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Journal articles on the topic 'Fuel preparation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Vorobyov, Yu V., A. V. Dunaev, and V. A. Malakhov. "Promising water-fuel emulsion." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2006-03.

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2

Imankulov, Nurbakhit. "Preparation and research on properties of castor oil as a diesel fuel additive." Applied Technologies and Innovations 6, no. 1 (2012): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/ati.2012.4.

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3

Jeong, Kyung-Chai, Yeon-Ku Kim, Seung-Chul Oh, and Moon-Sung Cho. "UO2Kernel Particle Preparation for HTGR Nuclear Fuel." Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society 44, no. 8 (2007): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4191/kcers.2007.44.8.437.

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4

Ushakov, D. E., D. V. Karelin, A. L. Bychkov, O. P. Korobeinichev, and A. G. Shmakov. "Preparation of fuel briquettes from plant biomass." Solid Fuel Chemistry 51, no. 4 (2017): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0361521917040103.

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5

Anuar, A., V. K. Undavalli, B. Khandelwal, and S. Blakey. "Effect of fuels, aromatics and preparation methods on seal swell." Aeronautical Journal 125, no. 1291 (2021): 1542–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2021.25.

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AbstractNew alternative jet fuels have provided many advantages in the aviation industry, especially in terms of economics and environment. However, fuel–seal compatibility is one of the major issues that restricts alternative fuel advancement into the market. Thus, to help understand and solve the problem, this study examines the swelling effect of prepared and non-prepared O-rings in different fuels and aromatic species. Stress relaxation experiments were carried out to evaluate seal compatibility under compression, which mimics engine operation conditions. Seals were compressed and immersed in a variety of fuels and their blends for about 90h while maintaining a constant temperature 30°C and constant compression force of 25% seal thickness. The two types of elastomers investigated were fluorosilicone and nitrile O-rings, which are predominantly used in the aviation industry. Meanwhile, three different fuels and aromatic species were utilised as the variables in the experiments. The fuels used were Jet-A1, SPK and SHJFCS, while the aromatic species added were propyl benzene, tetralin and p-xylene. The swelling effects were determined from the P/Po value. Results indicate that Jet-A1 has the highest swelling effect, followed by SHJFCS and SPK. It was observed that the higher the percentage of aromatics in fuel, the higher the rate of swelling. Furthermore, prepared seals had a lower swelling rate than did non-prepared seals. Meanwhile, the intensity of the swelling effect in the Jet-A1-SHJFCS blends was in the order of 60/40, 85/15 and 50/50 blend. The work done in this study will aid in the selection of suitable aromatic species in future fuels. The novelty of this research lies in the determination of the appropriate amount of aromatic content as well as the selection of type of aromatic and its mixture fuel. Moreover, the various proportions of fuel blends with aromatic are investigated. The primary aim of this study is to understand the behaviour of prepared and non-prepared seals, and their compatibility with alternative fuels.

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6

Zhang, Zhi Bo, Da Long Jiang, Qiang Lu, and Chang Qing Dong. "Preparation and Characterization of Briquette Fuel from Biomass-Fired Fly Ash." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2464.

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In many of the current biomass-fired power plants, the fly ash usually contains abundant combustible char, due to the in-sufficient burning. In this study, a new idea was proposed to prepare briquette fuel using the fly ash. Experiments were conducted to produce six briquette fuels from the fly ash added with the composite binder and using a lab-scale briquetting machine. The mechanical strength of the six briquette fuels and their burning-out residues was measured, to reveal the effects of the composite binder on preparation and characteristics of the briquette fuel.

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7

Aldasheva, N. "Development of Technology for Production of Coal-Water Fuel and Determination of the Optimality of Its Combustion." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 6 (2021): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/67/17.

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The article investigates the processes of preparing liquid fuel based on a mixture of coal from the Alai deposit (Kyrgyzstan) and water with the addition of other components, for combustion in various power plants and intended to replace organic fuels (solid fuel, fuel oil and gas). On the basis of the research results, a technological scheme for the preparation of coal-water fuel from the organic matter of the Alai deposit has been developed. Methods and technologies for the preparation of coal-water fuel are described. As a result, an efficient and energy-efficient method for producing coal-water fuel has been developed, which has a high energy potential, environmental friendliness, low cost, a wide range of applications and a fairly simple technology for its implementation.

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8

Sun, Yuxin, Jiaying Xu, Meixuan He, Yixuan Tang, and Leichang Cao. "Parameter Effects in the Preparation of Pyrolytic Carbon from Agroforestry Biomass Waste." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126104002.

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Traditional fossil fuels are being replaced by pyrolytic carbonization fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass to address the energy shortage crisis and the environmental pollution caused by the massive burning of fossil fuels in recent years. This paper introduces the research progress in the preparation of agriculture and forestry biomass pyrolysis carbonization molding fuel. The advantages and disadvantages of different biomass conversion technology are presented. The effects of different technological parameters on the preparation of pyrolytic carbon from agricultural and forestry biomass waste were reviewed. Agriculture and forestry biomass combustion characteristics and their regularity are analyzed.

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9

Karthikumar, Sankar, V. Ragavanandham, S. Kanagaraj, R. Manikumar, A. Asha, and Anant Achary. "Preparation, Characterization and Engine Performance Characteristics of Used Cooking Sunflower Oil Based Bio-Fuels for a Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.913.

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This paper deals on bio-fuel, consisting of used sunflower oil and transesterified - used sunflower oil blended with diesel. They are prepared and tested as a fuel in a direct injection (DI) single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The main fuel properties of these fuels are measured, the engine performance characteristics are investigated and compared with that of diesel fuel. Fuels are separately prepared, blended and tested for determining the characteristics and combustion in a single cylinder diesel engine. The main fuel properties such as the specific gravity, density, flash and fire points of the blended fuels are measured. The engine performance is investigated and compared with that of diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the specific gravity of the hybrid bio-fuels is decreased and close to that of diesel fuel. The experimental results also showed that the engine efficiency is closer to the values obtained from the diesel fuel. It is found that among the various blends, transesterifed used sunflower oil with diesel, gives better efficiency. In addition it is found that, the blend of diesel with used sunflower oil gives the lowest fuel consumption as compared to that of other blended fuels. Nomenclatures w1- weight of specific gravity bottle (g) w2- weight of specific gravity bottle + water (g) w3- weight of specific gravity bottle + sample (g)

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10

Ianoş, Robert, Roxana Istratie, Cornelia Păcurariu, and Radu Lazău. "Solution combustion synthesis of strontium aluminate, SrAl2O4, powders: single-fuel versus fuel-mixture approach." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 2 (2016): 1150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp06240c.

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11

Bekturganova, N., M. Kerimkulova, Kuanyshbek Mussabekov, and Zh Kusainova. "Method for preparation of water coal fuel composite." Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University, no. 3 (May 25, 2012): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15328/chemb_2012_380-84.

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12

POTAS, TODD A., RODNEY E. SEARS, DANA J. MAAS, GENE G. BAKER, and WARRACK G. WILLSON. "PREPARATION OF HYDROTHERMALLY TREATED LRC/WATER FUEL SLURRIES." Chemical Engineering Communications 44, no. 1-6 (1986): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448608911351.

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13

Kats, B. M., and R. M. Dlubovskiy. "SAMPLES PREPARATION FEATURES UNDER FUEL GAS SENSOR ANALYSIS." Sensor Electronics and Microsystem Technologies 3, no. 4 (2014): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/1815-7459.2006.4.112846.

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14

Uchida, Makoto, Yuko Aoyama, Nobuo Eda, and Akira Ohta. "New Preparation Method for Polymer‐Electrolyte Fuel Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 142, no. 2 (1995): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2044068.

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15

FU, Xiaoming, Tongxiang LIANG, Yaping TANG, Zhichang XU, and Chunhe TANG. "Preparation of UO2Kernel for HTR-10 Fuel Element." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 41, no. 9 (2004): 943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.2004.9715568.

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16

Parkash, S., and K. Lali. "PREPARATION CHARACTERISTICS OF CATALYSTS FOR FOSSIL FUEL CONVERSION." Fuel Science and Technology International 4, no. 6 (1986): 643–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08843758608915835.

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17

SIDOROWICZ, Maciej, and Ireneusz PIELECHA. "Inflammability evaluation of hydrocarbon fuels mixtures formed directly in the combustion chamber." Combustion Engines 170, no. 3 (2017): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-309.

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The proposed article involves an investigation of the processes taking place during the preparation of mixed fuels that are combined directly before combustion. The fuel dose formed in this way must take into account the qualitative and quantitative composition of the fuels and the amount of air in the process. Given that liquid fuels similar to gasoline (e.g. methanol, ethanol, butanol) are characterized by different properties, their comparison would be useful in order to use their ratio to influence the combustion process. The process of fuel preparation plays a decisive role in this issue. The article describes abilities of modelling the injection of various fuels simultaneously to the combustion chamber for creating fuel mixture directly before ignition. First part of the article consists of analysis of light hydrocarbon fuels mixing abilities, supported with present research data. Next part describes the evaluation of execution of the assumed system – two fuel injectors with analysis of spray penetration. The modelling of the injection and spray was performed in the AVL FIRE 2014.2 environment and the results were presented. The injection possibility was proven by injecting the fuel to the combustion chamber model. Local values of air-fuel ratio, density and ambient pressure were presented to better understand the potential in mixing fuels directly before ignition. The conclusion includes description of fuel mixing abilities, influence of various fuels on creation of a stratified mixture and definition of controllability of charge ignition.

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18

Efanov, M. V., and P. P. Chernenko. "Preparation of nitrogen-containing humic preparations from peat." Solid Fuel Chemistry 44, no. 1 (2010): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s036152191001012x.

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19

Kokjohn, Sage L., Derek A. Splitter, Reed M. Hanson, Rolf D. Reitz, Vittorio Manente, and Bengt Johansson. "MODELING CHARGE PREPARATION AND COMBUSTION IN DIESEL FUEL, ETHANOL, AND DUAL-FUEL PCCI ENGINES." Atomization and Sprays 21, no. 2 (2011): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.2011002836.

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20

Serin, Hasan, Ceyla Ozgur, Mustafa Ozcanli, Kadir Aydin, and Tayfun Ozgur. "Preparation of fuels by cracking of different plastics and their blends with diesel fuel." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 24 (July 2013): S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2013.05.097.

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21

Roth, O., J. Low, and K. Spahiu. "Effects of matrix composition and sample preparation on instant release fractions from high burnup nuclear fuel." MRS Proceedings 1665 (2014): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.653.

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ABSTRACTThe rapid release of fission products segregated either to the gap between the fuel and the cladding or to the UO2 grain boundaries from spent nuclear fuel in contact with water (often referred to as the instant release fraction - IRF) is of interest for the safety assessment of geological repositories for spent fuel due to the potential dose contribution. In September 2012 a study was initiated with the aim of comparing the instant release behavior of fuels with and without additives/dopants. Preliminary results from this (ongoing) study indicate that the release of uranium during the first contact periods was higher than during the tests with fuel segments, even though the fuel was cut open recently [1]. This could be due to the sample preparation method which included axial cutting of the cladding in order to remove the fuel fragments used in the study. In the present work, leaching data from both studies are presented and the releases are discussed comparing the two sample preparation methods and considering the effect of matrix composition. The leaching studies have been performed in air using 10 mM NaCl + 2 mM NaHCO3 as leaching solution.

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22

Suk, Pavel. "METHODS OF XS DATA PREPARATION FOR GEOMETRY WITH FUEL DUMMY." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 28 (December 1, 2020): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2020.28.0023.

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3D deterministic core calculation represents important category of the nuclear fuel cycle and safe Nuclear Power Plant operation. The appropriate solution was not published yet. Data preparation process for non-fuel elements of the core represents the challenge for scientists. This report briefly introduce the problem of the data preparation process and gives the information about new input format for macrocode PARCS (PMAXS). The best homogenization process approach is to prepare data in infinite lattice cell for fuel assemblies, which are placed next to the another fuel assembly. Data for fuel assembly located next to the non-fuel region are better with preparation in the real geometry with the real boundary conditions. Results of the neutron spectra study show that the PMAXS file format is well prepared for the 2 group calculation, but it is not well prepared for the multigroup calculations, however the XSEC file format still gave reasonable results.

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23

Zhang, Zhi Li, Pei Song Duan, Dan Shi, and De Cai Li. "Preparation and Characterization of Diesel Fuel-Based Magnetic Fluids." Advanced Materials Research 873 (December 2013): 819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.873.819.

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Among different types of magnetic fluids, diesel fuel-based magnetic fluids have a high application value because of low viscosity, low volatile and cheap carrier liquid. In this paper, Fe3O4 nanomagnetic particles were prepared, optional technological conditions were determined. It was that concentration of the reactors was 0.6mol/L, reaction temperature was 70°C and reaction time was 1h. Then it was found that the appropriate coating time for surfactant was 4 hours. The particles prepared under this process had the high saturation magnetization and preferable dispersibility. Finally by ultrasonic oscillating combined with mechanical raking, diesel fuel-based Fe3O4 magnetic fluids were prepared.

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24

Kim, Hansung, Nalini P. Subramanian, and Branko N. Popov. "Preparation of PEM fuel cell electrodes using pulse electrodeposition." Journal of Power Sources 138, no. 1-2 (2004): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.06.012.

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25

Kim, Taegyu, and Sejin Kwon. "Catalyst preparation for fabrication of a MEMS fuel reformer." Chemical Engineering Journal 123, no. 3 (2006): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2006.08.010.

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26

Mitzel, Jens, Francesco Arena, Tanja Walter, Manfred Stefener, and Rolf Hempelmann. "Direct Methanol Fuel Cell – Alternative Materials and Catalyst Preparation." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 227, no. 5 (2013): 497–540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.2013.0341.

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27

Lefebvre, A. H. "The Role of Fuel Preparation in Low-Emission Combustion." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117, no. 4 (1995): 617–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815449.

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The attainment of very low pollutant emissions, in particular oxides of nitrogen (NOx), from gas turbines is not only of considerable environmental concern but has also become an area of increasing competitiveness between the different engine manufacturers. For stationary engines, the attainment of ultralow NOx has become the foremost marketing issue. This paper is devoted primarily to current and emerging technologies in the development of ultralow emissions combustors for application to aircraft and stationary engines. Short descriptions of the basic design features of conventional gas turbine combustors and the methods of fuel injection now in widespread use are followed by a review of fuel spray characteristics and recent developments in the measurement and modeling of these characteristics. The main gas-turbine-generated pollutants and their mechanisms of formation are described, along with related environmental risks and various issues concerning emissions regulations and recently enacted legislation for limiting the pollutant levels emitted by both aircraft and stationary engines. The impacts of these emissions regulations on combustor and engine design are discussed first in relation to conventional combustors and then in the context of variable-geometry and staged combustors. Both these concepts are founded on emissions reduction by control of flame temperature. Basic approaches to the design of “dry” low-NOx and ultralow-NOx combustors are reviewed. At the present time lean, premix, prevaporize combustion appears to be the only technology available for achieving ultralow NOx emissions from practical combustors. This concept is discussed in some detail, along with its inherent problems of autoignition, flashback, and acoustic resonance. Attention is also given to alternative methods of achieving ultralow NOx emissions, notably the rich-burn, quick-quench, lean-burn, and catalytic combustors. These concepts are now being actively developed, despite the formidable problems they present in terms of mixing and durability. The final section reviews the various correlations now being used to predict the exhaust gas concentrations of the main gaseous pollutant emissions from gas turbine engines. Comprehensive numerical methods have not yet completely displaced these semi-empirical correlations but are nevertheless providing useful insight into the interactions of swirling and recirculating flows with fuel sprays, as well as guidance to the combustion engineer during the design and development stages. Throughout the paper emphasis is placed on the important and sometimes pivotal role played by the fuel preparation process in the reduction of pollutant emissions from gas turbines.

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28

Brenn, G., A. A. Kozlov, I. N. Borovik, and E. A. Strokach. "Fuel preparation and combustion in rocket and jet engines." Russian Engineering Research 37, no. 10 (2017): 857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x17100057.

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29

Guzman, Carlos, Ysmael Verde, Erika Bustos, et al. "Preparation of Particulate Fuel Cell Electrodes by Electrodeposition Method." ECS Transactions 20, no. 1 (2019): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3268409.

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30

Baker, Gene G., Rod E. Sears, Dana J. Maas, Todd A. Potas, Warrack G. Willson, and Sylvia A. Farn. "Hydrothermal preparation of low-rank coal-water fuel slurries." Energy 11, no. 11-12 (1986): 1267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(86)90064-2.

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31

Saibuathong, Nopphawan, Yupa Saejeng, Kejvalee Pruksathorn, Mali Hunsom, and Nisit Tantavichet. "Catalyst electrode preparation for PEM fuel cells by electrodeposition." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 40, no. 5 (2009): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-009-9965-4.

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32

Ghugare, Apurv Dilip, Radhalayam Dhanalakshmi, and R. Vinu. "Preparation and characterization of nanoboron for slurry fuel applications." Advanced Powder Technology 31, no. 5 (2020): 1851–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2020.02.018.

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33

Bakhin, A. N., S. S. Bazyuk, V. Yu Vishnevsky, et al. "Preparation for reactor tests of uranium-zirconium carbonitride fuel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1683 (December 2020): 032040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1683/3/032040.

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34

Li, Q., R. He, J. O. Jensen, and N. J. Bjerrum. "PBI-Based Polymer Membranes for High Temperature Fuel Cells– Preparation, Characterization and Fuel Cell Demonstration." Fuel Cells 4, no. 3 (2004): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.200400020.

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35

Moulali, P., T. H. Prasad, and B. D. Prasad. "Performance and Emission Characteristics of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine with Different Bio Diesel Fuels." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.24 (2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.24.21878.

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In this paper the emission characteristics and performance of various bio diesel fuels (Tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO), Micro algae oil and Pig animal fat oil) were experimented. A single cylinder, water cooled diesel engine was modified in to homogeneous charge compression ignition engine (HCCI) with adopted port fuel injection (PFI) technique. The effects of air fuel ratio, intake temperature, injection pressure and EGR rate exhaust emissions were explained in a broad manner. The analysis of the exhaust emissions are integrated to oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), unburned hydro carbons (UHC), smoke and soot. The performance analysis was also included on specific fuel consumption and break thermal efficiency. The basic requirements for HCCI engine is the homogeneous mixture preparation of air and fuel. This mixture formation was done by adopting port fuel injection technique and external devices were also used for bio diesel vaporization and mixture preparation. The combustion processes were measured with different EGR system. The experimental results of different bio diesel fuels with HCCI engine mode were recorded and evaluated. A small increase in CO and HC emissions were observed with increasing bio diesel content due to slow evaporation rate of bio diesel. A significant reduction in NOx emission was also observed with respect to difference in bio diesel blends. Micro algae oil was found more stable compared with other bio diesel fuels due to the property of fuel vaporization and low heat releasing.

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36

Lee, K. H., N. A. M Mukhtar, Ftwi Yohaness Hagos, and M. M. Noor. "A study of the stabilities, microstructures and fuel characteristics of tri-fuel (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) using various fuel preparation methods." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 257 (October 2017): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/257/1/012077.

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37

Yuan, Chenheng, Jiahui Li, Liange He, and Yituan He. "Effect of injection position on fuel spray and mixture preparation of a free-piston linear engine generator." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 234, no. 8 (2020): 1161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650919900101.

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Fuel spray and mixing in linear engines is coupled by dynamics, combustion, and gas exchange, which differs from that in conventional engines. This work presents a system simulation to reveal the multi-process coupling effect of injection position on the fuel spray and mixing of a free piston linear diesel engine (FPLE). A full-cycle fuel spray model which couples with dynamic, combustion, and gas exchange is established to predict the coupled effect on mixture formation. The results indicate that the variable injection position changes the FPLE motion through multi-process coupling effect, resulting in different boundary conditions for fuel spray and mixing. Relatively large injection advance position leads to more residual gas, fast speed, intense turbulence, low gas pressure, and temperature at the moment of injection for mixture formation. The earlier fuel injection generally makes the longer spray penetration, smaller Sauter mean diameter of droplets, less fuel impingement, faster fuel evaporation rate, and more evaporated fuel mass. However, too early injection does not support the above results. Suggesting that in order to achieve homogeneous combustion mode, the large injection advance position injection schedule operation is a good choice for the FPLE due to its long ignition delay duration for fuel atomization, evaporation, and mixing.

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38

Zvereva, E. R., F. I. Burganova, R. V. Khabibullina, L. O. Zverev, and E. G. Sheshukov. "The scheme of dosing additives to fuel oil and evaluation of the effectiveness of its implementation at the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 01033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912401033.

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Additives are actively used to improve the quality of liquid fuels. Effective mixing of the additive with fuel with high reliability and efficiency of the boiler is ensured by the choice of technological dosing scheme liquid additive which will allow to organize automatically preparation of the additive, adding it to the oil and stirring.

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39

Dodds, W. J., and E. E. Ekstedt. "Evaluation of Fuel Preparation Systems for Lean Premixing-Prevaporizing Combustors." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 108, no. 2 (1986): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239917.

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A series of tests was conducted to provide data for the design of premixing-prevaporizing fuel-air mixture preparation systems for aircraft gas turbine engine combustors. Fifteen configurations of four different fuel-air mixture preparation system design concepts were evaluated to determine fuel-air mixture uniformity at the system exit over a range of conditions representative of cruise operation for a modern commercial turbofan engine. Operating conditions, including pressure, temperature, fuel-air ratio, and velocity had no clear effect on mixture uniformity in systems which used low-pressure fuel injectors. However, performance of systems using pressure atomizing fuel nozzles and large-scale mixing devices was shown to be sensitive to operating conditions. Variations in system design variables were also evaluated and correlated. Mixture uniformity improved with increased system length, pressure drop, and number of fuel injection points per unit area. A premixing system compatible with the combustor envelope of a typical combustion system and capable of providing mixture nonuniformity (standard deviation/mean) below 15% over a typical range of cruise operating conditions was demonstrated.

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40

Li, Zhiyu, Weiming Yi, Zhihe Li, et al. "Preparation of Solid Fuel Hydrochar over Hydrothermal Carbonization of Red Jujube Branch." Energies 13, no. 2 (2020): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020480.

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Biomass energy is becoming increasingly important, owing to the decreasing supply of fossil fuels and growing environmental problems. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising technology for producing solid biofuels from agricultural and forestry residues because of its lower fossil-fuel consumption. In this study, HTC was used to upgrade red jujube branch (RJB) to prepare hydrochar at six temperatures (220, 240, 260, 280, 300, and 320 °C) for 120 min, and at 300 °C for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. The results showed that the energy recovery efficiency (ERE) reached maximum values of 80.42% and 79.86% at a residence time of 90 min and a reaction temperature of 220 °C, respectively. X-ray diffraction results and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements show that the microcrystal features of RJB were destroyed, whereas the hydrochar contained an amorphous structure and mainly lignin fractions at increased temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the hydrochar had better fuel qualities than RJB, making hydrochar easier to burn.

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41

Koltsova, Y. I., and S. V. Nikitin. "Preparation of porous glass-ceramic materials by using fuel slag." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 1 (January 2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2019-128-1-33-38.

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42

Sia, Chee Kiong, Syarul Hakimi Mohd Nor, Ong Pauline, and Wei Ming Ng. "Preparation of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Composite as Green Pigment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.190.

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In this work, the potential beneficial uses of palm oil fly ash (POFA) as a green pigment in paint technology via sintering process was studied. The POFA composites were sintered in the furnace at temperature 750°C. The obtained green pigment from POFA composites through the processes of mixing, reductive heating, ball milling and sieving was subsequently characterized by X-Ray diffraction technique.

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MOLLER-HOLST, Steffen. "Preparation and Evaluation of Electrodes for Solid Polymer Fuel Cells." Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku 64, no. 6 (1996): 699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/kogyobutsurikagaku.64.699.

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A. Rabah, Mahmoud, Mohamed B. El Anadolly, Rabab A. El Shereif, Mohamed Sh. Atrees, and Hayat M. El Agamy. "Preparation of valuable products from cleaned carbon of fuel ash." AIMS Materials Science 4, no. 5 (2017): 1186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2017.5.1186.

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Khan, Mohammad Ali, Harry C. Watson, and Paul Baker. "Mixture Preparation Effects on Gaseous Fuel Combustion in SI Engines." SAE International Journal of Engines 2, no. 1 (2009): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0323.

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Xiangwen, Zhou, Lu Zhenming, Zhang Jie, et al. "Preparation of spherical fuel elements for HTR-PM in INET." Nuclear Engineering and Design 263 (October 2013): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.07.001.

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Varfolomeev, Sergei D., S. V. Kalyuzhnyi, and D. Ya Medman. "Chemical Principles of the Biotechnology of the Preparation of Fuel." Russian Chemical Reviews 57, no. 7 (1988): 687–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rc1988v057n07abeh003383.

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Dłuska, E., R. Hubacz, S. Wroński, J. Kamieński, M. Dyląg, and R. Wójtowicz. "THE INFLUENCE OF HELICAL FLOW ON WATER FUEL EMULSION PREPARATION." Chemical Engineering Communications 194, no. 10 (2007): 1271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986440701293959.

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Morozova, L. V., M. V. Kalinina, I. A. Drozdova, and O. A. Shilova. "Preparation and Characterization of Nanoceramics for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Inorganic Materials 54, no. 1 (2018): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020168518010107.

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Frey, T., K. A. Friedrich, L. Jörissen, and J. Garche. "Preparation of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells by Defined Multilayer Structures." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 152, no. 3 (2005): A545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1855874.

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