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1
Alexa, Vasile, Sorin Ratiu, and Imre Kiss. "Laboratory assembly for analysis of fuel injection systems in the modern internal combustion engines." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2014): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2014.1.54-58.
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The complexity of the processes taking place in a system of fuel injection management for an internal combustion engine requires extra effort for a proper understanding of the operating principles. This paper is intended to be an intuitive practical application able to simulate the complex electronic control of injection, through a PC and specialized software. The application provides an intuitive and friendly analysis of the processes occurring during the operation of an injection computer. Moreover, the system allows the determination of the gasoline amount injected by the various types of fuel injectors, in a certain period of time and at different pressures of the fuel, depending on the load, speed and thermal regime of the engine. The laboratory assembly for a fuel injection system is intended as an experimental stand with exclusive didactical applicability. We want to observe the main characteristics of a fuel feeding and injection system, as the identification of components for the control system, data acquisition system and fuel injection system, the analysis of the different types of signals that can be used to actuate the injectors, the establishing the principles of injector operation in accordance with the control electronics, the visualization of the injection cadence and amount injected, depending on the engine speed and load, the programming of injection computers etc.
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Chowdhury, H. A., Saiful Amri Mazlan, and Abdul Ghani Olabi. "A Simulation Study of Magnetostrictive Material Terfenol-D in Automotive CNG Fuel Injection Actuation." Solid State Phenomena 154 (April 2009): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.154.41.
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Magnetostriction is the deformation that spontaneously occurs in ferromagnetic materials when an external magnetic field is applied. In applications broadly defined for actuation, magnetostrictive material Terfenol-D (Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.9) possesses intrinsic rapid response times while providing small and accurate displacements and high-energy efficiency. These are some of the essential parameters required for fast control of fuel injector valves for decreased engine emissions and lower fuel consumption compared with the traditional solenoid fuel injection system. A prototype CNG fuel injector assembly was designed which included magnetostrictive material Terfenol-D as the actuator material. A 2D cross-sectional geometry of the injector assembly, which incorporated both linear and non-linear magnetic properties of the corresponding materials, was modeled in ANSYS for 2D axisymmetric magnetic simulation. Subsequently, a 3D replica of the CNG flow conduit was modeled in GAMBIT with the resultant injector lift. The meshed conduit was then simulated in FLUENT using the 3D time independent segregated solver with the Standard k , the Realizable k and RSM turbulence models to predict the mass flow rate of CNG to be injected. Eventually, the simulated flow rate was verified against mathematically derived static flow rate required for a standard automotive fuel injector considering standard horsepower, BSFC and injector duty cycle.
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Chowdhury, H. A., Saiful Amri Mazlan, and Abdul Ghani Olabi. "Implementation of Magnetostrictive Material Terfenol-D in CNG Fuel Injection Actuation." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.630.
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In applications broadly defined for actuation, magnetostrictive materials possess intrinsic rapid response times while providing small and accurate displacements and high-energy efficiency, which are some of the essential parameters for fast control of fuel injector valves for decreased engine emissions and lower fuel consumption. This paper investigates the application of Terfenol-D as a magnetostrictive actuator material for CNG fuel injection actuation. A prototype fuel injector assembly, including Terfenol-D as the core actuator material, was modeled in both Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) and ANSYS Electromagnetics simulation softwares for 2D magnetics simulation. Preferably, FEMM was used in order to determine the coil-circuit parameters and the required flux density or applied magnetic field to achieve the desired magnetostrictive strain, consequently, the injector needle lift. The FEMM magnetic simulation was carried out with four different types of AWG coil wires and four different coil thicknesses of the entire injector assembly in order to evaluate the relationship between the different coil types and thicknesses against the achieved strain or injector lift. Eventually, the optimized parameters derived from FEMM were inserted into ANSYS Electromagnetics to compare the variation of results between these two simulation environments.
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Catania, A. E., C. Dongiovanni, A. Mittica, M. Badami, and F. Lovisolo. "Numerical Analysis Versus Experimental Investigation of a Distributor-Type Diesel Fuel-Injection System." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 814–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906890.
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A production distributor-type fuel-injection system for diesel engines has been extensively investigated via computer-assisted simulation and experimentation. The investigation was mainly aimed at assessing and validating a sophisticated computational model of the system, developed with specific attention given to the pump and to some important aspects concerning the injection pressure simulation, such as the dynamic effects of the injector needle lift, the flow unsteadiness, and compressibility effects on the nozzle-hole discharge coefficient. The pump delivery assembly was provided with a valve of the reflux type. This presented a flat in the collar, forming a return-flow restriction with the seat, and had no retraction piston. A single-spring injector, with a reduced sac volume, was fitted to the system. The numerical analysis of transient flow phenomena linked to the mechanical unit dynamics, including possible cavitation occurrence in the system, was performed using an implicit finite-difference algorithm, previously set up for in-line injection equipment. Particular care was exercised in modeling the distributor pump so as to match the dynamics of the delivery-valve assembly to the pressure wave propagation in the distributor and its outlets. The so-called minor losses were also taken into account and it was ascertained that sudden expansion and contraction losses were significant for the type of pump examined. The experimental investigation was performed on a test bench at practical pump speeds. Pressures were measured in the pumping chamber, at two different pipe locations, and upstream to the needle seat opening passage. This last measurement was taken in order to evaluate the nozzle-hole flow coefficient with the support of the simulation, using experimental values of the needle lift, injection rate, and injected fuel quantity as known variables. The numerical and experimental results were compared and discussed, showing the validity of the model. The injection pressure time history and the influence of the delivery return-flow restriction on the system performance were numerically examined.
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Catania, A. E., C. Dongiovanni, A. Mittica, C. Negri, and E. Spessa. "Simulation and Experimental Analysis of Diesel Fuel-Injection Systems With a Double-Stage Injector." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 121, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817104.
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A double-spring, sacless-nozzle injector was fitted to the distributor-pump fuel-injection system of an automotive diesel engine in order to study its effect on the system performance for two different configurations of the pump delivery valve assembly with a constant-pressure valve and with a reflux-hole valve, respectively. Injection-rate shapes and local pressure time histories were both numerically and experimentally investigated. The NAIS simulation program was used for theoretical analysis based on a novel implicit numerical algorithm with a second-order accuracy and a high degree of efficiency. The injector model was set up and stored in a library containing a variety of system component models, which gave a modular structure to the computational code. The program was also capable of simulating possible cavitation propagation phenomena and of taking the fluid property dependence on pressure and temperature, as well as flow shear and minor losses into account. The experimental investigation was performed on a test bench under real operating conditions. Pressures were measured in the pumping chamber at two different pipe locations and in the injector nozzle upstream of the needle-seat opening passage. This last measurement was carried out in order to determine the nozzle-hole discharge flow coefficient under nonstationary flow conditions, which was achieved for the first time in a sacless-nozzle two-stage injector over a wide pump-speed range. The numerical and experimental results were compared and discussed.
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Barker, A. G., and J. F. Carrotte. "Compressor Exit Conditions and Their Impact on Flame Tube Injector Flows." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1383773.
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Within a gas turbine engine the flow field issuing from the compression system is nonuniform containing, for example, circumferential and radial variations in the flow field due to wakes from the upstream compressor outlet guide vanes (OGVs). In addition, variations can arise due to the presence of radial load bearing struts within the pre-diffuser. This paper is concerned with the characterization of this nonuniform flow field, prior to the combustion system, and the subsequent effect on the flame tube fuel injector flows and hence combustion processes. A mainly experimental investigation has been undertaken using a fully annular test facility which incorporates a single stage axial flow compressor, diffuser, and flame tube. Measurements have been made of the flow field, and its frequency content, within the dump cavity. Furthermore, the stagnation pressure presented to the core, outer and dome swirler passages of a fuel injector has been obtained for different circumferential positions of the upstream OGV/pre-diffuser assembly. These pressure variations, amounting to as much as 20 percent of the pressure drop across the fuel injector, also affect the flow field immediately downstream of the injector. In addition, general variations in pressure around the fuel injector have also been observed due to, for example, the fuel injector position relative to pre-diffuser exit and the flame tube cowl.
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Gabdrafikov, Fanil', Irshat Aysuvakov, and Ilgiz Galiev. "DIESEL INJECTOR PUMP WITH RING CONTROL VALVE." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 15, no. 1 (May 14, 2020): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-68-75.
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The studies were carried out with the aim of modernizing the pump injector with a hydraulic actuator of the HEUI system plunger with the development of a control valve model based on a split elastic ring that provides fast fuel injection control. The upgraded device differs from the existing ones in that instead of a control freely floating valve (ball) or a poppet valve with springs, a valve in the form of a split elastic ring is installed in the valve assembly. One end of this ring is fixed rigidly, the other is freely movable to block the drain channel of the liquid. The canal overlaps the free edge of the ring when the electromagnet is turned on (installed with a gap inside the ring), and also (in the absence or malfunction of the electromagnet) from the valve itself running under the pressure of the supplied fluid. When upgrading the pump injector by the proposed method and using an annular control valve with electronic control (with optimal ring parameters), a new technical effect is achieved - reducing the response time of the control valve. This is due to the fact that the free edge of the split elastic ring, like a mechanical multiplier, blocks the drain canal π times faster than the valve stroke when it rises from the pressure of the fluid flow or signal when the electromagnet is on. The ring valve simultaneously acts as a spring to return to its original position, simplifying the design as much as possible. In the course of research, a new mathematical expression was derived for calculating the valve stroke depending on its design parameters. Using this formula, the optimal parameters of the control ring valve of the pump injector were established, which affect the quality of fuel injection in a wide range of diesel operation: diameter - 20 mm, ring width - 12 mm, thickness - 0.46 mm, diameter of the control fluid supply canal - 3 mm.
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Hsu, B. D. "Coal-Fueled Diesel Engine Development Update at GE Transportation Systems." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906617.
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The U.S. Department of Energy is sponsoring a General Electric Company development program for using coal-water slurry (CWS) to power a diesel engine and to test it in a locomotive. The first locomotive system test was successfully completed in 1991 on GE/TS test track. The first-phase coal-fueled 12-cylinder diesel engine used in the locomotive test employed a modified positive displacement fuel injection system and developed 2500 hp in the engine laboratory. The final phase all electric controlled fuel injection equipment (FIE) diesel engine has completed individual component development phases. Combustion research evaluated a broad range of CWS fuels with different source coals, particle sizes, and ash contents. The electronic controlled FIE single cylinder test engine yielded 99.5 percent combustion efficiency. Envelop filters and copper oxide sorbent have been chosen to clean up the engine emissions after extensive evaluation of various hot gas cleaning methods. The projected removal rate of particulate is 99.5 percent and that of SO2 is 90 percent. Over ten diamond insert injector nozzles performed well on the test engines. A bench test of one nozzle has been run for over 500 engine equivalent hours without significant wear. Tungsten carbide (WC) coated piston rings and cylinder liners were identified to be effective in overcoming power assembly wear. A matrix of WC spray parameters were investigated, and the best process was used to apply coatings onto full scale rings and liners. These and other test parts are currently running in two coal fuel operated cylinders on a converted eight-cylinder endurance test engine. All of these developed technologies will be applied onto the second phase engine and be used in the final phase locomotive test. An economic analysis was also completed on a concept locomotive design. Additional equipment cost and the level of diesel fuel price to repay the investment were analyzed. Thus the economic environment for the commercialization of the modern coal fueled locomotive is defined.
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Priambadi, I. Gusti Ngurah, I. Ketut Gede Sugita, A. A. I. A. Sri Komaladewi, Ketut Astawa, and I. Wayan Bandem Adnyana. "Redesign Combustion Air Shelter of the Furnace to Improve the Performance in Melting Bronze for Manufacturing Gamelan." Applied Mechanics and Materials 776 (July 2015): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.776.355.
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Gamelan Bali is a set of Balinese traditional musical instruments used to accompany a series of cultural and religious ceremonies or performances. The existence of gamelan has been famous to foreign countries. Therefore, gamelan is not only produced for national orders but also for international orders. Almost 75% of gamelan production process is done using traditional method, namely: smelting, forging, grinding (Sruti) to get the basic tone, and assembly. Smelting process uses traditional furnace, where combustion air is blown from the blower through the injector into the combustion chamber of melting furnace. Open model furnace is used so that the heat generated in the combustion of the fuel is not perfect and it consumes more fuel. This condition, of course, impacts on pollutant factors produced in the combustion process and production cost that is relatively high. To minimize that problem, a change in the combustion air shelters form is done. The use of this method in the smelting process is expected to reduce the production cost, especially in fuel use and to reduce pollutants produced in the combustion process. Studies have shown that the application of the above method reduces the fuel consumption up to 20%. The decrease in the fuel consumption due to the fuel (charcoal) is wrapped by more air, thus it makes the fuel combustion process work better.
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Karim, H., K. Lyle, S. Etemad, L. L. Smith, W. C. Pfefferle, P. Dutta, and K. Smith. "Advanced Catalytic Pilot for Low NOx Industrial Gas Turbines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1586313.
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This paper describes the design and testing of a catalytically stabilized pilot burner for current and advanced Dry Low NOx (DLN) gas turbine combustors. In this paper, application of the catalytic pilot technology to industrial engines is described using Solar Turbines’ Taurus 70 engine. The objective of the work described is to develop the catalytic pilot technology and document the emission benefits of catalytic pilot technology when compared to higher, NOx producing pilots. The catalytic pilot was designed to replace the existing pilot in the existing DLN injector without major modification to the injector. During high-pressure testing, the catalytic pilot showed no incidence of flashback or autoignition while operating over wide range of combustion temperatures. The catalytic reactor lit off at a temperature of approximately 598 K (325°C/617°F) and operated at simulated 100% and 50% load conditions without a preburner. At high pressure, the maximum catalyst surface temperature was similar to that observed during atmospheric pressure testing and considerably lower than the surface temperature expected in lean-burn catalytic devices. In single-injector rig testing, the integrated assembly of the catalytic pilot and Taurus 70 injector demonstrated NOx and CO emission less than 5 ppm @ 15% O2 for 100% and 50% load conditions along with low acoustics. The results demonstrate that a catalytic pilot burner replacing a diffusion flame or partially premixed pilot in an otherwise DLN combustor can enable operation at conditions with substantially reduced NOx emissions.
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Burdykin, V. D. "Increasing the stability of fuel injection pump process." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 79, no. 8 (August 15, 2012): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-69478.
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A patented construction of plunger and barrel assembly is proposed. A ball valve is placed in its axial bore to eliminate the fuel flowing into low pressure cavity during the injection process. The design of plunger and barrel assembly and its operation concept are considered.
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STOECK, Tomasz. "Method for testing modern common rail piezoelectric fuel injectors." Combustion Engines 186, no. 3 (September 13, 2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-140246.
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The paper presents the author's own method for testing piezoelectric common rail fuel injectors, which for many years were considered non-repairable components. This was mainly due to the lack of availability of spare parts and dedicated measuring equipment, enabling full diagnostics under test bench conditions. As a result, their workshop and laboratory servicing was very limited, as effective disassembly concerned basicaly only the plunger and barrel assembly (needle with nozzle) for selected reference models. The situation has now improved to such an extent that an author’s own regeneration procedure has been proposed with the replacement of the most important controls and actuators. The tests were carried out on the example of Siemens VDO Continental PCR 2.3 fuel injectors from one engine, listing the most important stages of this process, including the correction of fuel dosage and returns.
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Adamkiewicz, Andrzej, and Jan Drzewieniecki. "The Influence of Fuels Quality on Tribological Wear in Slow Speed Diesel Engines." Solid State Phenomena 252 (July 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.252.1.
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In this article, there are presented problems of tribological wear occurring in slow speed diesel engines elements such as piston – piston rings – cylinder liner assembly and fuel injection pumps caused by use of poor quality fuels. There are defined specific quality standards for bunkered marine residual and distillate fuels with accordance to ISO Standard 8217:2010 and recommended by engine maker’s fuel quality at engine inlet. Moreover, there are characterized common contaminants in this fuels with special attention to the most harmful the residual fuel catalytic particles so-called Cat-Fines, specified the maximum limits and described their influence on engine’s tribological pairs. Furthermore, this paper considers the operational precautions and treatment of poor quality fuels with elaboration of specific procedures to prevent and reduce the influence of Cat-fines to tribological wear in engine elements containing issues of fuel oil storage and distribution on board, fuel oil treatment, usage of poor quality fuels and condition monitoring of engine elements.
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Abrahamson, D. R. "Origin of the glomerular basement membrane visualized after in vivo labeling of laminin in newborn rat kidneys." Journal of Cell Biology 100, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 1988–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.100.6.1988.
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To examine the origin and assembly of glomerular basement membranes (GBMs), affinity purified anti-laminin IgG was directly coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and intravenously injected into newborn rats. Kidneys were then processed for peroxidase histochemistry and microscopy. Within 1 h after injection, anti-laminin bound to basement membranes of nephrons in all developmental stages (vesicle, comma, S-shaped, developing capillary loop, and maturing glomeruli). In S-shaped and capillary loop glomeruli, anti-laminin-HRP labeled a double basal lamina between the endothelium and epithelium. Sections incubated with anti-laminin in vitro showed labeling within the rough endoplasmic reticulum of endothelium and epithelium, indicating that both cell types synthesized laminin for the double basement membrane. In maturing glomeruli, injected anti-laminin-HRP bound throughout the GBMs, and double basement membranes were rarely observed. At this stage, however, numerous knobs or outpockets of basement membrane material extending far into the epithelial side of the capillary wall were identified and these were also labeled throughout their full thickness. No such outpockets were found in the endothelial cell layer of newborn rats (and they normally are completely absent in fully mature, adult glomeruli). In contrast with these results, in kidneys fixed 4-6 d after anti-laminin IgG-HRP injection, basement membranes of vesicle, comma, and S-shaped nephrons were unlabeled, indicating that they were assembled after injection. GBM labeling was seen in maturing glomeruli, however. In addition, the outpockets of basement membrane extending into the epithelium were often completely unlabeled whereas GBMs lying immediately beneath them were labeled intensely, which indicates that the outpockets were probably assembled by the epithelium. Injections of sheep anti-laminin IgG followed 8 d later with injections of biotin-rabbit anti-laminin IgG and double-label immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed that GBM formation continued during individual capillary loop expansion. GBM assembly therefore occurs by at least two different processes at separate times in development: (a) fusion of endothelial and epithelial basement membranes followed by (b) addition of new basement membrane from the epithelium into existing GBMs.
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Semenov, A. N., and A. A. Sazanov. "Improving the efficiency of assembly technology for fuel injectors of gas-turbine engines by management of functional parameters of spray package parts." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 8, no. 1-2 (March 10, 2014): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67748.
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The article considers the problem of ensuring the quality of fuel injectors for gas-turbine engines at assembly time. The way of increasing the effectiveness of the implementation of the assembly process is discussed.
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Kegl, Breda, and Marko Kegl. "Experimental investigation review of biodiesel usage in bus diesel engine." Thermal Science 21, no. 1 Part B (2017): 639–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160601224k.
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This paper assembles and analyses extensive experimental research work conducted for several years in relation to biodiesel usage in a MAN bus Diesel engine with M injection system. At first the most important properties of the actually used neat rapeseed biodiesel fuel and its blends with mineral diesel are discussed and compared to that of mineral diesel. Then the injection, fuel spray, and engine characteristics for various considered fuel blends are compared at various ambient conditions, with special emphasis on the influence of low temperature on fueling. Furthermore, for each tested fuel the optimal injection pump timing is determined. The obtained optimal injection pump timings for individual fuels are then used to determine and discuss the most important injection and combustion characteristics, engine performance, as well as the emission, economy, and tribology characteristics of the engine at all modes of emission test cycles test. The results show that for each tested fuel it is possible to find the optimized injection pump timing, which enables acceptable engine characteristics at all modes of the emission test cycles test.
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Juściński, Sławomir, Wiesław Piekarski, and Zdzisław Chomik. "Analysis of Injection Systems Types Used in Agricultural Machines." Agricultural Engineering 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2017-0034.
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AbstractThe paper presents analysis of the processes taking place in fuel systems which lead to damage of injection devices in farm machines. The most frequent reasons of failure of traditional injection systems and Common Rail high pressure systems which are caused inter alia by an improper quality of diesel oil were described and discussed. Microscopic tests of the surface of worn plungers of the plunger and barrel assemby of Motorpal injection pumps used in Zetor tractors were carried out. Types of damage to elements of the injection pump and electromagnetic injectors used in Common Rail systems CP4 type based on the tests on the group of 126 on-site repairs were assessed. Repairs were made in the repair centres in Podkarpackie Voivodeship and centres dealing with repair of injection systems. Metallographic tests were carried out in the Laboratory of Materials of Rzeszow University of Technology with the use of electrone scanning microscope Hitachi S-3400N.
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Mal'chuk, V. I., A. Yu Dunin, I. V. Alekseev, Yu V. Trofimenko, and S. M. Kalinina. "Fuel systems for feeding mixed fuels in high-speed diesel engines." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 9 (September 15, 2017): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66310.
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The article presents the results of the assembly and testing of the fuel system variants developed at the Moscow State Automobile and Road Technical University for the supply of mixed fuel with the possibility of changing their composition during the injection process. The nozzle housing for mixed fuel differs from the housing of the serial product by the presence of two channels for supplying to the atomizer, respectively, the main fuel and additive. The nozzle is equipped with a sprayer, which also has channels for supplying diesel and alternative fuels. The supply of diesel fuel through the axial channel in the nozzle of the nebulizer is also of fundamental importance, since it inevitably falls into the gap between the needle and the body and thereby facilitates the lubrication of this precision pair. Mixing of the components of the mixture is carried out in the cavity located at the base of the locking cone of the needle. This is another principal feature of the nozzle atomizer design, intended for mixed fuel. Motor fuel mixture research was carried out on a single-cylinder engine mounted on the universal crate of IT-9 (1 Ch 10.5 / 12). It is shown that an increase in the proportion of water in a mixture with diesel fuel leads to an improvement in the composition of combustion products in diesel. Thus, with a 50 % water content, carbon emissions are reduced by almost 10 times, nitrogen oxides by a factor of 2,6, and carbon oxide by a factor of 2,5. The working capacity of the development during its operation as a part of the diesel engine (2 Ch × 10.5 / 12) is shown and the possibility of improving its ecological characteristics with a reduction in the consumption of diesel fuel by partial replacement with ethanol is demonstrated.
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Kamino, Takeo, Toshie Yaguchi, and Takahiro Shimizu. "Development and Application of a Sample Holder for In Situ Gaseous TEM Studies of Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 5 (August 30, 2017): 945–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761701248x.
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AbstractPolymer electrolyte fuel cells hold great potential for stationary and mobile applications due to high power density and low operating temperature. However, the structural changes during electrochemical reactions are not well understood. In this article, we detail the development of the sample holder equipped with gas injectors and electric conductors and its application to a membrane electrode assembly of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Hydrogen and oxygen gases were simultaneously sprayed on the surfaces of the anode and cathode catalysts of the membrane electrode assembly sample, respectively, and observation of the structural changes in the catalysts were simultaneously carried out along with measurement of the generated voltages.
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Choi, Jin-Soo, Seung-Chul Park, Kyoung-Rok Park, Ho-Yeon Yang, and O.-Bong Yang. "Effect of zinc injection on the corrosion products in nuclear fuel assembly." Natural Science 05, no. 02 (2013): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2013.52027.
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Karsenty, Kadmiel, Leonid Tartakovsky, and Eran Sher. "A Diesel Engine with a Catalytic Piston Surface to Propel Small Aircraft at High Altitudes—A Theoretical Study." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 1905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071905.
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Due to the oxygen shortage at high altitudes, the use of diesel engines in small aircraft is limited to a low ceiling level. Here, we propose to significantly extend the ceiling level by introducing an in-cylinder steam reforming system. In this arrangement, the fuel direct-injection assembly comprises of a two-stage process. In the first stage, a blend of methanol and water is injected into the hot previously compressed cylinder charge onto an in-cylinder catalyst. Residual heat is absorbed due to the blend evaporation and the steam-reforming process to produce hydrogen. In the second stage, diesel fuel with a lower ignition temperature than the hydrogen fuel is injected to initiate combustion, while the absorbed heat (from the first stage) is released through the hydrogen oxidation. Essentially, the absorbed heat is exploited to produce extra hydrogen fuel, which increases the cycle efficiency. In this arrangement, the in-cylinder oxygen content is significantly increased due to the additional oxygen atoms that are included in the methanol and in particular in the water molecules. These are released when the methanol and water are decomposed during the steam-reforming process. We show that owing to the addition of the oxygen content in the cylinder, the flight ceiling level can be extended from 5000 to 9000 ft, and that the indicated efficiency can be increase up to 6%.
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Bhojnagarwala, Pratik Sanjivkumar, Ali Raza Ali, Drew Frase, Abhijeet Kulkarni, Devivasha Bordoloi, and David B. Weiner. "Abstract 2913: Personalized ovarian cancer therapy using in vivo assembled bi-specific antibodies targeting Her2 and FSHR." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2913.
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Abstract According to The American Cancer Society, ovarian cancer will cause ~14,000 deaths in the US in 2021. Despite recent advances in therapy, clinical outcomes remain poor and there is a great unmet need for newer therapies for ovarian cancer patients. Bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs) consist of two single chain variable fragments (scFVs) linked via a peptide linker and are being studied as a tool against many different cancers. BiTEs redirect T cell activity towards tumor cells in an MHC independent manner by bringing T cells close to a tumor associated antigen (TAA). A BiTE targeting CD19 has been approved for treating ALL, however the success of BiTEs in treating solid tumor remains limited. Two reasons that reduce the efficacy of BiTEs in solid tumors are 1) their short half-life which drastically reduces their availability 2) tumor heterogeneity preventing targeting by a single BiTE. Tumors downregulate TAA expression in response to targeted therapy allowing treatment escape. Development of novel BiTEs with longer serum half-lives and in vivo delivery strategies which allow rapid customization of BiTEs is important. Here we describe a strategy for in vivo assembly using the Knob-in-hole (KIH) approach. We designed two different DNA encoded KIH (dKIH), targeting Her2 and FSHR, and studied their ability to be assembled in vivo into functional therapeutics. The knobs encoded full length antibodies engineered to target either Her2 or FSHR. We designed a third construct as the hole to target CD3. Following in vitro characterization, we injected NSG mice with KIH pairs for Her2+CD3 or FSHR+ CD3 and studied their expression and function. Sera from mice injected with Her2 or FSHR dKIH bound tumor cells expressing Her2 or FSHR respectively. Sera from mice from both groups also bound to T cells. We observed that both dKIH resulted in mouse sera with high potency (pg level) killing of ovarian cancer cell lines expressing Her2 and FSHR in an in vitro killing assay. A single injection of either dKIH allowed for in vivo expression and tumor killing for over a month post injection which is a significant improvement over delivery of protein KIH. This study demonstrates the potential of in vivo assembly of KIH. The patients produce their own therapy, which allows to skip complex bioprocessing steps and makes KIH delivery simpler and cheaper. This study illustrates the potential to improve immunotherapy outcomes for ovarian cancer patients via in vivo assembly of multiple BiTEs. Citation Format: Pratik Sanjivkumar Bhojnagarwala, Ali Raza Ali, Drew Frase, Abhijeet Kulkarni, Devivasha Bordoloi, David B. Weiner. Personalized ovarian cancer therapy using in vivo assembled bi-specific antibodies targeting Her2 and FSHR [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2913.
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Yu, Ying Xiao, Zhao Cheng Yuan, Jia Yi Ma, and Shi Yu Li. "Motion Characteristics and Influence Factors of Piston Assembly in a Compression-Ignition Hydraulic Free-Piston Engine." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1761.
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The advantages and basic structure of hydraulic free-piston engine (HFPE) were presented. And the operation principle of a single piston compression-ignition HFPE was analyzed. Based on the basic theory of thermodynamics, hydraulic fluid mechanics and dynamics, the system simulation model for a single-piston compression-ignition HFPE was established in the environment of MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results, which accord with the related literature data, indicate that the asymmetric characteristics of piston motion in the entire cycle are very obvious, the compression stroke duration is longer than the expansion stroke, the time at around the top dead center (TDC) is short. The piston assembly motion is a process when the energy balance is fulfilled, and some factors must be taken into account for design optimization, such as the piston assembly mass, compression accumulator pressure, fuel injection timing and fuel injection quantity.
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Setiyo, Muji, Budi Waluyo, Paolo Gobbato, and Massimo Masi. "Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) of Novel Air Conditioning System on LPG Fuelled Vehicle: A Lab-Scale Investigation." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 7133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.21.0533.
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Alternative fuels have become an effective solution to reduce the impact of road transport on the environment. On the other hand, the growing uses of air-conditioning (AC) have contributed to worsening the fuel economy of passenger vehicles. Liquid petroleum gas (LPG), if injected in the gaseous phase to power SI engines, may allow reducing the fuel consumption due to AC devices through the recovery of cooling energy from the fuel systems. This paper presents lab-scale tests of an air conditioning system prototype for LPG-fuelled vehicles. The prototype has been assembled using standard vehicle components to quantify the cooling energy recoverable from the LPG evaporation before the fuel is injected into the engine intake manifold. Temperature and humidity of the air exiting the LPG evaporator are measured for fuel mass flow rates typical of light-duty vehicles. The energy efficiency ratio (EER) of the prototype achieves 2.72 when cooling power equals 1.2 kW. Although the system tested needs improvements, the experimental data show that the cooling energy recovered by LPG evaporation can significantly reduce the power consumption of standard AC systems in passenger cars.
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Wang, Zhenyou, Qun Sun, Hongqiang Guo, and Ying Zhao. "Power Management for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Automated Mechanical Transmission using Multiple Dimensional Scaling Method." Recent Patents on Engineering 14, no. 1 (June 21, 2020): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872212113666190618105623.
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Background: The study of kerosene fuel for gasoline engines is of great significance to the supply, management, storage and transportation of military fuel, as well as its safety. Small aviation two-stroke kerosene engine fuel injection controller is the key technology of kerosene engines. It is very important to improve the performance of kerosene engine by controlling the air-fuel ratio accurately. Objective: The initial injection pulse spectrum was firstly obtained by numerical calculation in the absence of kerosene injection pulse spectrum, and then the injection controller was designed based on the initial injection pulse spectrum. Methodology: Firstly, a numerical model of the whole engine was established by using BOOST software. The air mass flow data of the inlet was obtained through numerical calculation. The amount of initial engine fuel injection was calculated according to the requirements of air-fuel ratios in each working condition, from which an initial injection pulse spectrum was obtained. Then, based on Free scale 16-bit embedded micro-controller MC9S12DP512, a kerosene engine fuel injection controller was developed, together with the circuit was also designed. According to the initial fuel injection pulse spectrum, a two-dimensional interpolation algorithm was developed by using assembly language and C language mixed programming, and the anti-electromagnetic interference ability of the controller was further enhanced. Finally, the accuracy of the initial injection pulse spectrum and the performance and reliability of the injection controller of the kerosene engine were verified by the kerosene engine bench test. Conclusion: The experimental results show that the numerical model was accurate, and the development time of the injection controller was shortened by using the numerical model to calculate the initial injection pulse spectra. The developed controller was stable and reliable, which can meet the control requirement.
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Gurumurthy, Sathyavel, Surya Kamal Thakur, and Sachin Mohan. "Automation in Spillcut Marking." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.880.
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The project involves elimination of rejection of H-engines during testing by improved methods of automation in spill cut using pneumatics which control the injection timing and is subsequently used at a later state in the engine assembly to set the valve timing. Improper injection timing leads to excess smoke. The new method which we have opted reduces man power, time consumption and the fuel wastage an optimum level which increases the productivity of the engine.
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KOSZAŁKA, Grzegorz, Michał GĘCA, and Andrzej SUCHECKI. "Simulation research into the influence of the combustion chamber blowby on the efficiency of a diesel engine." Combustion Engines 158, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116939.
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Combustion chamber leakage, caused mainly by blowby, results in a reduced engine performance and higher fuel consumption. The blowby rate is, to some extent, determined by the design of the piston-ring-cylinder assembly (PRC) and the blowby rate varies throughout the life of an engine due to wear of the said assembly. The paper presents a quantitative evaluation of the influence of the combustion chamber blowby on the engine performance and fuel consumption on the example of two diesel engines: older generation naturally aspirated indirect injection diesel engine and a modern turbocharged direct injection engine. The assessment was made based on a simulation research using the AVL Boost software and the input data for the calculations were ascertained based on measurements performed on actual objects. The results have shown that a reduction of the blowby by half compared to the values occurring in engines of good technical condition would increase the maximum torque and power by approx. 0.5% for both investigated engines. The results of the simulation have also shown that increases in the blowby occurring in engines after long service lead to increased fuel consumption from 1% to 7% and the lower the engine speed and load the greater theses values.
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Chen, Yan-hua, Christa Merzdorf, David L. Paul, and Daniel A. Goodenough. "COOH Terminus of Occludin Is Required for Tight Junction Barrier Function in Early Xenopus Embryos." Journal of Cell Biology 138, no. 4 (August 25, 1997): 891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.138.4.891.
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Occludin is the only known integral membrane protein localized at the points of membrane– membrane interaction of the tight junction. We have used the Xenopus embryo as an assay system to examine: (a) whether the expression of mutant occludin in embryos will disrupt the barrier function of tight junctions, and (b) whether there are signals within the occludin structure that are required for targeting to the sites of junctional interaction. mRNAs transcribed from a series of COOH-terminally truncated occludin mutants were microinjected into the antero–dorsal blastomere of eight-cell embryos. 8 h after injection, the full-length and the five COOH-terminally truncated proteins were all detected at tight junctions as defined by colocalization with both endogenous occludin and zonula occludens-1 demonstrating that exogenous occludin correctly targeted to the tight junction. Importantly, our data show that tight junctions containing four of the COOH-terminally truncated occludin proteins were leaky; the intercellular spaces between the apical cells were penetrated by sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido) Hexanoate (NHS-LC-biotin). In contrast, embryos injected with mRNAs coding for the full-length, the least truncated, or the soluble COOH terminus remained impermeable to the NHS-LC-biotin tracer. The leakage induced by the mutant occludins could be rescued by coinjection with full-length occludin mRNA. Immunoprecipitation analysis of detergent-solubilized embryo membranes revealed that the exogenous occludin was bound to endogenous Xenopus occludin in vivo, indicating that occludin oligomerized during tight junction assembly. Our data demonstrate that the COOH terminus of occludin is required for the correct assembly of tight junction barrier function. We also provide evidence for the first time that occludin forms oligomers during the normal process of tight junction assembly. Our data suggest that mutant occludins target to the tight junction by virtue of their ability to oligomerize with full-length endogenous molecules.
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Ćosić, Bernhard, Dominik Waßmer, and Franklin Genin. "Integration of Fluidic Nozzles in the New Low Emission Dual Fuel Combustion System for MGT Gas Turbines." Fluids 6, no. 3 (March 21, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6030129.
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Fluidic oscillators have proven their capabilities and advantages in terms of the generation of oscillating jets without moving parts for many years, mainly in experimental studies. In this paper, the design, development, and integration of fluidic atomizers into the liquid-fuel system of the dual-fuel low NOX Advanced Can Combustion (ACC) system of the MAN Gas Turbines (MGT) are presented. The two-stage system comprises a pressure-swirl nozzle as a pilot stage and an assembly of four main premixed nozzles, based on fluidic technology. The design and the features of the pilot nozzle are briefly presented, whereas the focus lies on the functionality and layout of the fluidic nozzles. The complete integration, validation, and verification of this innovative liquid-fuel injection unit are presented. The final system features fast fuel-switchovers, low complexity, high reliability, and dry low emissions in liquid-fuel operation.
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Echelmeier, Austin, Daihyun Kim, Jorvani Cruz Villarreal, Jesse Coe, Sebastian Quintana, Gerrit Brehm, Ana Egatz-Gomez, et al. "3D printed droplet generation devices for serial femtosecond crystallography enabled by surface coating." Journal of Applied Crystallography 52, no. 5 (August 29, 2019): 997–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576719010343.
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The role of surface wetting properties and their impact on the performance of 3D printed microfluidic droplet generation devices for serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) are reported. SFX is a novel crystallography method enabling structure determination of proteins at room temperature with atomic resolution using X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). In SFX, protein crystals in their mother liquor are delivered and intersected with a pulsed X-ray beam using a liquid jet injector. Owing to the pulsed nature of the X-ray beam, liquid jets tend to waste the vast majority of injected crystals, which this work aims to overcome with the delivery of aqueous protein crystal suspension droplets segmented by an oil phase. For this purpose, 3D printed droplet generators that can be easily customized for a variety of XFEL measurements have been developed. The surface properties, in particular the wetting properties of the resist materials compatible with the employed two-photon printing technology, have so far not been characterized extensively, but are crucial for stable droplet generation. This work investigates experimentally the effectiveness and the long-term stability of three different surface treatments on photoresist films and glass as models for our 3D printed droplet generator and the fused silica capillaries employed in the other fluidic components of an SFX experiment. Finally, the droplet generation performance of an assembly consisting of the 3D printed device and fused silica capillaries is examined. Stable and reproducible droplet generation was achieved with a fluorinated surface coating which also allowed for robust downstream droplet delivery. Experimental XFEL diffraction data of crystals formed from the large membrane protein complex photosystem I demonstrate the full compatibility of the new injection method with very fragile membrane protein crystals and show that successful droplet generation of crystal-laden aqueous droplets intersected by an oil phase correlates with increased crystal hit rates.
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Vassenden, Frode, Torleif Holt, Amir Ghaderi, and Arild Solheim. "Foam Propagation on Semi-Reservoir Scale." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, no. 05 (October 1, 1999): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/58047-pa.
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Summary Foam propagation in co-injection of gas and surfactant solution has been studied in a 10-m-long flow apparatus, equipped with pressure ports and fluid sampling valves for every 1 m. The data have been compared to the results of a core scale foam flooding experiment with the same porous medium. The propagation experiments on the 10 m scale revealed that the foam front propagated significantly slower than the injected fluid front. It appeared that foam propagation was not limited by surfactant transport, but was delayed due to the presence of oil in the porous medium. The experiments have been interpreted with the aid of a numerical foam simulator. Introduction Oil is often effectively displaced by gas. Due to the low density and low viscosity of gas, it may be difficult to achieve a good macroscopic sweep efficiency, however. It has been found that the use of foam may reduce gas mobility, and thereby improve the sweep of gas. Foam can be formed within the reservoir when gas and surfactant solution flow together. A successful well treatment with foam is critically dependent on placement of foam to the desired depth in the reservoir. The injection time required to reach a given depth depends on the propagation velocity of the foam. For the design of a foam treatment, prediction of foam propagation becomes an important issue. The aim of the present study was to clarify which mechanisms determine the foam propagation velocity, and to find out how foam propagation on the reservoir scale relates to foam data obtained in conventional coreflood experiments. The literature provides some observations of foam propagation rates at various conditions. At the Kern River steam foam pilot,1 it was found that the formation of one volume of a C16/18 ?-olefin sulphonate (AOS) foam within the formation required injection of 1.5 volumes of surfactant solution and 700 volumes of steam at reservoir conditions. This propagation delay was interpreted as mainly caused by surfactant retention, but it was also suggested that inefficiencies in foam generation and bubble transport could have further slowed down the growth of the foam zone. Also, Irani and Solomon2 observed slow foam propagation, in slim-tube studies of AOS-stabilized CO2 foams. In experiments without surfactant in the slim tube before foam injection, the foam propagated significantly slower than the injected fluid fronts. In experiments with gas slug injection into porous medium presaturated with surfactant solution, piston-like propagation at the velocity of the injected gas front was observed. When oil was present in the porous medium, there was significant propagation delay observed also during gas slug injection, however. In co-injection experiments in cores with the surfactant adsorption already satisfied, Kovscek et al.3 observed piston-like foam propagation with no retardation of a C16/18 AOS foam. Similar observations were made by Osterloh and Jante.4 Kovscek et al. also performed experiments where the core was free from surfactant at the start of foam injection. Then, retardation of the foam front was found, however, demonstrating how surfactant adsorption retards foam propagation. Aarra et al.5 found significant retardation in experiments in cores with residual oil saturation after gas flooding. The cores were presaturated with C14/16 AOS surfactant solution. At a total injection rate of gas and surfactant solution of about 3 m/d (interstitial velocity), the foam propagated with a velocity of 0.036 m/d. In this case, surfactant adsorption cannot explain the slow propagation, and the oil remains the most probable cause for the retardation. Mannhardt and Svorstøl6 also reported slow propagation in systems with surfactant adsorption satisfied. At an injection rate of 1 m/d, the foam used 10 days to propagate the first 40 cm of a core which had 19% pore volume (PV) oil saturation. Without oil, the foam traveled 40 cm in less than half a day, which corresponds approximately to the velocity of the injected fluids. This also points to the oil as one source of propagation delay. At the employed conditions, the foam strength was found to be sensitive to the presence of oil. The literature on oil-free experiments with adsorption satisfied demonstrates that the propagation delay is not intrinsic to foam per se. A quantitative understanding of all effects that control the propagation delay is lacking, however. The present study aims at improving this understanding. The approach taken has been to study foam propagation in well-characterized systems, over large distances (10 m). The porous medium has been characterized by laboratory experiments on the usual core scale, with respect to relative permeability, capillary pressure, and foam flow and surfactant adsorption properties. Then, foam propagation was studied on the semi-reservoir scale, and compared to modeling based on core scale data, in order to learn how to use core data to predict foam propagation in the reservoir. Experiment Flow Apparatus. The semi-reservoir scale flow experiments were carried out at reservoir conditions in a 10-m-long sandpack. The container for the 10 m sandpack was a specially constructed assembly of ten 1 m long tubes made of the corrosion resistant alloy Hastelloy C-276. The outer and inner diameters of the tubes were 25.4 and 18.1 mm, respectively. The 1-m-long tube sections were coupled together with coupling pieces made from the same material. Each coupling piece was equipped with one piston for compression of the sand, one valve for sampling of fluids during flooding, and one port for pressure measurement. Voids in the sand, generated by vibrations during sand filling, were taken up by moving the sand compression pistons. During packing, sand was repeatedly filled at each connection until the pistons could not be moved anymore. This assured that no voids were present at tube connectors. Flow ports and pressure ports were equipped with Hastelloy C-276 wire mesh in order to confine the sand. Each coupling piece changed the direction of flow by 180° such that the entire tube assembly only occupied a volume of 123×40×20 cm3, and could be fitted into a thermostated cabinet. The layout of the apparatus is sketched in Fig. 1. The assembly was designed for a pressure limit of 620 bar at 90°C. Core scale flooding experiments for relative permeability measurements were carried out in a single 1 m section. All flooding experiments were carried out with the tubes oriented horizontally.
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Karidis, J. P., and S. R. Turns. "Optimization of Electromagnetic Actuator Performance for High-Speed Valves." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 108, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258739.
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The dynamic performance of electromagnetic actuators driving on-off control valves is optimized numerically by combining hybrid lumped-parameter/distributed-parameter actuator models with an efficient constrained optimization technique. Two examples of constrained actuator optimization are presented where up to eight design parameters are optimized. One example problem involves minimizing variations in the response time of a fuel injection control valve caused by manufacturing and assembly tolerances, while the other example deals with minimizing the response time of a high-speed gas sampling valve.
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Perdu, Caroline, Philippe Huber, Stéphanie Bouillot, Ariel Blocker, Sylvie Elsen, Ina Attrée, and Eric Faudry. "ExsB Is Required for Correct Assembly of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type III Secretion Apparatus in the Bacterial Membrane and Full VirulenceIn Vivo." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 5 (February 17, 2015): 1789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00048-15.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosais responsible for high-morbidity infections of cystic fibrosis patients and is a major agent of nosocomial infections. One of its most potent virulence factors is a type III secretion system (T3SS) that injects toxins directly into the host cell cytoplasm. ExsB, a lipoprotein localized in the bacterial outer membrane, is one of the components of this machinery, of which the function remained elusive until now. The localization of theexsBgene within theexsCEBAregulatory gene operon suggested an implication in the T3SS regulation, while its similarity withyscWfromYersiniaspp. argued in favor of a role in machinery assembly. The present work shows that ExsB is necessary for fullin vivovirulence ofP. aeruginosa. Furthermore, the requirement of ExsB for optimal T3SS assembly and activity is demonstrated using eukaryotic cell infection andin vitroassays. In particular, ExsB promotes the assembly of the T3SS secretin in the bacterial outer membrane, highlighting the molecular role of ExsB as a pilotin. This involvement in the regulation of the T3S apparatus assembly may explain the localization of the ExsB-encoding gene within the regulatory gene operon.
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Bistriceanu, Diana Petronela, and Carmen Bujoreanu. "Experimental Investigation on Assembly Process for High Pressure Injection Pump Components." Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Machine constructions Section 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bipcm-2021-0008.
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Abstract The sealing gaskets are mechanical systems that seal and fill the gap between two or more jointed surfaces. The gasket have been created and designed to prevent leaks that can occur between surfaces subjected to compression and also, to prevent contamination with dust, mud or other impurities from outside of the system. The applicability area of these gaskets has increased visibly and they are currently used in a full range of equipment, such as mechanical transmissions, machines for terrain works, equipment production, etc. The way that seals help to fix and connect the mechanical assemblies, their stress resistance and their durability over the time have been studied by literature. The paper presents the influence of the components assembly in a high-pressure pump and its impact on sealing. Using the Taylor Hobson measurement system and scanning electron microscopy we were able to find out the composition of the gasket studied and determine the dimensional variations, mainly due to the assembly process.
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Zhang, Jianyu, Peng Liu, Liyun Fan, and Yajie Deng. "Analysis on Dynamic Response Characteristics of High-Speed Solenoid Valve for Electronic Control Fuel Injection System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (January 22, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2803545.
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A 3D numerical simulation model of high-speed solenoid valve (HSV) for electronic control fuel injection system (ECFIS) has been developed. The model has been validated experimentally with acceptable maximum errors of 2% and 8.7% in closure response time and open response time, respectively. Effect of assembly parameters such as residual air gap, maximum lift of valve stem, mass of the moving parts, spring stiffness, and spring pretightening force on dynamic response characteristics of HSV has been analyzed in detail using the simulation model, and influence rules of various parameters on dynamic response characteristics have been established. Moreover, the correlation between interaction factors of main influence factors and dynamic response characteristics of HSV has also been analyzed. It is concluded that residual air gap, maximum lift of the valve stem, and spring pretightening force are the main influencing factors on dynamic response characteristics of HSV, and there are obvious interaction effects between them; when two or three of these main influencing factors are adjusted at the same time, the interaction effects should be considered.
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Xu, Xiao-lei, Zhi-wei Yu, and Bing Yu. "Fatigue failure of an intermediate transition block in fuel-injection pump fork assembly of a truck diesel engine." Engineering Failure Analysis 94 (December 2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.07.019.
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Доброхотов, Юрий, Yuriy Dobrohotov, Николай Пушкаренко, Nikolay Pushkarenko, Айрат Валиев, Ayrat Valiev, Юрий Иванщиков, Yuriy Ivanschikov, Роман Андреев, and Roman Andreev. "KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE NODE OF INTERMEDIATE GEARS OF DISTRIBUTIVE TYPE FUEL PUMP." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5cceddab781170.44928517.
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In order to study the significance of the impact of wear on the working surfaces of parts of the intermediate gear assembly on the amount of plunger dead stroke and, therefore, on the cycle feed and advance fuel injection angle, we analyzed the critical positions of the parts of the assembly without the repair of its geometric parameters. In the process, the working surfaces of parts and mates are subject to intensive wear, which leads to an increase in the radial play of the intermediate gear. With the help of the developed device, the intermediate gears of the first and second pump sections of 70 ND-22/6 pumps from among the repair stock were examined at the specialized workshop of OAO “Yantikovskoe RTP”. From an analysis of the results of statistical processing of the backlash values in the nodes under study, it follows that in 75% of pumps the value of the radial play of the intermediate gear exceeds the allowable value for the first pumping section and 72% of the pumps for the second section. The paper proposes a method for determining the radial play of the intermediate gear drive of the plunger rotation drive of the distribution type pump. The design of the device for the in-place determination of the radial play of parts in the nodes of intermediate gears is given. Statistical indicators of the radial play of the intermediate gears of the plunger rotation mechanism were obtained. The percentage of shelf life of distribution type pumps is determined by the parameters of the technical condition of the intermediate gear assemblies. According to the research results, it was proposed to transfer the intermediate gear assemblies of the ND-22/6 pumps to the category of repair kits with their obligatory replacement when replacing pump sections.
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Hajialimohammadi, Alireza, Saeed Ahmadisoleymani, Amir Abdullah, Omid Asgari, and Foad Rezai. "Design and Manufacturing of a Constant Volume Test Combustion Chamber for Jet and Flame Visualization of CNG Direct Injection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 2539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.2539.
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Constant volume transparent test combustion chambers are extensively used for investigating injection and fuel burning properties of various combustion engines. Their configuration depends on the engine type and the research purpose. Material of components, shape and dimensions of the chamber and its parts, ease of use, accessibility, sealing and safety of the assembly are the parameters needed to be considered in designing the test cell. This paper explains, structural design of a test combustion chamber and its optical windows using finite element analysis of ANSYS 12.0 software for bearing high pressure variations and thermal shocks of combustion. It was designed for conducting CNG direct injection study on direct injection SI CNG engines for maximum design pressure of 100 bars. Optical diagnostic methods and high speed photography through quartz windows are used for the jet and flame developments. Satisfactory test results of the fabricated system proved that the finite element method can successfully be employed for design of such a system.
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Yadav, Dr Akhilendra. "Design and Fabrication of Solenoid Compressed Hybrid Air Engine." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 25, 2021): 2154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36850.
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As we are moving towards the developed country, the need of fossil fuel is increasing day by day with increasing population. We need alternative to replace fossil fuel. In IC engine, the chemical energy get converted into mechanical energy, i.e., the low grade energy get converted into high grade energy. The IC engine we use cause more pollution. So to overcome this problem, the electromagnetic force and compressed air is use to run the engine. The solenoid compressed hybrid air engine which uses electric energy and compressed air to run, can replace the use of IC engine. As we pass current through the copper wire winding, the magnetic field generated near the copper wire. The polarity of the magnetic field can vary according to the current. The magnet attached at the piston get attracted up as the polarity of permanent magnet and this force is transferred to the connecting rod and crankshaft assembly, which transfer the reciprocating motion of piston into rotating motion of crankshaft and finally the flywheel. The electromagnetic engine should be more compatible. The electromagnetic engine does not require extra components like cam follower, valves, fuel pump, injectors, fuel tank etc. The strength of magnetic force can be increase by varying the input voltage and current.
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Boardman, Charles R., Samuel V. Glass, and Samuel L. Zelinka. "Moisture Redistribution in Full-Scale Wood-Frame Wall Assemblies: Measurements and Engineering Approximation." Buildings 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10080141.
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A counter-balanced mass measurement system was constructed to allow measurement of water loss from a full-scale wood-framed wall assembly. Water was injected onto a localized area of paper towel adjacent to the oriented strand board (OSB) wall sheathing. Moisture pins in the OSB and relative humidity/temperature sensors inside the insulated wall cavity monitored conditions as the wall dried out. The wetted OSB area’s moisture content dropped at a faster rate than the total mass of the wall, indicating moisture redistribution within the wall. A simple model was used to calculate overall moisture redistribution, which was characterized using a near-exponential decay function. This simplification of the inherently three-dimensional physics of moisture redistribution could be incorporated into the one-dimensional hygrothermal models often used in research and engineering practice.
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Xu, Shida, Feilong Song, Xin Chen, Hesong Zhang, Xingkui Yang, and Jianping Zhou. "Experimental Diagnosis on Combustion Characteristic of Shock Wave Focusing Initiation Engine." Entropy 24, no. 7 (July 21, 2022): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24071007.
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A shock wave focusing initiation engine was assembled and tested in an experimental program. The effective pyrolysis rate of the pre-combustor was evaluated over a range of supplementary fuel ratio in this paper. Results highlight two operational modes of the resonant cavity: (1) pulsating combustion mode, (2) stable combustion mode. The appearance of the two combustion modes is jointly affected by the flow and the structural characteristic value of the combustion chamber. This paper uses images, time-frequency analysis, and nonlinear time series analysis methods to identify and distinguish these two combustion modes. It is believed that the interaction between the combustion chamber and the supply plenum is the probable reason for different combustion modes. The experiment has found that structural parameters and import flow parameters have an impact on the initiation of the combustion chamber. Increasing the injection pressure can appropriately broaden the fuel-rich boundary of initiation. Low equivalence ratio and high injection pressure can also appropriately increase the combustion working frequency in a small range. From the perspective of pressure utilization, under the premise of ensuring successful initiation, injection pressure should not be too high.
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Li, Qiang, and Xu Xu Dong. "The Design and Development of a Temperature Testing System in an Electric Fuel Injection Engine." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.811.
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In order to achieve the best engine performance, electronic control unit needs to be provided a different fuel injection and ignition timing corresponding to different engine temperature while in other conditions the parameters is the same, so the temperature of the engine cylinder plays an important role. In this paper, the C8051F020 is used as the main control unit MCU and the data processing unit. The cylinder temperature signal is detected by thermistor temperature sensor and at the same time A/D conversion and data processing are completed. The acquisition temperature values are sent to LED display, while achieving ultra-high temperature alarm and ultra-low temperature alarm. This paper introduced the hardware design of temperature acquisition system, in this section this paper focuses on the choice of the temperature sensor, micro-controller selection and the design of temperature acquisition circuit and temperature display circuit. This paper introduces the software design of the temperature test system. Based on the understanding to C8051F020 MCU, with a micro-controller language this paper assembled a software program of temperature test system including the signal acquisition, A/D conversion and temperature display. This paper also designed a simple structure and processing the data speed of the temperature acquisition system.
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Wemmer, Kimberly, William Ludington, and Wallace F. Marshall. "Testing the role of intraflagellar transport in flagellar length control using length-altering mutants of Chlamydomonas." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1792 (December 30, 2019): 20190159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0159.
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Cilia and flagella are ideal model organelles in which to study the general question of organelle size control. Flagellar microtubules are steady-state structures whose size is set by the balance of assembly and disassembly. Assembly requires intraflagellar transport (IFT), and measurements of IFT have shown that the rate of entry of IFT particles into the flagellum is a decreasing function of length. It has been proposed that this length dependence of IFT may be the basis for flagellar length control. Here, we test this idea by showing that three different long-flagella mutations in Chlamydomonas all cause increased IFT injection, thus confirming that IFT can influence length control. However, quantitative comparisons with mathematical models suggest that the increase in injection is not sufficient to explain the full increase in length seen in these mutants; hence, some other mechanism may be at work. One alternative mechanism that has been proposed is length-regulated binding of tubulin to the IFT particles. However, we find that the apparent length dependence of tubulin loading that has previously been reported may actually reflect length-dependent organization of IFT trains. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport’.
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Dura˜o, D. F. G., M. V. Heitor, and A. L. N. Moreira. "Flow Measurements in a Model Burner—Part 2." Journal of Fluids Engineering 115, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910140.
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The isothermal swirling flow in the vicinity of a model oxy-fuel industrial burner is analyzed with laser-Doppler velocimetry together with laser-sheet visualization. The burner consists of a central axisymmetric swirling jet surrounded by sixteen circular jets, simulating the injection of oxygen in practical burners. The results extend those obtained for non-swirling flows, and presented in Part 1 of this paper, to the analysis of the dependence of the mixing efficiency of the burner assembly upon the swirl motion of the central jet and have the necessary detail to allow to assess the accuracy of calculation procedures of the flow in industrial burners. It is shown that swirl attenuates the three-dimensional structure typical of multijet flows in such a way that turbulence production and transport in the near burner zone are dominated by swirl-induced processes.
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Edchik, I. A., T. N. Korbut, A. V. Kuzmin, S. E. Mazanik, V. P. Togushov, and M. O. Kravchenko. "Experimental methods for determining the effective neutron multiplication factor of the “Yalina-Thermal” subcritical assembly." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 65, no. 2 (July 7, 2020): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2020-65-2-235-242.
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To study the kinetics of subcritical systems and determine the optimal conditions for the transmutation of longlived radioactive waste in the neutron spectrum of ADS-systems the “Yalina” research nuclear facility was created at Joint Institute for Power and Nuclear Research – Sosny (Minsk, Belarus). The main safety indicator of a subcritical system (active zone reactivity) was measured for a “Yalina-Thermal” assembly via three independent methods: inverse multiplication, probabilistic and impulse ones. For the inverse multiplication method, the neutron flux density was monitored during assembly loading. For a fuel load of 285 EK-10 rods the neutron multiplication was M = 22.3±0.6, and the effective neutron multiplication coefficient was keff = 0.9551± 0.0016. The probabilistic method (Feynman-alpha method), based on measuring fluctuations in the neutron density level within a system with a fission chain reaction, gave the ratio of the variance to the average counting rate value D/n = 1.779±0.005, which corresponds to keff = 0.9597 ±0.0003. The pulse method is aimed at studying the neutron flux behavior of after the neutron pulse injection into the breeding system. Measurements were held with the same setup, used in the Feynman-alpha method. The measured decay constant of instantaneous neutrons is α = –670±0.7 1/s, which corresponds to keff = 0.9560±0.0001. The effective multiplication factor keff of the subcritical assembly “Yalina-Thermal”, obtained via three different independent methods, is around average value of keff = 0.9569 ± 0.0018. The methods considered can be used for subcritical level monitoring for ADS-systems and research nuclear facilities.
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Bolshov, Leonid A., Valery F. Strizhov, and Nastasya A. Mosunova. "Codes of new generation for safety justification of power units with a closed nuclear fuel cycle developed for the “PRORYV” project." Nuclear Energy and Technology 6, no. 3 (November 6, 2020): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.6.54710.
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The article describes the status of development of codes of new generation for the “PRORYV” Project by the end of 2019: twenty-five commercial-grade software products to justify design solutions and safety of power units with fast neutron reactors and liquid metal coolant (sodium and lead) in a closed nuclear fuel cycle. The developed system of codes is multi-physical and multi-scale that allows performing both calculations of the whole installations and high precision calculations of their individual elements. The developed codes offer unique features. Twelve developed codes have already been certified by Rostechnadzor, and six more have been submitted for certification. In addition to creating the software products, a large-scale work is being carried out to conduct experimental studies for code validation that meet modern requirements imposed by the codes: unique measurement techniques have been created; experimental data on flow characteristics of heavy liquid metal coolant (HLMC) in a fuel assembly simulator have been obtained, as well as of “gas-HLMC” interphase interaction after inert gas injection in HLMC and characteristics of heat exchange between the inert gas and HLMC. The results are already used for validation of system and CFD codes used in the “PRORYV” Project.
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Grudskiy, YU G. "Applied science and manufacturing: NAMI and VTZ." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 2 (2021): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2021-2-6-15.
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Starting from the 1960s, a number of acute problems appeared in the engine building during the transition to diesel engines of a new generation, the engines with direct fuel injection into the chamber in the piston. The short time allotted in the cycle for mixture formation and combustion, especially for high-speed diesel engines, makes it extremely scrupulous to approach this in order to obtain high and stable technical and economic indicators. One of the many problems is the organi-zation of efficient and uniform gas exchange across the samples to reduce the spread of final indica-tors during mass production. The article deals with this very problem, specifically - in the case of chill casting of individual heads at the Vladimir Tractor Plant (VTZ) using composite rods of inlet and outlet channels. The method of static blowing of inlet channels developed at Central research and development automobile and engine institute NAMI with a quantitative assessment of the re-sistance and vortex formation in the cylinder was applied. The gas-dynamic parameters (GP) were checked for the heads that received individual numbers in a statistically significant sample of billets on one test bench several times, sequentially according to the stages of the processing. It is shown schematically how these parameters changed during processing and assembly of the heads. It is im-portant that a high “hereditary” correlation is obtained between the GP of the billets and fully ma-chined and assembled cylinder heads. The manufacturing cost of the latter is incommensurably higher than the castings cost. Therefore, according to the results of the work, in order to reduce the cost of products and increase the level and stability of quality, an important decision was made on the early flaw detection of the GP (after casting) with the subsequent remelting of those blanks that are most likely “genetically, hereditarily” will not provide the declared technical and economic in-dicators in assembled product. Similar approaches can be used in the organization of production and other goods with high added value of technological operations required after procurement to ensure the quality of final products.
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Iwase, Shohei, Ryuhei Sato, Pieter-Jan De Bock, Kris Gevaert, Saburo Fujiki, Toshinobu Tawada, Miyako Kuchitsu, Yuka Yamagishi, Shoichiro Ono, and Hiroshi Abe. "Activation of ADF/cofilin by phosphorylation-regulated Slingshot phosphatase is required for the meiotic spindle assembly in Xenopus laevis oocytes." Molecular Biology of the Cell 24, no. 12 (June 15, 2013): 1933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e12-12-0851.
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We identify Xenopus ADF/cofilin (XAC) and its activator, Slingshot phosphatase (XSSH), as key regulators of actin dynamics essential for spindle microtubule assembly during Xenopus oocyte maturation. Phosphorylation of XSSH at multiple sites within the tail domain occurs just after germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and is accompanied by dephosphorylation of XAC, which was mostly phosphorylated in immature oocytes. This XAC dephosphorylation after GVBD is completely suppressed by latrunculin B, an actin monomer–sequestering drug. On the other hand, jasplakinolide, an F-actin–stabilizing drug, induces dephosphorylation of XAC. Effects of latrunculin B and jasplakinolide are reconstituted in cytostatic factor–arrested extracts (CSF extracts), and XAC dephosphorylation is abolished by depletion of XSSH from CSF extracts, suggesting that XSSH functions as an actin filament sensor to facilitate actin filament dynamics via XAC activation. Injection of anti-XSSH antibody, which blocks full phosphorylation of XSSH after GVBD, inhibits both meiotic spindle formation and XAC dephosphorylation. Coinjection of constitutively active XAC with the antibody suppresses this phenotype. Treatment of oocytes with jasplakinolide also impairs spindle formation. These results strongly suggest that elevation of actin dynamics by XAC activation through XSSH phosphorylation is required for meiotic spindle assembly in Xenopus laevis.
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Wang, Lei, Zhenfeng Zhao, Chuncun Yu, Fujun Zhang, and Changlu Zhao. "Energy and exergy analysis of hydraulic free-piston engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 3074–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018816543.
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A hydraulic free-piston engine is an unconventional reciprocating piston internal combustion engine in which the piston assembly motion is determined by in-cylinder gas pressure and load force. Fuel combustion energy is directly converted into hydraulic energy. These affect the work process of cylinder and efficiency of energy conversion. In order to study the energy utilization efficiency and to explore the recovery potential of waste heat energy of hydraulic free-piston engine, in this paper, the energy distribution and waste heat energy characteristics of hydraulic free-piston engine have been studied by combining energy and exergy analysis. The thermal efficiency was analyzed by the first law of thermodynamics, and exergy balance was analyzed by the second law. The effect of the characteristic parameters on the thermal and exergy efficiency was studied through the simulation analysis comparing the energy utilization of hydraulic free-piston engine and conventional engines. The results show that control of the injection timing parameter is effective for optimizing efficiency because the cycle characteristic parameters can be controlled by changing the injection timing. The experimental results show that the thermal efficiency is 40.8% and the exergy efficiency is 46.3%. The simulation result show that the thermal efficiency of hydraulic free-piston engine is 38.0% and the conventional diesel engine is 33.0%.
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Kancherla, Prasada Rao, and Venkata Appa Rao Basava. "Experimental Investigation On Cylinder Vibration Analysis, Combustion, Emission and Performance Of An IDI Engine." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2017010102.
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An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance, emissions, combustion and heat release rate of an Indirect Diesel Injection (IDI) engine fuelled with Mahua methyl ester (MME) along with Methanol (M) additive blends. Smoke, NOx, CO, HC and CO2 emissions were recorded and various engine performance parameters were measured. A comparative study was conducted using diesel, MME and Methanol additive blends on an IDI engine. There is substantial improvement can be observed from the net heat and cumulative heat release rate plots in which the 3% additive blend reached the performance of diesel fuel and the corresponding cylinder vibration plots indicated smoother combustion. Five additive blends were tested, the blending ratios of 1/99, 2/98, 3/97, 4/96 and 5/95 (by vol.) and five discrete part load conditions viz. No Load, 0.77 kW, 1.54 kW, 2.31 kW, and 2.70 kW loads without gear box and clutch assembly ensuring stable engine operation. 57% HC, 20% CO, 14% NOx, 27% smoke reductions were observed at 3% additive at maximum opted load (2.70 kW and 1500 rpm) of the engine.