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1

Er., DARAPU SRIKANTH SATISH KUMAR, P.V.V. SATYANARAYANA Prof., and B. VIJAYA SARADHI Prof. "AIR POLLUTION MODELLING-SOFTWARE – A REVIEW." International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Scientific Research 1, no. 4 (2014): 70–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10720441.

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Applications of various air pollution modeling software like &nbsp;MEASURE, COLE, OFFROAD, URBEMIS, MOBILE, PART5, MOBTOX, SPOT, PEMS, OEMS, EMFAC series of models have been discussed in this paper. &nbsp; <strong>Keywords: </strong>Fuel Efficiency Automobile Test (FEAT), Geographic Information System (GIS), Traffic Control Management Systems (TCMS), Transportation Improvement Plans (TIPs), New Generation Models (NGMs), Remote Sensing Devices (RSDs).&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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2

Lee, Min Sik, Jun Park, and Chung Gil Kang. "Drop-Test Simulations to Investigate Collision Characteristics of Automobile Center-Pillar Structures According to Partial Quenching Area." Key Engineering Materials 794 (February 2019): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.794.151.

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Development of environment-friendly materials to improve the safety and fuel efficiency of automobiles has attracted great research attention with regards to the automobile industry in recent years. With increase in demand for technological developments to improve performance and efficiency, an increased number of researches are being performed concerning the use of advanced high-strength steel in parts manufactured by means of the hot-press forming process. Furthermore, research concerning the improvement in fuel efficiency through additional weight reduction using tailor-welded blanks (TWBs)
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Choi, Ju Ho, In Young Yang, and Woo Chae Hwang. "A Study on the Collapse Characteristics of CFRP Circular Member According to Collision Energy Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 535-536 (January 2013): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.535-536.361.

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Vehicle structure must be lightweight in order to improve fuel-efficiency and reducing exhaust fumes. The most important goals in designing automobile are safety and environment-friendliness. There are lots of studies on the crushing absorption energy of a structural members in automobile. The crashworthy behavior of circular composite material tubes subjected to axial compression under same conditions is reported in this paper. Energy absorption of CFRP circular member is affected by lamination conditions. Test was executed in order to compare the results to the energy absorption and collapse
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4

Ning, Jinzi, and Fanqian Tao. "Research on the Influence Mechanism of dual-credit Policy on Green Innovation Level of Automobile Enterprises: Moderating Effect Based on Internationalization Depth and Internationalization Breadth." International Journal of Global Economics and Management 5, no. 2 (2024): 93–110. https://doi.org/10.62051/ijgem.v5n2.12.

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The “dual-credit” policy is a key strategy implemented by the state to promote green mobility, aiming to encourage automakers to make progress in fuel efficiency and new energy technologies through quantitative management of corporate average fuel consumption points and new energy vehicle points. In this paper, we take Chinese listed automobile enterprises as the experimental group, and match the control group from non-automobile enterprises by propensity score matching method, and use double-difference model to test the incentive effect of the dual-credit policy on the improvement of green in
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Uchenna Barnabas, Ugwuanyi, Adeniyi John Ayodele, Onyeka John Eze, Aka Christian Chikezie, Obasi Oka, and Thomas Onah. "Performance Evaluation of Vegetable-based Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel as Alternative Diesel Engine Fuel." Advances in Multidisciplinary and scientific Research Journal Publication 1 (July 30, 2022): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/rebk2022-p14.

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Many researches had attempted characterization of biodiesel to determine its appropriateness as fuel for internal combustion engine. The paper aimed at evaluating the performance of vegetable –based waste cooking oil biodiesel as alternative diesel engine fuel. The methodology of the study was experimental. The waste oil was transesterified and chemical analyses performed to establish physico-chemical properties of diesel, ‘pure’ biodiesel and blends. The test fuels were evaluated for brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency (ηth) at varying brake power on test rig consisti
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Wang, Ling Long, Tian Qiang Du, and Wei Liu. "Impact Test Method for Automobile Plastic Tank Research and Equipment Development." Applied Mechanics and Materials 456 (October 2013): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.456.345.

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The automobile fuel tank is an important component of the car, and it played an important role in the safety. Its one of the parts of car must be test in china and another place such as Europe before this parts used in a new car. In this article, the difference of requirement of low-temperature impact resistance is compared in GB18296-2001 and 70/221/EEC or ECE R34, then discuss the simple structure of pendulum for impact test according to GB18296-2001 and find it is not suitable for the impact test which required in 70/221/EEC.After that, designed an impact test rig meeting the requirements o
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7

Ma, Zhao Li, and Zhen Dong Zhang. "Research and Design of Electric Fuel Pump Testing System." Advanced Materials Research 510 (April 2012): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.510.123.

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The electric gasoline pump is one of the most important components of vehicle fuel supply system. It acts a main role to reduce fuel consumption and harmful emissions. It is designed to draw the fuel which has enough pressure and flowrate through the fuel line to the system. According to the drawbacks of current performance testing method used in automobile electric fuel pump experiments, a new testing system based on single chip microprocessor was developed. The system can automatically accomplish the functions of data sampling, data processing, data storage, statistical analysis and dynamic
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8

Osei-Mireku, Gifty, and Deli Yao. "Consumer response to fuel economy in the face of global fuel crises." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 9, no. 1 (2025): 5210. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd5210.

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One crucial determinant of the overall cost of national fuel efficiency rules is how consumers evaluate trade-offs between the initial cost of vehicles with better fuel economy and the anticipated savings in fuel expenses. Vehicle selection modeling is a useful tool for evaluating variations in customer preferences when it comes to purchasing vehicles. Additionally, it explores the impact of these changes on consumer surplus and compliance costs. The study employs a particular selection test under comparison test conditions to investigate its impact on the visual representation of fuel economy
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9

Nagendra, S., B. Santosh Kumar, A. V. N. S. Kiran, C. Ramanjaneyalu, and K. Nagamani. "Quantification of Execution and Emission Efficiency of a Fuelled Diesel Engine with Biodiesel." Journal of Engineering Sciences 7, no. 1 (2020): G15—G20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2020.7(1).g3.

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A significant portion of the automobile and industrial sector is mostly dependent on the running of diesel engines as it is efficient and shifts a large of the goods around the globe and power various equipment. Also, as the use of energy as diesel fuel is increasing enormously with the expansion of industrial growth, diversification, this led to the accelerating global emissions, global climatic change, health issues, and exhaustion of fuels. To succumb this, alternative fuel is needed to fight against the ill effects and as a replacement to diesel fuel. Thus, vegetable oils as alternative fu
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10

Ghadbane, Houssam Eddine, and Ahmed F. Mohamed. "Optimizing Fuel Economy in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy Based on the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm." Mathematics 13, no. 9 (2025): 1504. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13091504.

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Due to their improved performance and advantages for the environment, fuel cell hybrid electric cars, or FCEVs, have garnered a lot of attention. Establishing an energy management strategy (EMS) for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) is essential for optimizing power distribution among various energy sources. This method addresses concerns regarding hydrogen utilization and efficiency. The Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm is employed in the proposed energy management system to enhance the strategy of maximizing external energy, leading to decreased hydrogen consumption and increased system e
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Xu, Qingyun, Wangwen Gu, Jiguang Wang, Feng Xu, and Meng Wang. "Influence of Different Refueling Temperatures and Refueling Rates on Refueling Emission." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2528, no. 1 (2023): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2528/1/012016.

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Abstract With the increase of automobiles on hand in China, automobile refueling emissions, as an important part of volatile organic compounds (VOC), have been paid more and more attention. Frequent refueling is related to the fuel vapor concentration and operation safety of the gas stations. Reducing refueling emissions can improve fuel vapor recovery efficiency and reduce fuel waste in gas stations. Therefore, the research on refueling emissions test began to attract attention. However, due to the long pre-processing time of the refueling test, the occupation of the laboratory, and the compl
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Babu Pendyala, Dr Sekhar, Kindidodla Niranjan, and Kindidodla Niranjan. "ANALYSIS ON AN AUTOMOBILE BASED HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE SYSTEM BASED ON VARIOUS INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE." Industrial Engineering Journal 51, no. 10 (2023): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36893/iej.2022.v51i10.126-132.

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Increased environmental impact from the fast consumption of fossil fuel has provided a significant drive for the creation of more fuel-efficient automobiles. Having matured from their embryonic stage, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are showing signs of being a viable solution to the critical existential threat to Earth. Higher efficiency vehicles (HEVs) not only help drivers save money on gas by getting greater mileage and producing fewer harmful emissions, but they also cushion drivers and passengers from the financial blow of steadily increasing gas costs. The electrification of powertrains
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13

Abdulrahman, A., A. B. Adisa, and H. Dandakouta. "Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spark Ignition Engine." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 8, no. 4 (2018): 155–62. https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.8.4.19.

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The power developed by an internal-combustion engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived from crude oil, which are depleting and are important sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine. N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline. The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by volume) were used in the engine per
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14

Woo, Jang Chang, and Jang Seok Park. "Study on the Acoustic Properties of Light-weight PU-GF Composites by Content of Glass Fiber for Automotive Interior Trim Parts." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, no. 7 (2023): 1126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0171.

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Recently, the demand for Light-weight vehicles in the automobile industry has increased in response to environmental regulations and the need for improved fuel efficiency, leading to the development of highly functional materials. The lightening of materials has the greatest impact on reducing vehicle weight, and the headlining, which takes up a significant portion of a vehicle, is a suitable target for material Light-weight research. The current mass-produced headlining structure is multi-layered, containing a high proportion of glass fiber material and polyurethane foam to reinforce bending
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Iavnic, Tudor, Dragoş Puiu, and Aristotel Popescu. "Energy Recovery from Ice Waste Heat Using Thermoelectric Generators." Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section 69, no. 4 (2023): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2023-0032.

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Abstract In recent times, people pay more attention to global warming because they realise its impact on the environment and human life. The main factor that influences it are the emissions produced by the transportation industry. Automobiles are one of the biggest source CO2 emissions. Because the engine efficiency is low, most of the energy produced is lost as heat. If the lost heat is recovered and transformed to electrical energy it could power some of the automobile systems, thus reducing the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Among the researched power generation technologies, one of th
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16

S., Hemanth Kumar, and Madan Sahana. "THE CHANGING FACE OF AUTOMOTIVE CONSUMERS: HYBRID CARS BUYING BEHAVIORS AND EXPECTATIONS." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 6, S2 (2019): 253–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2566925.

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<em>Greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, carbon monoxide emissions, toxic levels of air pollution are some of the repercussions of automobile usage over the years. But we are not oblivious to these issues and the leading OEM&rsquo;s around the world are constantly researching &amp; developing new technology to address these issues. The development of hybrid cars has been a result of that.The development of hybrid cars has been a result of that.&nbsp;</em><em>The widespread acceptance of vehicles incorporating hybrid technology has been the result of growing awareness among consumers, gove
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Kuznetsov, V., Y. Dobryshkin, I. Lappo, and S. Prykhodko. "FEATURES OF LABORATORY TESTING OF ARMORED VEHICLES AND AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT AGAINST EXTERNAL MECHANICAL AND CLIMATIC FACTORS." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки, no. 12 (July 5, 2022): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.12.2022.08.

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Statement of the Problem. One of the main means of military equipment used in combat operations is armored vehicles and motor vehicles. In this regard, one of the urgent tasks of supporting and restoring the state's combat effectiveness is to equip the Armed Forces of Ukraine with new and upgraded armored vehicles and automobiles.&#x0D; The development and production of modern armored vehicles is closely linked to a full cycle of theoretical and practical research and laboratory and field testing.&#x0D; One of the stages of testing is laboratory testing of external mechanical and climatic fact
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18

Riess, Christian, Michael Simon Josef Walter, Stefan Weiherer, Tiffany Haas, Sebastian Haas, and Alexandru Salceanu. "Heating an electric car with a biofuel operated heater during cold seasons – design, application and test." ACTA IMEKO 7, no. 4 (2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v7i4.578.

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The automotive industry is currently undergoing far-reaching structural changes. Automobile manufacturers are pursuing intensive scientific research and technological development in the field of alternative drive systems, such as electric powertrains. If electric car batteries are charged with regenerative generated electricity, their emission output is zero (from a well-to-wheel view). Furthermore, electric drives have very high efficiency. At cold temperatures, however, the battery power drops due to energy-intensive loads, such as the heating of the passenger compartment, and this consequen
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19

Y, Alex, and Roji George Roy. "Production, Quantitative Analysis of Fatty Acids, Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel Fuel Derived from Virgin Coconut Oil." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (2020): 1397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul853.

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Biodiesel has become more attractive recently, because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources. Over the past few decades, most of the countries depending on diesel engines for transportation. Some of its valuable advantages like highest thermal efficiency made it very popular. At the same time, the cost of diesel fuel is increasing, due to the depletion of fossil fuels. In this current scenario, we need an alternative fuel instead of diesel fuel. Many of the researchers have successfully placed several works on generating energy from different types
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Jung, Ju-Hee, Dae-Woong Park, and Eung-Ryul Baek. "Study on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Butt GMAW Al/Fe Dissimilar Joints using Pure Copper Filler Metal." Journal of Welding and Joining 39, no. 6 (2021): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2021.39.6.9.

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The automobile industry is required to reduce the automotive exhaust emissions and enhance fuel efficiency by reducing the weight of the vehicle body (lightweight body) and increasing the strength of the vehicle. To manufacture a lightweight body, there have been numerous studies on Al/Fe dissimilar joining globally. However, the biggest problem of those studies was the formation of the Al-Fe intermetallic compound (IMC) layer, which broke the weld metal on the Al-Fe IMC layer. Therefore, in this study, Al/Fe dissimilar joining using gas metal arc welding using pure copper (Cu) filler metal wa
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Rimkus, Alfredas, Edward Kozłowski, Tadas Vipartas, Saugirdas Pukalskas, Piotr Wiśniowski, and Jonas Matijošius. "Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen-Enriched Gasoline Under Dynamic Driving Conditions." Energies 18, no. 5 (2025): 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051190.

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This paper investigates the emission characteristics of hydrogen-enriched gasoline (95G5H2) under dynamic driving situations in order to fulfill the growing need for cleaner and more efficient automobile fuels. This study aimed to investigate the impact of hydrogen addition on pollutant-specific emissions, including CO, CO2, HC, and NOx, using a Nissan Qashqai that ran on both pure gasoline (100G) and 95G5H2. Emission statistics were obtained by computer simulations of the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) applied using AVL CRUISE software. The paper presents a method of co
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Sun, Youding, Zhongpan Zhu, Aimin Du, and Xinwen Chen. "Multiparameter Optimization Framework of Cyberphysical Systems: A Case Study on Energy Saving of the Automotive Engine." Actuators 10, no. 12 (2021): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10120330.

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Multiparameter optimization of complex electromechanical systems in a physical space is a challenging task. CPS (Cyberphysical system) technology can speed up the solution of the problem based on data interaction and collaborative optimization of physical space and cyberspace. This paper proposed a general multiparameter optimization framework by combining physical process simulation and clustering genetic algorithm for the CPS application. The utility of this approach is demonstrated in the instance of automobile engine energy-saving in this paper. A 1.8-L turbocharged GDI (gasoline direct in
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Nazarov, F. L. "Factors of increasing engine oil replacement time in automobile diesel engines." Intellect. Innovations. Investments, no. 5 (2023): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2023-5-92.

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The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that the potential for increasing the replacement period of engine oil in modern and promising automotive engines should have not only a marketing basis, but also a scientific justification for its implementation. The aim of the study is to reduce the unit cost of maintenance of automobile engines by increasing the timing of engine oil change. A particular task within the framework of this article is to establish the factors that cause an increase in the period for replacing engine oil in automobile diesel engines (on the example of the KA
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Lee, Sang, Hyo Kwak, Gi Han, and Chul Kim. "Design of Gerotor Oil Pump with 2-Expanded Cardioids Lobe Shape for Noise Reduction." Energies 12, no. 6 (2019): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061126.

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Gerotor pump technology is being increasingly employed in innovative application fields, such as engines and as the hydraulic source of automatic transmissions. The most important issues in the automobile industry in recent years are improvement of fuel efficiency and noise reduction, so the existing studies relating to design of the gerotor profiles and the port in gerotor oil pumps have been conducted to ensure high flow rates and low irregularity. This study proposes a new gerotor lobe shape with 2-expanded cardioids to reduce the noise of the oil pump used in the automatic transmissions of
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Nam, Seon-Ho, Bong-Yong Kang, Min-Woo Park, Sung-Jin Park, and Ji-Yeon Shim. "Electromagnetic Self-Piercing Riveting (E-SPR) Process for Dissimilar Materials Joints." Journal of Welding and Joining 39, no. 6 (2021): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2021.39.6.4.

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Automobile manufacturers have recently focused their research on the concurrent improvement of fuel efficiency and stability. To implement lightweight body structures, the joining of dissimilar materials, such as advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), is the most important, whereas fusion welding, which is the conventional welding process, is inapplicable owing to the difference in mechanical properties between materials. Thus, the development of an appropriate dissimilar material joining process is of utmost importance, considering productivity and saf
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Jung, Joon Ha, Byungock Kim, Woong Jae Na, and Yun-ho Shin. "Development of Rotor Balancing Algorithm for a High-Precision Rotor System considering Dynamic Reliability through Automatic-Adaptive DBSCAN." Structural Control and Health Monitoring 2024 (January 16, 2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/6150717.

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Recently, the demand for high-precision balancing of rotors has increased in the automobile industry, as more rotors are designed to rotate at ever-higher speeds to maximize energy efficiency. The accumulation of measurement uncertainty in the balancing process decreases the accuracy of the unbalanced mass estimation, which is the ultimate goal of balancing. Here, the problem of uncertainty is shown through a Monte Carlo simulation of signals acquired from an actual production line. To reduce the effect of measurement uncertainty in the balancing procedures, a signal-processing technique that
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27

Mishra, Dr Apoorwa. "A Study on Customer Perception Towards Selecting Marketing Mix of Maruti Suzuki Arena, Raipur (C.G.)." International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 04, no. 06 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/isjem04148.

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Abstract In today’s competitive automotive industry, customer perception plays a critical role in shaping marketing strategies and business success. The present study focuses on understanding the customer perception regarding the marketing mix elements—Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, and Physical Evidence—specifically in the context of Maruti Suzuki Arena in Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Maruti Suzuki, being India’s leading automobile manufacturer, has established a strong presence across the country, and the Arena outlets are designed to offer a more modern and engaging car-buying
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Akbar, Khalid, Yuan Zou, Qasim Awais, Mirza Jabbar Aziz Baig, and Mohsin Jamil. "A Machine Learning-Based Robust State of Health (SOH) Prediction Model for Electric Vehicle Batteries." Electronics 11, no. 8 (2022): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081216.

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The car industry is entering a new age due to electric energy as a fuel in the contemporary era. Electric batteries are being more widely used in the automobile sector these days. As a result, the inner workings of these battery systems must be fully comprehended. There is currently no accurate model for predicting an electric car battery’s state of health (SOH). This study aims to use machine learning to develop a reliable SOH prediction model for batteries. A correct optimal method was also constructed to drive the modeling process in the right direction. Extensive simulations were performed
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HARISUDHAN, R. "Performance Test on VCR Engine Working with Juliflora and Radish Bio Diesel Blended with Diesel." International Journal on Science and Technology 16, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.71097/ijsat.v16.i3.7166.

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The performance of the engine is considered to be as one of the most important factor for any automobile. Biodiesel as a renewable source of fuel for diesel engine application. In this work, biodiesel is fumigated and diesel fuel will be used as an ignition source . The comparable study of emission and performance characteristics of biodiesel and diesel fuel is carried out in this project. The performance characteristics like BMEP, IP, IMEP, BSFC, BTE, ITE, Mechanical Efficiency and Heat in exhaust are compared. To overcome the need of alternate fuels in the field of automobile in upcoming yea
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"Observation of Different Experimental Parameters Effect using Friction Stir Welding Through Simulation of Tailor Welded Blanks." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 3 (2019): 3421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c5042.098319.

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In the present scenario, the industries of automobile are focusing in decrease in the weight of the automotive body by using which we can increase the efficiency of fuel orally. Many researchers are working keeping this as motto, many joining techniques and engineering materials are used to decrease the decrease in weight for increasing the fuel efficiency. By synchronizing this, there is a technique called tailor welded blanks (TWB) is recommended highly by many automobile industries and researchers have been chosen this technology. In the current work, the motto is the behavior of forming in
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31

Grimal, Richard. "Reducing car traffic? Welfare costs and environmental benefits of different economic and technological scenarios by 2060." Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation 73 | 2018 (March 31, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/cst.12171.

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Along with the growing car traffic, pollutant and GHG emissions have constantly been increasing. Facing this evidence, the French government and local authorities have implemented willful policies during the last two decades in order to reduce car use in French cities. However, such policies could be nearly reaching their limits, in particular as they fail in dealing with the issue of car dependency in low-density areas. So, in a context of increa­sing fuel prices on the long-run, more attention has to be paid to social costs and equity issues related to sustainable travel policies, in additio
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A, Abdulrahman, Adisa A. B., and Dandakouta H. "Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spark Ignition Engine." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 8, no. 4 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.8.4.19.

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The power developed by an internal-combustion engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived from crude oil, which are depleting and are important sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine. N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline. The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by volume) were used in the engine per
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33

Al-Bayati, Hayder, Ibtihal A. Mahmood, and Fuad Khoshnaw. "ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING'S FAILURE IN HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY STEEL." Journal of Applied Engineering Science, March 6, 2023, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-40923.

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High strength low alloy steel (HSLA DOCOL 500 LA) is utilized in the automotive structure because of its superior qualities such as good fatigue resistance, a high strength-to-weight ratio, assisting in reducing the weight of the vehicle, increasing fuel efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) is the most welding technique that is used to join automobile parts together. This study investigated the RSW process for high-strength steel. By utilizing the Taguchi approach, the optimization process for double spot nuggets with the principal welding parameters of welding cur
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E., T. L. Cöuras Ford, A. C. Vale V., U. L. Mendes J., and A. Ribeiro F. "Wind Tunnel for Aerodynamic Development Testing." November 5, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1110850.

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The study of the aerodynamics related to the improvement in the acting of airplanes and automobiles with the objective of being reduced the effect of the attrition of the air on structures, providing larger speeds and smaller consumption of fuel. The application of the knowledge of the aerodynamics not more limits to the aeronautical and automobile industries. Therefore, this research aims to design and construction of a wind tunnel to perform aerodynamic analysis in bodies of cars, seeking greater efficiency. Therefore, this research aims to design and construction of a wind tunnel to perform
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E., T. L. Cöuras Ford, A. C. Vale V., U. L. Mendes J., and A. Ribeiro F. "Wind Tunnel for Aerodynamic Development Testing." International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences 8.0, no. 6 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1338600.

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The study of the aerodynamics related to the improvement in the acting of airplanes and automobiles with the objective of being reduced the effect of the attrition of the air on structures, providing larger speeds and smaller consumption of fuel. The application of the knowledge of the aerodynamics not more limits to the aeronautical and automobile industries. Therefore, this research aims to design and construction of a wind tunnel to perform aerodynamic analysis in bodies of cars, seeking greater efficiency. Therefore, this research aims to design and construction of a wind tunnel to perform
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Zainal Abidin, Shaiful Fadzil, Amir Khalid, Mohd Farid Muhamad Said, Izzarief Zahari, and Rifqi Irzuan Abdul Jalal. "Investigation of Cylinder Deactivation (CDA) Application on a Naturally Aspirated Engine." International Journal of Integrated Engineering 14, no. 6 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2022.14.06.011.

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Increasing oil prices and emission legislation have forced automotive company to investigate new methods and technologies to reduce the harmful effect produced from the motor vehicle, particularly CO2 (Carbon-Dioxide).A lot of studies and research have been put into in order to achieve a zero emission vehicle with the usage of electricity rather than fossil fuel, but the challenge to cost and environmental effect makes an IC engine is still being the predominant power plant for automobile in this century. One of the popular techniques among engine manufacturers to have a better engine efficien
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Quan, Rui, Yousheng Yue, Zikang Huang, Yufang Chang, and Yadong Deng. "Effects of Backpressure on the Performance of Internal Combustion Engine and Automobile Exhaust Thermoelectric Generator." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 144, no. 9 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4053546.

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Abstract The maximum generated power of automobile exhaust thermoelectric generator (AETEG) can be enhanced by applying inserted fins to its heat exchanger, because the temperature difference of thermoelectric modules (TEMs) is increased. However, the added heat exchanger will result in undesired backpressure, which may deteriorate the performance of the internal combustion engine (ICE). To evaluate the backpressure on the performance of both the ICE and the AETEG, the model of ICE integrated with AETEG was established with the GT-power software and validated with the AETEG test bench. The hea
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Ha, Jungchan, In-seok Baek, and Seok-Soon Lee. "Use of the FMVSS-214 static bending test to evaluate an automobile side door impact beam made of glass fiber-reinforced plastic." Journal of Composite Materials, May 2, 2022, 002199832210987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983221098796.

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A side door impact beam absorbs energy and plays an important role in preventing intrusion of another vehicle into the occupant area. Impact beams are being actively researched to reduce vehicle weight while still meeting the strength requirements of environmental regulations and to improve fuel efficiency and enhance safety. No study has subjected a lightweight glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) impact beam to the Body in White (BIW) Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS)-214 quasi-static test. We compared three beams that differed in shape and stacking pattern. We performed three-p
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Nelson, Daniel A. "Development of a Noncontacting Mechanical Seal for High Performance Turbocharger Applications." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 141, no. 3 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4041244.

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This paper presents the design and development of a noncontacting dry-gas mechanical seal for high performance automotive turbocharger applications. Turbochargers are increasingly being incorporated into high performance automobile engines to improve fuel efficiency, enhance energy recovery, and increase horsepower as compared with similar sized naturally aspirated engines. Minimizing the wear rate of tribological surfaces in the turbomachinery is critical to maximizing the reliability and durability of the turbocharger. A dry-gas seal for turbochargers and related technologies with 2–4 cm sha
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Elango, Pradeev, Arulkumaran Mathivanan, Raghav Kakani, Himadri B. Das, and Ramesh Asvathanarayanan. "Numerical Evaluation of Fuel Consumption and Transient Emissions of Different Hybrid Topologies for Two-Wheeler Application." SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles 12, no. 3 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/14-12-03-0019.

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&lt;div&gt;In Asian countries, small two-wheelers form a major share of the automobile segment and contribute significantly to carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) emissions. Hybrid drives, though not widely applied in two-wheelers, can reduce fuel consumption and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. In this work three hybrid topologies, viz., P2 (electric motor placed between engine and transmission), P3 (electric motor placed between transmission and final drive), and power-split concepts (with planetary gear-train) have been modeled in Simulink, and their fuel consumption and emissi
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O. Jesubunmi, Christianah, Ezeribe K. Phil, and Charles C. Chigbu. "Isolation and Optimization of Hydrocarbon – Degrading Bacteria." Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology, March 28, 2022, 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2022/v8i130119.

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Aims: To isolate and characterize hydrocarbon – degraders in a contaminated soil sample&#x0D; Study Design: This experiment was carried out under aseptic conditions. The result was confirmed by visible spectrophotometer&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Programme, Clifford University, Ihie Campus, Owerrinta, Abia State, Nigeria, between May 2021 to July 2021&#x0D; Methodology: Soil sample contaminated with hydrocarbon used in this experiment was from an automobile mechanic workshop. A ten-fold serial dilution was made for each soil sample, after
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Rajesh, S. P., B. Stanly Jones Retnam, M. Devanand, A. Haiter Lenin, and A. Manjunathan. "Performance Analysis on PP blended Bio-Diesel tested on a CI Engine." International Journal of Vehicle Structures and Systems 14, no. 3 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4273/ijvss.14.3.09.

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The presence of existing fossil fuels has come to an extinction stage from where feasibility and further availability is very much restricted. This led to the introduction of novel biofuels by blending them with existing diesel. In recent day’s plastics plays a major role in the human society in all aspects in day-to-day life. The decomposition of these materials nearly takes hundreds of years when dumped under the earth and causes many hazards to the environment in which we live. Hence recycling of these materials plays a vital role. This can be done in many ways; one among them is to convert
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Sk, Farooq. "Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 Journal > Journal > Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 > Page 6 PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINE-ETHANOL BLENDS ON PFI-SI ENGINE Authors: D.Vinay Kumar ,G.Samhita Priyadarsini,V.Jagadeesh Babu,Y.Sai Varun Teja, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00051 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Alcohol based fuels can be produced from renewable energy sources and has the potential to reduce pollutant emissions due to their oxygenated nature. Lighter alcohols like ethanol and methanol are easily miscible with gasoline and by blending alcohols with gasoline; a part of conventional fuel can be replaced while contributing to fuel economy. Several researchers tested various ethanol blends on different engine test rigs and identified ethanol as one of the most promising ecofriendly fuels for spark ignition engine. Its properties high octane number, high latent heat of vaporization give better performance characteristics and reduces exhaust emissions compared to gasoline. This paper focuses on studying the effects of blending 50 of ethanol by volume with gasoline as it hardly needs engine modifications. Gasoline (E0) and E50 fuels were investigated experimentally on single-cylinder, four-stroke port fuel injection spark ignition engine by varying engine speed from 1500 rpm to 3500 rpm. Performance Characteristics like torque, brake power, specific fuel consumption, and volumetric efficiency and exhaust emissions such as HC, CO, CO2, NOx were studied.. Keywords: Ethanol,Emissions,Gasoline,Port fuel Injection, Refference: I Badrawada, I. G. G., and A. A. P. Susastriawan. “Influence of ethanol–gasoline blend on performance and emission of four-stroke spark ignition motorcycle.” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy (2019): 1-6. II Doğan, Battal, et al. “The effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine through exergy analysis.” Applied Thermal Engineering 120 (2017): 433-443. III Efemwenkiekie, U. Ka, et al. “Comparative Analysis of a Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Performance Using Local Ethanol and Gasoline Blends.” Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019): 1079-1086. IV Galloni, E., F. Scala, and G. Fontana. “Influence of fuel bio-alcohol content on the performance of a turbo-charged, PFI, spark-ignition engine.” Energy 170 (2019): 85-92. V Hasan, Ahmad O., et al. “Impact of changing combustion chamber geometry on emissions, and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder SI (spark ignition) engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline blends.” Fuel 231 (2018): 197-203. VI Mourad, M., and K. Mahmoud. “Investigation into SI engine performance characteristics and emissions fuelled with ethanol/butanol-gasoline blends.” Renewable Energy 143 (2019): 762-771. VII Singh, Ripudaman, et al. “Influence of fuel injection strategies on efficiency and particulate emissions of gasoline and ethanol blends in a turbocharged multi-cylinder direct injection engine.” International Journal of Engine Research (2019): 1468087419838393. VIII Thakur, Amit Kumar, et al. “Progress in performance analysis of ethanol-gasoline blends on SI engine.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69 (2017): 324-340. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS FOR CUSTOMIZED AFO USING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Authors: Gamini Suresh,Nagarjuna Maguluri,Kunchala Balakrishna, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00052 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Neurodegenerative conditions and compressed nerves often cause an abnormal foot drop that affects an individual gait and make it difficult to walk normally. Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) is the medical device which is recommended for the patients to improve the walking ability and decrease the risk of falls. Custom AFOs provide better fit, comfort and performance than pre-manufactured ones. The technique of 3D-printing is suitable for making custom AFOs. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a 3D-printing method for custom AFO applications with the desired resistance and material deposition rate. Generally, FDM is a thermal process; therefore materials thermal behaviour plays an important role in optimizing the performance of the printed parts. The objective of this study is to evaluate the thermal behaviour of PLA, ABS, nylon and WF-PLA filaments before manufacturing the AFO components using the FDM method. In the study, the sequence of testing materials provides a basic measuring method to investigate AFO device parts thermal stability. Thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DSC) was carried out before 3D printing is to characterize the thermal stability of each material. Keywords: Additive Manufacturing,Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO),FusedDeposition Modelling,ThermalAnalysis, Refference: I. J. Pritchett, “Foot drop: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology,” Medscape Drugs, Dis. Proced., vol. 350, no. apr27_6, p. h1736, 2014. II. J. Graham, “Foot drop: Explaining the causes, characteristics and treatment,” Br. J. Neurosci. Nurs., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 168–172, 2010. III. Y. Feng and Y. Song, “The Categories of AFO and Its Effect on Patients With Foot Impair: A Systemic Review,” Phys. Act. Heal., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 8–16, 2017. IV. J. H. P. Pallari, K. W. Dalgarno, J. Munguia, L. Muraru, L. Peeraer, S. Telfer, and J. Woodburn” Design and additive fabrication of foot and ankle-foot orthoses”21st Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, SFF 2010 (2010) 834-845 V. Y. Jin, Y. He, and A. Shih, “Process Planning for the Fuse Deposition Modeling of Ankle-Foot-Othoses,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 42, no. Isem Xviii, pp. 760–765, 2016. VI. R. K. Chen, Y. an Jin, J. Wensman, and A. Shih, “Additive manufacturing of custom orthoses and prostheses-A review,” Addit. Manuf., vol. 12, pp. 77–89, 2016. VII. A. D. Maso and F. Cosmi, “ScienceDirect 3D-printed ankle-foot orthosis : a design method,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 12, pp. 252–261, 2019. VIII. B. Yuan et al., “Designing of a passive knee-assisting exoskeleton for weight-bearing,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2017, vol. 10463 LNAI, pp. 273–285. IX. R. Spina, B. Cavalcante, and F. Lavecchia, “Diment LE, Thompson MS, Bergmann JHM. Clinical efficacy and effectiveness of 3D printing: a systematic review.,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 1960, 2018. X. M. Srivastava, S. Maheshwari, T. K. Kundra, and S. Rathee, “ScienceDirect Multi-Response Optimization of Fused Deposition Modelling Process Parameters of ABS Using Response Surface Methodology ( RSM ) -Based Desirability Analysis,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1972–1977, 2017. XI. E. Malekipour, S. Attoye, and H. El-Mounayri, “Investigation of Layer Based Thermal Behavior in Fused Deposition Modeling Process by Infrared Thermography,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 26, pp. 1014–1022, 2018. XII. A. Patar, N. Jamlus, K. Makhtar, J. Mahmud, and T. Komeda, “Development of dynamic ankle foot orthosis for therapeutic application,” Procedia Eng., vol. 41, no. Iris, pp. 1432–1440, 2012. XIII. Y. A. Jin, H. Li, Y. He, and J. Z. Fu, “Quantitative analysis of surface profile in fused deposition modelling,” Addit. Manuf., vol. 8, pp. 142–148, 2015. XIV. M. Walbran, K. Turner, and A. J. McDaid, “Customized 3D printed ankle-foot orthosis with adaptable carbon fibre composite spring joint,” Cogent Eng., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2016. XV. N. Wierzbicka, F. Górski, R. Wichniarek, and W. Kuczko, “The effect of process parameters in fused deposition modelling on bonding degree and mechanical properties,” Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 283–288, 2017. XVI. S. Farah, D. G. Anderson, and R. Langer, “Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications — A comprehensive review,” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 367–392, 2016. XVII. S. Wojtyła, P. Klama, and T. Baran, “Is 3D printing safe ? Analysis of the thermal treatment of thermoplastics : ABS , PLA , PET , and,” vol. 9624, no. April, 2017. XVIII. G. Cicala et al., “Polylactide / lignin blends,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2017. XIX. S. Y. Lee, I. A. Kang, G. H. Doh, H. G. Yoon, B. D. Park, and Q. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical properties of wood flour/talc-filled polylactic acid composites: Effect of filler content and coupling treatment,” J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 209–223, 2008. XX. Y. Tao, H. Wang, Z. Li, P. Li, and S. Q. Shi, “Development and application ofwood flour-filled polylactic acid composite filament for 3d printing,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1–6, 2017. XXI. D. Lewitus, S. McCarthy, A. Ophir, and S. Kenig, “The effect of nanoclays on the properties of PLLA-modified polymers Part 1: Mechanical and thermal properties,” J. Polym. Environ., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 171–177, 2006. XXII. H. J. Chung, E. J. Lee, and S. T. Lim, “Comparison in glass transition and enthalpy relaxation between native and gelatinized rice starches,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 287–298, 2002. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 CFD STUDIES OF MIXING BEHAVIOR OF INERT SAND WITH BIOMASS IN FLUIDIZED BED Authors: B.J.M.Rao,K.V.N.S.Rao, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00053 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Agriculture deposits, which remains unused and often causes ecological problems, could play an important role as an energy source to meet energy needs in developing countries ‘ rural areas. Moreover, energy levels in these deposits are low and need to be elevated by introducing efficient operative conversion technologies to utilize these residues as fuels. In this context, the utilization of a fluidized bed innovation enables a wide range of non-uniform-sized low-grade fuels to be effectively converted into other forms of energy.This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of fluidized conversion method for transformation of agricultural by-products such as rice husk, sawdust, and groundnut shells into useful energy. The present investigation was conducted to know the mixing characteristics of sand and fuel have been found by conducting experiments with mixing ratio of rice husk (1:13), saw dust(1:5) and groundnut shells (1:12), the variation of particle movement in the bed and mixing characteristics are analyzed. The impact of sand molecule size on the fluidization speed of two biofuel and sand components is studied and recommended for groundnut shells using a sand molecule of 0.6 mm size and for rice husk, sawdust 0.4 mm sand particle size. Also, establish that the particle size of sand has a significant effect on mingling features in case of sawdust. In the next part of the investigation, the CFD simulations of the fluidized bed are done to investigate the mixing behavior of sand and biomass particles. A set of simulations are conducted by ANSYS FLUENT16; the state of the bed is the same as that of the test. The findings were presented with the volume fraction of sand and biomass particles in the form of contour plots. Keywords: Biomass,sand,mixing behavior,Volume Fraction,CFD model, Refference: I Anil Tekale, Swapna God, Balaji Bedre, Pankaj Vaghela, Ganesh Madake, Suvarna Labade (2017), Energy Production from Biomass: Review, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, Volume 2, Issue 10, ISSN No: – 2456 – 2165. II Anil Kumar, Nitin Kumar , Prashant Baredar , Ashish Shukla (2015), A review on biomass energy resources, potential, conversion and policy in India, Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Reviews 45-530-539. III Zhenglan Li, ZhenhuaXue (2015), Review of Biomass Energy utilization technology, 3rd International Conference on Material, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering. IV Abdeen Mustafa Omer (2011), Biomass energy resources utilisation and waste management, Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development Vol. 3(8), pp. 149 -170 V Rijul Dhingra, Abhinav Jain, Abhishek Pandey, and Srishti Mahajan (2014), Assessment of Renewable Energy in India, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 5, No. 5. VI Paulina Drożyner, Wojciech Rejmer, Piotr Starowicz,AndrzejKlasa, Krystyna A. Skibniewska (2013), Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy, Technical Sciences 16(3), 211–220. VII Souvik Das, Swati Sikdar (2016), A Review on the Non-conventional Energy Sources in Indian Perspective, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 03 Issue: 02. VIII Maninder, Rupinderjit Singh Kathuria, Sonia Grover, Using Agricultural Residues as a Biomass Briquetting: An Alternative Source of Energy, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSRJEEE), ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 1, Issue 5 (July-Aug. 2012), PP 11-15. IX H.B.Goyal, DiptenduldDeal, R.C.Saxena (2006) Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 12, Issue 2Pages 504-517. X Digambar H. Patil, J. K. Shinde(2017) A Review Paper on Study of Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier, International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 4 XI Neil T.M. Duffy, John A. Eaton (2013) Investigation of factors affecting channelling in fixed-bed solid fuel combustion using CFD, Combustion and Flame 160, 2204–2220. XII Xing Wu, Kai Li, Feiyue and Xifeng Zhu (2017), Fluidization Behavior of Biomass Particles and its Improvement in a Cold Visualized Fluidized, Bio Resources 12(2), 3546-3559. XIII N.G. Deen, M. Van Sint Annaland, M.A. Van der Hoef, J.A.M. Kuipers (2007), Reviewof discrete particle modeling of fluidized beds, Chemical Engineering Science 62, 28 – 44. XIV BaskaraSethupathySubbaiah, Deepak Kumar Murugan, Dinesh Babu Deenadayalan, Dhamodharan.M.I (2014), Gasification of Biomass Using Fluidized Bed, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 2. XV Priyanka Kaushal, Tobias Pröll and Hermann Hofbauer, Modelling and simulation of the biomass fired dual fluidized bed gasifier at Guessing/Austria. XVI Dawit DiribaGuta (2012), Assessment of Biomass Fuel Resource Potential and Utilization in Ethiopia: Sourcing Strategies for Renewable Energies, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Vol.2, and No.1. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 AN APPROACH FOR OPTIMISING THE FLOW RATE CONDITIONS OF A DIVERGENT NOZZLE UNDER DIFFERENT ANGULAR CONDITIONS Authors: Lam Ratna Raju ,Ch. Pavan Satyanarayana,Neelamsetty Vijaya Kavya, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00054 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: A spout is a device which is used to offer the guidance to the gases leaving the burning chamber. Spout is a chamber which has a capability to change over the thermo-compound essentials created within the ignition chamber into lively vitality. The spout adjustments over the low speed, excessive weight, excessive temperature fuel in the consuming chamber into rapid gasoline of decrease weight and low temperature. An exciting spout is used if the spout weight volume is superior vehicles in supersonic airplane machines commonly combine a few sort of a distinctive spout. Our exam is surpassed on the use of programming like Ansys Workbench for arranging of the spout and Fluent 15.0 for separating the streams inside the spout. The events of staggers for the pipe formed spouts have been seen close by trade parameters for numerous considered one of a kind edges. The parameters underneath recognition are differentiated and that of shape spout for singular terrific edges by using keeping up the gulf, outlet and throat width and lengths of joined together and diverse quantities as same. The simultaneous component and throat expansiveness are kept regular over the cases.The surprise of stun became envisioned and the effects exhibited near closeness in direction of motion of Mach circle and its appearance plans as exposed in numerous preliminary considers on advancement in pipe molded particular spouts with assorted edges four°,7°, 10°, Occurrence of stun is seen with higher special factors Keywords: Nozzle,Supersonic Rocket Engine,Divergent edges, Refference: I. Varun, R.; Sundararajan,T.; Usha,R.; Srinivasan,ok.; Interaction among particle-laden under increased twin supersonic jets, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2010 224: 1005. II. Pandey,K.M.; Singh, A.P.; CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software, International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 2, August 2010, ISSN: 2010-0221. III. Natta, Pardhasaradhi.; Kumar, V.Ranjith.; Rao, Dr. Y.V. Hanumantha.; Flow Analysis of Rocket Nozzle Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cfd), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622,Vol. 2, Issue five, September- October 2012, pp.1226-1235. IV. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh. K.M.Pandey, Member, IACSIT and S.K.YadavK.M.Pandey and S.K.Yadav, ―CFD Analysis of a Rocket Nozzle with Two Inlets at Mach2.1, Journal of Environmental Research and Development, Vol 5, No 2, 2010, pp- 308-321. V. Shigeru Aso, ArifNur Hakim, Shingo Miyamoto, Kei Inoue and Yasuhiro Tani “ Fundamental examine of supersonic combustion in natural air waft with use of surprise tunnel” Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, Japan , Acta Astronautica 57 (2005) 384 – 389. VI. P. Padmanathan, Dr. S. Vaidyanathan, Computational Analysis of Shockwave in Convergent Divergent Nozzle, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622 , Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.1597-1605. VII. Adamson, T.C., Jr., and Nicholls., J.A., “On the shape of jets from Highly below improved Nozzles into Still Air,” Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vol.26, No.1, Jan 1959, pp. Sixteen-24. VIII. Lewis, C. H., Jr., and Carlson, D. J., “Normal Shock Location in underneath increased Gas and Gas particle Jets,” AIAA Journal, Vol 2, No.4, April 1964, pp. 776-777. Books IX. Anderson, John D.Jr.; Modern Compressible Flow with Historical Perspective, Third edition, 2012 X. Versteeg. H.; Malalasekra.W.; An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics The Finite Volume Method, Second Edition,2009. XI. H.K.Versteeg and W.Malala Sekhara, “An introduction to Computational fluid Dynamics”, British Library cataloguing pub, 4th version, 1996. XII. Lars Davidson, “An introduction to turbulenceModels”, Department of thermo and fluid dynamics, Chalmers college of era, Goteborg, Sweden, November, 2003. XIII. Karna s. Patel, “CFD analysis of an aerofoil”, International Journal of engineering studies,2009. XIV. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh “CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software,2017. XV. P. Parthiban, M. Robert Sagayadoss, T. Ambikapathi, Design And Analysis Of Rocket Engine Nozzle by way of the usage of CFD and Optimization of Nozzle parameters, International Journal of Engineering Research, Vol.Three., Issue.5., 2015 (Sept.-Oct.). View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF DRIVE SHAFT FOR AN AUTOMOBILE APPLICATIONS Authors: Govindarajulu Eedara,P. N. Manthru Naik, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00055 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: The driveshaft is a mechanical instrument that is used in automobiles. The other name of the drive shaft is driveshaft is prop shaft. It has one long cylindrical structure consist of two universal joints. By using the driveshaft it transfers the rotary motion to the differential by using the helical gearbox. By using this rotary motion the rare wheels will run. The 3dimensional Model of automobile drive Shaft is designed using CATIA parametric which enables product development processes and thereby brings about an optimum design. Now a day’s steel is using the best material for the driveshaft.In this paper replacing the composite materials (Kevlar, e-glass epoxy) instead of steel material and itreduces a considerable amount of weight when compared to the conventional steel shaft. The composite driveshaft have high modulus is designed by using CATIA software and tested in ANSYS for optimization of design or material check and providing the best datebook Keywords: The driveshaft ,CATIA,automobile,steel,composite materials,ANSYS,Kevla,e-glass epoxy, Refference: I A.R. Abu Talib, Aidy Ali, Mohamed A. Badie, Nur Azienda Che Lah, A.F. Golestaneh Developing a hybrid, carbon/glass-fiber-reinforced, epoxy composite automotive driveshaft, Material and Design, volume31, 2010, pp 514 – 521 II ErcanSevkat, Hikmet Tumer, Residual torsional properties of composite shafts subjected to impact Loadings, Materials, and design, volume – 51, 2013, pp -956-967. III H. Bayrakceken, S. Tasgetiren, I. Yavuz two cases of failure in the power transmission system on vehicles: A Universal joint yoke and a drive shaft, volume-14,2007,pp71. IV H.B.H. Gubran, Dynamics of hybrid shafts, Mechanics Research communication, volume – 32, 2005, pp – 368-374. V Shaw D, Simitses DJ, SheinmanI. Imperfection sensitivity of laminated cylindrical shells in torsion and axial compression. ComposStruct 1985; 4(3) pp:35–60. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF AN SI ENGINE USING E10 EQUIVALENT TERNARY GASOLINE- ALCOHOL BLENDS." JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 15, no. 7 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00056.

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