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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fuel injection systems

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Academic literature on the topic 'Fuel injection systems'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Fuel injection systems"

1

E, Abonyi Sylvester, Isidore Uju Uche, and Okafor Anthony A. "Performance of Fuel Electronic Injection Engine Systems." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (December 31, 2017): 1165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd8211.

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2

Wang, T. C., J. S. Han, X. B. Xie, M. C. Lai, N. A. Henein, E. Schwarz, and W. Bryzik. "Parametric Characterization of High-Pressure Diesel Fuel Injection Systems." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1498268.

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The focus of the study described herein is the characterization of the high-pressure hydraulic electronic unit injector (HEUI) and of the electronic unit injector (EUI) diesel injection systems. The characterization items include injection pressure, injection rate, injector response time, needle lift, start up injection transient, and dynamic discharge coefficient of the nozzles. Macroscopic and microscopic spray visualizations were also performed. The effects of injection conditions and nozzle configurations on injection characteristics were reviewed. Nozzle sac pressure was measured to correlate with the up-stream injection pressure. A LabVIEW data acquisition and controls system was implemented to operate the injection systems and to acquire and analyze data. For an HEUI system, based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that common-rail pressure and length of the injection rate-shaping pipe determine the injection pressure, while the pressure rising rate and injection duration determine the peak injection pressure; it was also found that the nozzle flow area, common-rail pressure, and the length of the rate-shaping pipe are the dominating parameters that control the injection rate, and the rate shape is affected mainly by common-rail pressure, especially the pressure rising rate and length of the rate-shaping pipe. Both injection pressure and ambient pressure affected the spray tip penetration significantly. The penetration increased corresponding to the increase of injection pressure or decrease of ambient pressure. The variation of spray penetration depends on the type of injection system, nozzle configuration, and ambient pressure. The large penetration variation observed on the HEUI sprays could be caused by eccentricity of the VCO (valve-covered-orifices) nozzle. The variation of the mini-sac nozzle was 50% less than that of the VCO nozzle. The near-field spray behavior was shown to be highly transient and strongly depended on injector design, nozzle configuration, needle lift and oscillation, and injection pressure.

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3

Kumar, N. Sathish, and P. Govindasamy. "Design and Evaluation of Fuel Injector for Biodiesel Injections Using Sequential Fuel Injection." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2018.7145.

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Introducing a fuel injector is a systems for explaining fuel keep on interior combustion engine and also in the automatically engine based vehicles for this procedure need diesel engine is a necessity while using petrol engines fuel injector is an different to the carburettor, mainly this work is used in spray nozzle may be this process of a fuel comes output cars consume. Biodiesel may produce the chemical function called Tran's esterification from the vegetable oil or animal fact oil glycerine should be removed this kind of the procedure may create two chemical reaction named as methyl ester and glycerine. Biodiesel is namely called as diesel fuel it has the pure form (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel. For many kind of the cars are mechanism in internal combustion (IC) the issues expend Sequential Fuel Injector (SFI) is similar called as timed injection it can remain generates. When the subsequent intake control device unlocks individually, nozzle self-sufficient and be the consumption regulator unties.

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4

Mata, Carmen, Jakub Piaszyk, José Antonio Soriano, José Martín Herreros, Athanasios Tsolakis, and Karl Dearn. "Impact of Alternative Paraffinic Fuels on the Durability of a Modern Common Rail Injection System." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 4166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164166.

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Common rail (CR) diesel fuel injection systems are very sensitive to variations in fuel properties, thus the impact of alternative fuels on the durability of the injection system should be investigated when considering the use of alternative fuels. This work studies a high-pressure CR (HPCR) diesel fuel injection system operating for 400 h in an injection test bench, using a fuel blend composed of an alternative paraffinic fuel and conventional diesel (50PF50D). The alternative fuel does not have aromatic components and has lower density than conventional diesel fuel. The injection system durability study was carried out under typical injection pressure and fuel temperature for the fuel pump, the common rail and the injector. The results show that the HPCR fuel injection system and its components (e.g., piston, spring, cylinder, driveshaft and cam) have no indication of damage, wear or change in surface roughness. The absence of internal wear to the components of the injection system is supported by the approximately constant total flow rate that reaches the injector during the whole the 400 h of the experiment. However, the size of the injector nozzle holes was decreased (approximately 12%), being consistent with the increase in the return fuel flow of the injector and rail (approximately 13%) after the completion of the study. Overall, the injection system maintained its operability during the whole duration of the durability study, which encourages the use of paraffinic fuels as an alternative to conventional diesel fuel.

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5

Huang, Q., B. Jones, and N. J. Leighton. "Hybrid Solid State Fluidic Technique in Engine Fuel Injection Systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 207, no. 1 (January 1993): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_157_02.

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This paper describes a multi-point fuel injection system utilizing fiuidic devices as fuel injector stages for spark ignition engines. The novel fuel injector unit consists of no-moving-part fluidic devices controlled by a solenoid valve interface and unique air/fuel mixing nozzles for good fuel atomization. The results of laboratory tests show that the fluidic device stage has a fast dynamic response and its on/off switching delay to the control flow signal is within 1 ms. A balanced fuel distribution at the four fluidic injector stages (for a four-cylinder engine) and well-atomized air/fuel mixture at the mixing nozzles were obtained from this injection system. The engine tests show that this fuel injection system provides an extended lean limit of the air/fuel mixture, 7 per cent improvement in fuel economy and 10 per cent reduction in hydrocarbon (HC) emissions compared with a base-line carburetted fuelling system due to the improved fuel distribution and air/fuel mixing quality by the multi-point fluidic injection system.

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6

ROSCA, Radu, Petru CÂRLESCU, Edward RAKOSI, and Gheorghe MANOLACHE. "Comparative analysis of two injection systems fueled with biodiesel." Combustion Engines 137, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117195.

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The paper presents experimental results concerning the fueling of two injection systems for D.I. Diesel engines with Biodiesel fuels. The neat Biodiesel (B100) was obtained from waste vegetable oil (collected from a local branch of McDonald’s), using the base catalyzed method; diesel fuel was also used in order to test the injection equipments and obtain reference values. The fuel injection pumps used during the tests were RO-PES4A90D410RS2240 (romanian) and a Bosch type one (PES5MW55/320/RS/120403), with the corresponding high pressure fuel lines and injectors. The injection equipment was mounted on a MIRKOZ test bed, equipped with pressure transducers, rotation angle transducer and a BOSCH injection rate meter. The tests were developed at different pump speeds and displacements of the injection pump control rack. The following injection characteristics were investigated: cyclic fuel delivery, injection duration, pressure wave propagation time, average injection rate, peak injection pressure. For the both types of injection equipment, cyclic fuel delivery, injection duration and peak injection pressure increased when biodiesel was used as fuel (compared to Diesel fuel), while the average injection rate and pressure wave propagation time decreased.

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Simpson, Tyler, and Christopher Depcik. "Multiple Fuel Injection Strategies for Compression Ignition Engines." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 5214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145214.

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Until the early 1990s, the predominant method of fuel delivery for compression ignition engines was the mechanical pump-line-nozzle system. These systems typically consisted of a cam-driven pump that would send pressurized fuel to the fuel injectors where injection timing was fixed according to the pressure needed to overcome the spring pressure of the injector needle. These configurations were robust; however, they were limited to a single fuel injection event per thermodynamic cycle and respectively low injection pressures of 200–300 bar. Due to their limited flexibility, a poorly mixed and highly stratified air fuel mixture would result in and produce elevated levels of both nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. The onset of stringent emissions standards caused the advancement of fuel injection technology and eventually led to the proliferation of high-pressure common rail electronic fuel injection systems. This system brought about two major advantages, the first being operation at fuel pressures up to 2500 bar. This allowed better atomization and fuel spray penetration that improves mixing and the degree of charge homogenization of the air fuel mixture. The second is that the electronic fuel injector allows for flexible and precise injection timing and quantity while allowing for multiple fuel injection events per thermodynamic cycle. To supply guidance in this area, this effort reviews the experimental history of multiple fuel injection strategies involving both diesel and biodiesel fuels through 2019. Summaries are supplied for each fuel highlighting literature consensus on the mechanisms that influence noise, performance, and emissions based on timing, amount, and type of fuel injected during multiple fuel injection strategies.

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Khalid, Amir, Azwan Sapit, M. N. Anuar, Him Ramsy, Bukhari Manshoor, Izzuddin Zaman, and Zamani Ngali. "Analysis of Fuel Injection Parameter on Biodiesel and Diesel Spray Characteristics Using Common Rail System." Advanced Materials Research 974 (June 2014): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.974.362.

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Precise control of fuel injection is essential in modern diesel engines especially in controlling the precise injection quantity, flexible injection timing, flexible rate of injection with multiple injections and high injection pressures. It was known that the fuel-air mixing is mainly influenced by the fuel injection system and injector nozzle characteristics. Thus, mixture formation during ignition process associated with the exhaust emissions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of spray characteristics on the mixture formation. In this study, common rail injector systems with different model of injector were used to simulate the actual mixture formation inside the engine chamber. The optical visualization system was constructed with a digital video camera in order to investigate the detailed behavior of mixture formation. This method can capture spray penetration length, spray angle, spray evaporation and mixture formation process clearly. The spray characteristic such as the penetration length, spray angle and spray area are increasing when the injection pressure increased. The mixture formation can be improved effectively by increasing the injection pressure.

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Basavarajappa, D. N., N. R. Banapurmath, S. V. Khandal, and G. Manavendra. "Performance evaluation of common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine fuelled with Uppage Oil Methyl Ester (UOME)." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 4, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.4.1.1-10.

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For economic and social development of any country energy is one of the most essential requirements. Continuously increasing price of crude petroleum fuels in the present days coupled with alarming emissions and stringent emission regulations has led to growing attention towards use of alternative fuels like vegetable oils, alcoholic and gaseous fuels for diesel engine applications. Use of such fuels can ease the burden on the economy by curtailing the fuel imports. Diesel engines are highly efficient and the main problems associated with them is their high smoke and NOx emissions. Hence there is an urgent need to promote the use of alternative fuels in place of high speed diesel (HSD) as substitute. India has a large agriculture base that can be used as a feed stock to obtain newer fuel which is renewable and sustainable. Accordingly Uppage oil methyl ester (UOME) biodiesel was selected as an alternative fuel. Use of biodiesels in diesel engines fitted with mechanical fuel injection systems has limitation on the injector opening pressure (300 bar). CRDI system can overcome this drawback by injecting fuel at very high pressures (1500-2500 bar) and is most suitable for biodiesel fuels which are high viscous. This paper presents the performance and emission characteristics of a CRDI diesel engine fuelled with UOME biodiesel at different injection timings and injection pressures. From the experimental evidence it was revealed that UOME biodiesel yielded overall better performance with reduced emissions at retarded injection timing of -10° BTDC in CRDI mode of engine operation.

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Pourdarbani, Razieh, and Ramin Aminfar. "Theoretical study to determine the proper injection system for upgrading fuel system of diesel engine om357 to common rail system." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 2594. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.17364.

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In this research, we tried to investigate all the fuel injection systems of diesel engines in order to select the most suitable fuel injection system for the OM357 diesel engine to achieve the highest efficiency, maximize output torque and reduce emissions and even reduce fuel consumption. The prevailing strategy for this study was to investigate the effect of injection pressure changes, injection timing and multi-stage injection. By comparing the engines equipped with common rail injection system, the proposed injector for engine OM357 is solenoid, due to the cost of this type of injector, MAP and controller (ECU). It is clear that this will not be possible only with the optimization of the injection system, and so other systems that influence engine performance such as the engine's respiratory system and combustion chamber shape, etc. should also be optimized.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fuel injection systems"

1

Baniasad, Mohammad Saeid. "Analysis of fuel injection rate in diesel injection systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7439.

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Lake, Timothy Hugh. "Gasoline combustion systems for improved fuel economy and emissions." Thesis, University of Brighton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302289.

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This document is the statement of independent and original contribution to knowledge represented by the published works in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Brighton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (by publication). The thesis reviews the impact of research work conducted between 1992 and 1998 on various concepts to improve the economy and emissions of gasoline engines in order to address environmental and legislative pressures. The research has a common theme, examining the dilution of the intake charge (with either recycled exhaust gas [EGR], excess air, or the two in combination) in both conventional port injected [MPI] and direct injection [G-DI] combustion systems. After establishing the current status of gasoline engine technology before the programme of research was started, the thesis concentrates on seven major pieces of research between 1992 and 1996. These explored a subsequently patented method of applying recycled exhaust gas to conventional port injected gasoline engines to improve their economy and emissions whilst staying compatible with three-way catalyst systems. Nine other studies are reviewed which took place between 1992 and 1999 covering other methods of improving gasoline engines, specifically direct injection and two-stroke operation. Together, all the studies provide a treatise on methods to improve the gasoline engine and the thesis allows a view from a broader perspective than was possible at the time each study was conducted. In particular, the review identifies a range of strategies that use elements of the research that can be used to improve economy and emissions. Four major categories of systems researched include: conventional stoichiometric MPI engines developed to tolerate high EGR rates [CCVS]; two-stroke G-DI engines; G-DI engines operating stoichiometrically with high EGR rates; and G-DI engines operating with high dilution from both excess air and EGR. The findings of the studies illustrate that although good fuel economy improvements and emissions can be obtained with EGR dilution of stoichiometric engines, the highest fuel economy improvements require lean deNOx aftertreatment [LNA] and these, in turn, require new aftertreatment technologies and preferably new fuel specifications. The development of suitable LNA and the cost of implementation of these approaches represents one of the main barriers to improving gasoline engine fuel economy and emissions.

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Jelercic, David. "Experiments in annular combustors." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251891.

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4

Clark, Lee A. "Experimental studies and systems modelling to investigate the behaviour of direct injection diesel engines." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289480.

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5

Källkvist, Kurt. "Fuel Pressure Modelling in a Common-Rail Direct Injection System." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70264.

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The fuel pressure is one of the central control variables of a modern common-rail injection system. It influences the generation of nitrous oxide and particulate matter emissions, the brake specific fuel consumption of the engine and the power consumption of the fuel pump. Accurate control of the fuel pressure and reliable diagnostics of the fuel system are therefore crucial components of the engine management system. In order to develop for example control or diagnostics algorithms and aid in the understanding of how hardware changes affect the system, a simulation model of the system is desirable. A Simulink model of the XPI (Xtra high Pressure Injection) system developed by Scania and Cummins is developed. Unlike the previous models of the system available, the new model is geared towards fast simulations by modelling only the mean flow and pressure characteristics of the system, instead of the momentary flow and pressure variations as the engine rotates. The model is built using a modular approach where each module represents a physical component of the system. The modules themselves are based to a large extent on the physical properties of the components involved, making the model of the system adaptable to different hardware configurations whilst also being easy to understand and modify.
Bränsletrycket är en av de centrala styrvariablerna i ett modernt common-rail insprutningssystem. Det påverkar utsläppen av kväveoxider och partiklar, motorns specifika bränsleförbrukning och bränslepumpens effektförbrukning. Nogrann reglering och tillförlitliga diagnoser av bränslesystemet är därför mycket viktiga funktioner i motorstyrsystemet. Som ett hjälpmedel vid utveckling av dessa algoritmer samt för att öka förståelsen för hur hårdvaruförändringar påverkar systemet är det önskvärt med en simuleringsmodel av bränslesystemet. En Simulink modell av XPI (Xtra high Pressure Injection) systemet som utvecklats av Scania och Cummins har utvecklats. Till skillnad från de redan tillgängliga modellerna av systemet fokuserar denna modell på snabba simuleringsförlopp genom att enbart modellera medeltryck och medelflöden istället för de momentana trycken och flödena i systemet när motorn roterar. Modellen är uppbyggd av moduler som var och en representerar en fysisk komponent i systemet. Modulerna är mestadels uppbyggda kring de fysikaliska egenskaperna hos komponenten de försöker modellera vilket gör modellen av systemet anpassningsbar till olika hårdvarukonfigurationer och samtidigt lätt att förstå.

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Hines, Anne Michelle. "Characteristics of Active Combustion Control for Liquid-Fuel Systems with Proportional Primary Fuel Modulation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32569.

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The first part of this work focuses on control experiments performed on an unstable kerosene-fueled turbulent combustor. Using a phase shift controller and primary fuel modulation stability is successfully gained for a wide band of global equivalence ratios allowing the limitations of the control scheme to be characterized. It is shown that control signal saturation can significantly impact the ability of the control scheme to stabilize the system. Three different regions of controllability are defined based on the degree of saturation. A hysteresis behavior is also found to exist for the controller settings depending on whether stability is being maintained or realized for an unstable system.

The second part of this work focuses on the impact that primary fuel modulation has on the fuel spray. Measurements for a simplex nozzle and an air-assist nozzle are taken under both static and dynamic operating conditions with a Phase Doppler Anemometry system. The dynamic modulation is found to significantly impact the spray properties of both nozzles.
Master of Science

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7

Basara, Adis [Verfasser]. "Evaluation of High Pressure Components of Fuel Injection Systems Using Speckle Interferometry / Adis Basara." Aachen : Shaker, 2007. http://d-nb.info/1166512509/34.

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Zakaria, Rami. "Jet fuel spray characterisation using optical methods : an experimental study of high speed fuel injection systems in small rotary engines." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/54103/.

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This thesis was initiated by the need to develop a stable low vibration engine with a high power to weight ratio. A new rotary (Wankel) engine was chosen to meet these requirements. A further operating criterion was that the engine was required to use JP8 (aviation fuel). The difficulty created by the use of JP8 is that its combustion temperature is higher than other conventional fuels, and preheating is necessary, especially in the case of cold start. Thus, the question posed was, could a more appropriate and efficient method of fuel delivery be devised? This thesis presents the design and construction of a fluid spray visualisation system for investigating the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of fuel sprays using low injection pressure up to 10 bar (1 MPa). Laser imaging techniques have been used for data acquisition. The thesis has been divided into several aspects. Firstly, a background study of fluid sprays and fuel injection strategies was carried out. This has centred on the relationship between droplet size and the combustion process. It further investigated what differentiated the fuel delivery approach to Wankle from that to other engines. Secondly, two families of fuel injector were tested and evaluated within the optical engineering laboratory using deionised water (DI) water for safety reasons. The first family involved conventional gasoline injectors with several nozzle arrangements. The second family involved medical nebulisers with several nozzle diameters. The evaluation of the fuel injectors required developing a fluid delivery circuit, and a specific ECU (Electronic Control Unit) for controlling pulse delivery and imaging instrument. The company associated with the project then set up a test cell for performing experiments on JP8 fuel. The initial global visualisation of the jet spray was made using a conventional digital camera. This gave a measurement of the spray angle and penetration length. However, as the study moved to the more precise determination of the fuel spray particulate size, a specialised Nd:YAG laser based diagnostic was created combined with a long range diffraction limited microscope. Microscopic characterisation of the fuel sprays was carried out using a backlight shadowgraph method. The microscopic shadowgraphy method was applied successfully to resolve droplets larger than 4 microns in diameter. The spray development process during an individual fuel injection cycle was investigated, presenting the frequency response effect of electronic fuel injectors (EFI) on the spray characteristics when operating at high injection frequencies (0.25 -‐ 3.3 kHz). The velocity distribution during the different stages of an injection cycle was investigated using PIV. The influence of the injection pressure on the spray pattern and droplet size was also presented. Novel fluid atomisation systems were investigated for the capability of generating an optimum particulate distribution under low pressure. Finally, it was found that a new electronic medical nebuliser (micro-‐dispenser) could be used to deliver the fuel supply with the relevant particle size distribution at low flow rate and high injection frequency. However, as yet it has not been possible to apply this approach to the engine; it is hoped that it will yield a more efficient method of cold starting the engine. The characteristics of this atomiser can be applied to provide a controllable fuel supply approach for all rotary engines to improve their fuel efficiency. The second part of this research discusses the droplets-‐light interaction using Mie scattering for fluid droplets smaller than the microscope visualisation limit (4 microns). Mie scattering theory was implemented into Three-‐Components Particle Image Velocimetry (3C-‐ PIV) tests to address a number of problems associated with flow seeding using oil smoke. Mie curves were used to generate the scattering profile of the oil sub-‐micron droplets, and therefore the scattering efficiency can be calculated at different angles of observation. The results were used in jet flow PIV system for the determination of the optimum position of the two cameras to generate balanced brightness between the images pairs. The brightness balance between images is important for improving the correlation quality in the PIV calculations. The scattering efficiency and the correlation quality were investigated for different seeding materials and using different interrogation window sizes.

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Aburass, Ali. "Diagnostics of fuel injection systems in a CI engine fuelled with biodiesel based on vibration responses." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2016. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/31541/.

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In recent years, serious restrictions on diesel emission levels, combined with price instability and a significant increase in imports, has forced researchers to look for alternatives to this fossil fuel. Biodiesel is widely accepted as an alternative because it can be used in diesel engines without any substantial modifications and produced by sustainable resources. However, there are serious gaps in available knowledge regarding the effects of biodiesel blends on engine fuel injection systems and the engine combustion process. Therefore, this research focuses on the investigation into such effects through a vibration analysis of fuel injection systems in order to achieve nonintrusive quantitative diagnosis and hence condition monitoring of CI engines. Having identified the specifics of technique gaps by a comprehensive literature study, this research firstly, investigates the dynamics of the fuel injection system with a CI engine running on biodiesel blends as fuels. This is achieved by numerical modelling analysis and experimental studies, which paves ways for using vibration response of fuel injection to diagnose the dynamic behaviour of different fuel properties. Then it investigates the of the change dynamic behaviour of fuel injection on engine combustion process. Finally, it explores the diagnostics of engine valve train clearance faults with an engine running with biodiesel and biodiesel blends based on engine fuel injection vibration responses. A mathematical model has been developed and used to simulate the behaviour of the fuel injection system, including the fuel delivery and injector needle valve motions. It has concluded that the high pressure dynamic forces within the injection system will be affected by fuel properties such as fuel density, viscosity and bulk modules. The simulation results demonstrated; (i) that, the injector pressure is higher than that of the fuel injection pump, whose amplitudes are about 10% higher for biodiesels compared with petro-diesel; (ii) the levels of the pressure forces applied to the delivery valve and injector needle valve are also higher for biodiesel blends and (iii) nearly 1° (cam shaft) advance in the times of fuel injection rates and valve impacts with biodiesel and biodiesel blends. These predictions are confirmed by experimental results obtained by injection line pressures and pump vibrations and in-cylinder pressures. Diesel engines are particularly prone to the engine combustion process primarily due to a fault in the fuel injection system and an abnormal clearance valve train conditions. The high-signal to noise ratio pump vibrations obtained from the pump body can be easily used for detecting and diagnosing faults from fuel injections. In the meantime, the research has also established that the pump vibration signals can be also used to recognise valve train diagnostics with medium effort of signal processing. It has found that the vibration levels become higher, due to the faults as a consequence of additional fuel supply to compromise the loss of overall power caused by poor combustion performance on the cylinder with an increased valve clearance. Moreover, B20 and B40 exhibit the similar changes with that of petro-diesel in the proposed high frequency envelop amplitudes (HFEA) whereas B100 shows less increased values. However, the pressure measurements are not very clear in representing these small changes in valve clearances for both the exhaust and inlet valves. Compared with head vibration signals, which also can indicate the faults by a reduced level of vibration due to an effect combined reduced valve movement stroke with gas flow dampening, the pump vibration signals uniformly show the injection events and allow combustion uniformity between different cylinders to be diagnosed using a single transducer, whereas it may produce less accurate diagnosis by the head vibrations because of the close overlap of combustion and valve impact responses which needs complicated methods to be separated.

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10

Vaquerizo, Sánchez Daniel. "Study on Advanced Spray-Guided Gasoline Direct Injection Systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/99568.

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Resumen Los sistemas de inyección directa han sido uno de los principales puntos focales de la investigación en motores, particularmente en sistemas Diésel, donde la geometría interna, movimiento de aguja y comportamiento del flujo afectan el spray externo y por tanto determinan completamente el proceso de combustión dentro del motor. Debido a regulaciones medioambientales y al potencial de los (más ineficientes) motores "Otto", grandes esfuerzos se están aportando en investigación sobre sistemas de inyección directa de gasolina. Los motores GDi tienen el potencial de incrementar sustancialmente la economía de combustible y cumplir con las regulaciones de gases contaminantes y de efecto invernadero, aunque aún existen muchos desafíos por delante. Esta tesis estudia en detalle una moderna tobera GDi que fue específicamente diseñada para el grupo de investigación conocido como Engine Combustion Network (ECN). Con metodologías punteras, este inyector ha sido usado en un amplio abanico de instalaciones experimentales para caracterizar el flujo interno y varias características clave de geometría y funcionamiento, y aplicarlo para evaluar cómo se relaciona con los efectos observados del comportamiento del chorro externo. Para la caracterización interna del flujo, el objetivo ha sido determinar la geometría de la tobera y el desplazamiento de aguja, caracterizar la tasa de inyección y el flujo de cantidad de movimiento, y evaluar el flujo cercano. Algunas metodologías nunca antes habían sido empleadas en inyectores GDi, y muchas otras lo han sido solo eventualmente. Para la geometría interna, el levantamiento de aguja y el flujo cercano, varias técnicas avanzadas con rayos-x fueron aplicadas en las instalaciones de Argonne National Laboratory. Para la tasa de inyección y flujo de cantidad de movimiento, las técnicas disponibles en el departamento han sido adaptadas desde Diésel y aplicadas en inyectores GDi multiorificio. Dado lo novedoso de las técnicas aplicadas, las particularidades de las metodologías han sido discutidas en detalle en el documento. Aún con la elevada turbulencia del flujo interno, el inyector se comporta de forma consistente inyección a inyección, incluso cuando el estudio se centra en la variabilidad orificio a orificio. Esto ha sido atribuido al comportamiento repetitivo de la aguja, evaluado en los experimentos. También fue observado que el flujo estabilizado tiene una variación de alta frecuencia que no pude ser explicado por el movimiento de la aguja, sino por el particular diseño de las toberas. El análisis de geometría interna realizado a ocho toberas nominalmente iguales resultó en la obtención de un punto vista único en la construcción de toberas y la variabilidad de dimensiones clave. Las medidas de tasa de inyección permitieron estudiar la respuesta hidráulica del inyector a varias variables como la presión de inyección, presión de descarga, temperatura de combustible y la duración de la señal de comando. Estas medidas fueron combinadas con medidas de flujo de cantidad de movimiento para estudiar el bajo valor del coeficiente de descarga, el cual fue atribuido al bajo levantamiento de aguja y coeficiente L/D de los orificios. Por otro lado, el estudio del spray externo resultó en la identificación de un importante fenómeno específico a este particular hardware, el colapso del spray. Las extensivas campañas experimentales, utilizando Schlieren e iluminación trasera difusa (DBI) permitieron identificar y describir las características macroscópicas del spray y las condiciones bajo las que el colapso ocurre. El colapso del spray se forma por una combinación de interacción de las diferentes plumas (causado por el flujo interno) y determinadas condiciones ambiente que promueven evaporación y entrada de aire. Fue determinado que a niveles de densidad y temperatura moderados se desarrolla el colapso, modificando completamente el comportamiento espera
Abstract Fuel injection systems have been one of the main focal points of engine research, particularly in Diesel engines, where the internal geometry, needle lift and flow behavior are known to affect the external spray an in turn completely determine the combustion process inside engines. Because of environmental regulation and the potential development of the more inefficient Otto engines, a lot of research efforts are currently focused into gasoline direct injection systems. GDi engines have the potential to greatly increase fuel economy and comply with pollutant and greenhouse gases emissions limits, although many challenges still remain. The current thesis studies in detail a modern type of GDi nozzle that was specifically developed for the international research group known as the Engine Combustion Network (ECN). With the objective of employing state-of-the-art techniques, this hardware has been used in a wide range of experimental facilities in order to characterize the internal flow and several geometrical and constructive aspects like needle lift; and assess how it relates to the effects seen external spray. For the internal flow characterization, the goal was to determine the nozzle geometry and needle displacement, to characterize the rate of injection and rate of momentum, and evaluate the near-nozzle flow. Some methodologies applied here have never been applied to a GDi injector before, and many have only been applied rarely. For the internal geometry, needle lift and near-nozzle flow, several advanced x-rays techniques were used at Argonne National Laboratory. For the rate of injection and rate of momentum measurements, the techniques available in CMT-Motores Térmicos have been adapted from Diesel spray research and brought to multi-hole GDi injectors. Given the novelty of the techniques used, the particular methodologies and setups are discussed in detail. Despite the high turbulence of the flow, it was seen that the injector behaves consistently injection to injection, even when studying variation in individual holes. This is attributed to the repetitive behavior of the needle that was observed in the experiments. It was also observed that the stabilized flow has a high frequency variability that could not be explained by random movement of the needle, but rather by the particular design of the nozzle. The geometrical analysis done to eight, nominally equal nozzles, allowed a unique view into the construction of the nozzle and provided insights about the variability of key dimensions. The rate of injection measurements allowed to study the hydraulic response of the injector to the main variables like rail pressure, discharge pressure, fuel temperature and command signal duration. These measurements were combined with the rate of momentum measurements to study the low value of the discharge coefficient, that ultimately was attributed to the low needle lift and low L/D ratio of the orifices. On the other hand, the study of the external spray yielded the identification of very important phenomena specific to this particular hardware, the spray collapse. The extensive experimental campaigns featuring shadowgraph (Schlieren) and Diffused Back Illumination (DBI) visualization techniques allowed identifying and describing the macroscopic characteristics of the spray and the conditions under which the collapse occurs. The spray collapse engenders from a combination of the internal flow that creates plume interaction, and ambient conditions that promote air entrainment and evaporation. At moderate density and temperature levels the collapse develops, completely modifying the expected trends in the behavior of the plumes.
Resum Els sistemes d'injecció directa han sigut un dels principals punts focals de la investigació en motors, particularment en sistemes dièsel, en què la geometria interna, el moviment de l'agulla i el comportament del flux afecten l'esprai extern i per tant determinen completament el procés de combustió dins del motor. Degut a regulacions mediambientals i al potencial dels (més ineficients) motors "Otto", grans esforços s'estan aportant en investigació sobre sistemes d'injecció directa de gasolina. Els motors GDi tenen el potencial d'incrementar substancialment l'economia del combustible i complir les regulacions de gasos contaminants i d'efecte hivernacle, encara que existeixen molts desafiaments per davant. Esta tesi estudia en detall una moderna tovera GDi que va ser especialment dissenyada per al grup d'investigació conegut com a ECN. Amb l'objectiu de desenvolupar metodologies punteres, este injector ha sigut usat en un ampli ventall d'instal·lacions experimentals per tal de caracteritzar el flux intern i diverses característiques clau de la seua geometria i funcionament, per tal d'avaluar com es relacionen amb els efectes observats del comportament de l'esprai extern. Per a la caracterització interna del flux, l'objectiu ha sigut determinar la geometria de la tovera i el desplaçament de l'agulla, caracteritzar la taxa d'injecció i el flux de quantitat de moviment, i avaluar el flux proper. Algunes metodologies no s'havien empleat abans en injectors GDi, i moltes altres ho han sigut únicament de manera eventual. Per a la geometria interna, l'alçament de l'agulla i el flux proper, s'han aplicat diverses tècniques avançades amb raigsx a les instal·lacions d'Argonne National Laboratory. Per a la taxa d'injecció i el flux de quantitat de moviment, les tècniques disponibles al departament han sigut adaptades des de Dièsel i aplicades a injectors GDi multi-orifici. Considerant la novetat de les tècniques aplicades, les particularitats de les metodologies es discuteixen en detall al document. A pesar de l'elevada turbulència del flux intern, l'injector es comporta de manera consistent injecció a injecció, inclús quan l'estudi se centra en la variabilitat orifici a orifici. Aquest fet s'ha atribuït al comportament repetitiu de l'agulla, avaluat als experiments. També es va observar que el flux estabilitzat té una variació d'altra freqüència que no pot ser explicat pel moviment de l'agulla, sinó pel particular disseny de les toveres. L'anàlisi de la geometria interna realitzat a vuit toveres nominalment iguals va permetre obtenir un punt de vista únic en la construcció de toveres i la variabilitat de dimensions clau. Les mesures de taxa d'injecció van permetre estudiar la resposta hidràulica de l'injector a diverses variables com la pressió d'injecció, la pressió de descàrrega, la temperatura del combustible i la duració de la senyal de comandament. Estes mesures van ser combinades amb mesures de flux de quantitat de moviment per tal d'estudiar el baix valor del coeficient de descàrrega, el qual va ser atribuït al baix alçament de l'agulla i al coeficient L/D dels orificis. D'altra banda, l'estudi de l'esprai extern va permetre identificar un important fenomen específic d'aquest hardware particular: el col·lapse de l'esprai. Les extensives campanyes experimentals, utilitzant Schlieren i il·luminació darrera difusa (DBI) van permetre identificar i descriure les característiques macroscòpiques de l'esprai i les condicions sota les quals el col·lapse té lloc. El col·lapse de l'esprai es forma per una combinació d'interacció de les diverses plomes (causat pel flux intern) i determinades condicions ambient que promouen evaporació i entrada d'aire. Es va determinar a quins nivells de densitat i temperatura moderats es desenvolupa el col·lapse, modificant completament el comportament esperat de l'esprai.
Vaquerizo Sánchez, D. (2018). Study on Advanced Spray-Guided Gasoline Direct Injection Systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/99568
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Books on the topic "Fuel injection systems"

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Bosch fuel injection systems. New York, N.Y: HP Books, 2001.

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Automotive fuel injection systems. Sparkford: Haynes, 1988.

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Motorcycle fuel injection handbook. St. Paul, MN: Motorbooks International, 2004.

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L, Harrington D., and Lai Ming-Chia, eds. Automotive gasoline direct-injection engines. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2002.

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International Off-Highway & Powerplant Congress & Exposition (1985 Milwaukee, Wis.). Fuel injection equipment: Analysis and design. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1985.

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Automotive fuel injection systems: A technical guide. Osceola, Wis., USA: Motorbooks International, 1988.

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Banish, Greg. Designing & tuning high-performance fuel injection systems. North Branch, MN: CarTech, 2009.

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Cadden, David. Ford fuel injection systems: Diagnosis and repair. [Grand Prairie, Tex: Technology Based Training, 1990.

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Cadden, David. Ford fuel injection systems: Diagnosis and repair. New Berlin, WI: Bear Automotive Service Equipment Co., 1992.

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Cadden, David. GM fuel injection systems: Diagnosis and repair. [Grand Prairie, Tex: Technology Based Training, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fuel injection systems"

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Egler, Walter, Rolf Jürgen Giersch, Friedrich Boecking, Jürgen Hammer, Jaroslav Hlousek, Patrick Mattes, Ulrich Projahn, Winfried Urner, and Björn Janetzky. "Fuel Injection Systems." In Handbook of Diesel Engines, 127–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89083-6_5.

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Projahn, Ulrich, Helmut Randoll, Erich Biermann, Jörg Brückner, Karsten Funk, Thomas Küttner, Walter Lehle, and Joachim Zuern. "Fuel Injection System Control Systems." In Handbook of Diesel Engines, 175–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89083-6_6.

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Grieshabe, Hermann, and Jens Olaf Stein. "Overview of diesel fuel-injection systems." In Diesel Engine Management, 72–77. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03981-3_7.

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Gavrilov, Vladimir, Valeriy Medvedev, and Dmitry Bogachev. "Improvement of Fuel Injection Process in Dual-Fuel Marine Engine." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 392–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19756-8_37.

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Karathanassis, Ioannis K., Foivos (Phoevos) Koukouvinis, and Manolis Gavaises. "Multiphase Phenomena in Diesel Fuel Injection Systems." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 95–126. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0335-1_8.

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Vasiliu, Nicolae, Daniela Vasiliu, Constantin Călinoiu, and Radu Puhalschi. "Numerical simulation of the fuel injection systems." In Simulation of Fluid Power Systems with Simcenter Amesim, 449–83. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315118888-10.

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Rajamanickam, Kuppuraj, Swapneel Roy, and Saptarshi Basu. "Novel Fuel Injection Systems for High-Speed Combustors." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 183–216. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7449-3_8.

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Sezal, I. H., S. J. Schmidt, G. H. Schnerr, M. Thalhamer, and M. Förster. "Shock and wave dynamics in fuel injection systems." In Shock Waves, 925–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85181-3_21.

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Karagozian, Ann R. "Fuel Injection and Flameholding in High Speed Combustion Systems." In ICASE/NASA LaRC Series, 237–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2884-4_13.

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Verma, Kumari Ambe, K. M. Pandey, and K. K. Sharma. "Study of Fuel Injection Systems in Scramjet Engine—A Review." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 931–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7711-6_92.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fuel injection systems"

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Caprotti, Rinaldo, Nadia Bhatti, and Ishibe Nobuyuki. "Protecting Diesel Fuel Injection Systems." In SAE International Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1927.

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Pan, Chien-Ping, Min-Chung Li, and Syed F. Hussain. "Fuel Pressure Control for Gaseous Fuel Injection Systems." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/981397.

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Carpenter, Andrew L., Robert E. Mayo, Jerald G. Wagner, and Paul E. Yelvington. "High-Pressure Electronic Fuel Injection for Small-Displacement Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1029.

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Small-displacement, single-cylinder, diesel engines employ mechanically actuated fuel injection systems. These mechanically governed systems, while robust and low-cost, lack the ability to fully vary injection parameters, such as timing, pulse duration, and injection pressure. The ability of a particular injection system to vary these injection parameters impacts engine efficiency, power, noise, and emissions. Modern, multi-cylinder automotive engines employ some form of electronically controlled injection to take advantage of the benefits of fully variable injection, including advanced strategies such as multi-pulse injections and rate shaping. Modern diesel electronic fuel injection systems also operate at considerably higher injection pressures than mechanical fuel systems used in small-bore industrial engines. As the cost of electronic fuel systems continues to decrease and the demand for high-efficiency engines increases, electronic fuel injection becomes a more viable option for incorporation into small industrial diesel engines. In particular, this technology may be well-suited for demanding and critical applications such as military power generation. In this study, a small-bore, single-cylinder diesel was retrofit with a custom, four-hole, high-pressure electronic fuel system. Compared to the mechanical injector, the electronic, common-rail injector had a 50% smaller orifice diameter and was designed for a 4x higher injection pressure. The mechanical governor was also replaced with an electronic speed controller. The baseline and modified engines were installed on a dynamometer, and measurements of exhaust emissions, fuel consumption, brake torque, and in-cylinder pressure were made. The electronic injector led to lower smoke opacity and NOx emissions, while CO and hydrocarbon emissions were observed to increase slightly, likely due to some wall wetting of fuel with the initial prototype injector. Testing with low ignition quality fuels was also performed, and the electronic fuel system enabled the engine to operate with fuel having a cetane number as low as 30.

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Hessel, Randy P., Neerav Abani, Salvador M. Aceves, and Daniel L. Flowers. "Gaseous Fuel Injection Modeling Using a Gaseous Sphere Injection Methodology." In Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3265.

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Sorenson, Spencer C., Michael Glensvig, and Duane L. Abata. "Dimethyl Ether in Diesel Fuel Injection Systems." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/981159.

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Roy, Arnab, Corin Segal, and Clement Joly. "Supercritical Fuel Injection in Multi-Species Systems." In 48th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-4091.

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Lang, Kevin R., and Wai K. Cheng. "Effects of Fuel Injection Strategy on HC Emissions in a Port-Fuel-Injection Engine During Fast Idle." In Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3400.

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Blizard, Norman C. "Future Diesel Fuel Requirements and Fuel Quality Impacts on Tier 2-4 High Horsepower Offroad Engines With Common Rail Fuel Systems." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5426.

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Off highway Tier 2-4 emissions requirements for high speed, high horsepower diesel engines (>750 h.p.) have driven substantial engine, after-treatment and fuel system design improvements. Modern high pressure common rail (HPCR) fuel systems are being applied by engine manufacturers through use of increased injection pressure, precision injection timing, and multiple injection events to achieve emissions targets. In the field, careful attention to diesel fuel quality is now required by the end user to avoid problems with performance, reliability and durability of the fuel systems and after-treatment. Ultra-fine filtration and complete water separation are essential to maintain the fuel clean and dry. Internal Diesel Injector Deposit (IDID) formation due to degradation of the fuel and unintended consequences of additives must also be avoided. This is a voice of a fuel consumer and fuel system integrator to fuel suppliers and end customers on challenges encountered and countermeasures developed to achieve better fuel filtration, water separation, fuel cleanliness practices and end user education.

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Ceviz, M. Akif, and Aliriza Kaleli. "Pressure Regulator Optimization in LPG Fuel Injection Systems." In 2015 International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/seee-15.2015.16.

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Mulemane, Aditya, Joong-Sub Han, Pai-Hsiu Lu, Suck-Ju Yoon, and Ming-Chia Lai. "Modeling Dynamic Behavior of Diesel Fuel Injection Systems." In SAE 2004 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0536.

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Reports on the topic "Fuel injection systems"

1

Blau, P., A. Shyam, C. Hubbard, J. Howe, R. Trejo, N. Yang, and M. Pollard. Materials for High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1027862.

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Blau, Peter Julian, Amit Shyam, Camden R. Hubbard, Jane Y. Howe, Rosa M. Trejo, Nan Yang, and Michael J. Pollard. Materials for High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1028170.

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Lacey, Paul I., and Sidney J. Lestz. Fuel Lubricity Requirements for Diesel Injection Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada235972.

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Chapman, Elana M., Andre L. Boehman, Kimberly Wain, Wallis Lloyd, Joseph M. Perez, Donald Stiver, and Joseph Conway. IMPACT OF DME-DIESEL FUEL BLEND PROPERTIES ON DIESEL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/802864.

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Elana M. Chapman, Andre Boehman, Kimberly Wain, Wallis Lloyd, Joseph M. Perez, Donald Stiver, and Joseph Conway. IMPACT OF DME-DIESEL FUEL BLEND PROPERTIES ON DIESEL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828878.

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Elana M. Chapman, Andre Boehman, Kimberly Wain, Wallis Lloyd, Joseph M. Perez, Donald Stiver, and Joseph Conway. IMPACT OF DME-DIESEL FUEL BLEND PROPERTIES ON DIESEL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821275.

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CORPS OF ENGINEERS WASHINGTON DC. Engineering and Design: Design Guidance for Ground Water/Fuel Extraction and Ground Water Injection Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403094.

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Shimizu, Yusuke, Satoshi Kato, and Takashi Fujita. Study on PCCI Engine With Direct Fuel Injection Impingement and Distribution (OSKA) Systems~Investigation on Combustion Chamber Shapes and DMC-Added Fuel. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0439.

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Huang, Zeling, Xiao Mao, Junming Chen, Junjun He, Shanni Shi, Miao Gui, Hongjian Gao, and Zhenqiang Hong. Sinomenine hydrochloride injection for knee osteoarthritis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0057.

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Review question / Objective: At present, many clinical studies have been reported on the treatment of KOA by injecting sinomenine hydrochloride into the knee cavity. However, no systematic evaluation has been published on this issue, and it is not clear whether sinomenine hydrochloride injection is effective and safe in the treatment of KOA.Therefore, it is important to conduct systematic evaluation to obtain relatively convincing conclusions as to whether sinomenine hydrochloride injection can be a good choice as a complementary and alternative drug (CAM) for KOA. Condition being studied: The RCTs are eligible, whether or not the blind method is specifically described. There are no restrictions on languages. Moreover, systemic evaluation, review literature and the full article cannot be obtained will be excluded.

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Spencer Pack. An Innovative Injection and Mixing System for Diesel Fuel Reforming. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/936087.

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