Journal articles: 'FTA diagram'

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Jiang, Wei, and Wei Han. "Analysis of “2·28” KEEPER Chemical Industries Hazardous Chemical Explosion Accident Based on FTA and HFACS." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 2151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102151.

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On 28 February 2012, a guanidine nitrate explosion occurred at HEBEI KEEPER Chemical Industries Co., Ltd., China, resulting in 25 deaths, with 4 missing individuals and 46 injured. In order to explore the causal relationship hidden behind this accident, fault tree analysis (FTA) and the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) were used to systematically analyze the incident. Firstly, FTA was used to analyze the causes of the accident in depth, until all the basic causal events causing the guanidine nitrate explosion were identified, and a fault tree diagram of the guanidine nitrate explosion was drawn. Secondly, for the unsafe acts in the basic causal events, the HFACS model was used to analyze the three levels of factors that lead to unsafe acts, including the preconditions for unsafe acts, unsafe supervision, and organizational influences. Finally, based on the analysis results of FTA and HFACS, a complete logic diagram of the causes of the accident was obtained. The FTA and HFACS accident analysis methods allowed for the identification of human factors and the accident evolution process in the explosion accident and provide a reference for accident investigation.

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Libošvárová, Adriána, and Peter Schreiber. "Optimization of Technical System by Using FTA and Genetic Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 693 (December 2014): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.693.135.

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The main aim of the paper lies in providing a proposal of technical system optimization in terms of maximizing its reliability when a certain sum of maintenance costs is given, or minimizing maintenance costs to achieve the defined reliability. The technical system is analyzed using the method called fault tree analysis (FTA) and the final diagram is represented by a tree structure. At the top of the diagram, there is an undesired event which represents the system failure. This top event is analyzed and branched into several other events in order to obtain all possible faults of system elements and their combinations which lead to the system failure. Each primary event contains basic information as minimal and maximal reliability and the corresponding maintenance costs. As a result, it is possible to calculate the total probability of system failure, respectively to its reliability, and the total costs needed to ensure the required system reliability. Genetic algorithms are used and applied in the diagram created by FTA. The paper contains the whole proposal of using a genetic algorithm in order to optimize costs and system reliability on the basis of defined conditions. The described proposal is implemented within a functional application and then tested using real data. The results form an integral part of this paper.

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Fei, Shuai, Xiangdong Li, and Yali Fan. "Safety evaluation for bridge crane based on FTA and AHP." MATEC Web of Conferences 207 (2018): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820703014.

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Starting from the development status of the lifting machinery industry, this paper analyzes the data about safety accidents of bridge cranes, and identifies the assessment indicators affecting the safety performance of bridge cranes based on fault tree analysis (FTA), including fatigue factors, human factors, environmental factors, and management factors. Then, the weights of safety evaluation indicators are determined based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Finally, the safety evaluation system is established and demonstrated with use case diagram and role flow chart.

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Fazlollahtabar, Hamed, and Seyed Taghi Akhavan Niaki. "Integration of fault tree analysis, reliability block diagram and hazard decision tree for industrial robot reliability evaluation." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 44, no. 6 (October 16, 2017): 754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-06-2017-0103.

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Purpose This paper aims to conduct a comprehensive fault tree analysis (FTA) on the critical components of industrial robots. This analysis is integrated with the reliability block diagram (RBD) approach to investigate the robot system reliability. Design/methodology/approach For practical implementation, a particular autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) system was first modeled. Then, FTA was adopted to model the causes of failures, enabling the probability of success to be determined. In addition, RBD was used to simplify the complex system of the AGV for reliability evaluation purpose. Findings Hazard decision tree (HDT) was configured to compute the hazards of each component and the whole AGV robot system. Through this research, a promising technical approach was established, allowing decision-makers to identify the critical components of AGVs along with their crucial hazard phases at the design stage. Originality/value As complex systems have become global and essential in today’s society, their reliable design and determination of their availability have turned into very important tasks for managers and engineers. Industrial robots are examples of these complex systems that are being increasingly used for intelligent transportation, production and distribution of materials in warehouses and automated production lines.

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Ye, Shi Feng, Dong Xiang Chen, Tai Yong Wang, and Dan Wang. "Petri Nets in the Emu Pantograph Application of Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 1385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.1385.

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This paper presents the fault mode and barb causality diagram of the pantograph of the emu, by settling and counting fault information of the pantograph. And fault analysis of the pantograph is used to establish the fault tree. The Petri net model of the pantograph is simplified on the base of the principle of duality and resorption by combining the modeling theory of Petri net and the fault tree. The minimum cut set is obtained by solving the above simplified model with incidence matrix. Compared to common solution of the fault tree, this integrated model efficiently simplifies computation of complicated fault tree. The method raised here saves the time of computation which increases the efficiency of analysis, and improves the accuracy of fault diagnosis.

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Fazlollahtabar, Hamed, and Seyed Taghi Akhavan Niaki. "Fault Tree Analysis for Reliability Evaluation of an Advanced Complex Manufacturing System." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 17, no. 01 (March 2018): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686718500075.

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In this paper, minimal paths and cuts technique is developed to handle fault tree analysis (FTA) on the critical components of industrial robots. This analysis is integrated with the reliability block diagram (RBD) approach in order to investigate the robot system reliability. The model is implemented in a complex advanced manufacturing system having autonomous guided vehicles (AGVs) as material handling devices. FTA grants cause and effects and hierarchical properties to the model. On the other hand, RBD simplifies the complex system of the AGVs for reliability evaluation. The results show that due to the filtering of the paths in a manufacturing system for AGVs, the reliability is highly dependent on the mostly occupied paths by AGVs. The failure probability for the AGV is considered to follow the exponential probability distribution and thus the whole system reliability using minimal paths and cuts method is obtained 0.8741.

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Antonov, A. V., E. Yu Galivets, V. A. Chepurko, and A. N. Cherniaev. "Fault tree analysis in the R programming environment. Treatmentof common cause failures." Dependability 18, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2018-18-3-3-9.

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Aim. This paper is the continuation of [1] that proposes using the R programming language for fault tree analysis (FTA). In [1], three examples are examined: fault tree (FT) calculation per known probabilities, dynamic FT calculation per known distributions of times to failure for a system’selements. In the latter example, FTA is performed for systems with elements that are described by different functional and service models. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is one of the primary methods of dependability analysis of complex technical systems. This process often utilizes commercial software tools like Saphire, Risk Spectrum, PTC Windchill Quality, Arbitr, etc. Practically each software tool allows calculating the dependability of complex systems subject to possible common cause failures (CCF). CCF are the associated failures of a group of several elements that occur simultaneously or within a short time interval (i.e. almost simultaneously) due to one common cause (e.g. a sudden change in the climatic service conditions, flooding of the premises, etc.). An associated failure is a multiple failure of several system elements, of which the probability cannot be expressed simply as the product of the probabilities of unconditional failures of individual elements. There are several generally accepted models used in CCF probability calculation: the Greek letters model, the alpha, beta factor models, as well as their variations. The beta factor model is the most simple in terms of associated failures simulation and further dependability calculation. The other models involve combinatorial search associated events in a group of n events, that becomes labor-consuming if the number n is large. Therefore, in the above software tools there are some restrictions on the n, beyond which the probability of CCF is calculated approximately. In the current R FaultTree package version there are no above CCF models, therefore all associated failures have to be simulated manually, which is not complicated if the number of associated events is small, as well as useful in terms of understanding the various CCF models. In this paper, for the selected diagram a detailed analysis of the procedure of associated failures simulation is performed for alpha and beta factor models. The Purposeof this paper consists in the detailed analysis of the alpha and beta factor methods for a certain diagram, in the demonstration of fault tree creation procedure taking account of ССF using R’s FaultTree package. Methods. R’s FaultTree scripts were used for the calculations and FTA capabilities demonstration.Conclusions. Two examples are examined in detail. In the first example, for the selected block diagram that contains two groups of elements subject to associated failures, the alpha factor model is applied. In the second example, the beta factor model is applied. The deficiencies of the current version of FaultTree package are identified. Among the main drawbacks we should indicate the absence of some basic logical gates.

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Gong, Jian Chun, Deng Rong Zhou, Zong Biao Lu, and Zhong Fa Mao. "Based on the FTA of Electronic-Control Engine Start Fault Diagnosis Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.871.

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Based on the analysis and the induction of electronic control fuel injection engine common failure which can't start, and according to the engine’s working principle and failure mechanism, established the electronic control fuel injection engine’s fault tree, and having made qualitative analysis about the working reliability of the engine by using the fault tree analysis method. This paper offered the electronic control fuel injection engine’s failure form which can’t start in classification, discussed the process of establishing the fault tree at length, even built and mapped the engine’s fault tree which can’t start; According to the natural gas compressor’s fault tree diagram, and applying the descending method to get the fault’s minimal cut sets. By making qualitative analysis, finding out the main influence factors of failure, and putting forward quite perfect methods of removing fault, which providing electronic fuel injection engine maintenance with the beneficial reference.

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Syahabuddin, Agus, and Marjuki Zulziar. "Analisis Defect Produk Viro Core Collection dengan Metode Fault Tree Analysis, Analisis Faktor dan Perbandingan." Jurnal INTECH Teknik Industri Universitas Serang Raya 7, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/intech.v7i1.2695.

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PT. Polymindo Permata adalah perusahaan ekstrusi plastik yang memproduksi rotan sintetis. Salah satu produk fast moving andalannya adalah Viro Core Collection (VCC) yang menyumbang 50% dari total order. Defect produk VCC masih jauh lebih tinggi dari target 3%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan mengurangi waste dengan pendekatan sistematis menggunakan metode Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), analisis faktor dan analisis perbandingan. Hasil diagram Pareto menunjukan penyebab cacat tertinggi adalah warna belang mencapai 23.24 % dari total produk cacat. Hasil analisis FTA dan analisis faktor diketahui faktor penyebab defect warna belang disebabkan karena metode mixing material untuk mesin Co-extruder setiap Setter yang berbeda-beda, ekstrusi material IHMB menggunakan mesin Single Screw Extruder, sistem mesin Co-extruder tidak berfungsi maksimal, dan Heater tidak berfungsi maksimal. Setelah improvement diterapkan kemudian dilakukan analisis perbandingan Independent-Sample T-Test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode mixing material untuk mesin Co-extruder setiap Setter yang berbeda-beda sebelum ada SOP dibanding setelah ada SOP berbeda signifikan, sehingga faktor ini adalah paling dominan untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan menurunkan defect.

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Gangga Putra Mahardika, Agus Tjahjono, and Sumardi. "IDENTIFIKASI PENYEBAB RUSAKNYA HEAVY LIQUID CHAMBER PADA LO PURIFIER MITSUBISHI SJ25T DI MV. JINGU DENGAN METODE FTA." Dinamika Bahari 7, no. 2 (May 31, 2017): 1662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46484/db.v7i2.43.

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Minyak lumas merupakan kebutuhan yang sangat penting dalam pengoperasian permesinan di kapal baik untuk Mesin Induk maupun permesinan bantu. Maka dari itu sebagian besar kapal niaga dilengkapi dengan pesawat yang dapat menjaga kualitas minyak lumas yang disebut Lube Oil Purifier. Dimana pesawat ini fungsinya untuk membersihkan kotoran maupun kandungan air pada minyak lumas dengan proses purifikasi. Dalam penelitian ini penulis mempunyai beberapa masalah yang menjadi tujuan penulisan: faktor penyebab rusaknya heavy liquid chamber pada Lube Oil Purifier pada saat beroperasi, penilaian dengan metode FTA terhadap pencegahan terjadinya trouble pada Purifier saat beroperasi, dan langkah yang harus dilakukan jika mendeteksi abnormalitas pada purifier untuk mencegah kerusakan Lube Oil Purifier tersebut. Agar faktor yang dapat menyebabkan rusaknya heavy liquid chamber pada Lube Oil Purifier dan pencegahan terjadinya trouble serta kerusakan dapat diketahui maka dalam karya tulis ini penulis menggunakan analisa dengan metode Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). Metode FTA digunakan dalam menganalisa kejadian kegagalan dalam sistem. Metode FTA dapat didefinisikan sebagai analisa untuk mencari penyebab terjadinya masalah dari masalah puncak hingga menuju akar permasalahan menggunakan diagram pohon kegagalan dengan tujuan mencari faktor terkecil baik dari mesin maupun manusia yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya suatu kegagalan tersebut. Dari hasil penelitian menggunakan metode FTA maka didapatkan faktor yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada heavy liquid chamber dan trouble yang terjadi pada Lube Oil Purifier. Maka perawatan dan perbaikan pada setiap komponen perlu lebih diperhatikan, hal tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan mengikuti sistem perawatan berencana yang terdapat di setiap kapal yang telah ditentukan oleh perusahaan berdasarkan kebijakan perusahaan, instruction book dan makers. Selain itu pengawasan pada Lube Oil Purifier yang sedang beroperasi juga diperlukan untuk memantau kondisi pengoperasian. Pada kesimpulan dan saran dikemukakan tentang pentingnya mengadakan perawatan dan pemeriksaan secara rutin terhadap semua bagian yang beresiko menimbulkan trouble dan kerusakan pada Lube Oil Purifier. Bila didapati adanya trouble pada pengoperasian Lube Oil Purifier maka pengoperasian harus segera dihentikan dan dilakukan pengecekan.

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Libošvárová, Adriána, Peter Schreiber, and Oliver Moravčik. "Optimizing Maintenance Costs/Reliability of Technical System Using Genetic Algorithms." Applied Mechanics and Materials 421 (September 2013): 878–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.421.878.

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The main goal of the paper is to provide a drawn up methodic for proposal of technical system optimization in terms of maximizing its reliability at given sum of financial costs or minimizing finance to achieve set reliability. The system reliability, respectively causal relationships between system failures and its elements faults are analyzed and illustrated by using special method called fault tree analysis (FTA) and technical system is represented by fault trees. Subsequently, the genetic algorithms are appropriately applied on the constructed diagram. The part of this paper is the proposal and description of individual steps of genetic algorithm in order to optimize fault tree analysis.

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Andrews, J. D., and L. M. Ridley. "Reliability of sequential systems using the cause—consequence diagram method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 215, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440890121500304.

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In many industrial systems, where safety is of the utmost importance, it is necessary that expedient tools for accident analysis are available and employed at the design stage. Such tools must be able to handle large systems in a systematic way and display the factors that are of vital importance for the functionality of the system. The technique of fault tree analysis (FTA) is commonly used to assess the failure probability of such systems. The fault tree represents the failure logic of the system in an inverted tree structure and has the advantage that it provides very good documentation of the way the failure logic was developed. Conventional fault tree quantification requires a number of assumptions regarding the system. One of these is that the basic events in the tree occur independently. This condition is not satisfied when sequential failures are encountered. Employing alternative methods, such as Markov methods, can result in the loss of the documentation that represents the failure logic of the system. The cause-consequence diagram method is a tool that, like fault tree analysis, documents the failure logic but has the extra capability enabling the analysis of systems subject to sequential failures. In addition, the cause-consequence diagram identifies the complete set of system responses to any given initiating event. This paper is concerned with the cause-consequence diagram method and its application to sequentially operating systems. It extends previous work by providing more rigorous guidelines to enable the construction of the diagram and an analysis methodology that can be used when dependencies exist between the events featured in the decision boxes. A new symbol distinguishing between events that exist at a specified point in time and those that occur at that time is introduced to facilitate the analysis.

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Ma, J., and F. Duan. "Application of GO methodology in reliability analysis of aircraft flap hydraulic system." Aeronautical Journal 124, no. 1272 (December 20, 2019): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2019.152.

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ABSTRACTThe Goal-Oriented methodology (GO methodology) is an effective method for the reliability analysis of complex systems. It is especially suitable for the reliability analysis of multi-state complex systems containing the actual logistics, such as current, airflow and liquid flow. In order to solve the limitation that the GO methodology is not suitable for the reliability analysis of the system with feedback loop, the Boolean algebra idea is introduced to construct the Boolean operation formula of the feedback loop. In this paper, a certain type of civil aircraft flap hydraulic system with feedback loop is taken as the research object. According to the structural schematic diagram of the flap hydraulic system, the GO model of the flap hydraulic system is established. Next, the GO calculation is carried out to obtain the reliability of the flap hydraulic system. The comparison between the system reliability without feedback loop and that with feedback loop proves that the GO methodology with feedback loop is more accurate. The reliability of the system is analyzed by using the fault tree analysis (FTA) method, and the GO methodology with feedback loop is compared with the FTA method to verify the availability and correctness of the GO methodology in the reliability analysis and safety evaluation of aircraft flap hydraulic system.

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Shafiee, Mahmood, Evenye Enjema, and Athanasios Kolios. "An Integrated FTA-FMEA Model for Risk Analysis of Engineering Systems: A Case Study of Subsea Blowout Preventers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 21, 2019): 1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061192.

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Engineering systems such as energy production facilities, aviation systems, maritime vessels, etc. continue to grow in size and complexity. This growth has made the identification, quantification and mitigation of risks associated with the failure of such systems so complicated. To solve this problem, several advanced techniques such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Reliability-Block Diagram (RBD), Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM), Monte-Carlo Simulation (MCS), Markov Analysis (MA) and Bayesian Networks (BN) have been developed in the literature. In order to improve the strengths and eliminate the drawbacks of classical techniques, some hybrid models have been recently developed. In this paper, an integrated FTA and FMEA model is proposed for risk analysis of safety-critical systems. Minimal cut sets derived from the fault trees are weighted based on Birnbaum’s measure of importance and then the weights are used to revise Risk Priority Numbers (RPNs) obtained from the use of traditional FMEA techniques. The proposed model is applied to a Blowout Preventer (BOP) system operating under erratic and extreme conditions in a subsea oil and gas field. Though those failures caused by kill valves and hydraulic lines remain among the top risks in the BOP system, significant differences are revealed in risk rankings when the results from the hybrid approach are compared with those obtained from the classical risk analysis methods.

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Pratama, Farid Setia, and Suhartini Suhartini. "ANALISIS KECACATAN PRODUK DENGAN METODE SEVEN TOOLS DAN FTA DENGAN MEMPERTIMBANGKAN NILAI RISIKO DENGAN METODE FMEA." Jurnal SENOPATI : Sustainability, Ergonomics, Optimization, and Application of Industrial Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.senopati.2019.v1i1.534.

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Perkembangan industri pada saat semakin pesat sehingga perusahaan selalu dituntut untuk menghasilkan produk yang berkualitas tinggi dan sesuai dengan fungsinya. Jika kualitas produk sangat baik dan harga terjangkau dipasaran maka konsumen akan tertarik dengan produk tersebut, dan produk tersebut akan mampu bersaing di pasaran Industri manufaktur. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi kecacatan produk paling dominan dari proses produksi plat baja di PT. Jaya Pari Steel Tbk dengan menggunakan metode Seven Tools dan mengetahui dan mengevaluasi potensial kegagalan dari produk di PT. Jaya Pari Steel Tbk dengan menggunakan metode FMEA. metode seven tools dapat mengidentifikasi jumlah dan jenis kecacatan produk plat baja pada PT. Jaya Pari Steel Tbk dilakukan perhitungan menggunakan diagram pareto lalu muncul nilai prosentase tingkat kecacatan yang paling dominan diantaranya laminasi 41% , plat reject 32%, dan plat missroll 24%. metode FMEA dapat mengetahui dan mengevaluasi tingkat kegagalan potensial dengan menentukan nilai RPN yang paling tinggi, nilai RPN yang paling tinggi yaitu 192, 162, dan 120 yang terdapat pada proses 3-high roughing & finishing mill. Dalam analisis FTA dapat mengusulkan perbaikan pada produk jadi, diantaranya meningkatkan quality control terhadap hasil produksi, mengubah produk cacat menjadi produk lain yang mempunyai nilai jual yang tinggi guna mengurangi kerugian yang terjadi, dan memotong produk cacat bila terjadi cacat pada sisi samping supaya dapat dijual lagi kepada konsumen dengan harga seperti produk baru guna mengurangi terjadi kerugian

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Hiraoka, Youji, Katsunari Yamamoto, Tamotsu Murakami, Yoshiyuki Furukawa, Hitoshi Tokunaga, and Hiroyuki Sawada. "Method of Computer-Aided FTA (Fault Tree Analysis) in Reliability Design and Development; Using Knowledge Management Based on Quantity Dimension Indexing and Block Diagram." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 5, no. 1 (April 16, 2012): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0203.

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Riyanto, Agus, and Muhammad Iqbal Rifky. "ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS MESIN-MESIN PEMBUATAN PRODUK ASSP DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS DAN FAULT TREE ANALYSIS DI PT. XYZ." INAQUE: Journal of Industrial & Quality Engineering 7, no. 2 (July 16, 2019): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/iqe.v7i2.1856.

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Semakin meningkatnya permintaan jumlah produk yang diproduksi maka jumlah kebutuhan pasar juga akan ikut meningkat hal ini dikeranakan banyaknya permintaan pelanggan maka proses produksi sangat penting ditingkatkan produktivitas mesin tersebut. Salah satu faktor penting dalam menjalankan suatu usaha produksi yaitu bagaimana perusahaan dapat mengukur dan mempertahankan kinerja mesin dalam kondisi optimal karena mesin adalah alat utama paling penting dalam cara memproses produk. Overall equipment effectiveness merupakan metode yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur suatu efektivitas dari kinerja mesin-mesin secara keseluruhan dengan melakukan perhitungan nilai dari availability, performance dan quality yang ada di perusahaan. Sedangkan fault tree analysis (FTA) yaitu suatu gambaran diagram yang dapat dianalisis dengan mengidentifikasi akar penyebab permasalahan yang mengakibatkan rendahnya nilai OEE tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil dari perhitungan nilai keseluruhan dengan metode overall equipment effectiveness selama tiga bulan pada mesin-mesin pembuatan produk alat suntik yaitu sebesar 84,18% yang dihitung dari ke tiga kebijakan tersebut. Oleh karena itu dilakukan indentifikasi permasalahannya dengan menggunakan fault tree analysis sehingga dapat diketahui faktor-faktor akar penyebab dari rendahnya nilai OEE tersebut. Penyebab rendahnya nilai OEE tersebut ialah dari nilai performane dan quality produk. Untuk performansi yang tidak begitu baik dalam pembuatan produk hal ini dikarenakan tingginya target produksi tidak memperdulikan kondisi mesin yang semakin hari terjadi penurunan kinerja mesin tersebut dan banyak terjadi kesalahan-kesalahan pada operator yang kurang berkonsentrasi pada pekerjaanya. Sedangkan akar penyebab dari quality produk dikarenakan komponen mesin tidak begitu baik dalam memprosesnya sering terjadi kerusakan-kerusakan pada mesin tersebut sehingga produk banyak yang cacat.

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Ильинский, А. В., Р. А. Кастро, М. Э. Пашкевич, and Е. Б. Шадрин. "Диэлектрическая спектроскопия и механизм фазового перехода полупроводник-металл в легированных пленках VO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-:Ge и VO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-:Mg." Физика и техника полупроводников 54, no. 4 (2020): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2020.04.49136.9319.

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Abstract The frequency dependences of the dissipation factor tanδ( f ) and the Cole–Cole diagrams for germanium- and magnesium-doped vanadium-dioxide films in the range of 0.1–10^6 Hz are obtained. Measurements at temperatures between 173–373 K are performed. It is found that, at room temperature, an additional maximum in the tanδ( f ) dependence and an additional semicircle in the Cole–Cole diagram of the VO_2:Ge films as compared with those of undoped films appear at low frequencies. In the VO_2:Mg films, similar additional features in the dielectric spectra are observed at high frequencies. It is shown that the shape of the Cole – Cole diagrams for all the films is almost temperature independent in the mentioned temperature range, while the frequencies f _0 corresponding to the tanδ( f ) maxima increase with temperature. To interpret the dielectric spectroscopy data, a combined equivalent electrical circuit of the film sample is proposed. The mechanisms of the effect of Ge and Mg impurities on the characteristics of the complex Mott–Peierls semiconductor–metal phase transition are established.

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Akpinar, Hatice, and Bekir Sahin. "Strategic management approach for port state control." Maritime Business Review 5, no. 3 (December 19, 2019): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-10-2019-0043.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to fill the gap and apply a fault tree analysis (FTA) in detention lists of Black Sea Region published port state reports from 2005 to 2016. The study analyzes valid records of 2,653 detained ships with 6,374 deficiencies based on a strategic management approach. This paper sets up FTA technique to assess the detention probability of a random ship which calls the Black Sea Region with the help of detention lists published within subject years. Design/methodology/approach This paper is not published elsewhere, and it is based on an original work, which figures out detention probability of a regular ship at Black Sea Region port state control from published lists of Black Sea Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). By utilizing these detention lists, a generic fault tree diagram is drawn. Those probabilities could be used strategically with the most seen deficiencies in the region which all could guide the users, rule makers and the controllers of the maritime system. Findings FTA has conducted based on the data which was collected from website of BS MoU detention lists that published from 2005 to 2016. Those lists have been published on monthly basis from 2011 to 2016 and on quarterly basis from 2005 to 2010. Proper detention records have been included into the research, whereas some missing records were excluded. Subject lists have been harmonized and rearranged according to Black Sea MoU Detention Codes which was published on October 2017 at Black Sea MoU’s website. According to BS MoU Annual Reports, 58,620 ships were inspected from 2005 to 2016 as seen in Table 1. Those ships were inspected by each member country’s PSOs in the light and guidance of predefined selection criteria of the region. Detention frequency of inspected ships detected as 0.103116 which explains any ship that called any port in the Black Sea Region could be 10% detained after inspected by PSO. Also, each intermediate event-calculated frequency enlightens the probabilities of nonconformities of ships. Although those deficiencies show structural safety and security nonconformities, those probabilities also prove us that management side of the ships are not enough to manage and apply a safety culture. By the light of that, ship owners/managers could see the general nonconformities according to regional records and could manage their fleet and each ship as per those necessities. Research limitations/implications In the light of the above analysis, the future research on this subject could be studied on other regions which might enable a benchmark opportunity to users. Also, insurance underwriters have their own reports and publications that could clarify different points of view for merchant mariners and regulators. In this research, FTA is used as a main method to figure out the root causes of the detentions. For future researches, different qualitative and quantitative methods could be used under the direction of subjects. Practical implications Detention frequency of inspected ships detected as 0.103116 which explains any ship that called any port in the Black Sea Region could be 10% detained after inspected by PSO. Also, each intermediate event-calculated frequency enlightens the probabilities of nonconformities of ships. Although those deficiencies show structural safety and security nonconformities, those probabilities also prove us that management side of the ships are not enough to manage and apply safety culture. By the light of that, ship owners/managers could see the general nonconformities according to regional records and could manage their fleet and each ship as per those necessities. Social implications With the nature of carriage, shipping business carry out its essential economic attendance in world trade system via inclusion in national and international transportation. As a catalyst in international trade, shipping itself enables time, place and economic benefits to users (Bosneagu, Coca and Sorescu, 2015). Social and institutional pressures generate shipping industry as one of the most regulated global industries which creates high complexity. Industry evolved to multi-directional structure ranges from international conventions (IMO and ILO) to “supra-national interferences” (EU directives), to regional guidance (MoUs) to national laws (flag states). Ship operators endeavor to adopt/fit its industry environment where rules are obvious. With adaptation of industrial environment, ship operators are able to create an important core competency. Originality/value This study enlightens the most recorded deficiencies and analyzed them with the help of fault three method. These calculated frequencies/probabilities show the most seen nonconformities and the root causes of detentions in the Black Sea Region in which those results will be benefited strategically that enables a holistic point of view that guide the owners/managers, charterers/sellers/shippers, classification societies, marine insurance underwriters, ship investors, third parties, rule makers and the controllers of the system to apply safety culture.

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Пархоменко, Г. П., М. Н. Солован, and П. Д. Марьянчук. "Электрические свойства гетероструктур p-NiO/n-Si на основе наноструктурированного кремния." Физика и техника полупроводников 52, no. 7 (2018): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.07.46041.8609.

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AbstractSilicon nanowires are formed on n -Si substrates by chemical etching. p -NiO/ n -Si heterostructures are fabricated by reactive magnetron sputtering. The energy diagram of anisotype p -NiO/ n -Si heterostructures is constructed according to the Anderson model. The current–voltage and capacitance–voltage characteristics are measured and analyzed. The main current-transport mechanisms through the p -NiO/ n -Si heterojunction under forward and reverse biases are established.

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Трегулов, В. В., В. Г. Литвинов, and А. В. Ермачихин. "Исследование механизмов токопрохождения в гетероструктуре CdS/por-Si/p-Si." Физика и техника полупроводников 52, no. 7 (2018): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.07.46047.8648.

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AbstractThe temperature dependence of the forward and reverse portions of the current–voltage characteristic and the photovoltage spectrum of a CdS/ por -Si/ p -Si semiconductor heterostructure are studied. It is found that the current-flow mechanisms are controlled by generation–recombination processes in the spacecharge region of the por -Si/ p -Si heterojunction, carrier tunneling in the por -Si film, and the model of space-charge-limited currents. A simplified version of the energy-band diagram of the heterostructure under study is proposed.

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Давыдов, С. Ю. "Расширенная модель Холстейна-Хаббарда для эпитаксиального графена на металле." Физика и техника полупроводников 52, no. 2 (2018): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.02.45449.8581.

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AbstractA model that combines the extended Hubbard model involving intra-atomic and interatomic Coulomb repulsion and the Holstein model describing the interaction of a band electron with an Einstein phonon is proposed. Three regions of the phase diagram are considered. The regions correspond to the states of spin- and charge-density waves and the state uniform in spin and charge. Numerical estimations for the Rh, Ir, and Pt substrates show that Coulomb interaction plays a leading part, making possible transitions from the uniform state to the states of spin- and charge-density waves.

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Вихров, С. П., Н. В. Вишняков, В. В. Гудзев, А. В. Ермачихин, Д. В. Жилина, В. Г. Литвинов, А. Д. Маслов, В. Г. Мишустин, Е. И. Теруков, and А. С. Титов. "Исследование глубоких энергетических уровней в солнечном элементе типа HIT." Физика и техника полупроводников 52, no. 7 (2018): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.07.46053.8666.

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AbstractThe results of studying a HIT (heterojunction with an intrinsic thin layer) Ag/ITO/ a -Si:H( p )/ a -Si:H( i )/ c -Si( n )/ a -Si:H( i )/ a -Si:H( n ^+)/ITO/Ag solar cell by the capacitance–voltage characteristic and current deep-level relaxation transient spectroscopy methods are presented. The temperature dependence of the capacitance–voltage characteristics of the HIT structure and deep-energy-level parameters are studied. The results of comprehensive studies by the above methods are used to determine the features of the energy-band diagram of actual HIT structures.

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Давыдов, С. Ю. "Об оценках электронного сродства политипов карбида кремния и разрывов зон в гетеропереходах на их основе." Физика и техника полупроводников 53, no. 5 (2019): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2019.05.47568.8995.

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AbstractTwo different procedures for estimating the electron affinity of SiC polytypes and the interrelation of these procedures with the results of ab initio calculations are discussed. Simple corrections to the Shockley–Anderson rules for the constructions of band diagrams of heterojunctions are proposed.

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Ильинский, А. В., Р. А. Кастро, М. Э. Пашкевич, and Е. Б. Шадрин. "Диэлектрическая спектроскопия и особенности механизма фазового перехода полупроводник-металл в пленках VO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-." Физика и техника полупроводников 54, no. 2 (2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2020.02.48910.9267.

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Abstract In the range of 0.1–10^6 Hz, the temperature-induced transformation of the frequency dependences of the dielectric-loss tangent tanδ( f ) as well as the Cole–Cole diagrams for undoped vanadium-dioxide films are investigated. The measurements are carried out in the temperature range T = 273–373 K. It is shown that the shape of the Cole–Cole diagrams for all films depends slightly on the temperature in the specified interval, while the frequencies f _0 corresponding to the peaks of the function tanδ( f ) increase with temperature. The thermal-hysteresis loops of the frequency positions f _0( T ) of the peaks are measured. When interpreting the data of dielectric spectroscopy, a complex equivalent electrical circuit of the sample is used; it makes it possible to detect the presence of two types of grains with different electrical properties in undoped VO_2 films. The presence of two types of grains determines the features of the semiconductor–metal phase-transition mechanism in VO_2 films.

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Соболев, В. В., and Д. А. Перевощиков. "Оптические переходы в кристаллах ZnSe и CdTe с участием d-зон катионов." Физика и техника полупроводников 52, no. 3 (2018): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.03.45613.8629.

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AbstractThe permittivity spectra ε_1( E ) and ε_2( E ) of ZnSe and CdTe crystals are calculated in the range of 10–25 eV using their experimental reflectance spectra and Kramers–Kronig integral relations. The spectra are decomposed into thirteen and twelve separate transition bands for ZnSe and CdTe, respectively, using the improved nonparametric combined Argand diagram technique. The main spectral parameters, including the maximum energies and halfwidths and oscillator strengths, are determined. The oscillator strengths are found to be within 0.1–1.4 for ZnSe and 0.2–0.7 for CdTe. The obtained ε_2( E ) bands are due to interband and exciton transitions with the involvement of cation core d bands of both crystals under consideration.

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Соломкин, Ф. Ю., А. Ю. Самунин, Н. В. Зайцева, Н. В. Шаренкова, Г. Н. Исаченко, and С. В. Новиков. "Исследование фазового состава интерфейсного слоя, полученного при горячем прессовании Cr и Si." Физика и техника полупроводников 55, no. 12 (2021): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2021.12.51691.03.

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The possibility of synthesizing layers of the medium-temperature thermoelectric CrSi2 by hot pressing of the initial components (Cr and Si) has been investigated. The phase composition of samples obtained by hot pressing of Cr and Si before and after annealing in the region of their contact boundary has been investigated by X-ray analysis. It is shown that, under certain conditions, low-temperature synthesis of a CrSi2 layer with a thickness of 50 to 300 μm is possible at the interface between Cr and Si. The synthesis occurs at a temperature significantly lower than that given in the phase diagram, which opens up new technological possibilities for obtaining the CrSi2 compound.

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Давыдов, С. Ю. "Электрон-электронное и электрон-фононное взаимодействия в графене на полупроводниковой подложке: простые оценки." Физика и техника полупроводников 52, no. 3 (2018): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.03.45621.8658.

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AbstractThe problem of epitaxial graphene formed on a semiconductor substrate is considered in the context of the extended Hubbard and Holstein–Hubbard models for electron–electron and electron–phonon interactions. The Haldane–Anderson model is chosen for the density of states of the substrate. Three regions of the phase diagram, specifically, spin- and charge-density waves and a spin- and charge-homogeneous paramagnetic state are considered. For a number of special cases used as examples, the similarities and differences of the electron states of graphene on semiconductor and metal substrates are demonstrated. It is shown that the main difference arises, if the Dirac point of graphene lies within the band gap of the semiconductor. Numerical estimations are performed for a SiC substrate.

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Силаков, Г. О., О. В. Воловликова, С. А. Гаврилов, А. В. Железнякова, and А. А. Дудин. "Влияние температуры формирования на морфологию por-Si, получаемого методом Pd-стимулированного химического травления." Физика и техника полупроводников 54, no. 8 (2020): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2020.08.49645.9356.

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The process of Pd-assisted chemical etching of silicon in a solution containing HF and H2O2 was studied. The influence of factors such as etching duration and solution temperature on the morphology of the formed layers was investigated. It is shown that in process Pd - assisted etching, Pd nanoparticles remain on the walls and bottom of the pores. Those structures, as was demonstrated in early works, have the property of electro-oxidation of ethanol, which gives grounds to assert that the formed structures are Schottky-type structures. Using the electrochemical equilibrium diagram in the Si-HF system (aq.), a model of Pd-assisted etching was determined. It is shown that the polishing dissolution of Si occurs without the formation of intermediate products (SiO2).

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Joshi, Bhagyashri L., Birgitta I. Zielbauer, and Thomas A. Vilgis. "Comparative Study on Mixing Behavior of Binary Mixtures of Cocoa Butter/Tristearin (CB/TS) and Cocoa Butter/Coconut Oil (CB/CO)." Foods 9, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9030327.

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The comparative study between the mixing behavior of two binary mixtures of cocoa butter (CB)/tristearin (TS) and cocoa butter (CB)/coconut oil (CO) was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC profile for CB/TS blends resulted in a monotectic temperature–concentration (T–X) phase diagram, whereas a phase diagram of eutectic type was observed for CB/CO blends at 65 wt % of CO and 35 wt % CB; this suggests that the eutectic crystal can be formed when the saturated fat (blue = CO) is smaller in size compared to monounsaturated fat (orange = CB), whereas, for similar and larger size (red = TS) to CB, phase separation under crystallization is likely to occur (as shown in the graphical abstract). In order to understand the interaction between the binary systems, the profile of the phase diagram was fitted with Bragg–Williams approximation for estimation of the nonideality mixing parameter. Moreover, the morphology of the two different systems by polarized light microscopy (PLM) also depicted the variations in phase behavior by showing a significant change in CB morphology from spherulitic, grainy to granular and needlelike after the addition of TS and CO, respectively. Our findings emphasize the fundamental understanding of the interaction of bulk fat/fat and fat/oil system.

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Mikoushkin, V. M., V. V. Bryzgalov, S. Yu Nikonov, A. P. Solonitsyna, and D. E. Marchenko. "Composition and band structure of the native oxide nanolayer on the ion beam treated surface of the GaAs wafer." Физика и техника полупроводников 52, no. 5 (2018): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.05.45850.39.

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AbstractDetailed information on GaAs oxide properties is important for solving the problem of passivating and dielectric layers in the GaAs-based electronics. The elemental and chemical compositions of the native oxide layer grown on the atomically clean surface of an n -GaAs (100) wafer etched by Ar^+ ions have been studied by synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy. It has been revealed that the oxide layer is essentially enriched in the Ga_2O_3 phase which is known to be a quite good dielectric as compared to As_2O_3. The gallium to arsenic ratio reaches the value as high as [Ga]/[As] = 1.5 in the course of oxidation. The Ga-enrichment occurs supposedly due to diffusion away of As released in preferential oxidation of Ga atoms. A band diagram was constructed for the native oxide nanolayer on the n -GaAs wafer. It has been shown that this natural nanostructure has features of a p–n heterojunction.

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Брудный, В. Н., М. Д. Вилисова, and Л. Э. Великовский. "Твердые растворы In-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-Al-=SUB=-1-x-=/SUB=-N: проблемы стабильности состава." Физика и техника полупроводников 53, no. 12 (2019): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2019.12.48636.9239.

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Abstract. The phase diagrams and growth conditions of InxAl1-xN solid solutions by magnetron sputtering, molecular beam and gas-phase epitaxy from organometallic compounds are analyzed. Mutual equilibrium solubility in a wide range of compositions of thick layers of this solution is close to zero. Moreover, the presence of elastic misfit stresses for thin InxAl1-xN films narrows the unstable mixing region. Optimization of the growing conditions makes it possible to obtain the homogeneous high-quality InxAl1-xN layers suitable for the production of a barrier layer in an InAlN/GaN HEMT.

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Domański, Tomasz, Wiesława Piekarska, Marcin Kubiak, Zbigniew Saternus, and Dorota Goszczyńska-Króliszewska. "Numerical simulations of progressive hardening by using ABAQUS FEA software." MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815702007.

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The paper concerns numerical simulations of progressive hardening include phase transformations in solid state of steel. Abaqus FEA software is used for numerical analysis of temperature field and phase transformations. Numerical subroutines, written in fortran programming language are used in computer simulations where models of the distribution of movable heat source, kinetics of phase transformations in solid state as well as thermal and structural strain are implemented. Model for evaluation of fractions of phases and their kinetics is based on continuous heating diagram and continuous cooling diagram. The numerical analysis of thermal fields, phase fractions and strain associated progressive hardening of elements made of steel were done.

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Long, James N., and John D. Shaw. "A Density Management Diagram for Even-aged Ponderosa Pine Stands." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/20.4.205.

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Abstract We developed a density management diagram (DMD) for ponderosa pine using Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data. Analysis plots were drawn from all FIA plots in the western United States on which ponderosa pine occurred. A total of 766 plots met the criteria for analysis. Selection criteria were for purity, defined as ponderosa pine basal area ≥80% of plot basal area, and even-agedness, as defined by a ratio between two calculations of stand density index. The DMD is relatively unbiased by geographic area and therefore should be applicable throughout the range of ponderosa pine. The DMD is intended for use in even-aged stands, but may be used for uneven-aged management where a large-group selection system is used. Examples of density management regimes are illustrated, and guidelines for use are provided. West. J. Appl. For. 20(4):205–215.

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Михайлова, М. П., Э. В. Иванов, Л. В. Данилов, Р. В. Левин, И. А. Андреев, Е. В. Куницына, and Ю. П. Яковлев. "Электролюминесценция в гетероструктурах n-GaSb/InAs/ p-GaSb с одиночной квантовой ямой, выращенных методом МОГФЭ." Физика и техника полупроводников 53, no. 1 (2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2019.01.46986.8958.

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AbstractThe electroluminescent characteristics of a type-II n -GaSb/ n -InAs/ p -GaSb heterostructure with a single deep quantum well grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy are investigated. The energy-band diagram of the structure and the positions of the electron and heavy-hole energy levels are calculated. The analysis of the current–voltage characteristics demonstrates that the dark current in the structure under study flows via the tunneling mechanism. Intense electroluminescence characterized by a weak temperature dependence was observed in the spectral range of 3–4 μm at T = 77 and 300 K. The main electroluminescence band ( h ν = 0.40 eV at 77 K) corresponds to direct radiative transitions between electrons from level E _1 in the InAs quantum well and heavy holes from the continuum at the n -GaSb/ n -InAs heterointerface. A low-intensity electroluminescence band at h ν = 0.27 eV ( T = 77 K) originates from indirect (tunneling) transitions from the first electron level in the quantum well to the second level of heavy holes localized in the valence-band “notch” at the n -InAs/ p -GaSb heterointerface.

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Сардарлы, Р. М., А. П. Абдуллаев, Н. А. Алиева, Ф. Т. Салманов, М. Ю. Юсифов, and А. А. Оруджева. "Суперионная проводимость твердых растворов (TlGaSe-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-)-=SUB=-1-x-=/SUB=-(TlInS-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-)-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-." Физика и техника полупроводников 52, no. 10 (2018): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.10.46448.8749.

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AbstractSamples of (TlGaSe_2)_1 – _ x (TlInS_2)_ x solid solutions are synthesized. The frequency dependences (2 × 10^1–10^6 Hz) of components of the total complex impedance are studied by the impedance spectroscopy technique and relaxation processes are investigated depending on the composition of the (TlGaSe_2)_1 – _ x (TlInS_2)_ x solid solution in the solubility region ( x = 0–0.4). Corresponding diagrams on the ( Z ''– Z ') complex plane are analyzed using the equivalent substitutional circuit method. An anomaly in the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity, which manifests itself in an abrupt increase in the conductivity, is found for the studied (TlGaSe_2)_1 – _ x (TlInS_2)_ x solid solution at 400 K. This peculiarity is associated with the phase transition into the superionic state.

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Takahashi, Masakazu, Yunarso Anang, and Yoshimichi Watanabe. "A Safety Analysis Method for Control Software in Coordination with FMEA and FTA." Information 12, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12020079.

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In this study, we proposed a method to improve the safety level of control software (CSW) by managing the CSW’s design information and safety analysis results, and combining failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) and fault tree analysis (FTA). Here, the CSW is developed using structured analysis and design methodology. In the upper stage of the CSW’s development process, as the input of the preliminary design information (data flow diagrams (DFDs) and control flow diagrams (CFDs)), the causes of undesirable events of the CSW are clarified by FMEA, and the countermeasures are reflected in the preliminary design information. In the lower stage of the CSW’s development process, as the inputs of the detailed design information (DFDs and CFDs in the lower level) and programs, the causes of the specific undesirable event are clarified by FTA, and the countermeasures are reflected in the detailed design specifications and programs. The processes are repeated until the impact of undesirable events become the acceptable safety level. By applying the proposed method to the CSW installed into a communication control equipment on the space system, we clarified several undesirable events and adopted adequate countermeasures. Consequently, a safer CSW is developed by applying the proposed method.

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Ignac-Nowicka, Jolanta. "Application of the FTA and ETA Method for Gas Hazard Identification for the Performance of Safety Systems in the Industrial Department." Management Systems in Production Engineering 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mspe-2018-0003.

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Abstract The paper analyzes the conditions of safe use of industrial gas systems and factors influencing gas hazards. Typical gas installation and its basic features have been characterized. The results of gas threat analysis in an industrial enterprise using FTA error tree method and ETA event tree method are presented. Compares selected methods of identifying hazards gas industry with respect to the scope of their use. The paper presents an analysis of two exemplary hazards: an industrial gas catastrophe (FTA) and an explosive gas explosion (ETA). In both cases, technical risks and human errors (human factor) were taken into account. The cause-effect relationships of hazards and their causes are presented in the form of diagrams in the drawings.

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Gavira Durón, Nora, Ana Lorena Jiménez Preciado, and Einar Moreno Quezada. "Dinámica del sistema afianzador de México: una aplicación de diagramas de fase." Contaduría y Administración 64, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fca.24488410e.2018.1599.

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<p>A partir de la implementación de Solvencia II en México, se generó un cambio significativo en la normatividad para aseguradoras y afianzadoras, lo que implicó incremento en sus costos y gastos, en particular para el sector afianzador, ya que les representa una mayor carga regulatoria con respecto a su Ley anterior; teniendo un impacto directo en el costo de las primas y la generación de utilidades. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la dinámica entre el total de primas emitidas por el sector afianzador y la utilidad bruta reportada por las mismas; lo anterior permite determinar si la captación de primas es suficiente para incrementar las utilidades reportadas por el sector. Se utilizan diagramas de fase con la finalidad de comprender la dinámica temporal entre las variables y conocer sus trayectorias en relación al Estado Estacionario. A partir de la metodología propuesta se señala que las afianzadoras mexicanas, a pesar de sus utilidades, presentan comportamientos globalmente inestables, asimismo, se verifican los casos donde una mayor aversión al riesgo de las afianzadoras (representadas por las primas emitidas) no siempre reflejan mayores utilidades.</p>

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Пономарев, Д. С., Р. А. Хабибуллин, А. Н. Клочков, А. Э. Ячменев, А. С. Бугаев, Д. И. Хусяинов, А. М. Буряков, В. Р. Билык, and Е. Д. Мишина. "Исследование временной динамики фотовозбужденных носителей заряда в сверхрешетках In-=SUB=-0.53-=/SUB=-Ga-=SUB=-0.47-=/SUB=-As/In-=SUB=-0.52-=/SUB=-Al-=SUB=-0.48-=/SUB=-As при воздействии фемтосекундными лазерными импульсами." Физика и техника полупроводников 52, no. 7 (2018): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.07.46042.8625.

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AbstractThe results of experimental studies of the time dynamics of photoexcited charge carriers in In_0.53Ga_0.47As/In_0.52Al_0.48As superlattices grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on a GaAs substrate with a metamorphic buffer are reported. On the basis of the results of the numerical simulation of band diagrams, the optimal thickness of the In_0.52Al_0.48As barrier layer (4 nm) is chosen. At this thickness, the electron wave functions in In_0.53Ga_0.47As substantially overlap the In_0.52Al_0.48As barriers. This makes it possible to attain a short lifetime of photoexcited charge carriers (τ ~ 3.4 ps) at the wavelength λ = 800 nm and the pumping power 50 mW without doping of the In_0.53Ga_0.47As layer with beryllium. It is shown that an increase in the wavelength to λ = 930 nm (at the same pumping power) yields a decrease in the lifetime of photoexcited charge carriers to τ ~ 2 ps. This effect is attributed to an increase in the capture cross section of trapping states for electrons with lower energies and to a decrease in the occupancy of traps at lower excitation densities.

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Скипетров, Е. П., Б. Б. Ковалев, Л. А. Скипетрова, А. В. Кнотько, and В. Е. Слынько. "Термический коэффициент движения резонансного уровня железа в сплавах Pb-=SUB=-1-x-y-=/SUB=-Sn-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-Fe-=SUB=-y-=/SUB=-Te." Физика и техника полупроводников 53, no. 11 (2019): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2019.11.48440.9141.

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The phase composition, the elemental composition and temperature dependences of the resistivity and of the Hall coefficient (temperature interval 4.2≤T≤300K, magnetic fields B≤0.07 T) in Pb1−x−ySnxFeyTe alloys are studied at variation of the tin and iron concentrations along the single-crystal ingots synthesized by the Bridgman−Stockbarger technique. The distributions of tin and iron along the ingots are obtained and anomalous temperature dependences of the Hall coefficient, associated with the pinning of the Fermi level by the resonant level of iron, located in the valence band, are found. The analysis of the experimental results is carried out in the framework of the model of the electronic structure rearrangement, involving the movement of the iron level relative to the top of the valence band with increasing tin concentration and temperature. The temperature coefficient of the movement of the level of iron with respect to the middle of the gap is determined and the possible diagrams for the rearrangement of the electronic structure with increasing temperature in the alloys with normal spectrum (0.06≤x≤0.35) are proposed.

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Чечик, Владимир, Vladimir Chechik, Кирилл Батенков, and Kirill Batenkov. "SIMULATION OF HTTP AND FTP TRAFFIC USING RIVERBED SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 4 (December 28, 2016): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23241.

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The purpose of the investigation presented in the paper is the obtaining and analysis of statistic de-pendences of service quality characteristics for the traffic of HTTP and FTP applications. By means of Riverbed software product there is created a simulation model with the aid of which the essential characteristics (time necessary for the extraction of the whole of a page and probability of packages loss) are obtained. On the basis of the dependences presented as diagrams there is carried out the analysis of data obtained as a result of which the following conclusion is drawn: on the whole the dependencies of service quality charac-teristics for traffics of HTTP and FTP applications do not differ considerably and have the same trends owing to the application of an identical report of a transport level.

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Adhanita, Septiara. "Pengembangan Batik Jambi Motif Sungai Penuh sebagai Bentuk Kontribusi pada Pembangunan." JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH & KOTA 9, no. 4 (December 12, 2013): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v9i4.6676.

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Industri kecil dan industri rumah tangga turut berperan dalam pembangunan ekonomi regional karena bisa memberikan alternatif lapangan pekerjaan bagi penduduk pedesaan yang mengalami krisis lahan pertanian terbatas.Pada saat ini industri batik dianggap sebagai sektor yang memiliki nilai kompetitif.Hal ini disebabkan selain karena karakteristiknya yang berbasis kepada budaya, industri batik juga memiliki kemampuan untuk menciptakan lapangan kerja dan meningkatkan pendapatan daerah.Namun dalam kasus batik Jambi motif Sungai Penuh, perkembangan industri batik ini relatif stagnan meskipun produk ini membawa karakteristik lokal (Aksara Incung). Dengan menggunakan diagram Fishbone dan Force Field Analysis (FFA) untuk mengetahui hambatan yang dihadapi oleh batik Jambi motif Sungai Penuh, ditemukan bahwa masalah‐masalah yang terlibat dalam pengembangannya muncul disisi : pemerintah dan pengrajin. Maka agar perkembangan industri batik Jambi motif Sungai Penuh dapat berjalan secara optimal diperlukan perbaikan peran dari kedua aktor terlibat sehingga batik Jambi motif Sungai Penuh dapat berkembang menjadi produk lokal unggulan daerah.Kata kunci: batik Jambi motif Sungai Penuh, pembangunan daerah, industri rumah tangga, produk khas daerah, diagram fishbone, Force Field Analysis (FFA)

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Nath, Sajib Kumar, Md Makfidunnabi, and Md Abdullah Al Bari. "Numerical Analysis of Ratcheting Under Bending- Membrane Loading Conditions." Journal of Engineering Advancements 01, no. 01 (April 2020): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.38032/jea.2020.01.003.

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Ratcheting is a vital failure mode when dynamic loading is present in the scenario and it can lead to fatigue or incremental collapse if not restricted. The purpose of this study is to propose a ratchet diagram for primary bending and secondary membrane loading conditions. For this, a finite element analysis model of a rectangular beam is prepared and solved by the numerical analysis software ‘ABAQUS’. The FEA model is validated by carried out a dynamic nonlinear elastic-plastic analysis with the analytical solution of Yamashita et al. for similar loading conditions. The ratchet occurrence conditions plotted in a non-dimensional stress parameter plot similar to the Bree diagram. The findings suggest that secondary stress rises for the occurrence of ratchet conditions as primary stress decreases. It also found a strong frequency dependency feature. The nature of the input frequency of cyclic loading in the proposed ratchet diagram has been discussed in terms of dynamic displacement over static displacement in the change of non-dimensional frequency of the loading.

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SORNETTE, D., J. V. ANDERSEN, and P. SIMONETTI. "PORTFOLIO THEORY FOR "FAT TAILS"." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 03, no. 03 (July 2000): 523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024900000504.

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We introduce a faithful representation of the heavy tail multivariate distribution of asset returns, as parsimonious as the Gaussian framework. Using calculation techniques of functional integration and Feynman diagrams borrowed from particle physics, we characterize precisely, through its cumulants of high order, the distribution of wealth variations of a portfolio composed of an arbitrary mixture of assets. This approach makes quantitative and rigorous the well-known fact that minimizing the variance, i.e. the relatively "small" risks, often increases larger risks as measured by higher normalized cumulants and the Value-at-Risk.

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Poliaková, Adela. "The FTA Method And A Possibility Of Its Application In The Area Of Road Freight Transport." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 23, no. 36 (June 1, 2015): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rput-2015-0018.

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Abstract The Fault Tree process utilizes logic diagrams to portray and analyse potentially hazardous events. Three basic symbols (logic gates) are adequate for diagramming any fault tree. However, additional recently developed symbols can be used to reduce the time and effort required for analysis. A fault tree is a graphical representation of the relationship between certain specific events and the ultimate undesired event (2). This paper deals to method of Fault Tree Analysis basic description and provides a practical view on possibility of application by quality improvement in road freight transport company.

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Xu, Yan, Shu Fang, and Jian Qiao Fu. "The Analysis on Suspension of Fire Robot Based on FEA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 1536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.1536.

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The suspension of fire robot, one of necessary components, directly impacts the environmental adaptability, and the strength of suspension has great importance to the life of robot. In the paper, the structure and the stress condition of the suspension was analyzed. The force condition of suspension is simplified as a 2-D diagram, the load acting on the elbow were simplified in two direction, A finite element model, which simulated the impact load and optimized the design of suspension, was established, and the result of the simulation shows the suspension structure is reasonable and the strength of the component is enough.

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Tanabata, Takanari, Kazuhito Sawase, Hajime Nobuhara, and Barnabas Bede. "Interactive Data Mining for Large-Scale Image Databases Based on Formal Concept Analysis." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 14, no. 3 (April 20, 2010): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2010.p0303.

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In order to perform an interactive data-mining for huge image databases efficiently, a visualization interface based on Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) is proposed. The proposed interface system provides an intuitive lattice structure enabling users freely and easily to select FCA attributes and to view different aspects of the Hasse diagram of the lattice of a given image database. The investigation environment is implemented using C++ and the OpenCV library on a personal computer (CPU = 2.13 GHz, MM = 2 GB). In visualization experiments using 1,000 Corel Image Gallery images, we test image features such as color, edge, and face detectors as FCA attributes. Experimental analysis confirms the effectiveness of the proposed interface and its potential as an efficient datamining tool.

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Jaamialahmadi, A., and Mehran Kadkhodayan. "Necking Prediction in Tube Hydroforming by Stress-Based Forming Limit Diagrams." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.284.

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Path-independent stress based forming limit diagrams for anisotropic materials along with the Hill 48 yield function; power law strain hardening and isotropic hardening are derived. Bifurcation analyses via solving equilibrium equations of a pointed vertex on subsequent yield loci are utilized. The presented practical forming limit diagrams (FLSDs) show more acceptable agreements with experimental data compared with those obtained by other methods. A typical neck detection macro in APDL is developed by FEA simulation for a free bulge tube hydroforming to confirm the significant simplicity and straightforwardness of the mentioned FLSD.

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Ebeling, W., and S. M. Gusein-Zade. "Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams of fat points in ?2 and of their stabilizations." Mathematische Annalen 306, no. 1 (September 1996): 487–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01445262.

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Journal articles on the topic 'FTA diagram'

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