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Journal articles on the topic 'FTCD'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Gao, Ya-sheng, and Elizabeth Sztul. "A Novel Interaction of the Golgi Complex with the Vimentin Intermediate Filament Cytoskeleton." Journal of Cell Biology 152, no. 5 (February 26, 2001): 877–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.152.5.877.

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The integration of the vimentin intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeleton and cellular organelles in vivo is an incompletely understood process, and the identities of proteins participating in such events are largely unknown. Here, we show that the Golgi complex interacts with the vimentin IF cytoskeleton, and that the Golgi protein formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase (FTCD) participates in this interaction. We show that the peripherally associated Golgi protein FTCD binds directly to vimentin subunits and to polymerized vimentin filaments in vivo and in vitro. Expression of FTCD in cultured cells results in the formation of extensive FTCD-containing fibers originating from the Golgi region, and is paralleled by a dramatic rearrangements of the vimentin IF cytoskeleton in a coordinate process in which vimentin filaments and FTCD integrate into chimeric fibers. Formation of the FTCD fibers is obligatorily coupled to vimentin assembly and does not occur in vim−/− cells. The FTCD-mediated regulation of vimentin IF is not a secondary effect of changes in the microtubule or the actin cytoskeletons, since those cytoskeletal systems appear unaffected by FTCD expression. The assembly of the FTCD/vimentin fibers causes a coordinate change in the structure of the Golgi complex and results in Golgi fragmentation into individual elements that are tethered to the FTCD/vimentin fibers. The observed interaction of Golgi elements with vimentin filaments and the ability of FTCD to specifically interacts with both Golgi membrane and vimentin filaments and promote their association suggest that FTCD might be a candidate protein integrating the Golgi compartment with the IF cytoskeleton.
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Lagopoulos, Jim, Gin S. Malhi, Belinda Ivanovski, Catherine M. Cahill, Erhard W. Lang, Yugan Mudaliar, Nick Dorsch, Alan Yam, Jane Griffith, and Jamin Mulvey. "Cerebrovascular autoregulation as a neuroimaging tool." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 18, no. 2 (April 2006): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00133.x.

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Functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD) sonography provides a high temporal resolution measure of blood flow and has over the years proved to be a valuable tool in the clinical evaluation of patients with cerebrovascular disorders. More recently, due to advances in physics and computing, it has become possible to derive indices of cerebrovascular autoregulation (CA) as well as cerebrovascular pressure reactivity (CR), using non-invasive techniques. These indices provide a dynamic representation of the brain's regulatory blood flow mechanisms not only in pathological states but also in health. However, whilst the temporal resolution of these regulatory indices is very good, spatially, the localization of brain regions remains very poor, thus limiting its brain mapping capacity. Functional MRI, on the contrary, is a brain-imaging technique that operates on similar blood flow principles; however, unlike fTCD, it provides high spatial resolution. Because both fTCD and fMRI determine blood flow-dependant imaging parameters, the coupling of fTCD with fMRI may provide greater insight into brain function by virtue of the combined enhanced temporal and spatial resolution that each technique affords. This review summarizes the fTCD technique with particular emphasis on the CA and CR indices and their relationship in traumatic brain injury as well as in health.
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Hayashi, Seiju, Tomoyuki Nakasa, Masakazu Ishikawa, Atsuo Nakamae, Shigeru Miyaki, and Nobuo Adachi. "Histological Evaluation of Early-Phase Changes in the Osteochondral Unit After Microfracture in a Full-Thickness Cartilage Defect Rat Model." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 12 (August 1, 2018): 3032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518787287.

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Background: The microfracture (MF) technique is an established surgical treatment for cartilage injury. However, the early-phase histological changes in full-thickness cartilage defects (FTCDs) after MF and the concomitant changes in the subchondral bone are still unknown. Purpose: To determine the early-phase histological changes in FTCD associated with subchondral bone remodeling after MF in rat model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Rats were subjected to FTCD, followed by MF at the trochlear groove. For histological analysis, experiment and untreated control rats were sacrificed at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days postoperatively (n = 6 knees per time point). Cartilage healing response was evaluated with the Pineda score. Osteoclast activity was evaluated by counting and locating the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)–positive cells in the subchondral bone. MF hole diameter and bone mineral density in the subchondral bone were measured sequentially in 3 rats (n = 6 knees) by 3-dimensional μ–computed tomography. Results: Pineda score showed no difference in cartilage response from day 0 to day 3 but a significant improvement from day 7 to day 56. Although the MF holes were filled with blood clots in all specimens, the defect sites were not. The number of TRAP-positive cells peaked at day 3, mostly accumulating around the deeper zone of the MF holes. Over time, the number of TRAP-positive cells decreased to preoperative levels, localizing around the aperture of the MF holes where there was active remodeling of the osteochondral unit. The MF hole diameter was largest at day 14, and most holes disappeared by day 28. Bone mineral density was also highest at day 14 and decreased to preoperative levels by day 56. Conclusion: Histological changes in the FTCD after MF were derived from endochondral ossification within the deeper zone of the MF holes. Clinical Relevance: The absence of healing by blood clot in the FTCD should be noted by surgeons performing MF, and indications for MF should be carefully considered not only for maximizing the postoperative clinical outcome but also minimizing potential complications, such as formation of subchondral bone cysts or intralesional osteophytes.
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4

Mikadze, Yu V., M. D. Bogdanova, E. S. Lysenko, A. R. Shakhnovich, and S. M. Abuzaid. "Assessment of hemodynamic cerebral lateralization during the performance of verbal mnestic tasks with the use of functional transcranial doppler ultrasound." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 8, no. 3 (2015): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2015080306.

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There are the preliminary results of the research of interhemispheric asymmetry of cerebral hemodynamics during the performance of auditory-verbal and visual memory tasks with the use of functional transcranial doppler ultrasound (fTCD). The fTCD is considered as a non-invasive and objective method for assessment the dominant hemisphere for verbal functions. The aim of two experiments was to analyze the effect of a) different types of verbal and nonverbal tasks and b) the conditions of the mnestic activity performance (memorize and recognize) on the changes of blood flow velocity in left and right hemispheres in 62 healthy subjects. There are preliminary results of possible application fTCD to identify the dominant hemisphere for speech functions with combination of concrete verbal cognitive tasks and condition of its presentation.
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5

Schuepbach, D., S. Egger, and S. C. Herpertz. "Cerebral hemodynamics in schizophrenia during the Trail Making Test: A functional transcranial Doppler sonography study." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.094.

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IntroductionSchizophrenia is a severe mental disorder, with complex symptoms involving psychosis, negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. The Trail Making Test (TMT) has been widely used to assess attention and executive function. Functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) of basal cerebral arteries allows monitoring of aberrant cerebral hemodynamics during cognitive tasks in this patient group.ObjectivesWe assessed cerebral hemodynamics in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) using fTCD while patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects performed the TMT and a control task.MethodsFifteen patients with chronic schizophrenia and 15 healthy controls performed the TMT-A and -B during fTCD measurements of the MCA. Dependent measures were performance, mean cerebral blood flow velocity (MFV) and the lateralization.ResultsPatients demonstrated an overall decreased speed of solution (P = 0.002), and there was no significant effect of age. They showed a significantly increased flow pattern for the TMT-B (P = 0.005). There were no lateralization differences between diagnostic groups.ConclusionsThere was a performance deficit in patients with schizophrenia for both TMT-A and -B that fits well with results of existing literature. The aberrant hemodynamic response supports the idea that cognitive performance elicits an aberrant cerebral hemodynamic correlate. It adds to the notion that fTCD is a valuable tool to correlate psychological paradigms with brain perfusion in patients with schizophrenia.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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WHITEHOUSE, ANDREW J. O., NICHOLAS BADCOCK, MARGRIET A. GROEN, and DOROTHY V. M. BISHOP. "Reliability of a novel paradigm for determining hemispheric lateralization of visuospatial function." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 15, no. 6 (November 2009): 1028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617709990555.

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AbstractIn most individuals, language production and visuospatial skills are subserved predominantly by the left and right hemispheres, respectively. Functional Transcranial Doppler (fTCD) provides a noninvasive and relatively low-cost method for measuring functional lateralization. However, while the silent word generation task provides an accurate and reliable paradigm for investigating lateralization of language production, there is no comparable gold-standard method for measuring visuospatial skills. Thirty undergraduate students (19 females) completed a task of spatial memory while undergoing fTCD recording. Participants completed this task at two different time points, separated by between 26 to 155 days. The relative activation between hemispheres averaged across all participants was found to be consistent across testing sessions. This was observed at the individual level also, with a quantitative index of lateralization showing high reproducibility. These findings indicate that the use of the spatial memory task with fTCD is a robust methodology for examining laterality of visuospatial skills. (JINS, 2009, 15, 1028–1032.)
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Piper, Megan E., Timothy B. Baker, Neal L. Benowitz, Stevens S. Smith, and Douglas E. Jorenby. "E-cigarette Dependence Measures in Dual Users: Reliability and Relations With Dependence Criteria and E-cigarette Cessation." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 5 (March 15, 2019): 756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz040.

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Abstract Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have drastically changed the nicotine and tobacco product landscape. However, their potential public health impact is still unclear. A reliable and valid measure of e-cigarette dependence would likely advance assessment and prognostication of the public health impact of e-cigarettes. The aim of this research was to examine the internal consistency, structure, and validity of three e-cigarette dependence scales. Methods Adult dual users (smokers who also vape, N = 256) enrolled in an observational cohort study (45.1% women, 70.7% white). At baseline, participants completed the e-cigarette Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence (e-FTCD), the e-cigarette Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (e-WISDM), and the Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (PS-ECDI). All participants provided a urine sample for cotinine analysis and reported e-cigarette use at 1 year. Results The e-WISDM subscales had the highest internal consistency (α = .81–.96), then the PS-ECDI (α = .74) and e-FTCD (α = .51). A single-factor structure for the e-FTCD and an 11-factor structure for the e-WISDM were supported, but the PS-ECDI did not have a single-factor structure. All three e-cigarette dependence scales were highly correlated with validation criteria including continued e-cigarette use at 1 year, but not with e-liquid nicotine concentration or cotinine. Conclusions The e-WISDM and PS-ECDI had stronger internal consistency than did the e-FTCD, despite the e-FTCD’s single-factor structure, but all 3 measures appear to be valid measures of e-cigarette dependence as suggested by their significant relations with self-perceived addiction, heavy use, early use after overnight deprivation, and continued use over time. Implications This research provides empirical support for three e-cigarette dependence measures: the e-FTCD, the PS-ECDI, and the e-WISDM among dual users of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. The PS-ECDI and e-WISDM are more reliable, but all three measures were strongly correlated with key dependence constructs such as heavy use and continued use over time.
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Zhang, Wenfeng, Chaoying Wu, Rui Ni, Qifen Yang, Lingfei Luo, and Jianbo He. "Formimidoyltransferase cyclodeaminase prevents the starvation-induced liver hepatomegaly and dysfunction through downregulating mTORC1." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 12 (December 23, 2021): e1009980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009980.

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The liver is a crucial center in the regulation of energy homeostasis under starvation. Although downregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) has been reported to play pivotal roles in the starvation responses, the underpinning mechanisms in particular upstream factors that downregulate mTORC1 remain largely unknown. To identify genetic variants that cause liver energy disorders during starvation, we conduct a zebrafish forward genetic screen. We identify a liver hulk (lvh) mutant with normal liver under feeding, but exhibiting liver hypertrophy under fasting. The hepatomegaly in lvh is caused by enlarged hepatocyte size and leads to liver dysfunction as well as limited tolerance to starvation. Positional cloning reveals that lvh phenotypes are caused by mutation in the ftcd gene, which encodes the formimidoyltransferase cyclodeaminase (FTCD). Further studies show that in response to starvation, the phosphorylated ribosomal S6 protein (p-RS6), a downstream effector of mTORC1, becomes downregulated in the wild-type liver, but remains at high level in lvh. Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin rescues the hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction of lvh. Thus, we characterize the roles of FTCD in starvation response, which acts as an important upstream factor to downregulate mTORC1, thus preventing liver hypertrophy and dysfunction.
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Woodhead, Zoe V. J., Holly A. Rutherford, and Dorothy V. M. Bishop. "Measurement of language laterality using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound: a comparison of different tasks." Wellcome Open Research 3 (August 24, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14720.1.

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Background: Relative blood flow in the two middle cerebral arteries can be measured using functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) to give an index of lateralisation as participants perform a specific task. Language laterality has mostly been studied with fTCD using a word generation task, but it is not clear whether this is optimal. Methods: Using fTCD, we evaluated a sentence generation task that has shown good reliability and strong left lateralisation in fMRI. We interleaved trials of word generation, sentence generation and list generation and assessed agreement of these tasks in 31 participants (29 right-handers). Results: Although word generation and sentence generation both gave robust left-lateralisation, Bland-Altman analysis showed that these two methods were not equivalent. The comparison list generation task was not systematically lateralised, but nevertheless laterality indices (LIs) from this task were significantly correlated with the other two tasks. Subtracting list generation LI from sentence generation LI did not affect the strength of the laterality index. Conclusions: This was a pre-registered methodological study designed to explore novel approaches to optimising measurement of language lateralisation using fTCD. It confirmed that sentence generation gives robust left lateralisation in most people, but is not equivalent to the classic word generation task. Although list generation does not show left-lateralisation at the group level, the LI on this task was correlated with left-lateralised tasks. This suggests that word and sentence generation involve adding a constant directional bias to an underlying continuum of laterality that is reliable in individuals but not biased in either direction. In future research we suggest that consistency of laterality across tasks might have more functional significance than strength or direction of laterality on any one task.
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Woodhead, Zoe V. J., Holly A. Rutherford, and Dorothy V. M. Bishop. "Measurement of language laterality using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound: a comparison of different tasks." Wellcome Open Research 3 (October 15, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14720.2.

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Background: Relative blood flow in the two middle cerebral arteries can be measured using functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) to give an index of lateralisation as participants perform a specific task. Language laterality has mostly been studied with fTCD using a word generation task, but it is not clear whether this is optimal. Methods: Using fTCD, we evaluated a sentence generation task that has shown good reliability and strong left lateralisation in fMRI. We interleaved trials of word generation, sentence generation and list generation and assessed agreement of these tasks in 31 participants (29 right-handers). Results: Although word generation and sentence generation both gave robust left-lateralisation, Bland-Altman analysis showed that these two methods were not equivalent. The comparison list generation task was not systematically lateralised, but nevertheless laterality indices (LIs) from this task were significantly correlated with the other two tasks. Subtracting list generation LI from sentence generation LI did not affect the strength of the laterality index. Conclusions: This was a pre-registered methodological study designed to explore novel approaches to optimising measurement of language lateralisation using fTCD. It confirmed that sentence generation gives robust left lateralisation in most people, but is not equivalent to the classic word generation task. Although list generation does not show left-lateralisation at the group level, the LI on this task was correlated with left-lateralised tasks. This suggests that word and sentence generation involve adding a constant directional bias to an underlying continuum of laterality that is reliable in individuals but not biased in either direction. In future research we suggest that consistency of laterality across tasks might have more functional significance than strength or direction of laterality on any one task.
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Woodhead, Zoe V. J., Holly A. Rutherford, and Dorothy V. M. Bishop. "Measurement of language laterality using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound: a comparison of different tasks." Wellcome Open Research 3 (February 11, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14720.3.

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Background: Relative blood flow in the two middle cerebral arteries can be measured using functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) to give an index of lateralisation as participants perform a specific task. Language laterality has mostly been studied with fTCD using a word generation task, but it is not clear whether this is optimal. Methods: Using fTCD, we evaluated a sentence generation task that has shown good reliability and strong left lateralisation in fMRI. We interleaved trials of word generation, sentence generation and list generation and assessed agreement of these tasks in 31 participants (29 right-handers). Results: Although word generation and sentence generation both gave robust left-lateralisation, lateralisation was significantly stronger for sentence generation. Bland-Altman analysis showed that these two methods were not equivalent. The comparison list generation task was not systematically lateralised, but nevertheless laterality indices (LIs) from this task were significantly correlated with the other two tasks. Subtracting list generation LI from sentence generation LI did not affect the strength of the laterality index. Conclusions: This was a pre-registered methodological study designed to explore novel approaches to optimising measurement of language lateralisation using fTCD. It confirmed that sentence generation gives robust left lateralisation in most people, but is not equivalent to the classic word generation task. Although list generation does not show left-lateralisation at the group level, the LI on this task was correlated with left-lateralised tasks. This suggests that word and sentence generation involve adding a constant directional bias to an underlying continuum of laterality that is reliable in individuals but not biased in either direction. In future research we suggest that consistency of laterality across tasks might have more functional significance than strength or direction of laterality on any one task.
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Rong, Min-Hua, Jian-Di Li, Lu-Yang Zhong, Yu-Zhen Huang, Juan Chen, Li-Yuan Xie, Rong-Xing Qin, et al. "CCNB1 promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by mediating DNA replication in the cell cycle." Experimental Biology and Medicine 247, no. 5 (November 7, 2021): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15353702211049149.

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In our studies, cyclin B1 ( CCNB1) mRNA and protein were overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues compared with non-HCC tissues. Moreover, CCNB1 was overexpressed in the serum of HCC patients. The expression of CCNB1 was associated with several crucial clinicopathologic characteristics, and the HCC patients with overexpressed CCNB1 had worse overall survival outcomes. In the screening of interactional genes, a total of 266 upregulated co-expression genes, which were positively associated with CCNB1, were selected from the datasets, and 67 downregulated co-expression genes, which were negatively associated with CCNB1, were identified. The key genes might be functionally enriched in DNA replication and the cell cycle pathways. CDC20, CCNA2, PLK1, and FTCD were selected for further research because they were highly connected in the protein-protein interaction networks. Upregulated CDC20, CCNA2, and PLK1 and downregulated FTCD might result in undesirable overall survival outcomes for HCC patients. The univariate Cox analysis results showed that CDC20 and PLK1 might be two independent risk factors, while FTCD might be protective in HCC. Therefore, CCNB1 may participate in the cell cycle of HCC by regulating DNA replication, and CCNB1 may provide a direction for the diagnosis of early-stage HCC and targeted HCC therapy.
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Deppe, Michael, Stefan Knecht, Karsten Papke, Hubertus Lohmann, Helge Fleischer, Walter Heindel, E. Bernd Ringelstein, and Henning Henningsen. "Assessment of Hemispheric Language Lateralization: A Comparison between fMRI and fTCD." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 20, no. 2 (February 2000): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200002000-00006.

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The cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in the basal arteries during a word-generation task was assessed by functional transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (fTCD) and by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The study investigates how event-related CBFV modulations in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) relate to regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes. Both fMRI and fTCD were used in 13 subjects (7 men, 6 women, aged 21 to 44 years). The maximum difference of relative CBFV changes between the left and right MCA during the word-generation task was used as the language laterality index ( LIfTCD). For the fMRI examination during the nearly identical language task, the corresponding index was defined by LIfMRI = 100(NL − NR)/(NL + NR), where NL and NR refer to the numbers of voxels activated in the left and right hemisphere, respectively. The evoked CBFV changes expressed by LIfTCD and the corresponding laterality index, LIfMRI, estimated by fMRI showed a close linear relation (regression analysis: r = 0.95, p < 0.0001). The results of this study demonstrate that language-related velocity changes in the MCAs relate to rCBF increases in a linear fashion. Since the laterality indices assessed by fMRI and fTCD are in such close agreement both techniques can therefore be used in a complementary way.
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Bandeira, Celso Muller, Adriana Ávila Almeida, Mônica Ghislaine Oliveira Alves, Maria Beatriz Nogueira Pascoal, José Francisco Sales Chagas, Morun Bernardino Neto, Patrícia Pimentel de Barros, Fábio Daumas Nunes, Celina Faig Lima Carta, and Janete Dias Almeida. "The Fagerström and AUDIT Tests as Probable Screening Tools in Oral Cancer and Their Correlation with CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 Gene Expression." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 3991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073991.

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Background: Cancer is currently a major public health problem worldwide, with a marked increase of about 70% in the number of expected diagnosed cases over the next two decades. The amount of tobacco and alcohol consumed is calculated based on the subjective information provided by the user. Tobacco exposure can be assessed using the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) and alcohol consumption by the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Materials and Methods: Forty-eight subjects answered the Fagerström, and AUDIT tests and we studied them as likely screening tools for oral cancer and their correlation with the expression of CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 genes by the RT-qPCR method. Results: There were significant differences in the AUDIT score and CYP1A1 expression between cancer and control groups. Participants in advanced stages, whether due to tumor size or regional metastasis, showed significant differences in the duration of tobacco use, FTCD, AUDIT score, and CYP1A1 expression when compared to patients in early stages. Among subjects without cancer, we found a significant correlation between participant age and GSTP1 expression. Furthermore, the expression of GSTP1 was significantly correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, duration of tobacco use, and FTCD. Conclusions: Questionnaires designed to evaluate the degree of tobacco and alcohol exposure and dependence combined with gene expression tests can be useful to assess the risk of developing oral cancer. Furthermore, raising the awareness of individuals regarding their degree of dependence and encouraging them to participate in cessation programs are important educational measures for the prevention of tobacco-related malignancies.
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Schuepbach, D., S. Duschek, A. Richter, S. Grimm, H. Boeker, and E. Seifritz. "Gender characteristics of cerebral hemodynamics during complex cognitive functioning." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72392-6.

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Functional Transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) has been applied to assess peak mean cerebral blood flow velocity (MFV) with a high temporal resolution during cognitive activation. Yet, little attention has been devoted to gender-related alterations of MFV, including spectral analysis. In healthy subjects, fTCD was used to investigate a series of cerebral hemodynamic parameters in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) during the Trail Making Tests (TMT), a means of selective attention and complex cognitive functioning. After the initial peak, there was an MFV decline during complex functioning. Further, in females, we observed a dynamic shift in hemispheric dominance during that condition and there was a frequency peak at 0.375 Hz in both MCA. These novel results suggest condition-specific features of cerebral hemodynamics in females, and it adds to the notion that gender is a fundamental confounder of brain physiology. It is intriguing to speculate whether condition-related alterations of spectral frequencies in females represent a marker of increased vulnerability for psychiatric diseases such as depression.
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Kim, Julia, Yasaman Kambari, Anmol Taggar, Lena C. Quilty, Peter Selby, Fernando Caravaggio, Fumihiko Ueno, et al. "A Measure of Illness Awareness in Individuals With Nicotine Dependence—Nicotine Use Awareness and Insight Scale." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 24, no. 4 (November 12, 2021): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab235.

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Abstract Introduction Impaired illness awareness or the inability to recognize that one has a dependence on nicotine may be a major barrier to seeking cessation treatment. To better understand the role of impaired illness awareness on treatment-seeking behavior and clinical outcomes, we developed and examined the psychometric properties of a novel scale measuring illness awareness in individuals with dependence on nicotine. Aims and Methods We developed the Nicotine Use Awareness and Insight Scale (NAS), a 7-item self-report measure to assess the theoretical construct of illness awareness in individuals with dependence on nicotine (www.illnessawarenessscales.com). Data from participants 18 years of age or older were collected via a web-based survey company, Dynata. Participants with moderate dependence on nicotine were included, defined by a score of four or more on the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) or the FTCD adapted for electronic cigarettes (eFTCD). Results A total of 100 participants (mean [SD] age = 49.1 [16.1] years, 52% women) that met the inclusion criteria for either FTCD (n = 50) or eFTCD (n = 50) were included. The NAS demonstrated good convergent (r = .74, p &lt; .001) and discriminant validity (r = .03, p = .786). It also demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.78) and one-month test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation = 0.86). An exploratory factor analysis yielded the retention of two components. Conclusions The NAS is a novel scale to asses illness awareness in individuals with dependence on nicotine. This study provides initial support for the psychometric validity and reliability of NAS. Implications The NAS may be used in research and clinical practice to evaluate the impact of impaired illness awareness on treatment-seeking behavior and clinical outcomes.
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Dräger, Bianca, Caterina Breitenstein, Hubertus Lohmann, and Stefan Knecht. "Language dominance is independent of task difficulty: A fTCD study." NeuroImage 13, no. 6 (June 2001): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(01)91867-1.

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Balasubrahmanyam, Nasina, and Gnananandh Budi. "Techno-Economic Feasibility of the Longwall Top Coal Caving Method Based on the FTCD Index: A Parametric Case Study in India." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 6115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196115.

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An extraction method for deep-seated thick seam deposits by underground mining with high resource recovery has remained a great challenge for Indian mining engineers, whereas the longwall top coal caving (LTCC) method has evolved as an effective method for various geo mining conditions in China and other counties. The percentage of top coal recovery (TCR) plays a predominant role in determining the feasibility of LTCC, which relies on the First Top Coal Caving Distance (FTCD). In this paper, the critical geotechnical parameters are identified, numerically simulated, and statistically analyzed, and the FTCD for Indian geo-mining conditions is developed and validated. A financial assessment is conducted, considering 70% top coal recovery at 85% performance level, cost of production escalated by 20% and fall in coal grade by two grades. The internal rate of return (IRR) for LTCC is 30.24% as per the sensitivity analysis where it is only 18% in single pass longwall method. This study contributes to evaluating both the technical and economic feasibility of introducing LTCC in Indian geo-mining conditions.
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Dagois, Elise, Aya Khalaf, Ervin Sejdic, and Murat Akcakaya. "Transfer Learning for a Multimodal Hybrid EEG-fTCD Brain–Computer Interface." IEEE Sensors Letters 3, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsens.2018.2879466.

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Frank, Andreas, Andreas Jansen, Agnes Flöel, Jens Sommer, Henning Henningsen, Martin Kanowski, Hans-Jochen Heinze, and Stefan Knecht. "Lateralization of language and spatial attention assessed by fTCD and fMRl." NeuroImage 13, no. 6 (June 2001): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(01)91872-5.

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Haag, A., A. Hermsen, K. Hattemer, J. Dorst, A. Plate, F. Rosenow, S. Knake, and H. M. Hamer. "188. Lateralization of mental rotation with functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD)." Clinical Neurophysiology 120, no. 1 (January 2009): e78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.07.186.

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Khalaf, Aya, Ervin Sejdic, and Murat Akcakaya. "Towards optimal visual presentation design for hybrid EEG—fTCD brain–computer interfaces." Journal of Neural Engineering 15, no. 5 (August 7, 2018): 056019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aad46f.

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Khalaf, Aya, Ervin Sejdic, and Murat Akcakaya. "EEG-fTCD hybrid brain–computer interface using template matching and wavelet decomposition." Journal of Neural Engineering 16, no. 3 (April 12, 2019): 036014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab0b7f.

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Konrad, Carsten, S. Knecht, J. Sommer, A. Flöel, K. Anneken, C. Buchinger, B. Dräger, et al. "Probability distribution of language lateralization indices in healthy subjects assessed by fTCD." NeuroImage 11, no. 5 (May 2000): S297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(00)91229-1.

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Grabitz, Clara R., Kate E. Watkins, and Dorothy V. M. Bishop. "Cerebral lateralisation of first and second languages in bilinguals assessed using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound." Wellcome Open Research 1 (November 15, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.9869.1.

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Background: Lateralised representation of language in monolinguals is a well-established finding, but the situation is much less clear when there is more than one language. Studies to date have identified a number of factors that might influence the brain organisation of language in bilinguals. These include proficiency, age of acquisition and exposure to the second language. The question as to whether the cerebral lateralisation of first and second languages are the same or different is as yet unresolved. Methods: We used functional transcranial Doppler sonography (FTCD) to measure cerebral lateralisation in the first and second languages in 26 high proficiency bilinguals with German or French as their first language (L1) and English as their second language (L2). FTCD was used to measure task-dependent blood flow velocity changes in the left and right middle cerebral arteries during word generation cued by single letters. Language history measures and handedness were assessed through self-report questionnaires. Results:The majority of participants were significantly left lateralised for both L1 and L2, with no significant difference in the size of asymmetry indices between L1 and L2. Asymmetry indices for L1 and L2 were not related to language history, such as proficiency of the L2. Conclusion: In highly proficient bilinguals, there is strong concordance for cerebral lateralisation of first and second languages.
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Jung, Seungho, Jeongmin Kim, Sungwon Na, Won Seok Nam, and Do-Hyeong Kim. "Ability of Carotid Corrected Flow Time to Predict Fluid Responsiveness in Patients Mechanically Ventilated Using Low Tidal Volume after Surgery." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 2676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122676.

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Predicting fluid responsiveness in patients under mechanical ventilation with low tidal volume (VT) is challenging. This study evaluated the ability of carotid corrected flow time (FTc) assessed by ultrasound for predicting the fluid responsiveness during low VT ventilation. Patients under postoperative mechanical ventilation and clinically diagnosed with hypovolemia were enrolled. Carotid FTc and pulse pressure variation (PPV) were measured at VT of 6 and 10 mL/kg predicted body weight (PBW). FTc was calculated using both Bazett’s (FTcB) and Wodey’s (FTcW) formulas. Fluid responsiveness was defined as a ≥15% increase in the stroke volume index assessed by FloTrac/Vigileo monitor after administration of 8 mL/kg of balanced crystalloid. Among 36 patients, 16 (44.4%) were fluid responders. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) for the FTcB at VT of 6 and 10 mL/kg PBW were 0.897 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.750–0.973) and 0.895 (95% CI: 0.748–0.972), respectively. The AUROCs for the FTcW at VT of 6 and 10 mL/kg PBW were 0.875 (95% CI: 0.722–0.961) and 0.891 (95% CI: 0.744–0.970), respectively. However, PPV at VT of 6 mL/kg PBW (AUROC: 0.714, 95% CI: 0.539–0.852) showed significantly lower accuracy than that of PPV at VT of 10 mL/kg PBW (AUROC: 0.867, 95% CI: 0.712–0.957; p = 0.034). Carotid FTc can predict fluid responsiveness better than PPV during low VT ventilation. However, further studies using automated continuous monitoring system are needed before its clinical use.
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Gayathri, R. G., and Jyothisha J. Nair. "ex-FTCD: A novel mapreduce model for distributed multi source shortest path problem." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 34, no. 3 (March 22, 2018): 1643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-169458.

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Jansen, Andreas, Agnes Flöel, Michael Deppe, Jutta van Randenborgh, Bianca Dräger, Martin Kanowski, and Stefan Knecht. "Determining the hemispheric dominance of spatial attention: A comparison between fTCD and fMRI." Human Brain Mapping 23, no. 3 (July 21, 2004): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20055.

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Khalaf, Aya, Ervin Sejdic, and Murat Akcakaya. "Common spatial pattern and wavelet decomposition for motor imagery EEG- fTCD brain-computer interface." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 320 (May 2019): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.03.018.

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Wilson, Alexander C., and Dorothy V. M. Bishop. "Resounding failure to replicate links between developmental language disorder and cerebral lateralisation." PeerJ 6 (January 8, 2018): e4217. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4217.

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Background It has been suggested that failure to establish cerebral lateralisation may be related to developmental language disorder (DLD). There has been weak support for any link with handedness, but more consistent reports of associations with functional brain lateralisation for language. The consistency of lateralisation across different functions may also be important. We aimed to replicate previous findings of an association between DLD and reduced laterality on a quantitative measure of hand preference (reaching across the midline) and on language laterality assessed using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD). Methods From a sample of twin children aged from 6;0 to 11;11 years, we identified 107 cases of DLD and 156 typically-developing comparison cases for whom we had useable data from fTCD yielding a laterality index (LI) for language function during an animation description task. Handedness data were also available for these children. Results Indices of handedness and language laterality for this twin sample were similar to those previously reported for single-born children. There were no differences between the DLD and TD groups on measures of handedness or language lateralisation, or on a categorical measure of consistency of left hemisphere dominance. Contrary to prediction, there was a greater incidence of right lateralisation for language in the TD group (19.90%) than the DLD group (9.30%), confirming that atypical laterality is not inconsistent with typical language development. We also failed to replicate associations between language laterality and language test scores. Discussion and Conclusions Given the large sample studied here and the range of measures, we suggest that previous reports of atypical manual or language lateralisation in DLD may have been false positives.
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Bishop, Dorothy V. M., Clara R. Grabitz, Sophie C. Harte, Kate E. Watkins, Miho Sasaki, Eva Gutierrez-Sigut, Mairéad MacSweeney, Zoe V. J. Woodhead, and Heather Payne. "Cerebral lateralisation of first and second languages in bilinguals assessed using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound." Wellcome Open Research 1 (July 28, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.9869.2.

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Background: Lateralised language processing is a well-established finding in monolinguals. In bilinguals, studies using fMRI have typically found substantial regional overlap between the two languages, though results may be influenced by factors such as proficiency, age of acquisition and exposure to the second language. Few studies have focused specifically on individual differences in brain lateralisation, and those that have suggested reduced lateralisation may characterise representation of the second language (L2) in some bilingual individuals. Methods: In Study 1, we used functional transcranial Doppler sonography (FTCD) to measure cerebral lateralisation in both languages in high proficiency bilinguals who varied in age of acquisition (AoA) of L2. They had German (N = 14) or French (N = 10) as their first language (L1) and English as their second language. FTCD was used to measure task-dependent blood flow velocity changes in the left and right middle cerebral arteries during phonological word generation cued by single letters. Language history measures and handedness were assessed through self-report. Study 2 followed a similar format with 25 Japanese (L1) /English (L2) bilinguals, with proficiency in their second language ranging from basic to advanced, using phonological and semantic word generation tasks with overt speech production. Results: In Study 1, participants were significantly left lateralised for both L1 and L2, with a high correlation (r = .70) in the size of laterality indices for L1 and L2. In Study 2, again there was good agreement between LIs for the two languages (r = .77 for both word generation tasks). There was no evidence in either study of an effect of age of acquisition, though the sample sizes were too small to detect any but large effects. Conclusion: In proficient bilinguals, there is strong concordance for cerebral lateralisation of first and second language as assessed by a verbal fluency task.
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Bishop, Dorothy V. M., and Timothy C. Bates. "Negligible heritability of language laterality assessed by functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound: a twin study." Wellcome Open Research 4 (October 28, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15524.1.

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Background: It is widely assumed that individual differences in language lateralisation have a strong genetic basis, yet prior studies show low heritability (around 0.25) for the related trait of handedness, and two twin studies of structural brain asymmetry obtained similarly low estimates. This report describes heritability estimates from a twin study of language laterality and handedness phenotypes. Methods: The total sample consisted of 194 twin pairs (49% monozygotic) aged from 6 to 11 years. A language laterality index was obtained for 141 twin pairs, who completed a protocol where relative blood flow through left and right middle cerebral arteries was measured using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) while the child described animation sequences. Handedness data was available from the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) and Quantification of Hand Preference (QHP) for all 194 pairs. Heritability was assessed using conventional structural equation modeling, assuming no effect of shared environment (AE model). Results: For the two handedness measures, heritability estimates were consistent with prior research: 0.23 and 0.22 respectively for the EHI and QHP. For the language laterality index, however, the twin-cotwin correlations were very close to zero for both MZ and DZ twins, and the heritability estimate was zero. Conclusions: A single study showing negligible heritability for language laterality cannot rule out a genetic effect on language lateralisation. It is possible that the low twin-cotwin correlations were affected by noisy data: although the split-half reliability of the fTCD-based laterality index was high (0.85), we did not have information on test-retest reliability in children, which is likely to be lower. We cannot rule out the possibility that true heritability of differences in language lateralization is non-zero, but results indicate that the heritability of this trait is low at best. Stochastic variation in neurodevelopment appears to play a major role in determining cerebral lateralisation.
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Bishop, Dorothy V. M., and Timothy C. Bates. "Heritability of language laterality assessed by functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound: a twin study." Wellcome Open Research 4 (March 11, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15524.2.

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Background: Prior studies have estimated heritability of around 0.25 for the trait of handedness, with studies of structural brain asymmetry giving estimates in a similar or lower range. Little is known about heritability of functional language lateralization. This report describes heritability estimates using functional language laterality and handedness phenotypes in a twin sample previously reported by Wilson and Bishop (2018). Methods: The total sample consisted of 194 twin pairs (49% monozygotic) aged from 6 to 11 years. A language laterality index was obtained for 141 twin pairs, who completed a protocol where relative blood flow through left and right middle cerebral arteries was measured using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) while the child described animation sequences. Handedness data was available from the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) and Quantification of Hand Preference (QHP) for all 194 pairs. Heritability was assessed using conventional structural equation modeling, assuming no effect of shared environment (AE model). Results: For the two handedness measures, heritability estimates were consistent with prior research: 0.23 and 0.22 respectively for the EHI and QHP. For the language laterality index, however, the twin-cotwin correlations were close to zero for both MZ and DZ twins, and the heritability estimate was zero. Conclusions: A single study cannot rule out a genetic effect on language lateralisation. It is possible that the low twin-cotwin correlations were affected by noisy data: although the split-half reliability of the fTCD-based laterality index was high (0.85), we did not have information on test-retest reliability in children, which is likely to be lower. We cannot reject the hypothesis that there is low but nonzero heritability for this trait, but our data suggest that individual variation in language lateralisation is predominantly due to stochastic variation in neurodevelopment.
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Bishop, Dorothy V. M., and Timothy C. Bates. "Heritability of language laterality assessed by functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound: a twin study." Wellcome Open Research 4 (September 16, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15524.3.

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Background: Prior studies have estimated heritability of around 0.25 for the trait of handedness, with studies of structural brain asymmetry giving estimates in a similar or lower range. Little is known about heritability of functional language lateralization. This report describes heritability estimates using functional language laterality and handedness phenotypes in a twin sample previously reported by Wilson and Bishop (2018). Methods: The total sample consisted of 194 twin pairs (49% monozygotic) aged from 6 to 11 years. A language laterality index was obtained for 141 twin pairs, who completed a protocol where relative blood flow through left and right middle cerebral arteries was measured using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) while the child described animation sequences. Handedness data was available from the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) and Quantification of Hand Preference (QHP) for all 194 pairs. Heritability was assessed using conventional structural equation modeling, assuming no effect of shared environment (AE model). Results: For the two handedness measures, heritability estimates (95% CI) were consistent with prior research: .25 (.03 - .34) and .18 (0 – .31) respectively for the EHI and QHP. For the language laterality index, however, the twin-cotwin correlations were close to zero for both MZ and DZ twins, and the heritability estimate was zero (0 - .15). Conclusions: A single study cannot rule out a genetic effect on language lateralisation. It is possible that the low twin-cotwin correlations were affected by noisy data: although the split-half reliability of the fTCD-based laterality index was high (0.85), we did not have information on test-retest reliability in children, which is likely to be lower. We cannot reject the hypothesis that there is low but nonzero heritability for this trait, but our data suggest that individual variation in language lateralisation is predominantly due to stochastic variation in neurodevelopment.
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Kim, Seong-Sik, Tae-Hoon Kim, and Byoung-Hee Lee. "Effects of Action Observational Training on Cerebral Hemodynamic Changes of Stroke Survivors: A fTCD Study." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 26, no. 3 (2014): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.331.

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Waldvogel, D., M. Sturzenegger, A. C. Nirkko, and C. Ozdoba. "Cortical activation assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD)." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 102, no. 1 (January 1997): P33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4694(97)86367-5.

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Pierce, Brandon L., Lin Tong, Samantha Dean, Maria Argos, Farzana Jasmine, Muhammad Rakibuz-Zaman, Golam Sarwar, et al. "A missense variant in FTCD is associated with arsenic metabolism and toxicity phenotypes in Bangladesh." PLOS Genetics 15, no. 3 (March 20, 2019): e1007984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007984.

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Solans, A., X. Estivill, and S. de la Luna. "Cloning and characterization of human FTCD on 21q22.3, a candidate gene for glutamate formiminotransferase deficiency." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 88, no. 1-2 (2000): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000015483.

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Pierce, Brandon L., Lin Tong, Samantha Dean, Maria Argos, Farzana Jasmine, Muhammad Rakibuz-Zaman, Golam Sarwar, et al. "Correction: A missense variant in FTCD is associated with arsenic metabolism and toxicity phenotypes in Bangladesh." PLOS Genetics 15, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): e1008172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008172.

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Faress, Ahmed, and Tom Chau. "Towards a multimodal brain–computer interface: Combining fNIRS and fTCD measurements to enable higher classification accuracy." NeuroImage 77 (August 2013): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.028.

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Connaughton, Veronica M., Azhani Amiruddin, Karen L. Clunies-Ross, Noel French, and Allison M. Fox. "Assessing hemispheric specialization for processing arithmetic skills in adults: A functional transcranial doppler ultrasonography (fTCD) study." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 283 (May 2017): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.03.010.

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Lust, J. M., R. H. Geuze, A. G. G. Groothuis, and A. Bouma. "Functional cerebral lateralization and dual-task efficiency—Testing the function of human brain lateralization using fTCD." Behavioural Brain Research 217, no. 2 (March 2011): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.029.

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FREITAS, J., E. AZEVEDO, R. SANTOS, and M. CARVALHO. "Evoked visual blood flow before and after deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease - a fTCD study." American Journal of Hypertension 18, no. 5 (May 2005): A208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.03.569.

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Möller, N., A. Haag, S. Knake, F. Rosenow, and H. Hamer. "Language dominance assessed by functional transcranial Dopplersonograqhy (fTCD) in young children using a picture description paradigm." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 4 (April 2007): e76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.11.175.

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Vingerhoets, Guy, and Nathalie Stroobant. "Reliability and validity of day-to-day blood flow velocity reactivity in a single subject: an fTCD study." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 28, no. 2 (February 2002): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-5629(01)00506-3.

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Hensel, O., S. Mages, T. Kraya, and S. Zierz. "FV 3 Functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD) during cold-induced pain in the oral cavity and ice cream headache." Clinical Neurophysiology 128, no. 10 (October 2017): e306-e307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.045.

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Lust, J. M. "Is cerebrale lateralisatie voordelig voor de prestatie bij dubbeltaken? Een fTCD-studie naar de functie van cerebrale lateralisatie." Neuropraxis 16, no. 3 (August 2012): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12474-012-0015-3.

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Gutierrez-Sigut, Eva, Richard Daws, Heather Payne, Jonathan Blott, Chloë Marshall, and Mairéad MacSweeney. "Language lateralization of hearing native signers: A functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) study of speech and sign production." Brain and Language 151 (December 2015): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2015.10.006.

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Kodir, Kodir, and Tuti Anggarawati. "HUBUNGAN KETERGANTUNGAN ROKOK DENGAN KADAR KARBONMONOKSIDA UDARA EKSPIRASI PADA MAHASISWA AKPER KESDAM IV/DIPONEGORO SEMARANG." JURNAL PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT SISTHANA 3, no. 2 (February 12, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/pkmsisthana.v3i2.6.

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Latar belakang: Merokok merupakan kebiasaan yang membahayakan kesehatan. Rokok mengandung zat nikotin yang menimbulkan efek ketergantungan serta menghasilkan karbonmonoksida yang bersifat toksik dan mengganggu sistem oksigenasi. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa hubungan ketergantungan rokok dengan kadar karbonmonoksida udara ekspirasi pada mahasiswa Akper Kesdam IV/ Diponegoro Semarang. Metode: Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 40 mahasiswa yang diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat ketergantungan rokok menggunakan kuesioner Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD), sedangkan kadar karbonmonoksida udara ekspirasi diukur dengan alat smokerlyzer. Data dianalisa dengan uji Pearson Corellation. Hasil: Hasil analisa menunjukkan terdapat hubungan signifikan antara ketergantungan rokok dengan kadar karbonmonoksida udara ekspirasi dengan p=0.042. Hasil penelitian membuktikan semakin tinggi tingkat ketergantungan rokok maka semakin tinggi kadar karbonmonoksida udara ekspirasinya. Saran : Pengukuran tingkat ketergantungan rokok dan kadar karbonmonoksida udara ekspirasi direkomendasikan sebagai data dasar pengkajian keperawatan dalam pembuatan intervensi program berhenti merokok.
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Roje-Bedeković, Marina, Arijana Lovrenčić-Huzjan, Marijana Bosnar-Puretić, Vesna Šerić, and Vida Demarin. "Hemispheric Asymmetry of Visual Cortical Response by Means of Functional Transcranial Doppler." Stroke Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/615406.

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We assessed the visual evoked response and investigated side-to-side differences in mean blood flow velocities (MBFVs) by means of functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD) in 49 right-handed patients with severe internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis and 30 healthy volunteers, simultaneously in both posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs) using 2 MHz probes, successively in the dark and during the white light stimulation. Statistically significant correlation (P=0.001) was shown in healthy and in patients (P<0.05) between MBFV in right PCA in physiological conditions and MBFV in right PCA during the white light stimulation and in the dark. The correlation between MBVF in right PCA and contralateral left PCA was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The correlation between ipsilateral left PCA was significantly higher than the one with contralateral right PCA (P<0.05). There is a clear trend towards the lateralisation of the visual evoked response in the right PCA.
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