. A empresa encontra-se certificada pela Norma ISO 22000:2005, pelo que foi necessário a atualização e preparação do sistema de gestão de segurança dos alimentos no sentido de migrar para o referencial FSSC 22000 (versão 4.1 de julho de 2017, em vigor desde janeiro de 2018). Com esse intuito, avaliou-se através de listas de verificação se a totalidade dos requisitos exigidos pelo referencial em questão estava implementada e, face aos resultados, elaboraram-se, posteriormente, propostas de melhoria e planeou-se as medidas mais adequadas aos requisitos em falta. Revelou-se necessária a criação de planos de defesa dos alimentos e prevenção de fraude alimentar, assim como uma melhoria da gestão de alergénios por parte do estabelecimento, com avaliação de potenciais contaminações cruzadas. Entre outras sugestões de melhoria, fazem-se propostas de validação e verificação da implementação de procedimentos de controlo associados ao programa de higienização para minimização de contaminações cruzadas.
ABSTRACT - Update of a food safety management system and its migration from ISO 22000 to FSSC 22000 in a meat processing plant - Over the years, there has been a growing concern about food safety, supported by the creation of legislation and standards in the area. The present work aims to continuously improve the food safety management system of a meat processing unit. It’s intended for the organization’s own commitment, concern and responsibility to demonstrate its ability to minimize and even eliminate all potential hazards identified at different processing stages while simultaneously providing standards of excellence whilst seeking to meet the expectations of today’s consumers to earn their trust and ensure products compliance in accordance with current regulatory principles. The company is certified by ISO 22000:2005, so it was necessary to update and prepare the food safety management system in order to migrate to the FSSC 22000 (version 4.1 of july 2017, effective since january 2018). To this end, it was assessed through checklists that all the requirements required by the benchmark were implemented and, in the light of the results, further improvement proposals were developed and the most appropriate measures were planned for the missing requirements. The establishment of food defense and food fraud prevention plans, as well as an improvement of the allergen management by the establishment, with the assessment of potential cross-contamination, has proved necessary. Other suggestions for improvement include validation proposals and verification of the control procedures’ implementation and verification of the implementation of control procedures associated with the sanitation program to minimize cross contamination.
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Burkhardt, Kathe-Erla. "The fears expressed and coping mechanisms of a selected group of middle childhood South African children living in a children's home." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49797.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary aim of this study was to establish normative data regarding the fears expressed by and coping mechanisms in a selected group of middle childhood children living in a children's home with respect to content, number, level and pattern of fears and the coping mechanisms as well as their perceived efficacy. Children living in a children's home were referred to as children who were removed from family care as a result of lawful intervention and were thus seen as a special population. The secondary aim was to ascertain whether any differences in the fears expressed were found with respect to the independent variables of a special population and gender. The three measuring instruments were the Free-Option Method (FOM), the Fear Survey Schedule for Children Revised (FSSC-R) and the Coping Strategy (CS). The FOM was used to determine the content and number of fears, the structured FSSC-R to establish the content, number, level and pattern of fears and the CS to obtain the coping mechanisms used and their perceived effectiveness. A predominantly quantitative method of data collection was used. This was also true for the data analysis. In all three questionnaires were completed by 141 children living in a children's home (70 boys and 71 girls) in the Western Cape between the ages of 8 and 13. The three questionnaires comprised of the FOM, FSSC-R and the CS and were administered in the above-mentioned order. The content of fears based on the results of the FOM yielded only a few similarities upon comparison to the findings of a recent study by. More similarities were apparent upon comparison of the results of the FSSC-R implying that the structuredness of the measuring instrument plays a role in how universal childhood fears really are. The number as well as level of fear was higher for the children living in a children's home in comparison to the results of normative populations. This also holds true for the level of fear on all of the fear factors of the FSSC-R Gender differences that were apparent, were consistent with previous research with girls expressing a higher number and level of fears than boys. The girls in comparison to the boys also displayed a higher level of fear on all the five factors. The coping strategy most often used as well as perceived effective was the secondary coping strategy. This was followed by the primary coping strategy and finally the relinquished control coping strategy. Specific coping strategies, which were utilised, were support seeking and avoidance and these are associated with a higher level of intemalising symptoms. Overall, the coping strategies utilised were found to be effective in reducing the fear experienced. Only a few similarities were apparent upon companson of the results of the two measunng instruments, the FOM and the FSSC-R, emphasising the need for the development of an South African Fear Schedule. Lastly, recommendations for future studies are provided.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doel van die onderhawige studie was die insameling van ·normatiewe data omtrent die uitgesproke vrese van 'n geselekteerde groep kinderhuiskinders in die middelkinderjare met betrekking tot die inhoud, aantal, vlak en patroon van vrese en die hanteringstrategieë, sowel as die waargenome effektiwiteit daarvan. Kinders wat in kinderhuise woon is kinders wat van hulle gesinne verwyder is as gevolg van 'n wetlike ingreep en hulle word om hierdie rede as 'n spesiale populasie beskou. Die sekondêre doel van die onderhawige studie was om vas te stelof daar verskille was in die uitgesproke vrese met betrekking tot die onafhanklike veranderlikes van 'n spesiale populasie en geslag. Die drie meetinstrumente wat toegepas is, is die "Free Option Method" (FOM), die ''Fear Survey Schedule for Children Revised" (FSSC-R) en die "Coping Strategy"(CS). Die FOM is gebruik om die inhoud en aantal vrese te bepaal, terwyl die FSSC-R gebruik is om die inhoud, aantal, vlak en patroon van vrese te bepaal. Die CS is gebruik om die hanteringstrategieë en hul effektiwiteit te bepaal. 'n Oorwegend kwantitatiewe metode van data insameling, sowel as dataverwerking is vir hierdie studie gebruik. Drie vraelyste is beantwoord deur 141 kinders (70 seuns en 71 meisies) tussen die ouderdomme van 8 en 13 jaar wat in kinderhuise in die Wes-Kaap woon. Die FOM, FSSC-R en die CS is gebruik en in hierdie volgorde toegepas. Die inhoud van vrese wat op die resultate van die FOM gebaseer is, het weining ooreengestem met die navorsingsbevindings van 'n onlangse studie. Meer ooreenstemming is gevind met betrekking tot die inhoud van vrese wat gebaseer is op die FSSC-R resultate. Dit impliseer dat die gestruktureerdheid van die meetinstrumente 'n rol speel in hoe universeel vrese is. Die aantal sowel as vlak van vrese, was hoër vir die kinders wat in 'n kinderhuis woon vergeleke met die resultate van normatiewe populasies. Die bogenoemde is ook van toepassing ten opsigte van die vlak van vrese op al vyf faktore van die FSSC-R. Geslagsverskille wat voorgekom het, is in ooreenstemming met ander navorsingsresultate waar meisies, in vergelyking met seuns, meer vrese sowel as 'n hoër vlak van vrese op al vyffaktore van die FSSC-R getoon het. Die hanteringstrategieë wat die meeste deur die kinders gebruik is is die sekondêre hanteringstrategieë. Dit is gevolg deur die primêre hanteringstrategieë en laastens die opgegeë beheer hanteringstrategieë. Spesifieke hanteringstrategieë wat gebruik is, is ondersteuning en vermyding. Hierdie strategieë word geassosieer met 'n hoër vlak van geïnternaliseerde simptome. Oor die algemeen is die hanteringstrategieë as effektief beskou in die vermindering van vrese. Daar was min ooreenstemming tussen die resultate van die twee vrees meetinstrumente, die FOM en die FSSC-R, wat die behoefte aan die ontwikkeling van 'n vrees meetinstrument vir Suid-Afrikaanse omstandighede beklemtoon. Ten slotte word enkele riglyne vir toekomstige navorsing gegee.

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Efremovska, Irena, Sijme Geurts, and Scott Perret. "Leverage Points for Broader Diffusion of the FSSD." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3623.

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The intrinsic characteristics of the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) make it useful in moving society towards sustainability. However, most of the change agents who work with the FSSD report that it is not diffused widely enough to have a systemic impact on society. The purpose of the study is to enable those who wish to foster such diffusion to be more effective in their efforts by giving them information they need to strategically plan those efforts. An ‘important factors for diffusion’ lens is constructed from Diffusion of Innovations theory and social marketing concepts, and verified with case studies of the diffusion of Biomimicry 3.8, GRI and Cradle to Cradle. 152 current barriers and enablers to broader diffusion of the FSSD are identified from interviews with 27 practitioners and a survey of 58 additional practitioners. These are scored against the lens to determine the current diffusibility of the FSSD, then distilled and influence flows between them mapped, to identify seven leverage points for broader diffusion. Interrelations between these leverage points, as well as other emergent themes, are discussed, conclusions are drawn, and further research suggested.

irena.efrem@gmail.com; sijme@sijme.com; scott@notutopia.com

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Robertson, Jean-Baptiste. "Finite FSS for long wavelengths." Thesis, University of Kent, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.544052.

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Lima, Antonio Cezar de Castro. "Convoluted element FSS and millimetre wave dichroics." Thesis, University of Kent, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385891.

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Heinrich, Bernd. "Auswirkungen der FSC-Zertifizierung auf die Waldrestholzbereitstellung." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-202319.

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Mani?oba, Robson Hebraico Cipriano. "Estudo do acoplamento entre superf?cies seletivas de frequ?ncia assim?tricas em estruturas de multicamadas." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15185.

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This work presents the development of new microwaves structures, filters and high gain antenna, through the cascading of frequency selective surfaces, which uses fractals D?rer and Minkowski patches as elements, addition of an element obtained from the combination of the other two simple the cross dipole and the square spiral. Frequency selective surfaces (FSS) includes a large area of Telecommunications and have been widely used due to its low cost, low weight and ability to integrate with others microwaves circuits. They re especially important in several applications, such as airplane, antennas systems, radomes, rockets, missiles, etc. FSS applications in high frequency ranges have been investigated, as well as applications of cascading structures or multi-layer, and active FSS. In this work, we present results for simulated and measured transmission characteristics of cascaded structures (multilayer), aiming to investigate the behavior of the operation in terms of bandwidth, one of the major problems presented by frequency selective surfaces. Comparisons are made with simulated results, obtained using commercial software such as Ansoft DesignerTM v3 and measured results in the laboratory. Finally, some suggestions are presented for future works on this subject
Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de novas estruturas de micro-ondas, filtros multi-banda ou banda larga, atrav?s do cascateamento de superf?cies seletivas em frequ?ncia, que usa patches fractais de D?rer pentagonal e Minkowski como elementos, al?m de um elemento obtido a partir da combina??o de outros dois mais simples que s?o o dipolo em cruz e a espira quadrada. Superf?cies seletivas em frequ?ncia (FSS) abrangem uma grande ?rea das Telecomunica??es e t?m sido largamente utilizadas devido a seu baixo custo, peso reduzido e possibilidade de se integrar com outros circuitos de micro-ondas. Elas s?o especialmente importantes em diversas aplica??es, como avi?es, sistemas de antenas, radomes, foguetes, m?sseis, etc. Aplica??es de FSS em faixas de frequ?ncia elevadas t?m sido investigadas, assim como aplica??es destas estruturas em cascata ou multicamadas, FSS ativas. Nesse trabalho, s?o apresentados resultados simulados e medidos para as caracter?sticas de transmiss?o de estruturas cascateadas (multicamadas), com intuito de investigar o comportamento do funcionamento em termos de largura de banda, um dos grandes problemas apresentados por superf?cies seletivas em frequ?ncia. S?o feitas compara??es entre resultados simulados, obtidos utilizando software comercial como Ansoft DesignerTM v3 e resultados medidos em laborat?rio. S?o apresentadas, ainda, sugest?es de continuidade do trabalho

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Karlsson, Alexandra. "Attityder till certifieringssystemen FSC och PEFC i skogsbranschen." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-38481.

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Different groups in the forestry sector were likely to have different views regarding the responsibility for an environmentally sustainable forestry and the benefits of certification and this study aimed to examine the attitudes that existed in the forestry sector to the certification schemes FSC and PEFC. In the study a survey and a questionnaire were sent out to different groups. The investigation was made with respect to three groups: forest owners, forest contractors and employees working with the certification schemes on a daily basis at the forest company Södra. The groups agreed that the owner of the forest had the main responsibility for an environmentally sustainable forestry. The study revealed that all three groups highly valued the environmental aspect of certification. Forest owners also identified financial gain as a benefit. The forest contractors felt that the certification gave orderliness to their work but also saw an economic cost from being certified. The forest company employees found certification as an access to a widermarket with certified products. Half of the forest owners estimated their knowledge of the certification schemes to be inadequate while forest contractors and the employees of Södra valued their knowledge as sufficient. The forest owners had less education about the certification schemes than the other groups.
Olika grupper i skogsbranschen riskerar att ha olika syn när det gäller ansvaret för ett miljömässigt hållbart skogsbruk och nyttan med certifiering och den här studien gjordes för att undersöka vilka inställningar som fanns i skogsbranschen till certifieringssystemen FSC och PEFC. Arbetet gjordes med avseende på tre grupper: skogsägare, skogsentreprenörer och anställda som arbetar på skogsföretaget Södra med certifiering i sitt dagliga arbete. I studien skickades en enkät och ett frågeformulär ut. Undersökningen visade att de tre grupperna värderade miljömässigt hållbart skogsbruk med certifiering högt. Som skogsägare fick man en certifieringspremie för det certifierade virke som man sålde. Skogsägarna såg också en ekonomisk vinning med certifiering. Skogsentreprenörerna ansåg att certifiering i högre grad gav ordning och reda i deras arbete men att det fanns en ekonomisk kostnad med att vara certifierad. Skogsföretagsgruppen menade att certifierade produkter gav tillgång till en större marknad för skogsföretaget. Grupperna var överens om att ansvaret för ett miljömässigt hållbart skogsbruk låg på de/den som ägde skogsmarken. Samtidigt uppskattade hälften av skogsägarna att deras kunskaper om certifieringarna var otillräckliga medan skogsentreprenörerna och skogsföretagsgruppen ansåg att deras kunskaper var tillräckliga. Detta kunde bero på att skogsägarna fick mindre utbildning av certifiering än de andra två grupperna. Det här arbetet har visat att grupperna inte har olika syn när det gäller vikten av att ett miljömässigt hållbart skogsbruk bedrivs.

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Montalv?o, Emanuele da Silva Rodrigues. "Uma proposta de FSS fractal com geometria simplificada." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15338.

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Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) are periodic structures in one or two dimensions that act as spatial filters, can be formed by elements of type conductors patches or apertures, functioning as filters band-stop or band-pass respectively. The interest in the study of FSS has grown through the years, because such structures meet specific requirements as low-cost, reduced dimensions and weighs, beyond the possibility to integrate with other microwave circuits. The most varied applications for such structures have been investigated, as for example, radomes, antennas systems for airplanes, electromagnetic filters for reflective antennas, absorbers structures, etc. Several methods have been used for the analysis of FSS, among them, the Wave Method (WCIP). Are various shapes of elements that can be used in FSS, as for example, fractal type, which presents a relative geometric complexity. This work has as main objective to propose a simplification geometric procedure a fractal FSS, from the analysis of influence of details (gaps) of geometry of the same in behavior of the resonance frequency. Complementarily is shown a simple method to adjust the frequency resonance through analysis of a FSS, which uses a square basic cell, in which are inserted two reentrance and dimensions these reentrance are varied, making it possible to adjust the frequency. For this, the structures are analyzed numerically, using WCIP, and later are characterized experimentally comparing the results obtained. For the two cases is evaluated, the influence of electric and magnetic fields, the latter through the electric current density vector. Is realized a bibliographic study about the theme and are presented suggestions for the continuation of this work
As Superf?cies Seletivas de Frequ?ncia (FSS) s?o estruturas peri?dicas em uma ou duas dimens?es que atuam como filtros espaciais, podendo ser formadas por elementos do tipo patches condutores ou aberturas, funcionando como filtros rejeita-faixa ou passa-faixa, respectivamente. O interesse no estudo das FSS tem crescido atrav?s dos anos, pois tais estruturas atendem a requisitos espec?ficos como baixo custo, dimens?es e pesos reduzidos, al?m da possibilidade de se integrar com outros circuitos de micro-ondas. As mais variadas aplica??es para tais estruturas t?m sido investigadas, como por exemplo, radomes, sistemas de antenas para avi?es, filtros eletromagn?ticos para antenas refletoras, estruturas absorvedoras, etc. V?rios m?todos t?m sido utilizados para a an?lise de FSS, dentre eles, o M?todo das Ondas (WCIP). S?o diversas as formas de elementos que podem ser utilizados em FSS, como por exemplo, os do tipo fractal, que apresenta uma relativa complexidade geom?trica. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal propor um procedimento de simplifica??o geom?trica de uma FSS fractal, a partir da an?lise da influ?ncia dos detalhes (fendas) da geometria da mesma no comportamento da frequ?ncia de resson?ncia. De forma complementar ? mostrado um m?todo simples de ajustar a frequ?ncia de resson?ncia atrav?s da an?lise de uma FSS, que utiliza uma c?lula b?sica retangular, na qual s?o inseridas duas reentr?ncias e as dimens?es dessas reentr?ncias s?o variadas, tornando poss?vel o ajuste da frequ?ncia. Para isso, as estruturas s?o analisadas numericamente, utilizando o WCIP, e posteriormente s?o caracterizadas experimentalmente, comparando-se os resultados obtidos. Para os dois casos ? avaliada, a influ?ncia dos campos el?trico e magn?tico, este ?ltimo atrav?s do vetor densidade de corrente el?trica. ? realizado um estudo bibliogr?fico a cerca do tema e s?o apresentadas sugest?es para a continuidade deste trabalho

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Ferreira, Hillner. "MATRIOSKA: UMA PROPOSTA DE GEOMETRIA PARA FSS MULTIBANDAS." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IFPB, 2016. http://repositorio.ifpb.edu.br/jspui/handle/177683/234.

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O progresso tecnol?gico e o aumento da demanda por servi?os em sistemas de telecomunica??es v?m, ao longo das ?ltimas d?cadas, fomentando o desenvolvimento de equipamentos com tamanhos cada vez menores e mais integrados. Essa tend?ncia de unir, em um s? aparelho, diversas tecnologias, tem estimulado o estudo de novas estruturas multibanda. Exibindo a propriedade de um filtro, as superf?cies seletivas em frequ?ncia, FSS, tornaram-se tema de extensivas pesquisas associadas ? opera??o em m?ltiplas frequ?ncias. Como resultado, estas estruturas podem ser encontradas atualmente em um grande n?mero de aplica??es que v?o desde as mais tradicionais, como as tampas do forno de micro-ondas, at? as mais recentes, como em bloqueadores de rede sem fio, etiquetas RFID sem chips, antenas inteligentes, dentre outras. Com objetivo de contribuir para o estudo das FSS, este trabalho ? resultado da investiga??o te?rica e experimental de uma nova proposta de geometria. Inspirado nas famosas bonecas russas matrioskas, o modelo geom?trico desenvolvido apresenta caracter?sticas particularmente interessantes como, por exemplo, a possibilidade de obten??o de frequ?ncias de resson?ncia mais baixas e em maior quantidade, sem comprometer, contudo, a ?rea limite da c?lula unit?ria inicialmente definida. Para an?lise num?rica dessa geometria, o comportamento em frequ?ncia foi obtido a partir do m?todo dos momentos (MoM) utilizando o programa computacional Ansoft Designer. A valida??o e an?lise experimental dos resultados foram conseguidas por meio da constru??o de prot?tipos e medi??es realizadas no Laborat?rio de Medidas em Micro-ondas do GTEMA/IFPB. Os resultados foram discutidos e o comportamento ressonante da FSS estudado, sendo apresentadas sugest?es para trabalhos futuros.

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Cruz, Josiel do Nascimento. "CARACTERIZA??O DE FSS COM GEOMETRIA MATRIOSKA ABERTA." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IFPB, 2014. http://repositorio.ifpb.edu.br/jspui/handle/177683/240.

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Nos ?ltimos anos os avan?os tecnol?gicos t?m impulsionado as comunica??es sem fio, com uma crescente oferta de servi?os e aplica??es, sendo um desafio para os engenheiros de telecomunica??es. Com caracter?sticas que despertam interesse nos sistemas de comunica??es, as superf?cies seletivas em frequ?ncia, FSS, t?m sido tema de v?rias pesquisas, especialmente por poder apresentar opera??o em m?ltiplas frequ?ncias e com dimens?es reduzidas. As aplica??es com FSS s?o diversas, pode-se destacar algumas, como em tampas de forno de micro-ondas, que ? umas das mais tradicionais, ou mais recentemente, em bloqueadores de redes sem fio, etiquetas RFID sem chip, antenas inteligentes, entre outras aplica??es. Buscando contribuir para o estudo das FSS, este trabalho d? continuidade ao estudo da geometria matrioska, com a an?lise da FSS com a geometria matrioska aberta. Essa geometria ? inspirada nas famosas bonecas russas matrioskas e apresenta caracter?sticas que despertam interesse como, por exemplo, a possibilidade de obten??o de frequ?ncias de resson?ncias mais baixas, assim como m?ltiplas resson?ncias, sem comprometer a ?rea limite da c?lula unit?ria. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma an?lise da estrutura matrioska aberta, a partir da distribui??o da densidade de corrente el?trica, possibilitando um melhor entendimento do comportamento ressonante da estrutura. Foi tamb?m realizada uma an?lise da matrioska aberta, levando em considera??o o seu comprimento efetivo e a posi??o da fenda. Para an?lise num?rica da geometria matrioska aberta, o comportamento em frequ?ncia foi obtido pelo m?todo dos momentos (MoM) utilizando o programa comercial Ansoft DesignerTM. A valida??o e an?lise experimental dos resultados foram conseguidas por meio da constru??o de prot?tipos e as medi??es foram realizadas no Laborat?rio de Medidas em Micro-ondas do GTEMA/IFPB. Foi obtida uma concord?ncia muito boa entre os resultados num?ricos e experimentais.

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Ferreira, Hillner de Paiva Almeida. "MATRIOSKA: UMA PROPOSTA DE GEOMETRIA PARA FSS MULTIBANDAS." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IFPB, 2014. http://repositorio.ifpb.edu.br/jspui/handle/177683/244.

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Submitted by Alex Sandro R?go (alex@ifpb.edu.br) on 2016-09-01T13:16:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MATRIOSKA_UMA_PROPOSTA_DE_GEOMETRIA_PARA_FSS_MULTIBANDAS.pdf: 8241646 bytes, checksum: 5294c9d1fc5e7a3560ff044fd8270553 (MD5)
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O progresso tecnol?gico e o aumento da demanda por servi?os em sistemas de telecomunica??es v?m, ao longo das ?ltimas d?cadas, fomentando o desenvolvimento de equipamentos com tamanhos cada vez menores e mais integrados. Essa tend?ncia de unir, em um s? aparelho, diversas tecnologias, tem estimulado o estudo de novas estruturas multibanda. Exibindo a propriedade de um filtro, as superf?cies seletivas em frequ?ncia, FSS, tornaram-se tema de extensivas pesquisas associadas ? opera??o em m?ltiplas frequ?ncias. Como resultado, estas estruturas podem ser encontradas atualmente em um grande n?mero de aplica??es que v?o desde as mais tradicionais, como as tampas do forno de micro-ondas, at? as mais recentes, como em bloqueadores de rede sem fio, etiquetas RFID sem chips, antenas inteligentes, dentre outras. Com objetivo de contribuir para o estudo das FSS, este trabalho ? resultado da investiga??o te?rica e experimental de uma nova proposta de geometria. Inspirado nas famosas bonecas russas matrioskas, o modelo geom?trico desenvolvido apresenta caracter?sticas particularmente interessantes como, por exemplo, a possibilidade de obten??o de frequ?ncias de resson?ncia mais baixas e em maior quantidade, sem comprometer, contudo, a ?rea limite da c?lula unit?ria inicialmente definida. Para an?lise num?rica dessa geometria, o comportamento em frequ?ncia foi obtido a partir do m?todo dos momentos (MoM) utilizando o programa computacional Ansoft Designer. A valida??o e an?lise experimental dos resultados foram conseguidas por meio da constru??o de prot?tipos e medi??es realizadas no Laborat?rio de Medidas em Micro-ondas do GTEMA/IFPB. Os resultados foram discutidos e o comportamento ressonante da FSS estudado, sendo apresentadas sugest?es para trabalhos futuros.

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15

Makrickas, Evaldas. "FSC forest management certification analysis in Lithuaniua and Russia." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110601_115619-77809.

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First time name of certification were mentioned 1990s concerning a problems with bad forest practices, hard improvement of governmental regulations especial in tropics. Later this concern were growing to 1992 Rio de Janeiro conference. And so, need of strict forest system in 1993 established Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Main activities started later 1996 in Canada with small group of people which started developing countries regional standards (Claros, 2009). Now FSC program is one of the biggest forest certification and accreditation providing company providing wood and their products and certification service. This program supports LEED Lumber, IKEA, biggest companies buying wood in the world, non governamental organisations World wild Fund (WWF), Green peace (www.fsc.org). The curiosity of how FSC forest certification impact forest management in Lithuania and Russia and lack of FSC standard studies with national law encouraged to create such study. We want to analyze FSC certification annual public reports raised CAR’s (Corrective action request) from Forest Management Units (FMU) - enterprises, leaseholders in Lithuania and Russia. The first aim was to find, what main CAR’s in Lithuania, Russia and distribute CAR’s to environmental, economical, social type aspects. In later stages analyze Lithuanian and Russian FSC standards Smart Wood, SGS Qualifor and Russian national. In the last step to compare FSC standards with state law for each country. Analysis of... [to full text]
Pagal FSC standartus miškai pradėti sertifikuoti nuo 1993 metų. Patogi sertifikavimo sistema leido minėtam standartui išplisti visame pasaulyje. Bolivijoje, Brazilijoje, Indonezijoje FSC sertifikavimas vis dar plečiamas (Claros, 2009). Sertifikacijos dėka gerinama miškų valdymo kokybė, biologinės įvairovės apsauga, sprendžiamos darbuotojų saugos problemos. Šio standarto visapusišku naudingumu neabejoja daugelis FSC rėmėjų: LEED Lumber, IKEA, bei didžiausios miško produktus superkančios ar nevyriausybinės organizacijos, Pasaulio gamtos fondas (World wild Fund WWF), Green peace (www.fsc.org). Mokslinių darbų, nagrinėjančių miškų sertifikaciją objektyviai, yra nedaug ir miškų sertifikavimo tema nėra plačiai nagrinėjama palyginus su socialiniais, miško gyvosios ir negyvosios gamtos sąveikos tyrimais. Miškų sertifikavimo standartų palyginamųjų darbų taip pat yra negausu. Šio darbo sukūrimo pagrindas – galimybė išanalizuoti skirtumus tarp FSC sertifikuotų kaimyninių šalių (Lietuvos ir Rusijos) miškų tvarkymo vienetų ir naudojimo standartų (MTV – Lietuvoje valstybinių miškų įmonių urėdijų ir Rusijoje miškų ūkių ir miškų nuomotojų). Taip pat norima sužinoti, ar Lietuvoje ir Rusijoje susiduriama su skirtingais sertifikavimo pažeidimais. Šių pažeidimų koregavimo veiksmų reikalavimų (KVR) aspektų pagalba palyginti Lietuvos ir Rusijos FSC miškų valdymo sertifikacijos standartus bei su standartais susijusi šalių miškų teisė. Kita šio darbo dalis, skirta ištirti kokią įtaką ekonominės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

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Antonopoulos, C. "Studies of FSS for microwave and millimeter wave bands." Thesis, University of Kent, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245689.

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Zabri, Siti Normi. "Study of thin resistively loaded FSS based microwave absorbers." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.676498.

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The purpose of this study was to develop new FSS based microwave absorber designs to minimise the physical thickness, increase the bandwidth and provide radar backscatter suppression that is independent of the wave polarization at large incident angles. A new low cost, accurate and rapid printing technique is employed to pattern the periodic arrays with the precise surface resistance required for each of the FSS elements to optimize the performance of this class of absorber. The electromagnetic behaviour of five new FSS based structures, two standalone arrays, and three absorber arrangements, have been studied using CST Microwave Studio software. The FSS structures consist of two closely spaced arrays of rings with the conductor split at one or two locations to provide independent control of the resonances. By careful design these are shown to exhibit coincident spectral transmission responses in the TE and TM plane. Based on this design methodology, a very thin 4-layer metal backed resistively loaded rectangular loop FSS absorber which works from 0° - 22.5° is shown to give a wide band performance that is independent of the orientation of the impinging signals. To reduce the manufacturing complexity, a single layer FSS absorber which operates at 45° incidence has been designed to give a polarisation independent performance by employing an array of rectangular split loops with discrete pairs of resistive elements of unequal value inserted at the midpoint of the four sides. A major increase in bandwidth is obtained from a single layer FSS absorber which is composed of an array of nested hexagonal loops. Moreover the use of the same surface resistance for all four elements in the unit cell is shown to significantly simplify the construction of the structure which was designed to provide radar cloaking from 0° to 45° incidence. A new manufacturing strategy is presented, where the required surface resistances are obtained by employing an ink-jet printer to simultaneously pattern the FSS elements on the substrate and digitally control the dot density of the nano silver ink and aqueous vehicle mixture.

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Utkucan, Ece, Matthew Lobach, and Wyeth Larson. "Sustainable E-waste Management : Using the FSSD in a Case study at NUR." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2481.

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This thesis explores how to apply an approach of strategic sustainable development to e-waste management through a case study at the National University of Rwanda (NUR). Interviews and surveys were conducted, and workshops and presentations were hosted during a site visit to NUR. No e-waste management system is in place in Rwanda, while the country is working to increase ICT capacity. At NUR, awareness of e-waste challenges is low, and management currently consists of storage and limited low-tech pre-processing. Suggested actions were prioritized and delivered to NUR in an action plan under three project categories: project core, e-waste management, and e-waste education and research with the aim of establishing a pilot project of e-waste management to make NUR an e-waste leader. A Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development was used to ensure e-waste is managed in a strategic way that leads to an e-waste management approach that could exist in a sustainable society. This research concludes that strategic sustainable e-waste management is possible at NUR and presents six theme areas to guide the development of an e-waste project with a systems perspective.

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Ražauskaitė, Rita. "Lietuvos valstybinių miškų urėdijų sertifikavimo pagal FSC programą poveikio analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120620_151755-00560.

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Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti pagrindines FSC standarto poveikio sritis. Tikslui pasiekti buvo apklausos Lietuvos valstybinės miškų urėdijos, kaip pagrindinis sertifikavimo objektas. Didesniam analizės patikimumui pasiekti buvo atlikta ir pilotinė girininkijų apklausa. Šių apklausų rezultatai buvo lyginami ir analizuojami. Norint giliau ištirti sertifikavimo poveikį išorinėms suinteresuotosioms grupėms buvo apklausti keturių numatytų grupių atstovai. Apklausų rezultatai susisteminti ir apibendrinti. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, jog sertifikavimas nepadarė žymaus poveikio miškų valdymui. Urėdijų ir girininkijų darbuotojai atsakymai buvo panašūs. Daugiausiai žymesnių teigiamų pokyčių buvo nustatyta socialinėje srityje. Aukščiausiai teigiamai įvertinti klausimai buvo susiję su lengvai pastebimais, išmatuojamais ir palyginamais pokyčiais. Sudėtingesni ir sunkiau pastebimi pokyčiai buvo įvertinti beveik neutraliai. Pvz.: “Valstybinių miškų rūšinė sudėtis”. Tai gali būti siejama su miško ekosistemų specifika. Ekonominių pokyčių vertinimo analizė atskleidė, jog po sertifikavimo urėdijos prekių kaina ir paklausa pakito labai nežymiai. Ekonominės paskatos yra pagrindinis sertifikavimą skatinantis veiksnys, tad galima teigti, jog Lietuvoje miško savininkai yra silpnai skatinami sertifikuoti savo valdas. Sertifikavimo poveikio skirtingoms suinteresuotosioms grupėms analizė parodė, jog reikšmingai skiriasi valstybinių ir privačių grupių atstovų nuomonės. Privačių organizacijų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The aim of this paper is to analyze the main impacts of the FSC. In order to achieve this goal, the survey was the Lithuanian state forest enterprises as the main subject of the certification. For added reliability analysis was performed to achieve the rangers and the pilot survey. The survey results were compared and analyzed. To further investigate the impact of certification on external stakeholders were interviewed by the four groups. Structured interviews and summarized results. The study found that the certification had no significant effect on forest management. Enterprises and district staff responses were similar. The most significant positive changes were found in the social sphere. Extra points were assessed positively associated with easily discernible, measurable and comparable developments. The more complex and more difficult to assess changes were evaluated as almost neutral. For example. "State forest composition”. This can be attributed to the specifics of forest ecosystems. Economic impact analysis revealed that after certification of enterprises, and the price of goods and demand has changed very slightly. Economic incentives are a key factor leading to certification, so it can be stated that Lithuanian owners are not encouraged to certify their holdings. The certification effect analysis of different stakeholders showed the significant differences between public and private groups opinion. The Private organizations were less active and the means of... [to full text]

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McCune, Joel D. "An investigation of flow and IZOF utilization of FSS-2." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4620.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 9, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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Su, Hansheng. "Development of optically controlled FSS and antenna using photoconductive approach." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610933.

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Silva, Andr? Nascimento da. "Caracteriza??o de FSS com Geometria em Forma de U." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IFPB, 2016. http://repositorio.ifpb.edu.br/jspui/handle/177683/275.

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Nos ?ltimos anos, com a diversidade das comunica??es sem fio, principalmente em dispositivos como telefone m?vel, TV digital, tablets, RFID, etc., nos quais um ?nico equipamento pode operar em diferentes bandas de frequ?ncia, um cont?nuo desafio ? imposto aos engenheiros no projeto de antenas em micro-ondas. Uma das estruturas que tem recebido consider?vel aten??o s?o as superf?cies seletivas em frequ?ncia (Frequency Selective Surface - FSS), devido ?s diversas aplica??es no espectro de frequ?ncia, incluindo micro-ondas e ondas milim?tricas. Afim de se obter dimens?es reduzidas e resposta em frequ?ncia espec?fica, diversas geometrias s?o estudadas, incluindo elementos simples ou uma combina??o dos mesmos. Recentemente, as FSS t?m sido empregadas em redes sem fio como sensores passivos e sistemas de identifa??o por r?dio frequ?ncia sem chip (chipless). Neste trabalho ? apresentada a an?lise da geometria em forma de U para FSS. Trata-se de uma geometria geralmente usada em antenas planares. A ideia principal ? averiguar como as respostas em frequ?ncia das FSS variam em fun??o da geometria em forma de U, seja como fenda, slot, ou como metaliza??o. Para a an?lise num?rica das FSS, um dos m?todos adotados foi o M?todo das Ondas, mais conhecido na literatura como WCIP (Wave Concept Iterative Procedure). As FSS apresentaram boas caracter?sticas de miniaturiza??o e multibanda, verificando-se na redu??o da frequ?ncia de resson?ncia, e no surgimento de novas resson?ncias, sem altera??o dos limites da c?lula unit?ria. S?o propostas equa??es aproximadas de projeto e apresentados resultados num?ricos e experimentais. Pretende-se a partir destas an?lises, colocar tal investiga??o como potencial recurso no desenvolvimento de dispositivos para aplica??es que necessitem de elementos compactos, e de opera??o multibanda, a exemplo da tecnologia RFID sem chip e antenas inteligentes.

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Silva, Andr? "Caracteriza??o de FSS com Geometria em Forma de U." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IFPB, 2016. http://repositorio.ifpb.edu.br/jspui/handle/177683/233.

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Nos ?ltimos anos, com a diversidade das comunica??es sem fio, principalmente em dispositivos como telefone m?vel, TV digital, tablets, RFID, etc., nos quais um ?nico equipamento pode operar em diferentes bandas de frequ?ncia, um cont?nuo desafio ? imposto aos engenheiros no projeto de antenas em micro-ondas. Uma das estruturas que tem recebido consider?vel aten??o s?o as superf?cies seletivas em frequ?ncia (Frequency Selective Surface - FSS), devido ?s diversas aplica??es no espectro de frequ?ncia, incluindo micro-ondas e ondas milim?tricas. A fim de se obter dimens?es reduzidas e resposta em frequ?ncia espec?fica, diversas geometrias s?o estudadas, incluindo elementos simples ou uma combina??o dos mesmos. Recentemente, as FSS t?m sido empregadas em redes sem fio como sensores passivos e sistemas de identifa??o por r?dio frequ?ncia sem chip (chipless). Neste trabalho ? apresentada a an?lise da geometria em forma de U para FSS. Trata-se de uma geometria geralmente usada em antenas planares. A ideia principal ? averiguar como as respostas em frequ?ncia das FSS variam em fun??o da geometria em forma de U, seja como fenda, slot, ou como metaliza??o. Para a an?lise num?rica das FSS, um dos m?todos adotados foi o M?todo das Ondas, mais conhecido na literatura como WCIP (Wave Concept Iterative Procedure). As FSS apresentaram boas caracter?sticas de miniaturiza??o e multibanda, verificando-se na redu??o da frequ?ncia de resson?ncia, e no surgimento de novas resson?ncias, sem altera??o dos limites da c?lula unit?ria. S?o propostas equa??es aproximadas de projeto e apresentados resultados num?ricos e experimentais. Pretende-se a partir destas an?lises, colocar tal investiga??o como potencial recurso no desenvolvimento de dispositivos para aplica??es que necessitem de elementos compactos, e de opera??o multibanda, a exemplo da tecnologia RFID sem chip e antenas inteligentes.

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Silva, Andr? Nascimento da. "CARACTERIZA??O DE FSS COM GEOMETRIA EM FORMA DE U." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IFPB, 2014. http://repositorio.ifpb.edu.br/jspui/handle/177683/235.

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Nos ?ltimos anos, com a diversidade das comunica??es sem fio, principalmente em dispositivos como telefone m?vel, TV digital, tablets, RFID, etc., nos quais um ?nico equipamento pode operar em diferentes bandas de frequ?ncia, um cont?nuo desafio ? imposto aos engenheiros no projeto de antenas em micro-ondas. Uma das estruturas que tem recebido consider?vel aten??o s?o as superf?cies seletivas em frequ?ncia (Frequency Selective Surface - FSS), devido ?s diversas aplica??es no espectro de frequ?ncia, incluindo micro-ondas e ondas milim?tricas. A fim de se obter dimens?es reduzidas e resposta em frequ?ncia espec?fica, diversas geometrias s?o estudadas, incluindo elementos simples ou uma combina??o dos mesmos. Recentemente, as FSS t?m sido empregadas em redes sem fio como sensores passivos e sistemas de identifa??o por r?dio frequ?ncia sem chip (chipless). Neste trabalho ? apresentada a an?lise da geometria em forma de U para FSS. Trata-se de uma geometria geralmente usada em antenas planares. A ideia principal ? averiguar como as respostas em frequ?ncia das FSS variam em fun??o da geometria em forma de U, seja como fenda, slot, ou como metaliza??o. Para a an?lise num?rica das FSS, um dos m?todos adotados foi o M?todo das Ondas, mais conhecido na literatura como WCIP (Wave Concept Iterative Procedure). As FSS apresentaram boas caracter?sticas de miniaturiza??o e multibanda, verificando-se na redu??o da frequ?ncia de resson?ncia, e no surgimento de novas resson?ncias, sem altera??o dos limites da c?lula unit?ria. S?o propostas equa??es aproximadas de projeto e apresentados resultados num?ricos e experimentais. Pretende-se a partir destas an?lises, colocar tal investiga??o como potencial recurso no desenvolvimento de dispositivos para aplica??es que necessitem de elementos compactos, e de opera??o multibanda, a exemplo da tecnologia RFID sem chip e antenas inteligentes.

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Savia, S. B. "Computer-aided study of FSS and some applications of ferroic materials." Thesis, University of Kent, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322722.

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Brumbaugh, David. "DISC, FSC, and the cost of capital in the export sector." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74513.

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DISC and FSC are two trade policy instruments of the United States that proV'ide a tax incentive for exporting. The two measures provide a stimulus for investment in the export sector by reduci.ng the cost of capital for exporting firms. According to a model based on the neoclassical theory of optimum capital accumulation, the minimum effect either DISC or FSC can have is surprisingly small, reducing the cost of capital by less than percent in either case. The maximum effect is large, reducing the cost of capital in the export sector by around 20 percent. However, the maximum effect of DISC and FSC is accompanied by side-effects that reduce economic efficiency significantly. These results therefore call into question the effectiveness of DISC and FSC as instruments of trade policy.
Master of Arts

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Moreira, Ricardo C?sar de Oliveira. "Antenas planares integradas com FSSs para aplica??es em sistemas de comunica??es sem fio." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15438.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
This work presents a theoretical and experimental analysis about the properties of microstrip antennas with integrated frequency selective surfaces (Frequency Selective Surface - FSS). The integration occurs through the insertion of the FSS on ground plane of microstrip patch antenna. This integration aims to improve some characteristics of the antennas. The FSS using patch-type elements in square unit cells. Specifically, the simulated results are obtained using the commercial computer program CST Studio Suite? version 2011. From a standard antenna, designed to operate in wireless communication systems of IEEE 802.11 a / b / g / n the dimensions of the FSS are varied to obtain an optimization of some antenna parameters such as impedance matching and selectivity in the operating bands. After optimization of the investigated parameters are built two prototypes of microstrip patch antennas with and without the FSS ground plane. Comparisons are made of the results with the experimental results by 14 ZVB network analyzer from Rohde & Schwarz ?. The comparison aims to validate the simulations performed and show the improvements obtained with the FSS in integrated ground plane antenna. In the construction of prototypes, we used dielectric substrates of the type of Rogers Corporation RT-3060 with relative permittivity equal to 10.2 and low loss tangent. Suggestions for continued work are presented
Este trabalho apresenta uma investiga??o te?rica e experimental sobre as propriedades das antenas de microfita integradas com superf?cies seletivas em frequ?ncia (Frequency Selective Surface FSS). A integra??o se d? por meio da inser??o da FSS no plano de terra da antena patch de microfita. Essa integra??o visa a melhoria de algumas caracter?sticas das antenas como, por exemplo, ganho, largura de banda, dentre outras. As FSS utilizam elementos do tipo patch quadrado nas c?lulas unit?rias. Especificamente, os resultados simulados s?o obtidos utilizando-se o programa computacional comercial CST Studio Suite? vers?o 2011. A partir de uma antena padr?o, projetada para operar em sistemas de comunica??es sem fio dos padr?es IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n, as dimens?es da FSS s?o variadas de forma a obter uma otimiza??o de alguns par?metros da antena, como casamento de imped?ncia e seletividade nas bandas de opera??o. Ap?s a otimiza??o dos par?metros investigados, s?o constru?dos dois prot?tipos de antenas patch de microfita com e sem a FSS no plano de terra. S?o feitas compara??es dos resultados simulados com os resultados experimentais obtidos pelo analisador de rede ZVB 14 da Rohde & Schwarz?. A compara??o visa validar as simula??es efetuadas e mostrar as melhorias obtidas com a FSS integrada no plano de terra da antena. Na constru??o dos prot?tipos, foram utilizados substratos diel?tricos da Rogers Corporation do tipo RT-3060 com permissividade relativa igual a 10,5 e baixa tangente de perdas. Sugest?es de continuidade do trabalho s?o apresentadas

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Hogenboom, Michaela, Amy Mireault, and Thaela Stolz. "Areas of Inquiry : Guiding FSSD practitioners at the beginning of a change initiative towards sustainability." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2852.

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This research aims to support sustainability practitioners at the beginning of a change initiative towards sustainability to increase the success of the change. Moving towards sustainability is a complex journey and requires radical and structural transformational change in companies. Mutual understanding of the company and the practitioner is required to design a suitable change process. Existing tools related to sustainability, change management, corporate analysis and assessment were analyzed. In addition, practitioners in organizational change and sustainability were interviewed. Identified were eight Areas of Inquiry for the practitioner to focus on at the initial stage of an engagement: Vision; Purpose and Commitment; Urgency, Importance and Business Case; Level of Integration of Sustainability; Business Goals and Strategy; Culture and Capacities; Communication and Stakeholder Engagement; Measurement and Reporting. These areas form a platform for dialogue to guide sustainability practitioners in gaining understanding of the organizational change capacities and sustainability within the company and, in doing so, contributes to addressing the sustainability challenge at large.

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Santos, Albanisa Felipe dos. "Desenvolvimento te?rico e experimental de FSS com elementos fractais de Gosper em estruturas de multicamadas." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/19472.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
Neste trabalho, as propriedades de auto-similaridade dos fractais s?o exploradas para o desenvolvimento de superf?cies seletivas de frequ?ncia (Frequency Selectives Surfaces - FSS) com v?rias bandas de rejei??o. Em particular, s?o considerados fractais de Gosper, na defini??o dos formatos dos elementos das FSS. Por conta da dificuldade de impress?o de detalhes dos elementos das FSS, s?o considerados apenas elementos pr?-fractais, com at? tr?s itera??es fractais. As simula??es foram realizadas com o uso do programa comercial Ansoft Designer. Para fins de valida??o de resultados, foram constru?dos v?rios prot?tipos de FSS com elementos pr?-fractais. No processo de fabrica??o, os formatos dos elementos pr?-fractais foram desenhados com aux?lio do programa Corel Draw. Os prot?tipos constru?dos foram medidos atrav?s de um analisador de redes vetorial (modelo N3250A, da Agilent Technologies). A utiliza??o de elementos pr?-fractais nas estruturas de FSS consideradas, permitiu verificar que o aumento do n?vel fractal possibilita a redu??o do tamanho dos elementos, por?m reduz a largura de banda das mesmas. Neste sentido, ? tamb?m investigado o efeito produzido pelo cascateamento de estruturas de FSS na largura de banda. Foi observado que o uso de estruturas cascateadas, al?m de aumentar a largura de banda, permitiu, em alguns casos, a obten??o de at? respostas em frequ?ncia com tr?s bandas de opera??o entre 6 GHz e 15 GHz.
The fractal self-similarity property is studied to develop frequency selective surfaces (FSS) with several rejection bands. Particularly, Gosper fractal curves are used to define the shapes of the FSS elements. Due to the difficulty of making the FSS element details, the analysis is developed for elements with up to three fractal levels. The simulation was carried out using Ansoft Designer software. For results validation, several FSS prototypes with fractal elements were fabricated. In the fabrication process, fractals elements were designed using computer aided design (CAD) tools. The prototypes were measured using a network analyzer (N3250A model, Agilent Technologies). Matlab software was used to generate compare measured and simulated results. The use of fractal elements in the FSS structures showed that the use of high fractal levels can reduce the size of the elements, at the same time as decreases the bandwidth. We also investigated the effect produced by cascading FSS structures. The considered cascaded structures are composed of two FSSs separated by a dielectric layer, which distance is varied to determine the effect produced on the bandwidth of the coupled geometry. Particularly, two FSS structures were coupled through dielectric layers of air and fiberglass. For comparison of results, we designed, fabricated and measured several prototypes of FSS on isolated and coupled structures. Agreement was observed between simulated and measured results. It was also observed that the use of cascaded FSS structures increases the FSSs bandwidths and, in particular cases, the number of resonant frequencies, in the considered frequency range. In future works, we will investigate the effects of using different types of fractal elements, in isolated, multilayer and coupled FSS structures for applications on planar filters, high-gain microstrip antennas and microwave absorbers

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OLIVEIRA, Manuelle Regina Tavares de. "Superfície Seletiva de Frequência Reconfigurável (RFSS) baseada em Dipolo Cruzado." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/25983.

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CAPES
Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento, simulação e fabricação de duas Superfícies Seletivas em Frequências (FSS) baseadas no dipolo cruzado. A célula unitária da primeira estrutura é composta de um patch dipolo cruzado quando o diodo está no estado OFF, reversamente polarizado, e uma estrutura chamado hash quando o diodo está no estado ON, diretamente polarizado. O patch dipolo cruzado tem uma característica de filtro rejeita faixa, e o hash vai se comportar como um filtro passa faixa na frequência de interesse projetada. A segunda estrutura tem como célula unitária a abertura dipolo cruzado quando o diodo está no estado ON e patch quadrado quando o diodo está no estado OFF. Foram utilizadas fitas de cobre impressas no subestrato no lugar dos diodos para verificar o conceito de reconfigurabilidade. As respostas em frequência desses filtros foram analisadas segundo o método de circuito equivalente, e as simulações do software CST Studio Suite e resultados experimentais dos protótipos construídos foram usados para validar esses resultados.
This work present the development, simulation and manufacturing of two Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) using elements based on the cross dipole geometry. The unit cell of the first structure consists of a cross dipole patch when the diode is in the OFF state, reverse biased, and a hash when the diode is in the ON state, forward biased. The cross dipole patch has a stop-band filter characteristic, and the hash element will behave as a pass band filter response on the desired frequency range. The second unit cell structure is a cross dipole slot when the diode is ON state and a square patch when the diode is OFF state. Copper strips were used instead of the diodes to demonstrate the reconfigurable concept. The frequency responses of these filters were analyzed using the equivalent circuit method. The CST software simulation and experimental results of constructed prototypes were used to validate these results.

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Carvalho, Rafaela Gomes Gon?alves de. "Desenvolvimento de FSS mecanicamente reconfigur?vel para aplica??es em micro-ondas." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM ENGENHARIA EL?TRICA E DE COMPUTA??O, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/23547.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
A reconfigurabilidade ? uma caracter?stica muito importante nos sistemas modernos de comunica??o, pois permite que uma mesma estrutura se adapte aos diferentes cen?rios de uma mesma aplica??o, como por exemplo, radomes, r?dio cognitivo, e telas adaptativas que bloqueiam transmiss?es sem fio indesejadas. Essa caracter?stica pode ser alcan?ada mediante m?todos tradicionais, como o uso de dispositivos semicondutores ativos (diodos PIN, Schottky) ou capacitores vari?veis acoplados a cada elemento b?sico da superf?cie seletiva de frequ?ncia (FSS), sendo necess?rio o uso de um circuito separado para alimentar esses dispositivos. No entanto, estes m?todos requerem um n?mero elevado de elementos ativos, o que aumenta a complexidade e o custo de fabrica??o, abrindo espa?o para o surgimento de t?cnicas mais simples e robustas quanto ? seletividade, como a reconfigurabilidade mec?nica. Este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de uma superf?cie seletiva de frequ?ncia (FSS) reconfigur?vel, para operar na banda X, formada por patches condutores triangulares impressos em uma camada de diel?trico de fibra de vidro (FR-4). A FSS desenvolvida permite a reconfigura??o da frequ?ncia de resson?ncia a partir da varia??o do ?ngulo da onda incidente na estrutura, com polariza??o TE, e pode ser aplicada em sistemas de comunica??o via sat?lite a partir de uma interface microcontrolada. A an?lise da estrutura da FSS ? efetuada atrav?s do software Ansoft Designer do M?todo das Ondas ? WCIP.
Reconfigurability is a very important feature in modern communication systems because it allows the same structure to adapt to different scenarios of the same application, such as radomes, cognitive radio, and adaptive screens that block unwanted wireless transmissions. This characteristic can be achieved by traditional methods, such as the use of active semiconductor devices (PIN and Schottky diodes) or variable capacitors coupled to each basic element of the frequency selective surface (FSS), requiring the use of a separate circuit to feed these components. However, these methods require a high number of active elements, which increases the complexity and cost of manufacturing, opening space for the emergence of simpler and more robust techniques for selectivity, such as mechanical reconfigurability. This work consists of the development of a reconfigurable frequency selective surface (FSS), to operate in the X-band, composed of triangular patch elements printed on a dielectric layer of fiberglass (FR-4). The developed FSS allows the reconfiguration of the resonant frequency from the variation of the angle of the incident wave in the structure, in the TE polarization, and can be applied in satellite communication systems through a microcontrolled interface. The analysis of the structure of the FSS is done through Ansoft Designer software and WCIP method.

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32

Granat, Simon. "Naturvårdsuppföljning vid slutavverkningar : En jämförelse mellan FSC-certifierade bolag i södra Sverige." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54015.

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Today biodiversity is an important issue in forestry, and it should be considered in all silvicultural measures. Follow-up of nature conservation should also be done by FSC certified companies after i.e. final fellings. The purpose of this study was to describe the results of the nature conservation made by three companies in southern Sweden, their methodology of follow-up, to find out if there is a relation between the results of the follow-up and the methodologies used, and to describe the companies own opinions. Both the proportion of approved final fellings and the methodology of follow-up differed between the companies. One company differed from the others regarding the measurement of the volume of deciduous trees. The companies also differed in how they put together the final results of the follow-up. It might be a correlation between the proportion of approved final fellings and the methodology used.

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Schulte, Jesko Pitt Manoel. "Smarta steg på väg mot hållbara transporter? : Snabbladdningsinfrastruktur och elvägar ur ett strategiskt livscykelperspektiv." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46795.

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Transportsektorn står för en fjärdedel av Sveriges totala energianvändning och är orsaken till en tredjedel av de nationella utsläppen av växthusgaser. Samtidigt har regeringen satt upp högt ställda mål: fordonsflottan ska vara fossiloberoende år 2030 och Sverige ska inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser år 2050. För att nå dit krävs det snabba och kraftfulla förändringar i transportsektorn. Elektrifiering har pekats ut som en nyckelfaktor för framgång. Men för att eldrivna fordon fullt ut ska kunna konkurrera och ersätta det fossildrivna systemet, krävs det satsningar på ny infrastruktur. Snabbladdare har redan börjat byggas på många håll, där eldrivna personbilar kan ladda sitt batteri på kort tid. Elvägar är ett samlingsnamn för innovativa tekniker där fordon, inklusive lastbilar, laddas med el från vägbanan medan de kör. Men vilken eller vilka tekniker är de mest strategiska stegen, språngbrädor, på väg mot en hållbar framtid och vad kännetecknar egentligen en sådan? Det här arbetet utgår ifrån ramverket för strategisk hållbar utveckling som kan användas för att planera mot hållbarhet i komplexa system. Dess kärna består av backcasting utifrån fyra grundläggande principer för hållbarhet. Studien använder en kombination av olika metoder för att undersöka snabbladdningsinfrastrukturens och elvägars miljöpåverkan och kostnader ur ett strategiskt livscykelperspektiv. Den kunskapen används sedan för att bygga modeller för hur utsläppen till miljön förändras per investerad krona, också beroende på hur den använda elen produceras. Resultaten visar på en stor potential för minskad miljöpåverkan för båda tekniker som dock i hög grad är beroende på elmixen. Arbetet har också visat att det är viktigt att inkludera själva infrastrukturens miljöpåverkan i livscykelanalyser då den kan spela en betydande roll. Slutligen kunde förtydligas att det i många fall inte är utsläppen av koldioxidekvivalenter som utgör den största miljöpåverkan. Därför appelleras till att utgå ifrån ett mer holistiskt perspektiv vid miljöpåverkansbedömningar. Det har även identifierats ett antal betydande faktorer som det fortfarande råder stor osäkerhet kring. Det rekommenderas därför att fylla kunskapsluckor och att utöka modellerna med både fler alternativ och fler faktorer för att få en mer detaljerad bild av vilken teknik som kan leda Sverige mot en hållbar framtid.
The transport sector accounts for one fourth of Sweden’s total energy use and causes one third of the national emissions of greenhouse gases. At the same time, the Swedish government has set high goals: the vehicle fleet shall be fossil-independent until 2020 and Sweden shall not have any net emissions of greenhouse gases 2050. Quick and powerful actions are needed in order to reach these goals. Electrification has been pointed out as a key factor for success. In order for electric vehicles to be able to challenge and replace the fossil system, investment in new infrastructure is necessary. Fast chargers, where passenger cars can recharge their battery in short time, are already in place in many parts of Sweden. Electric roads is a term for new and innovative technologies where vehicles are charged from the road while they are driving. But which technique is the most strategic stepping stone on the way to sustainability? This study has its ground in the framework for strategic sustainable development which can be used to plan for sustainability in complex systems. At its core it uses backcasting from four basic sustainability principles. This work uses a combination of different methods to investigate the environmental impact and costs of fast charging infrastructure and electric roads from a strategic life cycle perspective. That information is then used to build models to take a closer look at how emissions to the environment change per invested Swedish crown, also dependent on how the used electricity is produced. The results show a large potential to decrease the environmental impact for both techniques, but it is strongly dependent on the electricity mix. Furthermore, this work shows that is is important to include the environmental impact of the infrastructure itself in life cycle analyses, because it can has a significant share in the total emissions. Finally, it is pointed out that it often not is the case that the emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents are the most important impact. It is therefore crucial to use a more holistic perspective in life cycle impact assessments. This work has identified a number of factors with large relevance but also large uncertainty. It is therefore recommended to fill the identified knowledge gaps and to expand the presented models with more factors and more alternative techniques, to get a more detailed picture of which solution is the best stepping stone on Sweden’s way to a sustainable future.
Greencharge Sydost

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Aldabaldetreku, Rita, Juuso Lautiainen, and Alina Minkova. "The Role of Knowledge Management in Strategic Sustainable Development : Comparing Theory and Practice in Companies Applying the FSSD." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för strategisk hållbar utveckling, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-12360.

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The purpose of this study is to explore the role of knowledge management (KM) in integrating sustainability into business strategy in companies applying the framework for strategic sustainable development (FSSD).Corporations have the potential to be key players in moving society towards sustainability, but they lack clear definitions and guidelines around strategic sustainable development (SSD). The authors focus on the benefits of KM in organisations applying the FSSD, which offers general strategic guidelines, but does not refer to the complexity of managing the new sustainability knowledge.This study first examines the scientific literature around KM and FSSD and compares it with the results of expert interviews to develop a State of the Art Model of KM for SSD. Then the model is compared to current practices of corporations applying the FSSD and the gap is examined.The results of the analysis show that the concept of KM is widely discussed in the literature, yet it does not have much presence in the business world. The value of knowledge is recognised, but KM is not much used and no structured practices were identified. It was concluded that companies would benefit from a strategic KM system when integrating sustainability.

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Yeung, Wai-man Violet, and 楊慧敏. "The popularity of FSC timber products in the consumer market in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207622.

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This study was conducted to examine the availability of certified timber products in the consumer market in Hong Kong and the popularity of FSC timber products in the Hong Kong consumer market. Consumers’ level of environmental friendliness; their view of the use of timber to the environment; the factors affecting their choice of timber for household renovation; their awareness on the term “FSC” and the kind of FSC products they are aware of; consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) and WTP premium level for FSC products in Hong Kong, are studied. Moreover, the effectiveness of various kinds of marketing and promotion techniques FSC could adopt in Hong Kong, are reviewed. Site investigations to the “renovation streets” in Wanchai and Mongkok were carried out and it is found that a high percentage of wooden floorings shops (79% in Wanchai and 77% in Mongkok) carry products with the timber certification logos (FSC and/or PEFC). Despite this significant percentage of shops carrying products with the timber certification logos, it is also found that there is generally a lack of awareness amongst the shopkeepers on the FSC labels/logos that are shown on their products. For the online questionnaire survey, a total of 146 questionnaires werecollected and the study revealed that 25% of the respondents areaware of the term “FSC”. While 80% of the participants thought that the use of timber products for flooring and furniture for household renovation have an adverse impact to the natural environment, the impact to the environment is not the main factor that will affect people's purchase decision. The majority of respondents (68%) indicated that they “Only generally aware of the term ‘FSC timber products’ or equivalent terms” and FSC paper is the major kind of FSC products they have heard of. For the WTP for a premium for FSC timber products, 47% of the respondents agree with a premium; the majority of respondents (72%) opted for a 0-10% WTP premium with a mean premium WTP level of 9.06%. Based on the literature review and study, it could be concluded that the awareness of the FSC certifications, together with the availability of FSC certified timber products in the consumer market, are the keys to create market demand for FSC products. And it could be done via efforts from environmental NGOs by persuading businesses to choose certified timber products and educating consumers to raise their awareness of FSC products. Together with efforts from FSC to be more proactive via online media as well as creating new labels for retailers, it is hoped that the popularity of FSC products in Hong Kong could be enhanced.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

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Sonne, Lehnberg Ida. "Privata skogsägares uppfattning om FSC- och PEFC-certifiering : att bli och vara certifierad." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76666.

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Syftet med studien var att beskriva och analysera hur Sydveds certifieringsprocess upplevs av företagets virkesleverantörer. Studien genomfördes som en enkätundersökning via post och e-post. De frågeställningar som utgjorde stommen av arbetet handlade huvudsakligen om upplevelsen kring certifieringsprocessen, virkesleverantörernas kunskap om certifiering, motiv till certifiering och hur dessa påverkar upplevelsen av certifieringsprocessen. Fokus låg även på huruvida den geografiska spridningen hade någon betydelse för upplevelsen liksom om virkesleverantörerna upplevde ett behov av en förändring i certifieringsprocessen. Sammanfattningsvis visade resultaten främst på en förbättringspotential gällande återkoppling och kunskap. Det som Sydved rekommenderas att utveckla är olika delar av certifieringsprocessen där tyngdpunkten bör ligga på att få ett enhetligt sätt att jobba på inom organisationen. Hela certifieringsprocessen, från introduktion till revision och återkoppling bör ha tydliga riktlinjer, då kedjan inte är starkare än sin svagaste länk.

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Mattiello, Rafael. "As trajetórias da certificação florestal dos standards do Conselho de Manejo Florestal - FSC." Florianópolis, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/100992.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política.
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O objetivo geral desta tese é contribuir ao crescente corpo teórico da sociologia ambiental. A teoria da modernização ecológica trata da necessidade de readequação ambiental oriunda dos principais atores envolvidos nos processos de crescimento e desenvolvimento industrial do capitalismo contemporâneo. Argumentamos que a modernização ecológica está relacionada à emergência de práticas responsáveis por intermédio da construção de standards por autoridades privadas especializadas. Analisamos as transformações sociais que permitiram a introdução de mecanismos privados de manejo florestal responsável e suas implicações político-sociológicas através de um estudo de caso dos processos e conflitos em torno dos standards do Conselho de Manejo Florestal - FSC. Defendemos que a (alta)modernidade sob uma condição de globalização se caracteriza por riscos e incertezas, demandas e expectativas, necessidades e oportunidades intrínsecas à própria dinâmica de reflexividade deste fenômeno, o que gera novas possibilidades e reanálises em todos os âmbitos. As empresas standards foram criadas, implementadas e cada vez mais legitimadas por todos para estabelecer novas práticas econômicas/administrativas/fabris/ socioambientais que dessem conta da expectativa da sociedade como um todo. Dentro desta abordagem caracterizada pelos fluxos, redes e pela modernização reflexiva/ecológica é analisada a emergência e o desenvolvimento do standard de manejo florestal mais respeitado e amplamente utilizado pela indústria de madeira, papel, celulose e embalagens, gráficas - os standards do FSC, com seus conflitos e discrepâncias nesta ampla rede de atores sociais in-the-making, através de duas etapas de certificação florestal: a definição de normas e a implementação delas. São analisadas as certificações da Klabin (realizada pelo Imaflora) e da Veracel (realizada pela SGS) e ao mesmo tempo as características reflexivas, conflituosas, ideológicas e discursivas destes standards. Por fim são dadas algumas recomendações para serem debatidas visando o aprimoramento característico e contínuo do sistema FSC.
The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the growing body of literature on environmental sociology. The theory of ecological modernization exposes the need for environmental adjustment of the main actors involved in the processes of industrial growth and development of contemporary capitalism. We argue that ecological modernization is related to the emergence of responsible practices through the construction of private standards by specialized authorities. Hence, we analyze the social changes that allowed the introduction of private mechanisms for responsible forest management and its implications in a political-sociological study of the processes and conflicts involved in a case study of the Forest Stewardship Council standards. We contend that the (high)modernity under a condition of globalization is characterized by risks and uncertainties, demands and expectations, needs and opportunities inherent to the dynamics of this phenomenon of reflexivity, which creates new possibilities and reanalysis in all areas. Specifically business standards were created, implemented and increasingly legitimized to establish new economic/administrative/ manufacturing/socioenvironmental practices that account to the expectation of the entire society as a whole. Within this approach characterized by flows, networks and through the theory of reflexive/ ecological modernization we analyze the emergence and development of the forest management standard that is most respected and widely used by the wood, pulp and paper, packaging and printing industries - the standards of the FSC. We focused in the conflicts and discrepancies of this extensive network of social actors in-the-making through the two stages of forest certification: setting the standards and its implementation. Thus, it is considered the certification of Klabin performed by Imaflora (SmartWood/Rainforest Alliance) and Veracel conducted by SGS, while it analyzes the reflexive, conflicted, ideological and discursive characteristics of those standards. Finally some recommendations are given to be discussed aiming at the characteristic continuous improvement of the FSC system.

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Moura, Leidiane Carolina Martins de. "Caracteriza??o de FSS com Geometria Estrela de Quatro Bra?os Tipo Fenda." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IFPB, 2016. http://repositorio.ifpb.edu.br/jspui/handle/177683/261.

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Nos ?ltimos anos, devido ao intenso crescimento de aplica??es que utilizam os sistemas de telecomunica??es, a demanda de disponibilidade de bandas de frequ?ncia do espectro eletromagn?tico tem se tornado cada vez maior. Embora esse crescimento seja determinado principalmente por tecnologias desenvolvidas para tablets e smartphones, o espectro eletromagn?tico ? ainda disputado por diversos servi?os, tais como os sistemas de posicionamento global, TV digital, servi?os de internet e outros. Diante disso, os engenheiros de telecomunica??es e micro-ondas buscam por novas tecnologias capazes de suprir as demandas espec?ficas desses dispositivos. Nesse contexto, uma das estruturas que tem recebido consider?vel aten??o de diversos grupos de pesquisa ? a superf?cie seletiva em frequ?ncia, FSS, pois pode desempenhar um papel fundamental na otimiza??o de sistemas de telecomunica??es, possibilitando, entre outras aplica??es, a redu??o de sinais indesej?veis e opera??o multibanda. A fim de se obter dimens?es reduzidas, resposta em frequ?ncia espec?fica e opera??o multibanda, diversas geometrias s?o estudadas, incluindo elementos simples ou uma combina??o dos mesmos, em que o elemento da c?lula unit?ria pode ser constitu?do a partir de uma camada de metaliza??o impressa sobre um substrato diel?trico, ou uma fenda em uma camada de metaliza??o sobre um substrato diel?trico. Logo, neste trabalho ? apresentada a an?lise da geometria estrela de quatro bra?os tipo fenda para FSS, destacando-se as suas caracter?sticas de redu??o de dimens?es e opera??o multibanda. O dimensionamento da estrutura, o ajuste da resposta em frequ?ncia e a sua reconfigura??o a partir da comuta??o s?o aspectos abordados. Para a an?lise num?rica das FSS s?o utilizados o M?todo das Ondas, mais conhecido na literatura como WCIP (Wave Concept Iterative Procedure), empregando o programa WCIPAG08?, desenvolvido no GTEMA-IFPB, e o M?todo dos Momentos, no qual se baseia o programa comercial ANSOFT-DESIGNER. Os resultados num?ricos e experimentais apresentaram boa concord?ncia entre si. Al?m disso, observa-se que o ajuste da resposta em frequ?ncia e a opera??o multibanda foram obtidos sem altera??o das dimens?es da c?lula unit?ria. S?o propostas equa??es aproximadas de projetos e apresentada a compara??o entre as caracteriza??es anal?tica, num?rica e experimental.

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Morrone, Ericka Pardini. "Contribuições da auditoria ambiental para a comunicação do desempenho de empresas com certificação FSC : análise das não conformidades evidenciadas no resumo público de auditoria." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100136/tde-20042016-184147/.

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O trabalho teve como objetivo analisar como as empresas comunicam ao público externo, por meio do resumo público de auditoria, suas dificuldades (representadas pelas não conformidades) para atender aos requisitos socioambientais da certificação FSC. Foi considerada a influência da configuração da auditoria na comunicação às partes externas. Foram coletados dados secundários de 95 resumos públicos das auditorias executadas entre 2010 e 2015, analisados pela técnica da análise de conteúdo com o intuito de identificar as principais áreas temáticas as quais as não conformidades evidenciadas se referiam, sendo mapeado um total de onze áreas temáticas. Com base em análise estatística descritiva (testes de Kruskal Wallis e Chi quadrado) buscou-se identificar as relações entre as características das auditorias definidas (Tamanho da equipe auditora, Diversidade na formação da equipe, Tempo de auditoria, Empresa certificadora e Evento de auditoria) e as áreas temáticas identificadas. Atendimento à legislação do trabalho; Plano de manejo; Qualidade do monitoramento do sistema; e Comunicação e relacionamento com o público foram as áreas temáticas com maior quantidade de não conformidades. Identificou-se que, com exceção de casos específicos, não há relações significativas entre as características das auditorias e a comunicação de não conformidades. No entanto, isso não quer dizer que a maneira como a auditoria ocorre não influencie a qualidade dos resultados obtidos, pois há outros fatores, como a qualidade e veracidade das não conformidades apontadas, a ser considerados. Os relatórios públicos de auditoria representam um avanço na comunicação dos resultados socioambientais obtidos, que convergem com a necessidade de transparência da certificação. Entretanto, há de se evoluir na busca da divulgação de resultados de maneira mais clara e organizada e na relação com comunidades do entorno dos empreendimentos florestais
The study aimed to analyze how companies communicate to the public through the public summary of audit their difficulties (represented by the non-conformities) to meet the environmental requirements of FSC certification. The influence of the configuration of the audit was considered on the results obtained in the process, results these communicated to external parties. We collected secondary data from 95 public summaries carried out between 2010 and 2015, analyzed by the content analysis technique in order to identify the main thematic areas which non-conformities referred, and mapped a total of eleven thematic areas. Based on descriptive statistical analysis (Kruskal Wallis test and Chi square) sought to identify the relationship between the characteristics of the audits defined (Size of the audit team, Diversity in the training of staff, Audit time, Certifying company and Audit event) and thematic areas identified. The Compliance with labor legislation; Management plan; Quality of system monitoring; Communication and relationship with the public were the thematic areas with the highest number of non-conformities. It was found that, except for specific cases, there is no significant relationship between the characteristics of the audits and the disclosure of non-conformities. However, this does not mean that the way the audit happen not influence the quality of the results, as there are other factors such as the quality and truthfulness of non-compliances identified to be considered. Public reports represent a breakthrough in communication of socioenvironmental results obtained, converging with the need for transparency in the certification. However, is necessary to evolve in pursuit of disseminating results in a more clear and organized way and at the relation with the communities that surrounding enterprise

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Archer, Isaiah, Lewis Muirhead, and Sarah Forrester-Wilson. "Exploring Holacracy’s Influence on Social Sustainability Through the Lens of Adaptive Capacity." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för strategisk hållbar utveckling, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-12656.

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The organizational structure of Holacracy has been gaining popularity in recent years, but a lack of academic research on Holacracy called for a systematic approach to assessing its merits and shortcomings. The need Holacracy fills, is that of organizations dealing with a complex world and rapidly evolving technology. While Holacracy is not tailored to address sustainability issues, there are many components that made it a candidate for the researchers to examine it through a social sustainability lens. This study examines the effect of specific components of Holacracy with elements of adaptive capacity – a theory from which the research definition of social sustainability was built. With the goal of determining the effect of Holacracy on social sustainability, a questionnaire directed at employees and practitioners of holacratic organizations was utilized. The findings implied that Holacracy does positively influence the experience of the elements of adaptive capacity; with the relationship to the adaptive capacity element of self-organization being a standout. The importance of trust is also identified. The link to the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development can be elucidated through adaptive capacity’s influence to the social sustainability principles. Because of the importance of social sustainability and social capital to organizational performance and longevity, this research is of value to any business using, or considering using Holacracy.

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Bozzi, Sandrine. "Optimisation du procédé FSSW (Friction Stir Spot Welding) pour des assemblages homogènes A1/A1 et hétérogènes A1/Acier." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112314.

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Le Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) est un procédé de soudage thermomécanique : un outil constitué d’un épaulement et d’un pion est mis en rotation rapide et pénètre dans les deux tôles superposées à assembler. La chaleur produite par le frottement de l’outil sur les tôles provoque un ramollissement de la matière. La rotation du pion permet alors de malaxer la matière des deux tôles. L’outil se retire ensuite en laissant une empreinte. Le FSSW permet ainsi le soudage de l’aluminium grâce à un malaxage entre les deux tôles. L’écoulement de la matière dans la zone de malaxage a pu être identifié. Il existe précisément deux flux distincts : des remontées externes de la matière et un malaxage interne le long de la paroi du pion. Il en résulte alors l’apparition de stries dans la zone de malaxage, qui correspondent à des films de matière fondue provenant du dessous du pion. D’un point de vue microstructurale, le mécanisme de recristallisation dynamique continue a été identifié, si bien que la zone de malaxage correspond à une zone de petits grains recristallisés d’environ 5µm de diamètre, entrecoupés de stries de grains plus fins d’environ 1µm, et de composition chimique différente. Quant aux propriétés mécaniques, elles sont fortement liées à l’écoulement de matière et à la microstructure qui en résulte, comme le montre notamment les mécanismes de rupture. La rupture à lieu par la propagation de la fissure située à l’extrémité de l’interface entre les deux tôles. Cette fissure se propage généralement en contournant la zone de malaxage qui présente une forte dureté due à l’affinement des grains, en empruntant le chemin marqué par le resserrement des stries. Ainsi, un moyen évident de retarder la rupture est donc d’obtenir une zone de malaxage la plus large possible. Mais il ne s’agit pas du seul facteur pour optimiser la tenue mécanique des points de soudure. L’inclinaison de la fissure à l’extrémité de l’interface est une autre donnée très influente. L’assemblage entre l’aluminium et l’acier, quant à lui, est rendu possible grâce à une accroche, c’est-à-dire à une remontée d’acier dans la tôle d’aluminium. Il y a alors formation de composés intermétalliques à l’interface entre l’accroche d’acier et l’aluminium grâce à un effet thermomécanique. Les précipités intermétalliques qui en résultent au niveau des accroches présentent une taille d’environ 250 nm et une dureté qui diffère fortement selon leur nature, allant jusqu’à 1100 HV. Ces zones intermétalliques deviennent alors des zones très fragiles qui peuvent détériorer le comportement mécanique des soudures. Lorsque ces précipités sont trop nombreux, et que leur microdureté est élevée, la rupture des points de soudure provient de nombreuses fissures qui apparaissent au niveau des zones intermétalliques. Mais ils restent nécessaires, car s’ils sont quasi inexistants, la tenue mécanique est très faible, la rupture ayant lieu par une rapide décohésion entre l’accroche d’acier et l’aluminium. Ainsi, pour une tenue mécanique optimale, une certaine quantité d’intermétalliques est nécessaire, ce qui correspond également à une surface d’accroche plus importante. Dans ce cas, l’accroche étant plus robuste, la rupture a lieu par déchirure de la tôle d’aluminium. L’ensemble des résultats a permis de montrer le fort potentiel du FSSW pour des applications homogènes de l’aluminium ainsi que pour des applications hétérogènes entre l’aluminium et l’acier
Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) is a thermomechanical joining process : a tool constituted by a retaining wall and by a pawn is put in fast rotation and penetrates into both sheet stacked to assembly. The heat produced by the friction of the tool on sheets provokes a softening of the material. The rotation of the pawn allows then to mix the material of both sheets. The tool withdraws then by leaving an imprit. Therefore the FSSW allows the joining of aluminium alloys thanks to a mixing between both sheets. The flow of the material in the stir zone was able to be indentified. There are exactly two different streams : external rises of material and an internal mix along the wall f the pawn. It results the appearance of streaks in the stir zone, which correspond to films of melted material resulting from the bottom of the pawn. From a microstructural point of view, the mechanism of dynamic continous recrystallisation was identified, so that the stir zone corresponds to a zone of small recristallized grains about 5 µm of diameter, interrupted of streak with finer grains about 1 µm, and of different chemical composition. As for the mechanical properties, they are strongly bound to the flow of material and to the microstructure which results from it, as shows it in particular the mechanism of break. The break take place by the distribution of the crack situated at the end of the interface between both sheets. This crack propagates generally by contourning the stir zone, which presents a strong hardness due to the refinement of grains, by taking the way marked by the contraction of sreak. S, an evident means to delay the break is to obtain the widest possible stir zone. But it is not about the only factor to optimize the mechanical strength. The slope of the crack a the end of the interface is another very influential datum. The assembly between aluminium and steel, as for its, is possible thanks to a hhok, that is to say an ascent of steel into the aluminium sheet. There is then formation of intermetallic compounds in the interface between the steel hook and the aluminium, thanks to a thermochemical effect. The intermetallic precipitates present a size about 250 nm, and a hardness which differs strongly according to their nature, until 1100 to HV. These intermetallic areas become the very fragile zones which can damage the welds mechanical behaviour. When these precipitates are on a too important quantity, and when their microhardness is raised, the hook rupture results from numerous cracks. But those intermetallic compounds remain necessary, because if they are almost non-existent, the mechanical strength is very weak : the fracture taking place by a fast separation between steel and aluminium. So, for an optimal mechanical strength, a certain quantity of intermetallic compounds is necessary, what also corresponds to a surface of sticks more important. In that case, hooks being more strong, the fracture takes place by a tear of the aluminium sheet. All the results allowed to show the strong potential of the FSSW for homogeneous applications of aluminium as well as for heterogeneous applications between aluminium and steel

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Souza, Adriano Gouveia de. "An?lise espectral de reflectarrays com substratos de duas camadas diel?tricas anisotr?picas uniaxiais." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15393.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Recently, an amazing development has been observed in telecommunication systems. Two good examples of this development are observed in mobile communication and aerospace systems. This impressive development is related to the increasing need for receiving and transmitting communication signals. Particularly, this development has required the study of new antennas and filters. This work presents a fullwave analysis of reflectarrays. The considered structures are composed by arrays of rectangular conducting patches printed on multilayer dieletric substrates, that are mounted on a ground plane. The analysis is developed in the spectral domain, using an equivalent transmission line method in combination with Galerkin method. Results for the reflection coefficient of these structures are presented and compared to those available in the literature. A good agreement was observed. Particularly, the developed analysis uses the transmission lines theory in combination with the incident potentials and the field continuity equations, at the structures interfaces, for obtaining the scattered field components expressions as function of the patch surface currents and of the incident field. Galerkin method is used to determine the unknown coefficients in the boundary value problem. Curves for the reflection coefficient of several reflectarray geometries are presented as function of frequency and of the structural parameters
Os constantes avan?os das telecomunica??es tornam-se cada vez mais evidentes nas ?ltimas d?cadas. As tecnologias de comunica??es m?veis e da ind?stria aeroespacial s?o um bom exemplo desta evolu??o. Isto ocorreu devido ao aumento do fluxo de dados a serem transmitidos. Para suprir essa demanda, novas tecnologias v?m surgindo na constru??o de antenas e na filtragem dos sinais de RF. Este trabalho apresenta uma an?lise de onda completa de estrutura de arranjos refletores (reflectarray). A estrutura analisada ? composta por um arranjo de patches condutores retangulares depositados sobre um substrato com duas camadas de materiais iso/anisotr?picos, que por sua vez est?o montadas sobre um plano de terra. A an?lise foi efetuada no dom?nio espectral, sendo utilizado o m?todo da linha de transmiss?o equivalente em combina??o com o m?todo de Galerkin. Como resultado foram obtidos os coeficientes de reflex?o (amplitude e fase) correspondentes para as estruturas analisadas. Para valida??o desses resultados foi realizada uma compara??o com os resultados dispon?veis na literatura. Especificamente, a an?lise desenvolvida usa a teoria de linha de transmiss?o em conjunto com os potenciais incidentes e com a imposi??o da continuidade dos campos nas interfaces de contorno, para a obten??o das express?es das componentes dos campos espalhados em fun??o das densidades de corrente do patch e dos campos incidentes. O m?todo de Galerkin ? utilizado na determina??o num?rica dos coeficientes pesos desconhecidos. Desta forma, s?o determinados os coeficientes de reflex?o (amplitude e fase) das estruturas consideradas

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Souza, Adriano Gouveia de. "An?lise espectral de reflectarrays com substrato de duas camadas diel?tricas anisotr?picas uniaxiais." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15514.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Recently, an amazing development has been observed in telecommunication systems. Two good examples of this development are observed in mobile communication and aerospace systems. This impressive development is related to the increasing need for receiving and transmitting communication signals. Particularly, this development has required the study of new antennas and filters. This work presents a fullwave analysis of reflectarrays. The considered structures are composed by arrays of rectangular conducting patches printed on multilayer dieletric substrates, that are mounted on a ground plane. The analysis is developed in the spectral domain, using an equivalent transmission line method in combination with Galerkin method. Results for the reflection coefficient of these structures are presented and compared to those available in the literature. A good agreement was observed. Particularly, the developed analysis uses the transmission lines theory in combination with the incident potentials and the field continuity equations, at the structures interfaces, for obtaining the scattered field components expressions as function of the patch surface currents and of the incident field. Galerkin method is used to determine the unknown coefficients in the boundary value problem. Curves for the reflection coefficient of several reflectarray geometries are presented as function of frequency and of the structural parameters
Os constantes avan?os das telecomunica??es tornamse cada vez mais evidentes nas ?ltimas d?cadas. As tecnologias de comunica??es m?veis e da ind?stria aeroespacial s?o um bom exemplo desta evolu??o. Isto ocorreu devido ao aumento do fluxo de dados a serem transmitidos. Para suprir essa demanda, novas tecnologias v?m surgindo na constru??o de antenas e na filtragem dos sinais de RF. Este trabalho apresenta uma an?lise de onda completa de estrutura de arranjos refletores (reflectarray). A estrutura analisada ? composta por um arranjo de patches condutores retangulares depositados sobre um substrato com duas camadas de materiais iso/anisotr?picos, que por sua vez est?o montadas sobre um plano de terra. A an?lise foi efetuada no dom?nio espectral, sendo utilizado o m?todo da linha de transmiss?o equivalente em combina??o com o m?todo de Galerkin. Como resultado foram obtidos os coeficientes de reflex?o (amplitude e fase) correspondentes para as estruturas analisadas. Para valida??o desses resultados foi realizada uma compara??o com os resultados dispon?veis na literatura. Especificamente, a an?lise desenvolvida usa a teoria de linha de transmiss?o em conjunto com os potenciais incidentes e com a imposi??o da continuidade dos campos nas interfaces de contorno, para a obten??o das express?es das componentes dos campos espalhados em fun??o das densidades de corrente do patch e dos campos incidentes. O m?todo de Galerkin ? utilizado na determina??o num?rica dos coeficientes pesos desconhecidos. Desta forma, s?o determinados os coeficientes de reflex?o (amplitude e fase) das estruturas consideradas

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Kittipanya-ngam, Pichawadee. "Downstream food supply chain (FSC) in manufacturing firms : operating environment, firm's strategy, and configuration." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608839.

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Córdova, Thais Gabriele Zamboni. "Impactos da certificação FSC SLIMF nos meios de vida de grupos de pequenos produtores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-26072018-134213/.

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As certificações socioambientais, a fim de tornarem-se mais acessíveis a pequenos produtores proporcionam métodos alternativos para obtenção dos selos. O FSC, além da possibilidade de certificação em grupo oferece, desde 2004, o padrão de certificação Small and Slow Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF). No Brasil, para atender a alta demanda do mercado e manterem-se competitivas, empresas florestais, além de estabelecer contratos de fomento, vêm incentivando e auxiliando pequenos produtores a certificarem-se. Para os pequenos produtores, a certificação pode contribuir com a diversificação dos meios de vida. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: i) caracterizar quais são os fatores que geram mudanças nos meios de vida de grupos de pequenos produtores florestais fomentados certificados; e ii) verificar a influência do tempo de certificação na mudança dos capitais dos meios de vida destes grupos. Para isso foram estudados quatro grupos de produtores florestais fomentados e certificados com FSC SLIMF, e um grupo fomentado, porém não certificado. Estes grupos localizam-se nas regiões brasileiras do extremo sul do estado da Bahia e norte do Espírito Santo, e vale do rio Tibagi, no estado do Paraná. Os grupos foram caracterizados por meio de entrevistas e levantamento bibliográfico. Os impactos da certificação nos meios de vida dos grupos de pequenos produtores florestais foram mensurados por meio questionário baseado em adaptação da abordagem dos Meios de Vida Sustentáveis. Foram propostos cenários da influência da certificação nos meios de vida de cada grupo certificado e interpretadas as interações entre os capitais dos meios de vida. O bom desempenho da certificação foi influenciado pela demanda do mercado por produtos certificados, pela situação prévia do capital social dos grupos de produtores e suas condições socioeconômicas. A certificação FSC SLIMF promoveu mudanças positivas em todos os capitais dos meios de vida, porém em intensidade diferente em cada grupo. Foi unânime a percepção de maior mudança no capital natural. O capital financeiro, principal motivador para participação na certificação, não apresentou o Preço Premium esperado pelos produtores. O tempo de certificação influenciou positivamente os resultados em todos os meios de vida, entretanto o engajamento e a participação dos membros na gestão dos grupos é determinante para o sucesso da certificação. Aspectos como escolaridade e renda influenciaram no interesse em se certificar e na percepção de melhorias.
Socio-environmental certifications, in order to become more accessible to small producers, provide alternative methods of obtaining the acreditation. The FSC, in addition to the possibility of group certification, has offered the Small and Slow Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF) certification standard since 2004. Brazilians forestry companies, in order to meet the market\'s high demand and to remain competitive, not only have established outgrower schemes, but also have encouraged and assisted small producers to certificate. Certification can contribute to the diversification of smallholders\' livelihoods. The present study had as objectives: i) to characterize the factors that generate changes in groups of certified forest smallholders\' livelihoods; and ii) to verify the influence of time of certification on the change of livelihood assets of these groups. Four groups of FSC SLIMF certified smallholders outgrowers, and a not certified smallholder outgrower group were selected to this study. These groups are located in the Brazilian regions of the extreme south of Bahia and north of Espirito Santo, and the Tibagi river valley in Paraná. The groups were characterized by interviews and bibliographic surveys. The certifications\' impacts on the smallholders\' livelihoods were measured using a questionnaire based on an adaptation of the Sustainable Livelihoods approach. Scenarios on the certification\'s influence on each group\'s livelihoods were developed and the interactions between livelihood capitals were interpreted. The certification\'s positive performance was influenced by the market demand for certified products, the smallholders groups previous situation on the social capital and their socioeconomic conditions. The FSC SLIMF certification promoted positive changes in all livelihoods\' capitals, but at different intensities in each group. The perception of higher change in the natural capital was unanimous. The financial capital, considered to be the main participation motivator in the certification, did not present the Premium Price expected by the producers. Certification time positively influenced outcomes across all livelihoods, however engagement and participation of group members in management is key to successful certification. Aspects such as schooling and income influenced the interest in pursuing certification and perceiving improvements.

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Basso, Vanessa Maria. "Desafios e oportunidades da certificação do manejo florestal pelo sistema FSC no continente americano." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/6777.

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A certificação florestal é uma ferramenta de mercado, voluntária e não governamental que está sendo utilizada como mecanismo de garantia para o “bom manejo florestal”, sob o cumprimento de princípios ambientais, econômicos e sociais. São vários os fatores que levam uma organização florestal a buscar uma certificação, tais como: exigências de mercados, críticas socioambientais da sociedade, requerimentos legais, necessidade de melhoria da imagem institucional, dentre outros. Um dos principais sistemas de certificação florestal reconhecido mundialmente é o FSC – Forest Stewardship Council, atuante desde de 1993. Ao reconhecer que o continente americano é um grande produtor e exportador de produtos florestais no mercado mundial e, também, possui extensas áreas com florestas naturais e plantações florestais, viu-se a necessidade de entender como a certificação florestal vem sendo impulsionada em seus países. Assim, buscou-se com a presente pesquisa analisar as influências, contribuições, oportunidades e desafios da certificação florestal pelo sistema FSC nos principais países com produção florestal no continente. O estudo foi dividido em três capítulos e desenvolvido a partir de metodologias da pesquisa social, em específico a pesquisa descritiva por meio de análise de documentos oficiais. Como resultados, verificou-se que apesar do aumento de certificados de manejo florestal, na última década, o percentual de área certificada ainda é baixo se comparado com a área de florestas nativas e de produção florestal dos países americanos. Os países com maior número de certificados são Estados Unidos, Canadá e Brasil. Entretanto, os fatores que influenciaram cada país foram diferentes. O Canadá apresentou a maior área certificada impulsionados por incentivos e exigências de seu governo e indústrias. Os Estados Unidos apresentaram o maior número de certificados de Unidades de Manejo florestal (UMF), que possivelmente foram impulsionados pelas críticas da sociedade e suas organizações florestais buscaram a certificação como evidência de suas boas práticas socioambientais. Já no Brasil, dois fatores contribuíram para que os empreendimentos florestais buscassem a certificação: as críticas da sociedade e as exigências de mercado, principalmente, da União Europeia. Com relação à certificação de pequenas propriedades têm-se destaque as iniciativas na Guatemala, Honduras e México, que contaram com apoio de seus governos e de ONGs internacionais. Contudo, de forma geral, na maior parte dos países analisados, o mercado interno ainda não requer a certificação florestal, o que acaba por não gerar demanda para que as demais organizações do setor se certifiquem. Quanto aos desvios, verificou-se um menor percentual de não conformidades entre as organizações dos Estados Unidos e do Canadá, o que sinaliza melhor preparo nas atividades de manejo. Nestes países os maiores desvios estavam relacionados às questões ambientais. Já nos demais países da América Latina, independente da escala, os percentuais de não conformidades por organização foram bem maiores e prevaleceram sobre os quesitos trabalhistas, seguidos das questões ambientais. Com relação aos benefícios econômicos, estudando se casos no Brasil, verificou-se que as contribuições da certificação florestal foram baixas. Acredita-se que uma análise aprofundada, em que sejam considerados as contribuições socioambientais indiretas, poderá evidenciar melhor os benefícios econômicos. Por fim, verifica-se como ponto positivo, em todos os casos, é que a adesão à certificação florestal exigiu a implementação de modelos de gestão ambiental e social mais rigorosos que os aplicados anteriormente à decisão da certificação. Um ponto fundamental para que os números de certificados florestais aumentem nos países americanos é a geração de demanda em seus mercados internos. Assim, é importante que o sistema de certificação FSC e as partes envolvidas no processo amplie sua divulgação e imagem do que realmente significa a sua logomarca para os consumidores finais.
Forest certification is a marketing strategy, voluntary and non-governmental that has been used a guarantee mechanism for the "good forest management", according to the environmental, economic and social principles. There are many factors that contribute to a forestry organization to seek for a product certification, such as markets requirement, society environmental criticism, legal requirements and/or necessity to improve the institutional reputation. One of the main globally recognized forest certification system is the FSC - Forest Stewardship Council, founded in 1993. Taking account that American Continent is the greatest producer and exporter of forest products and has extensive areas with natural forests and forest plantations, we notice the necessity to understand how forest certification has been promoted in these countries. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the current influences, contributions, opportunities and challenges of the forest certification by the FSC system in the major forest producer countries located in American Continent. The study was divided in three chapters and was developed utilizing methods of social research, in particularly, the descriptive research using data from official documents. Even though we observed an increment of forest management certificates in the last decade, the percentage of certified area is still low compared with the area of native forests and forest production. United States, Canada and Brazil are the countries with the highest numbers of certificates and the factors that influenced the certification demand among countries were different. Canada has the largest certified area driven by incentives and requirements of its own government and industries. The United States has the highest number of Forest Management Units certificates (UMF), which might be driven by society criticism leading its forestry organizations sought by certification, as evidence of their good social and environmental practices. In Brazil, two mainly factors contributed to the certification of forest organizations: the society criticism and market demands, mainly from the European Union. Regarding to small farms certification, we observed important initiatives in Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico, supporting by their own governments and some international ONGs. Generally, for the most of the countries analyzed, the internal market still does not require forest certification, which ends up not generating demand for other sector organizations to be certificated. In the United States and Canada organization, we observed the lower percentage of non-compliances between organizations indicating the better preparation of the management activities. In these countries, the largest deviations were related to environmental questions. In the Latin American countries, the percentage of non-compliance by the organization was bigger and related to labor questions, followed by environmental issues. Regarding to economic benefits, studying specific cases in Brazil, it was found that the contributions of forest certification were low. We believe that a detailed analysis, considering the indirect social and environmental contributions of certification should be considered and possibly could demonstrate the economic benefits to the society. Finally, as a positive result in all cases, we observed that the forest certification induced to an implementation of more rigorous environmental management and social models compared to the utilized before the certification process. A fundamental point for increasing the forest certificate numbers in American countries is the generation of demand in their domestic markets. In this way, it is important that the all certification FSC system involved in this process expanding its outreach and image of the final product reaching the final consumers.

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LIMA, Isaac Silva Sousa. "CARACTERIZA??O DE FSS COM GEOMETRIA EM FORMA DE ESTRELA DE QUATRO BRA?OS." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IFPB, 2014. http://repositorio.ifpb.edu.br/jspui/handle/177683/238.

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O aumento da procura por dispositivos de comunica??o m?veis com capacidade de transmiss?o elevada e com dimens?es reduzidas, tem levado engenheiros de telecomunica??es e micro-ondas a realizarem trabalhos e pesquisas constantes na busca por novas tecnologias capazes de suprir essas demandas. T?cnicas de miniaturiza??o e emprego de sistemas de antenas inteligentes s?o algumas das alternativas mais comuns nesse processo. Recentemente, alguns grupos de pesquisa v?m estudando a efici?ncia das superf?cies seletivas em frequ?ncia (FSS) nesse tipo de sistema. Nesse contexto esse trabalho prop?e a apresentar uma nova geometria para fabrica??o de FSS. Definida como geometria estrela de quatro bra?os, a estrutura proposta apresenta caracter?sticas de miniaturiza??o e comuta??o. O documento apresenta o problema que motivou o desenvolvimento do projeto, assim como conceitos e defini??es sobre FSS, suas principais caracter?sticas, t?cnicas de an?lises e medi??es e aplica??es mais comuns. O texto traz ainda a formula??o te?rica do m?todo das ondas (WCIP) aplicado na an?lise de FSS. Esse m?todo num?rico tem a capacidade de determinar o comportamento da onda eletromagn?tica ao incidir sobre uma FSS e vem sendo estudado pelo GTEMA - IFPB como base te?rica do software desenvolvido pelo grupo, o WCIP08. A geometria estrela de quatro bra?os ? apresentada em sua forma sim?trica e assim?trica, e suas respectivas varia??es. Cada estrutura foi caracterizada numericamente, em seguida foram constru?dos prot?tipos para caracteriza??o experimental. Por fim os resultados foram comparados e constatou-se uma boa concord?ncia entre eles. Al?m disso, os testes confirmaram a efici?ncia da geometria em estudo para poss?veis aplica??es em sistemas de comunica??o que necessitem de

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Ara?jo, Lincoln Machado de. "Caracteriza??o de superf?cies seletivas de frequ?ncia de peri?dicas e n?o-peri?dicas." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/20095.

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Os ?ltimos anos foram marcados por um grande interesse no uso de superf?cies seletivas de frequ?ncia (FSS), como filtros espaciais, em diversas aplica??es em microondas. Dentre estas, destacam-se as aplica??es em sistemas de telecomunica??es (tais como: comunica??es por sat?lite e radar), antenas de ganho elevado (em estruturas combinadas com antenas planares) e fornos de micro-ondas (dom?sticos e industriais). As FSS s?o geralmente compostas por arranjos peri?dicos bidimensionais, com elementos igualmente espa?ados, que podem ser patches met?licos (impressos em substratos diel?tricos) ou aberturas (perfuradas em superf?cies met?licas finas). Nestas configura??es (de arranjos peri?dicos), as FSS v?m conseguindo atender ?s demandas da ind?stria de telecomunica??es de maneira satisfat?ria. Entretanto, novas demandas v?m encontrando limita??es na tecnologia empregada. Neste contexto, requisitos de filtragem adversos v?m for?ando os projetistas de FSS a utilizarem m?todos de otimiza??o na tentativa de encontrar formatos espec?ficos para seus elementos, por exemplo. Outra alternativa que vem sendo utilizada para aumentar a seletividade das FSS ? o cascateamento, uma t?cnica simples que tem como principal ponto negativo o aumento das dimens?es da estrutura, assim como do seu peso. Este trabalho prop?e o desenvolvimento de uma nova classe de superf?cies seletivas de frequ?ncia (FSS), constitu?das de arranjos quase-peri?dicos (ou n?o-peri?dicos). Resultados de superf?cies seletivas de frequ?ncia n?o-peri?dicas e flex?veis tamb?m ser?o apresentados, mostrando uma nova gama de aplica??es. Portanto, as FSS propostas n?o apresentam periodicidade em rela??o ? posi??o espacial dos seus elementos. As respostas em frequ?ncia destas estruturas foram simuladas utilizando softwares comerciais que implementam m?todos de onda completa. Para valida??o do estudo efetuado, foram constru?dos e medidos prot?tipos das FSS propostas, tendo sido observada uma boa concord?ncia entre os resultados simulados e medidos. S?o apresentadas e comentadas as principais conclus?es deste estudo, al?m de indicadas sugest?es para a sua continuidade.
The past years have seen a great interest in the use of frequency selective surfaces (FSS), as spatial filters, in many microwave applications. Among these, we highlight applications in telecommunication systems (such as satellite communications and radar), high gain antennas (combined with planar antennas) and (home and industrial) microwave ovens. The FSS is usually composed of two-dimensional periodic arrays, with equally spaced elements, which may be metallic patches (printed on dielectric substrates) or aperture (holes in thin metal surfaces). Using periodic arrays, the FSS have been able to meet the demands of the telecommunications industry. However, new demands are finding technological limitations. In this context, adverse filtering requirements have forced designers to use FSS optimization methods to find specific formats of FSS elements. Another alternative that has been used to increase the selectivity of the FSS is the cascaded FSS, a simple technique that has as main drawback the increased dimensions of the structure, as well as its weight. This work proposes the development of a new class of selective surfaces frequency (FSS) composed of quasi-periodic (or non-periodic) arrangements. The proposed FSS have no array periodicity, in relation with the spatial position of their elements. The frequency responses of these structures were simulated using commercial softwares that implement full-wave methods. For the purpose of validation of this study, FSS prototypes were built and measured, being possible to observe a good agreement between simulated and measured results. The main conclusions of this work are presented, as well as suggestions for future works.

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Ökshei, Jorunn, and Hannah Eriksson. "Certifieringens betydelse för naturvärden i skogen." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85925.

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En viktig målsättning i den svenska skogspolitiken är att skogsbruket ska bedrivas på ett hållbart sätt och i Skogsvårdslagen är produktionsmålen och miljömålen jämställda. Skogsägare kan utöver detta åta sig att certifiera sin fastighet, antingen genom FSC eller PEFC. Certifiering är ett marknadsdrivet, frivilligt åtagande och handlar om att ta ett större ansvar för miljö och natur än vad Skogsvårdslagen kräver. Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra förekomst av naturvärden på certifierade fastigheter och icke-certifierade fastigheter genom fältinventering av utvalda kriterier. Kriterierna valdes utifrån mätbara och synliga indikatorer på naturvärden och utifrån faktorer som speglar variationsrikedom, hänsyn, kontinuitet, flora-och faunaobjekt och återväxt. I denna studie har vi arbetat fram en funktionell inventeringsmall i syfte att kartlägga naturvärden på fastighetsnivå. En slutsats från inventeringen var att naturens egna förutsättningar är en viktig faktor för förekomsten av naturvärden i högre grad än om fastigheten är certifierad eller inte.

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Smith, Justin L. "New sharing method between the Fixed Satellite Service and the Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service in the 14.0-14.5 GHz band." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31049.

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In the US, the 14.0-14.5 GHz band is allocated on a primary basis to the Radio-Navigation and the FSS with a secondary allocation to the LMSS. The Radio-Navigation service is the use of RADAR for navigation. An example of Radio-Navigation is the ground proximity radar used for airplane collision avoidance. FSS stands for the Fixed Satellite Service. In general, an FSS is a satellite network consisting of a geo-stationary satellite and non-movable earth stations on the ground. An example of an FSS is the earth terminals used at gas stations to verify credit cards and centrally track inventory. The 14.0-14.5 GHz band is also allocated on a secondary basis to the LMSS or Land Mobile Satellite Service. This is a satellite network with a satellite and a movable terrestrial non-aeronautical earth station. An example of an LMSS is a system called Omnitracs, which provides a satellite-based data connection for the trucking industry. AMSS stands for the Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service. An AMSS is an LMSS dedicated only to airplanes. The CPM or Conference Preparatory Meeting after WRC or World Radio Conference-2000 decided there was an urgent need for technical and regulatory studies covering sharing between the FSS and the AMSS. The requirement for a report on the studies was added to the WRC-2003 agenda. The WRC also stipulated that the studies must demonstrate that sharing between the FSS and the AMSS is feasible enough to allocate AMSS a secondary status in the band. The studies need to be completed before WRC-2003. AMSS contends that sharing is feasible if their service can meet the same PFD limits of the LMSS. Presently, the FCC has licensed the AMSS on an experimental non-interference basis. The FSS contends that characteristics are needed of the AMSS system and a detailed sharing study be completed to verify sharing is feasible. The FSS believes that sharing may not be feasible if the same transponder is used for AMSS and FSS. The FSS perceives that the AMSS is asking for a super secondary status. Super secondary status implies that the AMSS would only be required to adhere to PFD limits on individual aircraft and not for multiple aircraft in view of a victim FSS receiver. Future studies will clarify this issue. The issues associated with the sharing analysis are; the modeling of the orbital separation of the satellites, the atmospheric interference into the communication link and the availability of the communication link between the FSS and the AMSS. The issues associated with modeling of the simulation are the static, verses dynamic modeling environments and developing a dynamic software tool to track airplane movement. This thesis plans to propose a new sharing methodology between the FSS and the AMSS that could be contributed to the WRC-2003 agenda. Three systems examples were provided at ITU meetings inresponse to the WRC-2003 agenda item. The three systems will abide by the ITU-R S.728 EIRP limits. The three systems indicate that static analysis shows that sharing is feasible involving only one aircraft as the interfere. This is not a reasonable solution for a real time environment because there is only one aircraft used. It is necessary for the link to support multiple aircraft. The factors that indicate sharing is feasible are: non-harmful interference to the victim and reasonable enough link margin in the interfere system to make it viable. A viable system in the case of aircraft would include high-speed internet and video. The AMSS interfere system cannot propose a power limit that will not allow it to close itâ s own link. In order to mitigate the interference, systems can agree to certain interference mitigation techniques. The different techniques are: transmitting power control, geostationary arc avoidance angle and orbital arc separation. Power control as described above is the centralized control of the interfering antenna into the victim. This is done by simulating the interference environment and pre-scheduling the decreases of the transmitting power. This is a feasible solution except that it decreases the availability and thru-put of the interfere system. This approach can make the system have unrealistic link margins and spotty availability due to the pre-scheduled power control. Another technique is the geostationary arc avoidance angle. This technique is not applicable since both the AMSS and FSS use geostationary orbits. The third technique is geostationary separation. This technique requires co-channel systems to maintain a certain orbital spacing between them. FSS systems in certain bands have a minimum of 3 degrees of orbital spacing between co-channel systems. Since the AMSS has 01/25/03 a mobile terrestrial system (aircraft) as part of the link, it requires a higher orbital separation between it and the FSS system. The results of dynamic analysis indicate that this technique is feasible at 10 degree orbital spacing. The Monte Carlo analysis completed for this thesis simulated the results of four scenarios: co-located, 3 degree, and 5 and 10-degree orbital separation. It can be determined from the results that the interference decreases as the orbital separation increases. These simulations were done based on a 10 aircraft interfere scenario.
Master of Science

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