Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'FTA cards'

Background: Probiotic bacteria have been used for centuries to obtain a better health and the majority of publications have focused on the gut health. More recent studies do also investigate if the bacteria could have any effect in the oral microflora. Since probiotic products are becoming more common on the market, it is interesting to investigate if these probiotic bacteria exist in the oral cavity and if they exert any therapeutic effect on oral diseases. The aim of this study was to determine an uncomplicated method capable of measuring one bacterium associated with caries prophylactic properties. Methods: Saliva from three test subjects were collected before and after chewing on a tablet containing Lactobacillus reuteri. DNA from each saliva sample was extracted using FTA™ elute cards and amplified with a PCR. Saliva samples were cultured on Rogosa agar for comparison. Saliva after chewing was diluted for determination of detection level using Rogosa agar counts as standard. Amplified samples were analysed from stained electrophoresis gels.Results: The PCR method could detect Lactobacillus reuteri in saliva if the content was 250 CFU/mL or higher. An increase in CFU/mL in saliva after chewing can be observed. Saliva could before chewing show in two out of three test subjects no amplifiable DNA whilst after chewing all did.Conclusions: A method considered uncomplicated that is capable of detecting Lactobacillus reuteri in saliva has been developed. Detection level was 250 CFU/mL.

In epidemiological studies the amount of biological material available is a limiting factor. Many studies use DNA as biological sample obtained by venipuncture, but this collection method is invasive especially if donors are children and the elderly. The use of mouth cells can be an alternative source, although you get DNA of poor quality and quantity. To increase the amount of DNA extracted from buccal cells, you can use the "Whole Genome Amplification”. The aim of my PhD project was to develop a method to extract DNA from buccal cells and to study amplification technologies and subsequent genotyping of DNA extracted from blood and buccal cells. The accuracy of WGA was evaluated with different techniques of molecular biology and genotyping: direct sequencing, allelic discrimination assays, microsatellite genotyping and ”genome wide analysis”. Our analysis showed that the WGA can be used to increase the amount of starting biological material, however, it has some limitations, the fact that direct sequencing and analysis with microsatellites in some cases, may cause a loss of 'genetic information’. According to the data found using DNA from buccal cells and WGA, we have genotyped GSTP1 gene polymorphism Ile105/Val105 about 103 people in the Milan area through Real Time. The study of allele frequencies of this polymorphism in the GSTP1 gene is part of a project aiming to determine whether in patients with respiratory diseases there is an interaction between individual genetic predisposition and exposure to a common external agent coming from urban pollution. The genotypic frequencies obtained in our population were not significantly different from those of Tuscany population genotyped for the HapMap project, so our samples will be used as reference for future studies. Furthermore, we showed that both buccal cells and the WGA can be used in epidemiological analysis for genotyping through Real Time PCR. WGA may be a useful way to increase the amount of DNA; DNA extracted from buccal cells can be a valuable resource for genetic studies.

[Truncated abstract] The collection of buccal cells is common practise in the epidemiological and forensic science. Unlike venipuncture collection of blood; it is a safer, non-invasive method for collection of biological material. The methods by which these cells are collected from the inner cheek of an individual and stored are the key elements in preserving DNA. Typically, forensic samples require long term storage. Samples are commonly collected on cotton swabs and stored moist at low to ultra-low temperatures (less than -20oC). Although this is the method of choice in most forensic facilities, there are drawbacks. The samples are inherently contaminated with microflora within the oral cavity and the moisture allows a plethora of microorganisms to grow. As the time frame that has elapsed from collection to storage increases, there is an exponential increase in bacterial cells. Storage of containers containing swabs coated with cells at temperatures below 20oC is also costly due to requirements for large freezers which are running and monitored over 24 hours. In the pass 10 to 15 years, researchers have focussed on alternative ways to store buccal cells. The FTA card system by Whatman is one such development. The FTA card is unique in that it provides a means for the collection of buccal cells for storage at room temperature. DNA profiling from samples stored in this way for 11 years has been successfully achieved. The filter paper matrix of the FTA card binds and subsequently lyses cells. ... (2) The second component of this thesis describes a study which subjected cells on buccal swabs to various conditions of increased temperature over periods of time to establish if DNA could be amplified. The aim was to mimic exposure to the vigours of field conditions, particularly in the extreme local environments that prevail in the United Arab Emirates. a. Initially, buccal cells stored at -20oC over 360 days were used to mimic standard archiving procedures. The cells were subsequently transferred to FTA cards, amplified and profiled by using ABI AmpFLSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Complete STR profiles were successfully recovered from the archived swabs. In most cases 100% of alleles were recovered, suggesting that it is feasible to transfer DNA from properly archived buccal swabs to FTA cards. b. The second phase involved the storage of fresh swabs that had been artificially aged by using incubation temperatures ranging from 40oC to 100oC. Partial profiles resulted from artificially aged samples, indicating that the prevailing conditions prior to low temperature storage of the swabs plays an important role in ensuring cellular integrity and thus, DNA quality. Results from this study suggest that it is possible for biological samples stored under correct conditions to be transferred from swabs to FTA card. In combination, the two chapters presented in this study show that it is feasible to transfer achieved forensic biology samples from swabs to the FTA card system. However, it is necessary to ensure that the samples are treated in the correct manner so as to minimise contamination from external sources and to maintain the correct environmental state to maintain intact cells and usable DNA.

The work deals with the 32-bit microcontroller with AT91SAM7X256 ARM7 core. The overall purpose of the thesis is to use the microcontroller as a data logger in Orpheus robotic system. The main part of the work focuses on detailed description of the designed board, software and development environment. A comparison of different varieties of the microcontroller with this core is included.

La tuberculosis bovina es una enfermedad causada por el agente Mycobacterium bovis, que es parte del complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTC). Bacterias del MTC infectan una gran variedad de mamíferos, incluyendo al hombre. Mejorar el diagnostico de esta enfermedad permite identificar brotes y formular acciones de control. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la sensibilidad y especificidad de dos métodos de extracción en diferentes tipos de preservación, analizando cuatro tipos de muestras de la misma lesión tuberculosa: impresiones de la lesión en FTA elute card Whatman ®, ii. Lesiones congeladas y iii. Lesiones almacenadas en borato de sodio durante 30 y 60 días. Para las muestras congeladas, impresiones en tarjetas FTA y preservadas en borato, fue realizada la extracción usando el protocolo descrito por BOOM et al., 1990. Además, para cada tipo de muestra se realizaron aislamientos en los medios de cultivo Stonebrink y Lowenstein-Jensen. Fue realizada la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) utilizando los primers INS1-INS2 para identificar DNA de bacterias pertenecientes al MTC. Se encontró que las muestras congeladas tienen mejor sensibilidad, Fueron obtenidas colonias de Mycobacterium bovis de las tarjetas FTA. Estos resultados ayudan a mejorar el proceso de colecta y transporte de muestras del sistema de vigilancia en tuberculosis bovina
A tuberculose bovina é uma doença causada pelo agente Mycobacterium bovis, que é parte do complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTC). Bactérias do MTC infectam uma grande variedade de mamíferos, incluindo o homem. Melhorar o diagnóstico desta doença permite identificar surtos e formular ações de controle. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade de dois métodos de extração em diferentes tipos de preservação, analisando quatro tipos de amostras da mesma lesão tuberculosa: impressões da lesão em FTA elute card Whatman ®, ii. lesões congeladas e iii. lesões armazenadas em borato de sódio durante 30 e 60 dias. Para as amostras congeladas, impressiones no papel FTA e preservadas em borato, foi realizada a extração usando o protocolo descrito por BOOM et al., 1990. Além disso, para cada tipo de amostra se realizaram isolamentos nos meios de cultura Stonebrink e Lowenstein-Jensen. Foi realizada a reação em cadeia da polimerasa (PCR) utilizando os primers INS1-INS2 para identificar DNA de bacterias pertencentes ao MTC. Encontrou-se que as amostras congeladas tem melhor sensibilidade, Foram obtidas colônias de Mycobacterium bovis dos papeis FTA. Estes resultados ajudam a melhorar o processo de colheita e transporte de amostras do sistema de vigilância em tuberculosis bovina.

This thesis deals with a design of speedometer for sportsmen, which is able to display current speed and to record a trip. The proposed parts are small enough. That's why sportsman won't be bothered much. The GPS is used for measurement of speed and to determine position. A strip, which consists of LED diodes, is used for speed displaying. The strip is situated in a sportsman's glasses. A trip is recorded to a MultiMediaCard. The FAT file system is used on the memory card.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marilia Cristina Sola.pdf: 489950 bytes, checksum: 4d267a18376c43b47c56d28c43d655a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28
Brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by bacterium of the genus Brucella, which affects humans and different species of animals. Despite the implementation of programs aimed at the disease controlling and eradicating, brucelosis is endemic in many countries, especially in developing ones, resulting in significant economic losses and serious implications for animal and public health, due to its zoonotic character. The disease can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact with infected animals, fetal membranes, and also transmitted to humans by contaminated animal products, especially milk and dairy products that have not undergone thermal processing, by raw meat and the handling of carcasses and visceras at the slaughterhouse. The National Programme for Control and Eradication of Brucellosis (PNCEBT), established in the country in 2001, determines the diagnosis of animals in order to establish both the distribution and characterization of the agent. In this context and seeking for a rapid, safe and precise diagnosis of this disease in cattle, we aimed to detect Brucella spp by real time PCR in suspect lesions detected during routine inspection in slaughterhouses under Federal Inspection in the state of Goias, Brazil. Such lesions were related to cervical bursitis, testicular, lung and liver lesions and also in mandibular, retropharyngeal, esophageal, intercostal, apical, mediastinal, tracheobronchial, inguinal, ischiatic, popliteal and mesenteric lymphnodes. In the sampling procedure, cellulose cards were used for storage of biological material (card FTA ® Elute) by impregnating the material in the fibrous matrix of the card. Laboratory analyses were performed on 47 samples from animal tissue and fluids, collected from carcasses and visceras at 40 bovines suspected of brucellosis. Samples were processed at the Laboratório de Biologia Molecular from the Centro de Pesquisa em Alimentos, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia from Universidade Federal de Goiás (LBM / CPA / EVZ / UFG). Brucella spp was detected in 42.5% of the bovines with suspect lesions and in 38.3% of samples. It was verified that the use of real-time PCR associated with the FTA® Elute method is an important diagnostic tool in the process of trial and disposition of carcasses and visceras of slaughtered animals and it gives flexibility and efficiency for the diagnosis of diseases, helping the Federal Inspection Service in fulfilling its mission of providing safe food to consumers
A brucelose é uma enfermidade infectocontagiosa de caráter crônico, causada por bactérias do gênero Brucella, que acomete o homem e diferentes espécies animais. Apesar da implementação de programas que visam o controle e a erradicação da enfermidade, apresenta-se endêmica em muitos países, principalmente aqueles em desenvolvimento, resultando em prejuízos econômicos significativos aos sistemas de produção e sérias implicações em saúde animal e pública, visto seu caráter zoonótico. A doença pode ser transmitida pelo contato direto ou indireto com animais infectados e anexos fetais e, ainda, veiculada ao homem pela ingestão de produtos de origem animal contaminados, principalmente leite e seus derivados que não passaram por processamento térmico. Pode ser veiculada também por meio de carnes cruas e pela própria manipulação de carcaças e vísceras durante o abate sanitário. O Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose (PNCEBT) instituído no país em 2001 determina como uma das medidas sanitárias, o diagnóstico dos animais, a fim de estabelecer a ocorrência, distribuição e caracterização do agente. Neste contexto, visando um diagnóstico rápido, seguro e preciso desta enfermidade em bovinos, objetivou-se detectar o DNA de Brucella spp por meio da técnica de PCR em Tempo Real em lesões sugestivas identificadas durante a inspeção sanitária de rotina em matadouros-frigoríficos sob Inspeção Federal no estado de Goiás. Tais lesões abrangeram a bursite cervical, lesões testiculares, pulmonares, hepáticas e de linfonodos mandibular, retrofaríngeo, esofageano, intercostal, apical, mediastínico, traqueobrônquico, inguinal, isquiático, poplíteo e mesentérico. Para tanto, no procedimento de colheita de amostras, foram utilizados cartões de celulose destinados ao armazenamento de material biológico (cartão FTA® Elute), por impregnação do material na matriz fibrosa do cartão. As análises laboratoriais foram efetuadas em 47 amostras provenientes de fluidos e tecido animal, colhidas em carcaças e vísceras de 40 bovinos com suspeita de brucelose e desenvolvidas no Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Centro de Pesquisa em Alimentos da Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás (LBM/CPA/EVZ/UFG). Detectou-se o DNA de Brucella spp em 42,5% dos bovinos que apresentaram lesões sugestivas e em 38,3% das amostras totais. Verificou-se que o emprego da técnica de PCR em Tempo Real associada ao método FTA® Elute, é uma ferramenta de diagnóstico importante no processo de julgamento e destino de carcaças e vísceras dos animais de abate, tendo em vista que confere agilidade e eficiência no diagnóstico das enfermidades, auxiliando o Serviço de Inspeção Federal no cumprimento de sua missão, ou seja, de colocar à disposição do consumidor, alimentos seguros.

Recent Advancements in Solid State Memories have resulted in packing several Giga Bytes (GB) of memory into tiny postage stamp size Memory Cards. Of late, Secure Digital (SD) cards have become a de-facto standard for all portable handheld devices. They have found growing presence in almost all embedded applications, where huge volumes of data need to be handled and stored. For the very same reason SD cards are being widely used in space applications also. Using these SD Cards in space applications requires robust radiation hardened SD cards and Highly Reliable Fault Tolerant File Systems to handle them. The present work is focused on developing a Highly Reliable Fault Tolerant SD card based FAT16 File System for space applications.

Author concerns with SD memory cards and microcontroller Atmel ATmega128. He describes their architecture, features, properties and technology used in devices. He is mentioning principle of communication protocols used by SD card, through that cards can communicate with other connected devices. He analyzes the functionality of FAT file system. He describes the design and implementation of interfaces to connect the SD cards to microcontroller. He explains software solutions of this project and gives impartial view to usage and comparisons of implemented modes of communication witch card.

The identification of plant pathogens often requires rapid, effective and reliable sampling techniques for pathogens or -infected plant tissues. The first and critical step to a PCR-based identification from the processing of sampled tissues is the extraction and purification of template DNA of suitable quality for PCR. Many DNA extraction techniques for plant and fungal DNA are time consuming and/or require sophisticated laboratory equipment. Whatman International Ltd from Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) has patented cards which offer a simple and rapid method for the room temperature collection, transport and storage (short and long term) of DNA. Direct capture of plant pathogen DNA in the field, achieved by squashing infected tissue (either symptomatic or asymptomatic) and/or pathogen structures onto cards, will facilitate the detection and identification o~ the pathogen. DNA sampling with these cards provides many advantages for a plant pathologist such as increasing the number of samples that can be collected, stored and transported in the field, especially in remote locations. It circumvents any requirement for travelling with collection containers, cumbersome equipment or labile buffers. It is particularly useful when the isolation of a pathogen is either not possible, as for an obligate pathogen, or only achieved with a low rate of success. The aims of the research in this thesis were to investigate the applicability of FTA cards as a new method for DNA sampling from fungal and infected plant material associated with forest diseases. After DNA sampling and capture on the card, the DNA extractions were subjected to PCR, DNA sequencing and species-specific PCR. There were three main sources of material squashed onto the FTA cards; fungal material (cultures, fruitbodies and spores); asymptomatic or symptomatic plant material (root, leaves, and seeds); water and soil that were likely to contain infective propagules. DNA was easily obtained from fungal cultures squashed onto cards and the DNA thus harvested is suitable for PCR, DNA sequencing and species specific PCR. With the latter type of PCR, caution must be exercised when using the card in order to avoid contamination. In case studies of forest diseases involving the squashing of infected material onto FTA cards, several fungal pathogens were identified based on sequencing of the PCR product obtained from the DNA captured by the FTA card; Fusarium oxysporum, Cylindrocladium spp., Phoma spp., and Phytophthora spp. were detected and identified. The use of FTA cards to sample the DNA of certain fungal propagules such as rust spores or the fungal propagules contained in soil or water did not prove very successful. These preliminary results clearly demonstrate the potential of FTA cards to assist forest pathologists in disease detection and identification. Further modifications to FTA card sampling techniques are discussed so that the DNA of a wide range of forest pathogens can be successfully obtained from plant tissue, soil or water.

Reference samples are a vital part of the forensic analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence. Efficient processing and analysis of these sample types are required for comparative analysis of an unknown electropherogram (EPG) and forensic databasing purposes (12). These reference samples can be derived from blood swabs or cheek swabs, the latter also being known as buccal cell swabs (20, 22, 32). Buccal cells, or epithelial cells of the oral cavity, are the preferred cell type for known samples as their collection is non-invasive and painless (20-21). Buccal cell collection devices typically consist of a swab (cotton or foam) and a filter paper, commonly FTA paper (1). FTA paper contains proprietary chemicals that lyse cell membranes upon contact, trapping and stabilizing DNA for downstream processing (21, 34). FTA paper also inhibits bacterial and viral growth and protects against damage from UV radiation, nucleases and oxidation (21, 34). Some of the benefits of using FTA cards include the ability to store the cards at ambient temperature for years (21, 35, 37) and to perform direct amplification of the samples thereby removing the need to utilize DNA extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (32, 37, 39). The EasiCollectTM (EC) and EasiCollectTM + (EC+) Buccal Sample Collection Devices (General Electric (GE) Healthcare Life Sciences, Buckinghamshire, UK) have FTA sample collection cards that contain a proprietary dye that changes color from pink to white, indicating where colorless fluids, such as saliva, were likely deposited (42). This study consisted of four phases. Phase 0 determined the optimal amplification conditions, including number of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycles and an appropriate capillary electrophoresis (CE) injection time for high template, single source samples obtained from FTA cards using the EC and EC+ buccal cell collection devices. Samples were obtained from EC FTA cards with a Harris 1.2-mm Uni-Core Punch and amplified using the GlobalfilerTM Express PCR Amplification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) using the manufacturer’s protocol with 26, 27 or 28 PCR cycles (28). Fragment separation was achieved on an ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) with 5, 15 and 25 second (s) 1.2 kiloVolt (kV) injections. Samples were analyzed on GeneMapper® ID-X v1.4 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) with an analytical threshold of 150 RFU (relative fluorescence units) (31). It was determined that amplification with 26 PCR cycles was optimal for high template, single source samples from FTA cards in this laboratory. The three injection times were utilized in the remaining phases and no other parameters were changed. In Phase 1 of this study, the optimal collection method for the EC+ device from various processes was assessed using the following collection variables: 1) a dry or saliva-wet swab; 2) a circular or up-down/side-to-side motion; 3) 2, 3 or 4 motions; and 4) swabbing of one or both cheeks. This resulted in a total of 24 distinct collection processes. We found that collection techniques that involved wetting the foam head of the EC+ device provided higher peak heights, improved heterozygote balance (Hb) and minimized the rate of drop-out in EPGs. When swabbing two cheeks versus one, the median peak heights increased, indicating an increase in transfer of cellular material onto the FTA surface. The motion of swabbing - circular or up-down/side-to-side - did not have an effect on the overall quality of the EPG data. During Phase 2a, the distribution of cellular material was assessed for two collection processes that involved swabbing of two cheeks with a wet swab four times; the variation among the methods being the motion (circular or up-down/side-to-side). Two punches taken surrounding the original punch assessed during Phase 1 showed similar average peak heights (i.e. ca. 3500 RFU at a 5 s injection on the ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer) for both collection processes. No allelic drop-out was observed with either collection technique. Phase 2b compared the EPG signal of the EC and EC+ collection devices. The EC+ collection process used for this comparison involved rubbing a wet swab across two cheeks using four circular motions as this produced no allelic drop-out and fewer samples which saturated the CE laser detector. Therefore, this method provided more data for analysis. Samples from both devices produced comparable peak heights and PHRs above 0.6 with no allelic drop-out and stutter ratios below the thresholds set by the manufacturer (28). The EC+ device was found to be robust and provided full profiles using a minimalist sample collection method. However, the probability of drop-out increased as both the number of motions and the number of cheeks decreased. Based on this study, a collection using four circular motions divided between two cheeks with a wet swab is recommended with a 5 s, 1.2 kV injection on an ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer, since full DNA profiles were obtained with balanced heterozygote loci, expected stutter ratios, and acceptable levels of minus A artifact. Further, it was determined that this recommended collection method resulted in high-fidelity DNA signal for up to three punches. Thus, the EC+ device is reliable, easy-to-use and non-invasive for the collection of buccal cells for known reference samples. A sample obtained from the area of transfer on an FTA card from the EC+ device can produce an EPG of the quality required for the comparison of known samples to an evidentiary profile as well as for input of the genotype into a national forensic database.

New PCI-e flash cards and SSDs supporting over 100,000 IOPs are now available, with several usecases in the design of a high performance storage system. By using an array of flash chips, arranged in multiple banks, large capacities are achieved. Such multi-banked architecture allow parallel read, write and erase operations. In a raw PCI-e flash card, such parallelism is directly available to the software layer. In addition, the devices have restrictions such as, pages within a block can only be written sequentially. The devices also have larger minimum write sizes (>4KB). Current flash translation layers (FTLs) in Linux are not well suited for such devices due to the high device speeds, architectural restrictions as well as other factors such as high lock contention. We present a FTL for Linux that takes into account the hardware restrictions, that also exploits the parallelism to achieve high speeds. We also consider leveraging the parallelism for garbage collection by scheduling the garbage collection activities on idle banks. We propose and evaluate an adaptive method to vary the amount of garbage collection according to the current I/O load on the device. For large scale distributed storage systems, flash memories are an excellent choice because flash memories consume less power, take lesser floor space for a target throughput and provide faster access to data. In a traditional distributed filesystem, even distribution is required to ensure load-balancing, balanced space utilisation and failure tolerance. In the presence of flash memories, in addition, we should also ensure that the numbers of writes to these different flash storage nodes are evenly distributed, to ensure even wear of flash storage nodes, so that unpredictable failures of storage nodes are avoided. This requires that we distribute updates and do garbage collection, across the flash storage nodes. We have motivated the distributed wearlevelling problem considering the replica placement algorithm for HDFS. Viewing the wearlevelling across flash storage nodes as a distributed co-ordination problem, we present an alternate design, to reduce the message communication cost across participating nodes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our design through simulation.

2-hydroxyisobutyric acid (2-HIBA) is a metabolite found in human urine. Recent studies have shown that 2-HIBA levels increased in patients with obesity and hepatic steatosis, suggesting that it could potentially be involved in clinical conditions. 2-HIBA is associated with reduced bacterial diversity and the higher levels of F. prausnitzii in obese gut microbiota. We investigated how treatment with 2-HIBA affected the physiology of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, in both standard and High-Glucose Diet (HGD) growth conditions, by targeted transcriptomics, metabolomic analyses, Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) and two photon fluorescence microscopy. 2-HIBA in both conditions resulted particularly effective to extend the lifespan, delay ageing processes and stimulate the oxidative stress resistance in wild type nematodes through the activation of insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS), and p38 MAPK pathways. Lifespan extension was mediated by the activation of SKN-1 transcription factor and moreover by the peptide transporter PEP-2. 2-HIBA pro-longevity effect on C. elegans appeared to be correlated to an increase in tryptophan levels as a consequence of a reduced expression of 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in treated animals. On the other hand, 2-HIBA influenced lipid metabolism in independent manner: in worms grown without Glucose (No-GD) , 2-HIBA induced an increase in lipid droplets which instead decreased in HGD conditions, suggesting the activation of different pathways. Therefore, this study represents a first step in understanding the impact of 2-HIBA on C. elegans animal model.