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Journal articles on the topic 'Fuel drop'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Choi, Seok Ki, Il Kon Choi, Ho Yun Nam, Jong Hyeun Choi, and Hoon Ki Choi. "Measurement of Pressure Drop in a Full-Scale Fuel Assembly of a Liquid Metal Reactor." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 125, no. 2 (2003): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1565076.

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An experimental study has been carried out to measure the pressure drop in a 271-pin fuel assembly of a liquid metal reactor. The rod pitch to rod diameter ratio P/D of the fuel assembly is 1.2 and the wire lead length to rod diameter ratio H/D is 24.84. Measurements are made for five different sections in a fuel assembly; inlet orifice, fuel assembly inlet, wire-wrapped fuel assembly, fuel assembly outlet and fuel assembly upper region. A series of water experiments have been conducted changing flow rate and water temperature. It is shown that the pressure drops in the inlet orifice and in th

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2

Chin, J. S., D. Nickolaus, and A. H. Lefebvre. "Influence of Downstream Distance on the Spray Characteristics of Pressure-Swirl Atomizers." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 108, no. 1 (1986): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239875.

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An analytical study is made of the factors that are responsible for the observed changes in fuel spray characteristics with axial distance downstream of a pressure-swirl nozzle. To simplify the analysis the effect of fuel evaporation is neglected, but full account is taken of the effects of spray dispersion and drop acceleration (or deceleration). Equations are derived and graphs are presented to illustrate the manner and extent to which the variations of mean drop size and drop-size distribution with axial distance are governed by such factors as ambient air pressure and velocity, fuel inject

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3

Chan, Kwan Yee, and Joseph K.-W. Lam. "Water drop runoff in aircraft fuel tank vent systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 24 (2016): 4548–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216669175.

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Water condensation in aircraft fuel tank vent systems can run off to the fuel systems, where it can freeze to ice or support microbial growth in the fuel tanks. A laboratory scale test has been designed to investigate the ingress and runoff of water in the aircraft fuel tank vent pipes. The experiments are to determine the dual effects of air flow shear and hydrophobicity on water condensation in the vent pipes during descent from cruising altitudes. Results show only downslope runoff occurs and for large drop volumes where the height of the water drop is comparable with the height of the air

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4

Girin, O. G. "Wake of a shattering fuel drop." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, no. 5 (May 22, 2015): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2015.05.047.

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5

Girin, A. G. "Wake of a Shattering Fuel Drop." Combustion Science and Technology 184, no. 10-11 (2012): 1412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2012.691064.

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6

Qin, Hao, Huicui Chen, and Tong Zhang. "Study on anode single-phase flow pressure drop law of proton exchange membrane fuel cell." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2534, no. 1 (2023): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2534/1/012009.

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Abstract This article briefly describes the research status of water flooding and pressure drop (PD) of the fuel cell. Then, a mathematical model of the single-phase flow PD of the fuel cell anode is established using hydrodynamics theory and referring to existing research. Then, the three-dimensional fuel cell model is established with Gambit software, and the grid is divided. Then, the numerical simulation of the single-phase flow of the fuel cell is carried out with Fluent software. Through the analysis of the simulation data, the relationship between the fuel cell anode pressure drops and

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7

Chen, R. H., and C.-M. Lai. "Collision outcome of a water drop on the surface of a deep diesel fuel pool." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 7 (2011): 1638–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211403066.

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This study investigated the collision of water drops with diesel fuel. The target liquid was selected not only because this interaction is commonly observed in many fires but also because diesel fuel exhibits similar viscosity to heavy oils on fire. Investigated collision phenomena include water drop disintegration, cavity development, droplet ejection from the underside of the cavity, droplet ejection from the liquid (diesel fuel) crown rim, and formation of water-in-diesel compound drops. Results suggest that the number of water droplets from the disintegrated water drop increases non-linear

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8

Kalinina, Elena, Doug Ammerman, Carissa Grey, Gregg Flores, Sylvia Saltzstein, and Nicholas Klymyshyn. "Full-Scale Assembly 30 cm Drop Test." MRS Advances 5, no. 5-6 (2019): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.477.

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ABSTRACTCan Spent Nuclear Fuel withstand the shocks and vibrations experienced during normal conditions of transport? This question was the motivation for the multi-modal transportation test (MMTT) (Summer 2017), 1/3-scale cask 30 cm drop test (December 2018), and full-scale assembly 30 cm drop tests (June 2019). The full-scale ENSA ENUN 32P cask with 3 surrogate 17x17 PWR assemblies was used in the MMTT. The 1/3-scale cask was a mockup of this cask. The 30 cm drop tests provided the accelerations on the 1/3-scale dummy assemblies. These data were used to design full-scale assembly drop tests

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9

Harstad, K. G., P. C. Le Clercq, and J. Bellan. "Statistical Model of Multicomponent-Fuel Drop Evaporation for Many-Drop Flow Simulations." AIAA Journal 41, no. 10 (2003): 1858–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.1894.

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10

Girin, Oleksandr G. "DYNAMICS OF THE EMULSIFIED FUEL DROP MICROEXPLOSION." Atomization and Sprays 27, no. 5 (2017): 407–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.2017017143.

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11

Quante, Gunnar, Nils Bullerdiek, Stefan Bube, Ulf Neuling, and Martin Kaltschmitt. "Renewable fuel options for aviation – A System-Wide comparison of Drop-In and non Drop-In fuel options." Fuel 333 (February 2023): 126269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126269.

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12

Eom, Tae-Ho, Jin-Wook Kang, Jintae Kim, Min-Ho Shin, Jung-Hyo Lee, and Chung-Yuen Won. "Improved Voltage Drop Compensation Method for Hybrid Fuel Cell Battery System." Electronics 7, no. 11 (2018): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7110331.

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In this paper, a voltage drop compensation method for hybrid hydrogen fuel cell battery system, with a hydrogen recirculation powering a forklift, is studied. During recirculating hydrogen fuel to recycle hydrogen that has not reacted enough at the system, impurities can be mixed with the hydrogen fuel. This leads to low hydrogen concentration and a drop in the output voltage of the fuel cell system. In excessive voltage drop, the fuel cell system can be shutdown. This paper proposes a voltage drop compensation method using an electrical control algorithm to prevent system shutdown by reducing

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13

Zhou, Hao, Feng Feng, Qin-Liu Cao, Changsheng Zhou, Wei-Tao Wu, and Mehrdad Massoudi. "Heat Transfer and Flow of a Gel Fuel in Corrugated Channels." Energies 15, no. 19 (2022): 7287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197287.

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For propulsion systems using gel fuels, reducing the gel fuel viscosity is essential for achieving better atomization and combustion. In this paper, we investigate the flow and heat transfer in a water-gel with a temperature and shear dependent viscosity. We consider several different channels, mimicking the transport of gelled fuels in propulsion systems, and we also look at corrugation, which is a way of enhancing fluid mixing and thus improving the heat transfer characteristics. The rheological parameters in the constitutive model of the gel are fitted with experimental data. The influence

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14

Liu, Qiang, Shun-Peng Zhu, Zheng-Yong Yu, and Ran Ding. "A coupled thermal-drop impact analysis-based safety assessment of radioactive material cask." International Journal of Structural Integrity 9, no. 2 (2018): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-05-2017-0028.

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Purpose Transport is an integral part of the nuclear fuel cycle. The procedures employed are designed and conducted to ensure the public and environment protection both routinely and when transport accidents occur. According to this, the purpose of this paper is to focus on a coupled thermal-drop impact analysis-based safety assessment of a nuclear fuel cask. Design/methodology/approach For the cask, high altitude falling and fire accidents are the two most serious accidents during its transportation. In this paper, a sequentially coupled thermal-drop impact analysis is performed by using a nu

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15

Sang, Hai Lang, Guang Zhao Yue, Zhi Hua Lv, et al. "Study of Diagnosis Algorithm for Coherence of Fuel Injection of High-Pressure Common Rail Fuel System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.648.

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This paper analyzes the relationship between fuel rail pressure and fuel injection amount and presents a diagnosis algorithm for coherence of injection in cylinders based on the fuel rail pressure. A simplified model of common-rail fuel system in multi-cylinder diesel engine was built and basic analysis was completed based on this model. The analysis induced that the rail pressure drop dp/dt is mainly relevant with QInj. The experimental investigation of common-rail fuel system shows the pressure drop happens during the fuel injection period, which is induced by fuel injection. Both model anal

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16

Lyu, Sijia, Huanshu Tan, Yuki Wakata, et al. "On explosive boiling of a multicomponent Leidenfrost drop." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 2 (2021): e2016107118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016107118.

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The gasification of multicomponent fuel drops is relevant in various energy-related technologies. An interesting phenomenon associated with this process is the self-induced explosion of the drop, producing a multitude of smaller secondary droplets, which promotes overall fuel atomization and, consequently, improves the combustion efficiency and reduces emissions of liquid-fueled engines. Here, we study a unique explosive gasification process of a tricomponent droplet consisting of water, ethanol, and oil (“ouzo”), by high-speed monitoring of the entire gasification event taking place in the we

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17

Lyu, Sijia, Huanshu Tan, Yuki Wakata, et al. "On explosive boiling of a multicomponent Leidenfrost drop." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 2 (2021): e2016107118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016107118.

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The gasification of multicomponent fuel drops is relevant in various energy-related technologies. An interesting phenomenon associated with this process is the self-induced explosion of the drop, producing a multitude of smaller secondary droplets, which promotes overall fuel atomization and, consequently, improves the combustion efficiency and reduces emissions of liquid-fueled engines. Here, we study a unique explosive gasification process of a tricomponent droplet consisting of water, ethanol, and oil (“ouzo”), by high-speed monitoring of the entire gasification event taking place in the we

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18

Shouse, D. T., C. Neuroth, R. C. Hendricks, et al. "Alternate-Fueled Combustor-Sector Performance—Part A: Combustor Performance and Part B: Combustor Emissions." ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2012 (January 18, 2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/684981.

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Alternate aviation fuels for military or commercial use are required to satisfy MIL-DTL-83133F or ASTM D 7566 standards, respectively, and are classified as “drop-in’’ fuel replacements. To satisfy legacy issues, blends to 50% alternate fuel with petroleum fuels are acceptable. Adherence to alternate fuels and fuel blends requires “smart fueling systems’’ or advanced fuel-flexible systems, including combustors and engines, without significant sacrifice in performance or emissions requirements. This paper provides preliminary performance and emissions and particulates combustor sector data. The

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19

Gauthier, Eric, Thomas Hellstern, Ioannis G. Kevrekidis, and Jay Benziger. "Drop Detachment and Motion on Fuel Cell Electrode Materials." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4, no. 2 (2012): 761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am201408t.

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20

Yang, Xiufeng, Manjil Ray, Song-Charng Kong, and Chol-Bum M. Kweon. "SPH simulation of fuel drop impact on heated surfaces." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 37, no. 3 (2019): 3279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.078.

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21

YAMAMURA, Keiichiro, Seigo YOSIMITU, Yasuyuki TUTUMI, Susumu YAMASITA, Tadao HARAGUTI, and Hideto SUZUKI. "The Pressure Drop of a DME Fuel Cell Anode." Proceedings of Ibaraki District Conference 2003 (2003): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeibaraki.2003.231.

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22

PEI, P., M. OUYANG, W. FENG, L. LU, H. HUANG, and J. ZHANG. "Hydrogen pressure drop characteristics in a fuel cell stack." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31, no. 3 (2006): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.08.008.

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23

Wang, Wei-Cheng, Elle Allen, Andrew A. Campos, et al. "ASI:Dunaliellamarine microalgae to drop-in replacement liquid transportation fuel." Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 32, no. 4 (2013): 916–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.11855.

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24

Richards, G. A., P. E. Sojka, and A. H. Lefebvre. "Flame Speeds in Fuel Sprays With Hydrogen Addition." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 1 (1989): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240231.

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The influence of hydrogen addition on the burning rates of kerosine sprays in air is studied experimentally. Flame speeds are measured as a function of fuel drop size, equivalence ratio, and hydrogen concentration. The results obtained show that evaporation rates have a controlling effect on flame speeds over wide ranges of mean drop size. They also demonstrate that the burning rates of liquid kerosine-air mixtures are augmented appreciably by the addition of small quantities of hydrogen to the air flowing into the combustion zone.

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25

Dimino, Ignazio, Gianluca Diodati, Francesco Di Caprio, et al. "Numerical and Experimental Studies of Free-Fall Drop Impact Tests Using Strain Gauge, Piezoceramic, and Fiber Optic Sensors." Applied Mechanics 3, no. 1 (2022): 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech3010020.

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The present work is framed inside a broader activity aimed at improving the accuracy of numerical models in predicting the crashworthiness behavior of flexible fuel tanks. This paper describes a comprehensive experimental and numerical study aimed at estimating the impact force of a test article, consisting of a soft nylon bag filled with water, subjected to crash impact tests. In order to understand and improve response predictions, the test article drops freely from different heights, and then strikes onto a rigid plate which is instrumented with different types of sensors. Strain gauges, pi

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26

Ашихмин, А. Е., М. В. Пискунов та В. А. Яновский. "Гидродинамические режимы взаимодействия капли топливной вододизельной микроэмульсии с горизонтальной разогретой стенкой". Письма в журнал технической физики 45, № 11 (2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.11.47817.17717.

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The study discusses hydrodynamic impact regimes of the water-in-diesel microemulsion fuel drop onto a heated rigid wall. For the drop thermal breakup and rebound regimes, the maps of drop impact parameters were plotted to define the governing relationships between inertia, viscosity and surface tension forces. In addition, the study provides the critical (threshold) Weber and Reynolds numbers corresponding to the transitions between drop thermal breakup and rebound regimes. The findings, from a practical standpoint, can be utilized to supplement knowledge on producing the air-fuel mixture in c

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27

Giyad, Wissam Yassin Jabr, and Haroun A. K. Shahad. "State of the Art of Fuel Droplet Evaporation." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 5 (2022): 1327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400528.

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The process of fuel droplet evaporating is one of the most important factors that directly affect the efficiency of the combustion process. Therefore, the current study reviews previous studies that focused on the process of evaporation of a drop of fuel. The review is divided into points. The first part is concerned with modeling of the evaporation process under different initial condition and temperature of the droplet. The second part present the experimental studies concerned with measuring the evaporation time of the droplet, as well as the shape of the droplet during the evaporation proc

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28

Rizk, N. K., J. S. Chin, and M. K. Razdan. "Modeling of Gas Turbine Fuel Nozzle Spray." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 1 (1997): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815559.

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Satisfactory performance of the gas turbine combustor relies on the careful design of various components, particularly the fuel injector. It is, therefore, essential to establish a fundamental basis for fuel injection modeling that involves various atomization processes. A two-dimensional fuel injection model has been formulated to simulate the airflow within and downstream of the atomizer and address the formation and breakup of the liquid sheet formed at the atomizer exit. The sheet breakup under the effects of airblast, fuel pressure, or the combined atomization mode of the airassist type i

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29

Kim, Hyun-Jung, Jeong-Sik Yim, Young-Wook Tahk, Jae-Yong Oh, and Eui-Hyun Kong. "Drop behaviors of a plate-type fuel assembly used in research reactor for a drop accident." Progress in Nuclear Energy 113 (May 2019): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2019.01.020.

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30

Zou, Yuting, Shiyang Hua, Hao Wu, et al. "Design of a New Single-Cell Flow Field Based on the Multi-Physical Coupling Simulation for PEMFC Durability." Energies 16, no. 16 (2023): 5932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16165932.

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The fuel cell with a ten-channel serpentine flow field has a low operating pressure drop, which is conducive to extended test operations and stable use. According to numerical results of the ten-channel serpentine flow field fuel cell, the multi-channel flow field usually has poor mass transmission under the ribs, and the lower pressure drop is not favorable for drainage from the outlet. In this paper, an optimized flow field is developed to address these two disadvantages of the ten-channel fuel cell. As per numerical simulation, the optimized flow field improves the gas distribution in the r

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31

Neonufa, Godlief F., Meiti Pratiwi, Tatang H. Soerawidjaja, and Tirto Prakoso. "High Selectivity of Alkanes Production by Calcium Basic Soap Thermal Decarboxylation." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 03035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815603035.

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Renewable fuel production from vegetable oil and fat or its fatty acids by direct decarboxylation has been widely reported. An innovative approach to produce drop-in fuel via thermal catalytic decarboxylation of basic soap derived from palm stearin reported in this research. The catalytic effect of the calcium and magnesium metals in the basic soap and its decarboxylation on drop-in fuel yield and product distribution was studied. The catalytic effect was tested in the temperature range up to 370°C and atmospheric pressure for 5 hours in a batch reactor. It has been proved that the calcium bas

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32

Lee, Duen Sheng, Kai Ting Hsieh, Po Chih Tsao, Tzu Chen Hung, Yi Tung Chen, and Yu Ming Ferng. "An Experimental and Numerical Study of Pressure Drop and Hydraulic Behavior in Scaled-Down Fuel Bundle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.409.

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This study presents a scaled-down single fuel assembly experiment to simulate the fuel in the spent fuel pool (SFP). From experiment results, this study obtained the relationship among pressure drop and velocity, the viscous resistance and inertial resistance factor. In computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the large number of fuel rod bundles is approximated with porous medium technique that imposes similar flow resistance to the motion of the fluid. Difference of the pressure drop between numerical and experimental results is within acceptable deviation.

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33

Dodge, L. G., and J. A. Schwalb. "Fuel Spray Evolution: Comparison of Experiment and CFD Simulation of Nonevaporating Spray." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 1 (1989): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240218.

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Detailed spray characteristics were obtained for a small-capacity, pressure-swirl atomizer using an Aerometrics phase-Doppler particle analyzer. Measurements included drop size and velocity distributions, liquid volume fluxes, and air velocities at four axial locations, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mm, with complete radial traverses at each location. Drop size results were compared with measurements from a Malvern laser-diffraction instrument, and integrated liquid volume fluxes were compared with measured flow rates to estimate measurement uncertainties. Drop sizes measured by the two independent tech

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34

Annamalai, K., W. Ryan, and S. Chandra. "Evaporation of Multicomponent Drop Arrays." Journal of Heat Transfer 115, no. 3 (1993): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910742.

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The conventional fuels that are used in the field of transportation are primarily composed of two or more components. Each component evaporates, mixes with hot oxidant gases, ignites, and burns. Since evaporation is the precursor of the sequence of events leading to combustion, the evaporation studies on the multi-component drops are essential for determining the governing parameters of spray evaporation. While single-component drop studies have been carried out extensively in the past, very limited literature exists on the multicomponent array evaporation. The present paper deals with the eva

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35

Henein, N. A., B. Jawad, and E. Gulari. "Effects of Physical Properties of Fuels on Diesel Injection." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, no. 3 (1990): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906496.

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The physical properties of the fuel, such as density, viscosity, surface tension, and bulk modulus of elasticity, affect many aspects of the diesel injection process. The effects of these fuel properties on the fuel pressure in the high-pressure line, rate of injection, leakage, spray penetration, and droplet size distribution were determined experimentally. The mechanism of spray development was investigated by injecting the fuel into a high-pressure chamber. A pulsed Malvern drop-size analyzer, based on Fraunhofer diffraction, was utilized to determine droplet size ranges for various fuels.

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36

Ryu, Supil, Joohong Chun, Namgyu Park, and Seungjae Lee. "Effect of Drop Orientation on Structural Integrity of a Shipping Container for Nuclear Fresh Fuel." E3S Web of Conferences 162 (2020): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016203002.

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A shipping container of fresh fuel in nuclear industry is used to prevent a leakage of unirradiated radioactive materials and to maintain an integrity of nuclear fuels during transportation. In this study, the drop behavior was predicted and the effect of drop orientation on structural integrity of a shipping container in case of 9 m free drop was studied. LS-DYNA which is a computer code designed to perform nonlinear dynamic analysis using explicit time integration was used in numerical analyses. The material properties were applied to the analysis model to predict the nonlinear transient beh

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37

Rudoff, R. C., M. J. Houser, and W. D. Bachalo. "Experiments on Spray Interactions in the Wake of a Bluff Body." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 1 (1988): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240091.

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The dynamics of spray drop interaction within the turbulent wake of a bluff body were investigated using the Aerometrics Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer, which determines both drop size and velocity. Detailed measurements obtained included spray drop size, axial and radial velocity, angle of trajectory, and size-velocity correlations. The gas-phase flow field was also ascertained via the behavior of the smallest drops. Results showed dramatic differences in drop behavior when interacting with turbulence for the various size classes. Small drops were recirculated in a pair of toroidal vortices

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38

Zhongliang, W., C. Jiawen, F. Li, C. Yang, and Z. Hong. "T01067* Series Fuel Pump Pulp Molded Package Dynamic Drop Simulation." Journal of New Media 4, no. 2 (2022): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jnm.2022.019753.

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39

Donoso, David, David Bolonio, Rosario Ballesteros, Magín Lapuerta, and Laureano Canoira. "Hydrogenated orange oil: A waste derived drop-in biojet fuel." Renewable Energy 188 (April 2022): 1049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.02.078.

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40

Králik, Juraj. "Optimal Design of NPP Containment Protection Against Fuel Container Drop." Advanced Materials Research 688 (May 2013): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.688.213.

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This paper presents a optimal design of a damping devices for the protection of the reinforced concrete structure of a nuclear power plant (NPP) against the impact loads from a container of nuclear fuel of the type TK C30 drop. The finite element idealization of the building structure is used in space. The interaction of the soil-structure, as well as the fluid-structure of the deactivated basin is considered in space. A steel pipe damper system is proposed for the dissipation of the kinetic energy of the container is free fall. The Newmark’s integration method is used for the solution of the

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41

WIT, Huang-Jau, Che-Chung TSENG, and Shih-Chung CHENG. "A Numerical Analysis for a BWR Fuel Assembly Drop Event." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (2006): 1068–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.2006.9711196.

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42

Argyropoulos, P., K. Scott, and W. M. Taama. "Pressure drop modelling for liquid feed direct methanol fuel cells." Chemical Engineering Journal 73, no. 3 (1999): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-8947(99)00038-8.

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43

Qi, Z. F., J. X. Li, L. L. Tong, and X. W. Cao. "Numerical simulation of pressure drop in fuel channel end fitting." Nuclear Engineering and Design 240, no. 10 (2010): 3435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.07.026.

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44

Chausalkar, Abhijeet, Chol-Bum M. Kweon, and James B. Michael. "Multi-component fuel drop-wall interactions at high ambient pressures." Fuel 283 (January 2021): 119071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119071.

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45

Bogarra-Macias, Maria, Omid Doustdar, Mohammed Fayad, et al. "Performance of a drop-in biofuel emulsion on a single-cylinder research diesel engine." Combustion Engines 166, no. 3 (2016): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-324.

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Current targets in reducing CO2 and other greenhouse gases as well as fossil fuel depletion have promoted the research for alternatives to petroleum-based fuels. Pyrolysis oil (PO) from biomass and waste oil is seen as a method to reduce life-cycle CO2, broaden the energy mix and increase the use of renewable fuels. The abundancy and low prices of feedstock have attracted the attention of biomass pyrolysis in order to obtain energy-dense products. Research has been carried out in optimising the pyrolysis process, finding efficient ways to convert the waste to energy. However, the pyrolysis pro

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Mannava, Vennela, and Leela Velautham. "Decarbonizing aviation: The roles of sustainable aviation fuels and hydrogen fuel." MIT Science Policy Review 4 (August 31, 2023): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.38105/spr.4z2j4tru9a.

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As the aviation sector is projected to continue growing in the coming decades, so too are its greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impacts. Improvements to the efficiency of jet fuel-powered airplanes have dominated past emissions reduction efforts, but increasingly diminishing efficiency improvements now motivate the transition to alternative fuels. This article reviews two major classes of such fuels. Sustainable aviation fuels encompass a broad array of drop-in fuels with operational similarities to traditional jet fuel that show promise as a short-term solution. Hydrogen fuel shows p

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Dodge, L. G., T. J. Callahan, T. W. Ryan, J. A. Schwalb, C. E. Benson, and R. P. Wilson. "Injection Characteristics of Coal-Water Slurries in Medium-Speed Diesel Equipment." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 3 (1992): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906620.

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The injection characteristics of several micronized coal-water slurries (CWSs, where “s” implies plural) were investigated at high injection pressures (40 to 140 MPa, or 6,000 to 20,000 psi). Detailed spray characteristics including drop-size distributions and cone angles were measured using a continuous, high-pressure injection system spraying through various hole shapes and sizes into a continuous, elevated-pressure air flow. Penetration and cone angle were also measured using intermittent injection into an elevated-pressure quiescent chamber. Cone angles and fuel-air mixing increased rapidl

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Ates, Harun, and M. G. Kelkar. "Two-Phase Pressure Drop Predictions Across Gravel Pack." SPE Production & Facilities 13, no. 02 (1998): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/37512-pa.

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Dutta, P., J. P. Gore, and P. E. Sojka. "Emissions Characteristics of Liquid-Fueled Pilot Stabilized Lean Premixed Flames in a Tubular Premixer-Combustor." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 3 (1997): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817024.

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Global emissions of NOx in a liquid-fueled lean-premixed tubular combustor with a tubular premixer operating under atmospheric pressure are studied experimentally. The effects of equivalence ratio, premixer length, residence time, fuel type, and fuel atomization and dispersion characteristics on NOx emissions are studied. Measurements of exhaust species concentrations are used as the primary indicator of the effectiveness of premixing-prevaporization upstream of the combustor. Qualitative levels of prevaporization-premixing are determined from Mie-scattering signals measured at the exit of the

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Schikorr, M., E. Bubelis, L. Mansani, and K. Litfin. "Proposal for pressure drop prediction for a fuel bundle with grid spacers using Rehme pressure drop correlations." Nuclear Engineering and Design 240, no. 7 (2010): 1830–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2010.03.039.

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