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Journal articles on the topic 'FTA cards'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Novita, Risqa. "FTA Cards sebagai tempat penyimpanan spesimen yang optimal dan sesuai dengan aspek biosafety." Sel Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan 4, no. 2 (November 24, 2017): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/sel.v4i2.1469.

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Surveilans penyakit menular dan tidak menular membutuhkan tehnik penanganan spesimen dari lapangan hingga ke laboratorium yang optimal dan memperhatikan aspek biosafety. Risiko wadah sampel pecah, lama perjalanan, rantai dingin pengiriman spesimen, volume sampel yang besar merupakan faktor-faktor yang seharusnya diminimalisir. FTA cards merupakan teknologi terbaru untuk penyimpanan spesimen sehingga penanganan tetap optimal dan tetap memperhatikan aspek biosafety. Tujuan dari penulisan ini untuk mengkaji FTA cards di berbagai aspek agar menjadi rujukan dalam memilih tehnik penyimpanan spesimen sehingga dapat dipakai dalam surveilans penyakit menular dan penyakit tidak menular. Tulisan ini merupakan kajian dari literatur-literatur yang ada di Google scholar dan Pubmed, dengan pencarian menggunakan kata kunci FTA cards, penyimpanan spesimen dan biosafety Berdasarkan hasil dari penelusuran literatur, penelaah, didapatkan hasil bahwa FTA cards dapat digunakan sebagai media penyimpanan spesimen. Spesimen yang dapat diteteskan ke atas permukaan FTA cards adalah darah, serum, cairan tubuh, feses dan organ tubuh hewan lainnya seperti nyamuk. FTA cards dapat direkomendasikan sebagai tehnik penyimpanan spesimen pada surveilans penyakit menular dan penyakit tidak menular

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2

Krambrich, Janina, Emelie Bringeland, Jenny C. Hesson, Tove Hoffman, Åke Lundkvist, Johanna F. Lindahl, and Jiaxin Ling. "Usage of FTA® Classic Cards for Safe Storage, Shipment, and Detection of Arboviruses." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071445.

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Infections caused by arthropod-borne RNA viruses are overrepresented among emerging infectious diseases. Effective methods for collecting, storing, and transporting clinical or biological specimens are needed worldwide for disease surveillance. However, many tropical regions where these diseases are endemic lack analytical facilities and possibility of continuous cold chains, which presents challenges from both a biosafety and material preservation perspective. Whatman® FTA® Classic Cards may serve as an effective and safe option for transporting hazardous samples at room temperature, particularly for RNA viruses classified as biosafety level (BSL) 2 and 3 pathogens, from sampling sites to laboratories. In this study, we investigated the biosafety and perseverance of representative alpha- and flaviviruses stored on FTA® cards. To evaluate the virus inactivation capacity of FTA® cards, we used Sindbis virus (SINV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). We inoculated susceptible cells with dilution series of eluates from viral samples stored on the FTA® cards and observed for cytopathic effect to evaluate the ability of the cards to inactivate viruses. All tested viruses were inactivated after storage on FTA® cards. In addition, we quantified viral RNA of JEV, SINV, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) stored on FTA® cards at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C for 30 days using two reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR assays. Viral RNA of SINV stored on FTA® cards was not reduced at either 4 °C or 25 °C over a 30-day period, but degraded rapidly at 37 °C. For JEV and TBEV, degradation was observed at all temperatures, with the most rapid degradation occurring at 37 °C. Therefore, the use of FTA® cards provides a safe and effective workflow for the collection, storage, and analysis of BSL 2- and 3-virus RNA samples, but there is a risk of false negative results if the cards are stored at higher temperatures for long periods of time. Conscious usage of the cards can be useful in disease surveillance and research, especially in tropical areas where transportation and cold chains are problematic.

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Jóźwiak, Michał, Krzysztof Wyrostek, Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz, Monika Olszewska-Tomczyk, Krzysztof Śmietanka, and Zenon Minta. "Application of FTA® Cards for detection and storage of avian influenza virus." Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2016-0001.

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AbstractIntroduction: The aim of the study was to test the utility of Flinders Technology Associates filter paper (FTA® Cards) for molecular detection and storage of avian influenza virus (AIV). Material and Methods: There were two strains of AIV used in the study: low pathogenicity H7N1 and high pathogenicity H5N1 subtypes. Detection of viral material was conducted using molecular RT-PCR and rRT- PCR method. Results: The infectivity of LPAIV/H7N1 and HPAIV/H5N1 was completely inactivated within 1 h and 24 h after adsorption to FTA® Cards at room temperature, respectively. Viruses stored on FTA® Cards had detection limit approximately 1 log10 lower than live viruses. Viral RNA of both strains were detectable on the cards by rRT-PCR for a minimum of 150 d, irrespectively of storage temperatures (room temperature, -20ºC). RNA was also detected in all samples obtained from SPF chickens experimentally infected with HPAI/H5N1 on 3rd and 4th day post-infection (p.i.). Conclusion: FTA® Cards enable safe and effective alternative transport of samples for molecular diagnosis of AIV.

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Moretti, Matteo, Alessandro Manfredi, Francesca Freni, Carlo Previderé, Antonio Marco Maria Osculati, Pierangela Grignani, Livio Tronconi, Claudia Carelli, Claudia Vignali, and Luca Morini. "A comparison between two different dried blood substrates in determination of psychoactive substances in postmortem samples." Forensic Toxicology 39, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11419-020-00567-2.

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Abstract Purpose Whatman™ 903 cards represent a valid type of support for collection, storage, and analysis of dried blood spots (DBS). Whatman™ FTA (Flinders Technology Associates) are a type of cards soaked in chemicals that cause denaturation of proteins, while preserving DNA and ensuring the safe handling of DBS; to date, these cards are still rarely employed in forensic toxicology. The aim of this study was to analyze several psychoactive substances on not-dried blood on the two different cards and to compare the qualitative and quantitative results. Methods Twenty cardiac postmortem blood samples were collected and deposed on Whatman™ 903 and Whatman™ FTA cards. Spots and not-dried blood were analyzed following our validated and previously published liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods. Results We were able to identify: eight drugs of abuse and their metabolites (15 cases), five benzodiazepines and their metabolites (3 cases), six antidepressants (6 cases) and two antipsychotics (3 cases). We observed a perfect qualitative correspondence and a general good quantitative correlation between data obtained from not-dried blood and the two different DBS cards, except for alprazolam, diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, fluoxetine and sertraline, that showed a lower concentration on FTA. Additional experiments suggest that the chemicals, adsorbed on FTA, are not the cause of the loss of signal observed for the substances previously mentioned and that methanol should be preferred as extraction solvent. Conclusions This study proved that FTA cards are a good and a hazard-free alternative sample storage method for analysis of several psychoactive substances in postmortem blood.

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5

Elnagar, Ahmed, Timm C. Harder, Sandra Blome, Martin Beer, and Bernd Hoffmann. "Optimizing Release of Nucleic Acids of African Swine Fever Virus and Influenza A Virus from FTA Cards." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 12915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312915.

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FTA cards and related products simplify the collection, transport, and transient storage of biological sample fluids. Here, we have compared the yield and quality of DNA and RNA released from seven different FTA cards using seven releasing/extraction methods with eleven experimental eluates. For the validation, dilution series of African swine fever virus (ASFV) positive EDTA blood and Influenza A virus (IAV) positive allantoic fluid were used. Based on our data, we conclude that direct PCR amplification without the need for additional nucleic acid extraction and purification could be suitable and more convenient for ASFV DNA release from FTA cards. In contrast, IAV RNA loads can be amplified from FTA card punches if a standard extraction procedure including a lysis step is applied. These differences between the amplifiable viral DNA and RNA after releasing and extraction are not influenced by the type of commercial FTA card or the eleven different nucleic acid releasing procedures used for the comparative analyses. In general, different commercial FTA cards were successfully used for the storage and recovery of the ASFV and IAV genetic material suitable for PCR. Nevertheless, the usage of optimized nucleic acid releasing protocols could improve the recovery of the viral genome of both viruses. Here, the application of Chelex® Resin 100 buffer mixed with 1 × Tris EDTA buffer (TE, pH 8.0) or with TED 10 (TE buffer and Dimethylsulfoxid) delivered the best results and can be used as a universal method for releasing viral DNA and RNA from FTA cards.

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Serra, Olga, Raffaele Frazzi, Alessio Perotti, Lorenzo Barusi, and Annamaria Buschini. "Use of FTA® classic cards for epigenetic analysis of sperm DNA." BioTechniques 64, no. 2 (February 2018): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/btn-2017-0101.

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FTA® technologies provide the most reliable method for DNA extraction. Although FTA technologies have been widely used for genetic analysis, there is no literature on their use for epigenetic analysis yet. We present for the first time, a simple method for quantitative methylation assessment based on sperm cells stored on Whatman FTA classic cards. Specifically, elution of seminal DNA from FTA classic cards was successfully tested with an elution buffer and an incubation step in a thermocycler. The eluted DNA was bisulfite converted, amplified by PCR, and a region of interest was pyrosequenced.

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Davis, Emily H., Jason O. Velez, Brandy J. Russell, A. Jane Basile, Aaron C. Brault, and Holly R. Hughes. "Evaluation of Whatman FTA cards for the preservation of yellow fever virus RNA for use in molecular diagnostics." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): e0010487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010487.

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Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a flavivirus that frequently causes outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in Africa and South America and is considered a reemerging public health threat. Accurate diagnosis of yellow fever (YF) disease is critical as one confirmed case constitutes an outbreak and may trigger a mass vaccination campaign. Highly sensitive and specific molecular diagnostics have been developed; however, these assays require maintenance of cold-chain during transport of specimens to prevent the degradation of viral RNA prior to testing. Such cold-chain requirements are difficult to meet in some regions. In this study, we investigated Whatman FTA cards as an alternative stabilization method of YFV RNA for use in molecular diagnosis. Using contrived specimens, linear regression analysis showed that RNA detection from a single 6mm FTA card punch was significantly less sensitive than traditional RNA extraction; however, pooling RNA extracted from two FTA punches significantly lowered the limit of detection to be equal to that of the traditional RNA extraction gold standard. In experiments addressing the ability of FTA card methodology to stabilize YFV RNA at variable temperature, RNA could be detected for more than two weeks following storage at 25°C. Even more promising, YFV RNA was detectable on cards held at 37°C from two days to over two weeks depending on viral input. FTA cards were also shown to stabilize YFV RNA at high humidity if cards were desiccated prior to inoculation. These results support that FTA cards could be cost effective and easy to use in molecular diagnosis of YF, preserving viral RNA to allow for positive diagnoses in situations where maintaining cold-chain is not feasible.

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8

Stangegaard, Michael, Laura Ferrero-Miliani, Claus Børsting, Rune Frank-Hansen, Anders J. Hansen, and Niels Morling. "Repeated extraction of DNA from FTA cards." Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 3, no. 1 (December 2011): e345-e346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2011.09.035.

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9

Birnberg, Lotty, Sarah Temmam, Carles Aranda, Florencia Correa-Fiz, Sandra Talavera, Thomas Bigot, Marc Eloit, and Núria Busquets. "Viromics on Honey-Baited FTA Cards as a New Tool for the Detection of Circulating Viruses in Mosquitoes." Viruses 12, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12030274.

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Worldwide, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are a major burden on public and animal health. Arthropod vectors, with mosquitoes being the main contributors of global disease, transmit more than 70% of the recognized EIDs. To assess new alternatives for arthropod-borne viral diseases surveillance, and for the detection of new viruses, honey-baited Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards were used as sugar bait in mosquito traps during entomological surveys at the Llobregat River Delta (Catalonia, Spain). Next generation sequencing (NGS) metagenomics analysis was applied on honey-baited FTA cards, which had been exposed to field-captured mosquitoes to characterize their associated virome. Arthropod- and plant-infecting viruses governed the virome profile on FTA cards. Twelve near-complete viral genomes were successfully obtained, suggesting good quality preservation of viral RNAs. Mosquito pools linked to the FTA cards were screened for the detection of mosquito-associated viruses by specific RT-PCRs to confirm the presence of these viruses. The circulation of viruses related to Alphamesonivirus, Quaranjavirus and unclassified Bunyavirales was detected in mosquitoes, and phylogenetic analyses revealed their similarities to viruses previously reported in other continents. To the best our knowledge, our findings constitute the first distribution record of these viruses in European mosquitoes and the first hint of insect-specific viruses in mosquitoes’ saliva in field conditions, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach to monitor the transmissible fraction of the mosquitoes’ virome. In conclusion, this pilot viromics study on honey-baited FTA cards was shown to be a valid approach for the detection of viruses circulating in mosquitoes, thereby setting up an alternative tool for arbovirus surveillance and control programs.

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10

Yue, Na, and Zichao Jia. "Comparison between Whatman FTA Elute Cards and Conventional Swab for the Detection of Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria Using an RT-qPCR Assay." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2021 (July 2, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9963047.

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The emergence of outbreaks of foodborne illness is closely associated with food contamination caused by various enteric pathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The control of enteric pathogens poses a challenge due to the fact that these pathogens can persist for a long period of time in the environment. The rapid detection of pathogenic organisms plays a crucial role in the prevention and identification of crises related to health, safety, and well-being. Improper sample handling and processing may influence the diagnostic efficacy and accuracy. The aim of the present study was to compare the preservation capacity for enteric bacteria between Whatman Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards and swabs for reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) detection. It was found that Whatman FTA cards exhibited an improved preservation capacity for five types (both laboratory and environmental strains) of enteric bacteria, including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and Staphylococcus aureus for RT-qPCR detection. Hence, Whatman FTA cards may be a suitable tool for the routine isolation of foodborne bacteria for molecular diagnosis. Therefore, the use of Whatman FTA cards for sample collection and preservation may increase sensitivity and accuracy for bacteria isolation and diagnosis.

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Almeida, C. N., T. Q. Furian, K. A. Borges, G. Perdoncini, M. J. Mauel, S. L. S. Rocha, V. P. Nascimento, C. T. P. Salle, and H. L. S. Moraes. "Assessment of FTA card employment for Pasteurella multocida DNA transport and detection of virulence-associated genes in strains isolated from fowl cholera in the United States." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 70, no. 6 (December 2018): 1855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9821.

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ABSTRACT Fowl Cholera (FC) is a disease caused by Pasteurella multocida. The severity of this disease is partly caused by virulence factors. Genes encoding fimbriae, capsule, sialidases and proteins for iron metabolism may be related to P. multocida’s ability to infect the host. Besides to examining DNA for the presence of virulence genes, DNA is essential for the diagnostic and FTA cards are an alternative for genetic material transport. The study aims to evaluate the viability of P. multocida DNA transport using the cards and to detect 14 virulence genes in 27 strains isolated from FC cases in the United States by multiplex-PCR. No growth was observed in any of the FTA cards, which was essential to assess the security. Furthermore, DNA detection was possible in 100% of the samples, independent of the storage period (7 to 35 days) and temperature (4°C and 37°C). ptfA, exbd-tonB, hgbA, nanB, oma87, hyaD-hyaC, sodC, hgbB, sodA, nanH and pfhA genes were detected in more than 80% of the samples. FTA cards have proven to be a viable and safe tool for DNA transport of P. multocida. A majority of genes showed a high frequency, which was similar to strains isolated from FC cases.

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Ramírez, Ana L., Sonja Hall-Mendelin, Glen R. Hewitson, Jamie L. McMahon, Kyran M. Staunton, Scott A. Ritchie, and Andrew F. van den Hurk. "Stability of West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) RNA in Mosquito Excreta." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 1135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz044.

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Abstract Arbovirus surveillance is crucial for the implementation of vector-borne disease control measures. Recently, it has been demonstrated that mosquitoes with a disseminated arbovirus infection excrete viral RNA, which can be detected by molecular methods. Thereby, mosquito excreta has been proposed as a sample type that could be utilized for arbovirus surveillance. In this study, we evaluated if West Nile virus (Kunjin strain, WNVKUN) RNA in Culex annulirostris Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) excreta deposited on different substrates could be detected after storage for up to 2 wk at tropical conditions of high heat and humidity. No significant drop in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA (determined by comparison of Ct values) in excreta deposited on Flinders Associate Technologies (FTA) cards was observed over 14 d, suggesting that RNA was stable for that time. There was no significant difference in relative quantity of WNVKUN RNA in excreta deposited on FTA cards or polycarbonate substrates after 24 h. However, after 7 and 14 d, there was a significant decline in the relative quantity of viral RNA in the excreta stored on polycarbonate substrates. For incorporation in arbovirus surveillance programs, we recommend the use of polycarbonate substrates for excreta collection in mosquito traps deployed overnight, and the integration of FTA cards in traps serviced weekly or fortnightly. Polycarbonate substrates facilitate the collection of the majority of excreta from a trap, and while FTA cards offer limited area coverage, they enable preservation of viral RNA in tropical conditions for extended periods of time.

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Shalaby, Azhar G., Neveen R. Bakry, Abeer A. E. Mohamed, and Ashraf A. Khalil. "Evaluating Flinders Technology Associates card for transporting bacterial isolates and retrieval of bacterial DNA after various storage conditions." October-2020 13, no. 10 (2020): 2243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2243-2251.

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Background and Aim: Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards simplify sample storage, transport, and extraction by reducing cost and time for diagnosis. This study evaluated the FTA suitability for safe transport and storage of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells of animal origin on its liquid culture form and from organ impression smears (tissues) under the same routine condition of microbiological laboratory along with detecting their nucleic acid over different storage conditions. Materials and Methods: Increase in bacterial count from 104 to 107 (colony-forming units/mL) of 78 isolates representing seven bacterial species was applied onto cards. FTA cards were grouped and inoculated by these bacteria and then stored at different conditions of 24-27°C, 4°C, and –20°C for 24 h, for 2 weeks, for 1 and 3 month storage, respectively. Bacteriological examination was done, after which bacterial DNA was identified using specific primers for each bacterial type and detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The total percentage of recovered bacteria from FTA cards was 66.7% at 24-27–C for 24 h, the detection limit was 100% in Gram-positive species, while it was 57.4% in Gram-negative ones. Regarding viable cell detection from organ impression smears, it was successful under the previous conditions. No live bacterial cells were observed by bacteriological isolation rather than only at 24-27°C for 24 h storage. All bacterial DNA were sufficiently confirmed by the PCR technique at different conditions. Conclusion: Overall, the FTA card method was observed to be a valid tool for nucleic acid purification for bacteria of animal origin in the form of culture or organ smears regardless of its Gram type and is used for a short time only 24 h for storage and transport of live bacteria specifically Gram-positive type. Moreover, the bacterial nucleic acid was intact after storage in –20°C for 3 months and was PCR amplifiable.

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Caputo, V., C. Picariello, L. Lucchese, C. Selleri, P. Zeppa, and A. L. Peluso. "Nucleic acid storage on FTA cards from cytological samples." Cytopathology 28, no. 5 (July 17, 2017): 440–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cyt.12441.

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de Vargas Wolfgramm, Eldamária, Fernanda Magri de Carvalho, Vitor Rezende da Costa Aguiar, Mariana Penha De Nadai Sartori, Gabriela C. R. Hirschfeld-Campolongo, Weslley M. Tsutsumida, and Iúri Drumond Louro. "Simplified buccal DNA extraction with FTA® Elute Cards." Forensic Science International: Genetics 3, no. 2 (March 2009): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.11.008.

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Köster, Pamela Carolina, Begoña Bailo, Alejandro Dashti, Carolina Hernández-Castro, Rafael Calero-Bernal, Francisco Ponce-Gordo, David González-Barrio, and David Carmena. "Long-Term Preservation and Storage of Faecal Samples in Whatman® Cards for PCR Detection and Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium hominis." Animals 11, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051369.

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Preservation and conservation of biological specimens, including faecal samples, is a challenge in remote areas or poor-resource settings where the cold chain cannot be maintained. This study aims at evaluating the suitability of filter cards for long-term storage of faecal samples of animal and human origin positive to the diarrhoea-causing protozoan parasites, Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium hominis. Three commercially available Whatman® Filter Cards were comparatively assessed: the FTA® Classic Card, the FTA® Elute Micro Card, and the 903 Protein Saver Card. Human faecal samples positive to G. duodenalis (n = 5) and C. hominis (n = 5) were used to impregnate the selected cards at given storage (1 month, 3 months, and 6 months) periods and temperature (−20 °C, 4 °C, and room temperature) conditions. Parasite DNA was detected by PCR-based methods. Sensitivity assays and quality control procedures to assess suitability for genotyping purposes were conducted. Overall, all three Whatman® cards were proven useful for the detection and molecular characterisation of G. duodenalis and C. hominis under the evaluated conditions. Whatman® cards represent a simple, safe, and cost-effective option for the transportation, preservation, and storage of faecal samples without the need of the cold chain.

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Milne, Elizabeth, Frank M. van Bockxmeer, Laila Robertson, Joanna M. Brisbane, Lesley J. Ashton, Rodney J. Scott, and Bruce K. Armstrong. "Buccal DNA Collection: Comparison of Buccal Swabs with FTA Cards." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 15, no. 4 (April 2006): 816–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0753.

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Zeng, Yingmin, Meiling Liu, Yong Xia, and Xingyu Jiang. "Uracil-DNA-glycosylase-assisted loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of bacteria from urine samples with reduced contamination." Analyst 145, no. 21 (2020): 7048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0an01001d.

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Urine specimens are detected by conventional culture method and colonies with more than 10⁴ are identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Meanwhile, we analyze urine samples using FTA cards for simple DNA extraction and UDG-assisted LAMP.

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Селезнёв, В. Н., and Л. Г. Махотина. "Study of the effect of cotton pulp milling on the properties of cellulose composite material for collecting and preserving samples of biological material." Известия СПбЛТА, no. 238 (March 11, 2022): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2022.238.215-227.

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Рассмотрены вопросы, касающиеся технологии ЦКМ для сбора и хранения биологических веществ, рынка этих материалов и их производителей. Исследования свойств импортных образцов ЦКМ разных производителей показали, что хлопковое волокно, из которого они состоят, имеет низкие показатели средневзвешенной длины (1,0–1,2 мм) при степени помола 18– 20°ШР. Исследования образцов FTA-карт на впитывающую способность показали, что образцы обладают высокой скоростью впитывания капли воды на поверхности (в среднем 0,5 с) и невысокой капиллярной впитываемостью (6,5 см), что необходимо для эффективной эксплуатации материала для сбора и хранения образцов биологических веществ. Исследования физико-механических свойств импортных образцов карт для сбора и хранения биологических материалов показали, что карты обладают невысокими показателями разрывной длины (1,3–1,5 км) и сопротивлением продавливанию (74–100 кПа), что упрощает процедуру извлечения биологического образца путем пробивания. Показано применение разработанных методов оценки качества формования (просвета) отливки (визуальное оценивание и оценка среднеквадратичного отклонения оптического показателя бумаги – непрозрачности) для оценки влияния концентрации волокнистой массы при размоле на морфологические свойства хлопкового волокна. Исследование влияния технологических параметров процесса размола (концентрация массы, продолжительность размола) на свойства ЦКМ позволило определить оптимальные режимы размола хлопковой целлюлозы, обеспечивающие показатели качества, подобные свойствам импортных образцов FTA-карт. Показано, что для достижения показателей морфологии волокна и свойств ЦКМ, подобных свойствам импортных образцов FTA-карт, размол хлопковой целлюлозы необходимо проводить при концентрации массы от 3 до 4 г/л с давлением на рычаг и достижением степени помола до 16–18°ШР. The paper deals with issues related to the CСM technology for the collection and storage of biological substances, these technologies and their manufacturers. Studies of the properties of samples of CСM from different manufacturers have shown that the cotton fiber of which they are composed has low indicators of the weighted average length (1.0–1.2 mm) at the beating degree of 18–20 o SR. Studies of samples of FTA cards for absorbency have shown that the samples have a high rate of absorption of a drop of water on the surface (on average 0.5 sec.) and not high capillary absorbency (6.5 cm), which is necessary for the effective operation of the material for collecting and storing samples of biological substances. Investigation of the physical-mechanical properties of imported samples of cards for the collection and storage of biological materials have shown that the cards have not high indicators of breaking length (1.3– 1.5 km) and bursting strength (74–100 kPa), which simplifies the procedure for extracting a biological sample by punching. Investigation of the influence of the technological parameters process of refining (mass concentration, refining time) on the properties of CCM made it possible to determine the optimal modes of refining cotton cellulose, providing quality indicators similar to the properties of imported samples of FTA cards. It is shown that in order to achieve morphological parameters of fiber and properties of CCM similar to those of imported samples of FTA-cards, the refining of cotton pulp in a roll must be carried out at a mass concentration of 3 to 4 g / l with a pressure on the lever and a beating degree of 16–18 °SR.

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Chauhan, Poonam, Parakriti Gupta, Komal Chhikara, Kapil Goyal, and Mini P. Singh. "FTA cards for COVID 2019 samples: easy and cost effective innovation!" VirusDisease 32, no. 1 (March 2021): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13337-021-00677-4.

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Fan, Jinghui, Priscilla F. Gerber, Ana Cubas Atienzar, Lysan Eppink, Chong Wang, and Tanja Opriessnig. "Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus RNA detection in different matrices under typical storage conditions in the UK." Veterinary Record 185, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105312.

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In the UK, approximately 40 per cent of the pig breeding herds are outdoors. To monitor their porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) status, blood is collected commonly from piglets around weaning. Sample collection in British outdoor pigs often occurs during the early morning hours when the piglets tend to accumulate inside sheltered areas. For practical reasons, dry cotton swabs are occasionally used for blood collection and stored at room temperature until arrival in the laboratory. Detection of PRRSV RNA is a function of viral concentration, sample type and storage condition. To evaluate a possible impact of the sampling protocol on PRRSV1 detection, experimentally spiked blood samples using three dilutions of a representative PRRSV1 strain were prepared. In addition, blood samples from pigs naturally infected with PRRSV were obtained from a PRRSV-positive British herd. Spiked blood and blood from infected pigs were used to obtain sera, dry or wet (immersed in saline) polyester or cotton swabs and FTA cards. The different samples were stored for 24 hours, 48 hours or 7 days at 4°C or 20°C and tested by a real-time reverse transcriptase PRRSV PCR assay. Under the study conditions, the best matrix was serum (96.7 per cent), followed by wet swabs (78 per cent), dry swabs (61.3 per cent) and FTA cards (51 per cent). Polyester swabs (76 per cent) showed a better performance than cotton swabs (63.3 per cent). The reduction in sensitivity obtained for swabs and FTA cards was particularly high at low viral concentrations. The results indicate that wet polyester swabs should be used whenever possible.

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Tran, Tuan Minh, Jonathan M. Jacobs, Alejandra Huerta, Annett Milling, Jordan Weibel, and Caitilyn Allen. "Sensitive, Secure Detection of Race 3 Biovar 2 and Native U.S. Strains of Ralstonia solanacearum." Plant Disease 100, no. 3 (March 2016): 630–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-14-1327-re.

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Detecting and correctly identifying Ralstonia solanacearum in infected plants is important because the race 3 biovar 2 (R3bv2) subgroup is a high-concern quarantine pathogen, while the related sequevar 7 group is endemic to the southeastern United States. Preventing accidental import of R3bv2 in geranium cuttings demands sensitive detection methods that are suitable for large-volume use both onshore and offshore. However, detection is complicated by frequent asymptomatic latent infections, uneven pathogen distribution within infected plants, pathogen viable-but-not-culturable state, and biosecurity laws that restrict transport of R3bv2 strains for diagnosis. There are many methods to detect R3bv2 strains but their relative utility is unknown, particularly in the realistic context of infected plant hosts. Therefore, we compared the sensitivity, cost, and technical complexity of several assays to detect and distinguish R3bv2 and sequevar 7 strains of R. solanacearum in geranium, tomato, and potato tissue in the laboratory and in naturally infected tomato plants from the field. The sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods in infected geranium tissues was significantly improved by use of Kapa3G Plant, a polymerase with enhanced performance in the presence of plant inhibitors. R3bv2 cells were killed within 60 min of application to Whatman FTA(R) nucleic acid-binding cards, suggesting that samples on FTA cards can be safely transported for diagnosis. Overall, culture enrichment followed by dilution plating was the most sensitive detection method (101 CFU/ml) but it was also most laborious. Conducting PCR from FTA cards was faster, easier, and sensitive enough to detect approximately 104 CFU/ml, levels similar to those found in latently infected geranium plants.

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Skonieczna, Katarzyna, Jan Styczyński, Anna Krenska, Mariusz Wysocki, Aneta Jakubowska, and Tomasz Grzybowski. "RNA isolation from bloodstains collected on FTA cards – application in clinical and forensic genetics." Archives of Forensic Medicine and Criminology 4 (2016): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/amsik.2016.66706.

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Galaal, K., M. Meirovitz, R. Hussain, L. Allcroft, N. Sullivan, A. Lopes, and R. J. Edmondson. "The feasibility of storing ovarian tumor cells on databasing paper: establishing a library of ovarian cancer DNA." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 17, no. 1 (January 2007): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00755.x.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of establishing a library of ovarian cancer nucleic acids using paper matrix by: 1) confirming the stability of DNA stored on paper matrix over a prolonged period of time, 2) determining the amount of genetic material required for storage, and 3) establishing the stability of RNA. Tumor tissue from 66 patients with ovarian cancer was collected intraoperatively, frozen, and dissociated with collagenase and trypsin. A cell suspension was then prepared and spotted onto the paper. The numbers of cells that were stored on the paper were counted using a hemocytometer. The cell suspension was serially diluted and spotted on the paper matrix until the minimum cell number that can be stored and produce a PCR product was determined. PCR, STR genotyping and direct sequencing were performed on tissue stored on the paper matrix. FTA® paper was used as RNA template, and RT PCR converted the RNA to cDNA. Ten to 50 mg of ovarian cancer tissue was stored on FTA® paper. We stored 7 × 104 cells on ISOcode® paper and 18 × 104 cells on FTA® and obtained extractable DNA. PCR analysis on cards with DNA stored 18 months ago enabled us to establish the stability of DNA after storage. RNA was stable for 6 months when stored on FTA® cards. Since genetic material is extractable from the paper matrices after passage of time, it could be a suitable medium for the storage of genetic material in cancer tissue banks.

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Taku, Ongeziwe, Tracy L. Meiring, Inger Gustavsson, Keletso Phohlo, Mirta Garcia-Jardon, Zizipho Z. A. Mbulawa, Charles B. Businge, Ulf Gyllensten, and Anna-Lise Williamson. "Acceptability of self- collection for human papillomavirus detection in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): e0241781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241781.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing on vaginal self-collected and cervical clinician-collected specimens shows comparable performance. Self-sampling on FTA cards is suitable for women residing in rural settings or not attending regular screening and increases participation rate in the cervical cancer screening programme. We aimed to investigate and compare high-risk (HR)-HPV prevalence in clinician-collected and self-collected genital specimens as well as two different HPV tests on the clinician collected samples. A total of 737 women were recruited from two sites, a community health clinic (n = 413) and a referral clinic (n = 324) in the Eastern Cape Province. Cervical clinician-collected (FTA cards and Digene transport medium) and vaginal self-collected specimens were tested for HR-HPV using the hpVIR assay (FTA cards) and Hybrid Capture-2 (Digene transport medium). There was no significant difference in HR-HPV positivity between clinician-collected and self-collected specimens among women from the community-based clinic (26.4% vs 27.9%, p = 0.601) or the referral clinic (83.6% vs 79.9%, p = 0.222). HPV16, HPV35, and HPV33/52/58 group were the most frequently detected genotypes at both study sites. Self-sampling for HPV testing received a high positive response of acceptance (77.2% in the community-based clinic and 83.0% in referral clinic). The overall agreement between hpVIR assay and HC-2 was 87.7% (k = 0.754). The study found good agreement between clinician-collected and self-collected genital specimens. Self-collection can have a positive impact on a cervical screening program in South Africa by increasing coverage of women in rural areas, in particular those unable to visit the clinics and women attending clinics where cytology-based programs are not functioning effectively.

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da Cunha Santos, Gilda. "FTA Cards for Preservation of Nucleic Acids for Molecular Assays: A Review on the Use of Cytologic/Tissue Samples." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 142, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2017-0303-ra.

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Context.— Traditional methods for storing histologic and cytologic specimens for future use in molecular assays have consisted of either snap-freezing with cryopreservation or formalin-fixing, paraffin-embedding the samples. Although snap-freezing with cryopreservation is recommended for better preservation of nucleic acids, the infrastructure and space required for archiving impose challenges for high-volume pathology laboratories. Cost-effective, long-term storage at room temperature; relatively easy shipment; and standardized handling can be achieved with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples, but formalin fixation induces fragmentation and chemical modification of nucleic acids. Advances in next-generation sequencing platforms, coupled with an increase in diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive molecular biomarkers have created a demand for high-quality nucleic acids. To address issues of the quality of nucleic acid and logistics in sample acquisition, alternatives for specimen preservation and long-term storage have been described and include novel universal tissue fixatives, stabilizers, and technologies. Objective.— To collect, retrieve, and review information from studies describing the use of nucleic acids recovered from cytologic/tissue specimens stored on Flinders Technology Associates (FTA, GE Whatman, Maidstone, Kent, United Kingdom) cards for downstream molecular applications. Data Sources.— An electronic literature search in the PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Maryland) database allowed the selection of manuscripts addressing the use of FTA cards for storage of cytologic samples for molecular analysis. Only articles published in English were retrieved. Conclusions.— The use of FTA cards is a versatile method for fostering multicenter, international collaborations and clinical trials that require centralized testing, long-distance shipment, and high-quality nucleic acids for molecular techniques. Studies with controlled temperature are required to test the quality of recovered RNA after long-term storage.

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Keck, Hanna, Michael Eschbaumer, Martin Beer, and Bernd Hoffmann. "Comparison of Biosafety and Diagnostic Utility of Biosample Collection Cards." Viruses 14, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 2392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14112392.

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Six different biosample collection cards, often collectively referred to as FTA (Flinders Technology Associates) cards, were compared for their ability to inactivate viruses and stabilize viral nucleic acid for molecular testing. The cards were tested with bluetongue virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), small ruminant morbillivirus (peste des petits ruminants virus), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), encompassing non-enveloped and enveloped representatives of viruses with double-stranded and single-stranded RNA genomes, as well as an enveloped DNA virus. The cards were loaded with virus-containing cell culture supernatant and tested after one day, one week, and one month. The inactivation of the RNA viruses was successful for the majority of the cards and filters. Most of them completely inactivated the viruses within one day or one week at the latest, but the inactivation of LSDV presented a greater challenge. Three of the six cards inactivated LSDV within one day, but the others did not achieve this even after an incubation period of 30 days. Differences between the cards were also evident in the stabilization of nucleic acid. The amount of detectable viral genome on the cards remained approximately constant for all viruses and cards over an incubation period of one month. With some cards, however, a bigger loss of detectable nucleic acid compared with a directly extracted sample was observed. Using FMDV, it was confirmed that the material applied to the cards was sufficiently conserved to allow detailed molecular characterization by sequencing. Furthermore, it was possible to successfully recover infectious FMDV by chemical transfection from some cards, confirming the preservation of full-length RNAs.

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Stangegaard, Michael, Claus Børsting, Laura Ferrero-Miliani, Rune Frank-Hansen, Lena Poulsen, Anders J. Hansen, and Niels Morling. "Evaluation of Four Automated Protocols for Extraction of DNA from FTA Cards." Journal of Laboratory Automation 18, no. 5 (October 2013): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2211068213484472.

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Wong, Hang Yee, Eng Seng Simon Lim, and Wai Fun Tan-Siew. "Amplification volume reduction on DNA database samples using FTA™ Classic Cards." Forensic Science International: Genetics 6, no. 2 (March 2012): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.04.008.

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Green, Henrik, Andreas Tillmar, Gisela Pettersson, and Kerstin Montelius. "The use of FTA cards to acquire DNA profiles from postmortem cases." International Journal of Legal Medicine 133, no. 6 (February 12, 2019): 1651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02015-2.

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Al-Kzayer, Lika'a Fasih Y., Kazuo Sakashita, Kazuyuki Matsuda, Salma Abbas Al-Hadad, Mazin Faisal Al-Jadiry, Wisam Majeed Abed, Jaafar M. H. Abdulkadhim, et al. "Genetic evaluation of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Iraq using FTA cards." Pediatric Blood & Cancer 59, no. 3 (January 11, 2012): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pbc.24055.

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Abosrer, Fadila, Giulia Pezzoni, Emiliana Brocchi, Anna Castelli, Stefano Baselli, Santina Grazioli, Hafsa Madani, Elfurgani Kraim, Abdunaser Dayhum, and Ibrahim Eldaghayes. "FTA Cards as a Rapid Tool for Collection and Transport of Infective Samples: Experience with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Libya." Animals 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223198.

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral disease, widespread and highly contagious, that mainly affects cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals. FMD can lead to high economic losses due to the reduction in animal production such as a drop in milk production, loss of body weight, and a high mortality rate in young ruminants. Sixteen samples were collected from animals showing typical clinical signs of FMD during the last FMD outbreak in Libya in 2018–2019. Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards impressed with blood, swabs, or vesicular epithelium samples were shipped to the WOAH FMD reference laboratory in Brescia, Italy, and tested for the detection of FMD viruses. Nucleic acids were extracted from the FTA cards, and molecular testing based on real-time RT-PCR assays was carried out, of which one was specifically designed for the detection of the FMD virus of serotype O, topotype O/East Africa-3 (O/EA-3), that was further confirmed by a sequence analysis of the VP1 gene. The phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene showed a nucleotide identity of more than 99% between the virus circulating in Libya and the FMD virus strains isolated in Algeria in 2019.

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Fujii, Koji, Tetsushi Kitayama, Hiroaki Nakahara, Natsuko Mizuno, and Kazumasa Sekiguchi. "Degree of Cross-Contamination During the Punching of FTA Cards for STR Typing." Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology 16, no. 1 (2011): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3408/jafst.16.67.

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Burgos, G., R. Flores-Espinoza, V. A. Ruiz-Pozo, and I. Villacrés Granda. "Efficient preservation of DNA extracted from blood in FTA cards by Chelex method." Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 7, no. 1 (December 2019): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.10.082.

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Yan, Wei, Zhongyuan Shen, Xudong Tang, Li Xu, Qianlong Li, Yajie Yue, Shengyan Xiao, and Xuliang Fu. "Detection of Nosema bombycis by FTA Cards and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)." Current Microbiology 69, no. 4 (June 4, 2014): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-014-0619-3.

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Børsting, C., and N. Morling. "Multiple displacement amplification of blood and saliva samples placed on FTA® cards." International Congress Series 1288 (April 2006): 716–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2005.11.043.

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Le Clec'h, Winka, Frédéric D. Chevalier, Marina McDew-White, Fiona Allan, Bonnie L. Webster, Anouk N. Gouvras, Safari Kinunghi, et al. "Whole genome amplification and exome sequencing of archived schistosome miracidia." Parasitology 145, no. 13 (May 28, 2018): 1739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000811.

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AbstractAdult schistosomes live in the blood vessels and cannot easily be sampled from humans, so archived miracidia larvae hatched from eggs expelled in feces or urine are commonly used for population genetic studies. Large collections of archived miracidia on FTA cards are now available through the Schistosomiasis Collection at the Natural History Museum (SCAN). Here we describe protocols for whole genome amplification of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosome haematobium miracidia from these cards, as well as real time PCR quantification of amplified schistosome DNA. We used microgram quantities of DNA obtained for exome capture and sequencing of single miracidia, generating dense polymorphism data across the exome. These methods will facilitate the transition from population genetics, using limited numbers of markers to population genomics using genome-wide marker information, maximising the value of collections such as SCAN.

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Kriegshäuser, G., A. Berndt, D. Alpar, and C. Oberkanins. "W101 Stable preservation of SARS-COV-2 RNA from gargle samples on FTA cards." Clinica Chimica Acta 530 (May 2022): S320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2022.04.839.

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Rodiño, Jenniffer M., Yudy A. Aguilar, Zulma Vanessa Rueda, and Lázaro A. Vélez. "Usefulness of FTA® cards as aPneumocystis-DNA extraction method in bronchoalveolar lavage samples." Infectious Diseases 48, no. 5 (January 21, 2016): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/23744235.2015.1129550.

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Pezzoli, N., M. Silvy, A. Woronko, T. Le Treut, A. Lévy-Mozziconacci, D. Reviron, J. Gabert, and C. Picard. "Quantification of mixed chimerism by real time PCR on whole blood-impregnated FTA cards." Leukemia Research 31, no. 9 (September 2007): 1175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2006.09.004.

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Barth, Heidi, Adrien Morel, Christiane Mougin, Gerlinde Averous, Michèle Legrain, Muriel Fender, Simone Risch, et al. "Long-term storage and safe retrieval of human papillomavirus DNA using FTA elute cards." Journal of Virological Methods 229 (March 2016): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.12.010.

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Ward, Ashlee, Geoff Hide, and Robert Jehle. "Skin swabs with FTA® cards as a dry storage source for amphibian DNA." Conservation Genetics Resources 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2018): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-018-1018-z.

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Walker, Rosie M., Louise MacGillivray, Sarah McCafferty, Nicola Wrobel, Lee Murphy, Shona M. Kerr, Stewart W. Morris, et al. "Assessment of dried blood spots for DNA methylation profiling." Wellcome Open Research 4 (March 6, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15136.1.

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Background: DNA methylation reflects health-related environmental exposures and genetic risk, providing insights into aetiological mechanisms and potentially predicting disease onset, progression and treatment response. An increasingly recognised need for large-scale, longitudinally-profiled samples collected world-wide has made the development of efficient and straightforward sample collection and storage procedures a pressing issue. An alternative to the low-temperature storage of EDTA tubes of venous blood samples, which are frequently the source of the DNA used in such studies, is to collect and store at room temperature blood samples using purpose built filter paper, such as Whatman FTA® cards. Our goal was to determine whether DNA stored in this manner can be used to generate DNA methylation profiles comparable to those generated using blood samples frozen in EDTA tubes. Methods: DNA methylation profiles were obtained from matched EDTA tube and Whatman FTA® card whole-blood samples from 62 Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study participants using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Multiple quality control procedures were implemented, the relationship between the two sample types assessed, and epigenome-wide association studies (EWASs) performed for smoking status, age and the interaction between these variables and sample storage method. Results: Dried blood spot (DBS) DNA methylation profiles were of good quality and DNA methylation profiles from matched DBS and EDTA tube samples were highly correlated (mean r = 0.991) and could distinguish between participants. EWASs replicated established associations for smoking and age, with no evidence for moderation by storage method. Conclusions: Our results support the use of Whatman FTA® cards for collecting and storing blood samples for DNA methylation profiling. This approach is likely to be particularly beneficial for large-scale studies and those carried out in areas where freezer access is limited. Furthermore, our results will inform consideration of the use of newborn heel prick DBSs for research use.

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Marek, Martin, Miloslav Zouhar, Ondřej Douda, Marie Maňasová, and Pavel Ryšánek. "Exploitation of FTA Cartridges for the Sampling, Long-Term Storage, and DNA-Based Analyses of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes." Phytopathology® 104, no. 3 (March 2014): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-13-0067-r.

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The use of DNA-based analyses in molecular plant nematology research has dramatically increased over recent decades. Therefore, the development and adaptation of simple, robust, and cost-effective DNA purification procedures are required to address these contemporary challenges. The solid-phase-based approach developed by Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) has been shown to be a powerful technology for the preparation of DNA from different biological materials, including blood, saliva, plant tissues, and various human and plant microbial pathogens. In this work, we demonstrate, for the first time, that this FTA-based technology is a valuable, low-cost, and time-saving approach for the sampling, long-term archiving, and molecular analysis of plant-parasitic nematodes. Despite the complex structure and anatomical organization of the multicellular bodies of nematodes, we report the successful and reliable DNA-based analysis of nematode high-copy and low-copy genes using the FTA technology. This was achieved by applying nematodes to the FTA cards either in the form of a suspension of individuals, as intact or pestle-crushed nematodes, or by the direct mechanical printing of nematode-infested plant tissues. We further demonstrate that the FTA method is also suitable for the so-called “one-nematode-assay”, in which the target DNA is typically analyzed from a single individual nematode. More surprisingly, a time-course experiment showed that nematode DNA can be detected specifically in the FTA-captured samples many years after initial sampling occurs. Collectively, our data clearly demonstrate the applicability and the robustness of this FTA-based approach for molecular research and diagnostics concerning phytonematodes; this research includes economically important species such as the stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci), the sugar beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii), and the Northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla).

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Mulenga, Gloria M., Boniface Namangala, Kalinga Chilongo, Chrisborn Mubamba, Kyoko Hayashida, Lars Henning, and Bruce Gummow. "Challenges in the Diagnostic Performance of Parasitological and Molecular Tests in the Surveillance of African Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Zambia." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020068.

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African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) control programs rely on active case detection through the screening of animals reared in disease endemic areas. This study compared the application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microscopy in the detection of trypanosomes in cattle blood in Mambwe, a rural district in eastern Zambia. Blood samples were collected from 227 cattle and tested for infection with trypanosomes using microscopy and Ribosomal RNA Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS)-PCR. Microscopy on the buffy coat detected 17 cases, whilst thin and thick smears detected 26 cases and 28 cases, respectively. In total, microscopy detected 40 cases. ITS-PCR-filter paper (FP) on blood spots stored on FP detected 47 cases, and ITS-PCR-FTA on blood spots stored on Whatman FTA Classic cards detected 83 cases. Using microscopy as the gold standard, ITS-PCR-FTA had a better specificity (SP) and sensitivity (SE) (SP = 72.2%; SE = 77.5%; kappa = 0.35) than ITS-PCR-FP (SP = 88%; SE = 60%; kappa = 0.45). The prevalence of Trypanosoma brucei s.l. was higher on ITS-PCR-FTA (19/227) than on ITS-PCR-FP (0/227). Our results illustrate the complexities around trypanosomiasis surveillance in rural Africa and provide evidence of the impact that field conditions and staff training can have on diagnostic results, which in turn impact the success of tsetse and trypanosomiasis control programs in the region.

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Prétet, Jean-Luc, Alice Baraquin, Christine Soret, Julie Rousselot, Gerlinde Averous, Muriel Fender, Christiane Mougin, and Jean-Jacques Baldauf. "Successful retrieval of human papillomavirus DNA after a 4.5 year storage on FTA elute cards." Journal of Virological Methods 296 (October 2021): 114218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114218.

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Lema, Carolina, Kendra Kohl-White, Laurie R. Lewis, and Dat D. Dao. "Optimized pH Method for DNA Elution from Buccal Cells Collected in Whatman FTA® Cards." Genetic Testing 10, no. 2 (June 2006): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gte.2006.10.126.

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Chen, C., K. Chi, and A. Pillay. "O18.1 Molecular Techniques For Differentiation of theT. PallidumSubspecies and Specimen Collection with FTA Elute Cards." Sexually Transmitted Infections 89, Suppl 1 (July 2013): A60.3—A60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0185.

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McClure, Matthew C., Stephanie D. McKay, Robert D. Schnabel, and Jeremy F. Taylor. "Assessment of DNA extracted from FTA® cards for use on the Illumina iSelect BeadChip." BMC Research Notes 2, no. 1 (2009): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-2-107.

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Grund, Elisabeth, Omar Darissa, and Günter Adam. "Application of FTA®Cards to Sample Microbial Plant Pathogens for PCR and RT-PCR." Journal of Phytopathology 158, no. 11-12 (May 5, 2010): 750–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01695.x.

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