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Journal articles on the topic 'Fuel sprays'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Raghu, P., N. Nallusamy, and Pitchandi Kasivisvanathan. "Spray Characteristics of Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels for Various Injection Timings under Non Evaporating Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.682.

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Fuel spray and atomization characteristics play a vital role in the performance of internal combustion engines. Petroleum fuels are expected to be depleted within a few decades, finding alternative fuels that are economically viable to replace the petroleum fuel has attracted much research attention. In this work spray characteristics such as spray tip penetration, spray cone angle and spray area were investigated for Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME), Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and diesel fuel. The KOME and JOME sprays were characterized and compared with diesel sprays at different injection timings. The macroscopic spray properties were acquired from the images captured by a high speed video camera employing shadowgraphic and image processing techniques in a spray chamber. The experimental results showed that biodiesel fuels had different features compared with diesel fuel after start of injection (ASOI). Longer spray tip penetration, larger spray area and smaller spray cone angle were observed for biodiesel (JOME, KOME) due to its higher density and viscosity than that of diesel fuel.

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2

Sankar, S. V., K. E. Maher, D. M. Robart, and W. D. Bachalo. "Rapid Characterization of Fuel Atomizers Using an Optical Patternator." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 121, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818488.

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Planar laser scattering (PLS) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) techniques are currently being used for rapid characterization of fuel sprays associated with gas turbine atomizers, diesel injectors, and automotive fuel injectors. These techniques can be used for qualitative, quantitative, and rapid measurement of fuel mass, spray geometry, and Sauter mean diameters in various sprays. The spatial distribution of the fuel mass can be inferred directly from the PLIF image, and the Sauter mean diameter can be measured by simultaneously recording the PLIF and PLS images and then ratioing the two. A spray characterization system incorporating the PLS and/or PLIF techniques has been loosely termed an optical patternator, and in this study, it has been used to characterize both steady and pulsed sprays. The results obtained with the optical patternator have been directly validated using a phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA).

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3

Kamaltdinov, V. G., V. A. Markov, I. O. Lysov, A. A. Zherdev, and V. V. Furman. "Experimental Studies of Fuel Injection in a Diesel Engine with an Inclined Injector." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142643.

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Comparative experimental studies of fuel sprays evolution dynamics in a constant volume chamber were carried out with a view to reduce the uneven distribution of diesel fuel in the combustion chamber when the Common Rail injector is inclined. The fuel sprays was captured by a high-speed camera with simultaneous recording of control pulses of camera and injector on an oscilloscope. Two eight-hole diesel injectors were investigated: One injector with identical orifice diameter (nozzle 1) and another injector with four orifices of the same diameter as orifices of nozzle 1 and four orifices of enlarged diameters (nozzle 2). Both injectors were tested at rail pressure from 100 to 165 MPa and injector control pulse width of 1.5 ms. The dynamics of changes in the spray penetration length and spray cone angle were determined. It was found that sprays develop differently in nozzle 1 fuel. The difference in the length of fuel sprays is 10–15 mm. As for nozzle 2, the fuel sprays develop more evenly: The difference in length is no more than 3–5 mm. The difference of the measured fuel spray cone angles for nozzle 1 is 0.5°–1.5°, and for nozzle 2 is 3.0°–4.0°. It is concluded that the differential increase in the diameters of nozzle orifices, the axes of which are maximally deviated from the injector axis, makes it possible to reduce the uneven distribution of fuel in the combustion chamber and improve the combustion process and the diesel performance as a whole.

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4

Lee, Choong Hoon. "An Experimental Study on the Correlation between Spray Dispersion Area and Tip Penetration Using an Edge Detection Technique of Images Captured from Highly Pressurized Cr-Di Fuel Injection." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.513.

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A correlation between the spray tip penetration and dispersion area was investigated. Images of diesel fuel sprays from high-pressure common rail injectorwere analyzed using an edge-detecting technique. Diesel fuel sprays were injected into a pressurized spray chamber. The gas density in the spray chamber was 17.97kg/m3, which is representative of the density in a typical diesel engine when the fuel injection process starts. Consecutive images of the diesel spray were captured with a high-speed digital camera. The spray tip penetration and dispersion area according to the time when the fuel injectionprocess starts was determined. The spray dispersion area increased linearlywith the time after the fuel injection process starts.The slope of the linear correlation line between the spray dispersion area and time after start of fuel injection was steeper when the fuel injection pressure was higher. There was little effect on the slope of the linear correlation line with a change of the duration of the fuel injection time. Also, the spray dispersion area increased parabollically with the spraytip penetration.

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5

Goodwin, M. S., and G. Wigley. "A Study of Transient Liquid Sheets and Their Relationship to GDI Fuel Sprays(Spray Technologies, Atomization)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2004.6 (2004): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2004.6.271.

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6

Jawad, B., E. Gulari, and N. A. Henein. "Characteristics of intermittent fuel sprays." Combustion and Flame 88, no. 3-4 (March 1992): 384–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(92)90041-m.

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7

Prakash, Vaibhav, B. Praveen Ramanujam, C. Sanjeev Nivedan, N. Nallusamy, and P. Raghu. "Effect of Various Injection Pressures on Spray Characteristics of Karanja Oil Methyl Ester (KOME) and Diesel in a DI Diesel Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.815.

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The performance and emissions from diesel engines are greatly influenced by the degree of atomization of the fuel spray. The characteristics of the spray affect the physics of formation of the air-fuel mixture. They depend on density and viscosity of fuel, injection pressure, pressure and temperature of fuel. The spray structure is primarily dependent on the fuel injection pressure. This study involves the carrying out of experimental investigations on biodiesel and diesel fuel sprays in a DI diesel engine for different injection pressures. The spray cone angle and spray tip penetration length are studied experimentally. Using spray visualization system and image processing techniques, the experimental data is obtained. The fuels used are Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) and diesel. The experimental results show that, as the injection pressure increases, the spray cone angle decreases for KOME and similar trends are observed with diesel. In addition, spray penetration length increases with increase in injection pressure and the value of the same was slightly higher for KOME than that of diesel. The results also reveal similarities in spray characteristics of both the test fuels.

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8

Begg, S., F. Kaplanski, S. Sazhin, M. Hindle, and M. Heikal. "Vortex ring-like structures in gasoline fuel sprays under cold-start conditions." International Journal of Engine Research 10, no. 4 (May 22, 2009): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14680874jer02809.

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A phenomenological study of vortex ring-like structures in gasoline fuel sprays is presented for two types of production fuel injectors: a low-pressure, port fuel injector (PFI) and a high-pressure atomizer that injects fuel directly into an engine combustion chamber (G-DI). High-speed photography and phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) were used to study the fuel sprays. In general, each spray was seen to comprise three distinct periods: an initial, unsteady phase; a quasi-steady injection phase; and an exponential trailing phase. For both injectors, vortex ring-like structures could be clearly traced in the tail of the sprays. The location of the region of maximal vorticity of the droplet and gas mixture was used to calculate the temporal evolution of the radial and axial components of the translational velocity of the vortex ring-like structures. The radial components of this velocity remained close to zero in both cases. The experimental results were used to evaluate the robustness of previously developed models of laminar and turbulent vortex rings. The normalized time, , and normalized axial velocity, , were introduced, where tinit is the time of initial observation of vortex ring-like structures. The time dependence of on was approximated as and for the PFI and G-DI sprays respectively. The G-DI spray compared favourably with the analytical vortex ring model, predicting , in the limit of long times, where α = 3/2 in the laminar case and α = 3/4 when the effects of turbulence are taken into account. The results for the PFI spray do not seem to be compatible with the predictions of the available theoretical models.

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9

Dodge, Lee G., and Clifford A. Moses. "Diagnostics for fuel sprays as applied to emulsified fuels." Symposium (International) on Combustion 20, no. 1 (January 1985): 1239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(85)80613-5.

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10

Bankston, C. P., L. H. Back, E. Y. Kwack, and A. J. Kelly. "Experimental Investigation of Electrostatic Dispersion and Combustion of Diesel Fuel Jets." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240130.

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An experimental study of electrostatically atomized and dispersed diesel fuel jets has been conducted. A new electrostatic injection technique has been utilized to generate continuous, stable fuel sprays at charge densities of 1.5–2.0 C/m3 of fluid. Model calculations show that such charge densities may enhance spray dispersion under diesel engine conditions. Fuel jets were injected into room temperature air at one atmosphere at flow rates of 0.25–1.0 cm3/s and delivery pressures of 100–400 kPa. Measured mean drop diameters were near 150 μm with 30 percent of the droplets being less than 100 μm in diameter at typical operating conditions. The electrical power required to generate these sprays was less than 10−6 times the chemical energy available from the fuel. The spray characteristics of an actual diesel engine injector were also studied. The results show considerable differences in spray characteristics between the diesel injector and electrostatic injection. Finally, ignition and stable combustion of electrostatically dispersed diesel fuel jets was achieved. The results show that electrostatic fuel injection can be achieved at practical flow rates, and that the characteristics of the jet breakup and dispersion have potential application to combustion systems.

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11

Seshadri, A. K., J. A. Caton, and K. D. Kihm. "Coal-Water Slurry Spray Characteristics of a Positive Displacement Fuel Injection System." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906621.

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Experiments have been completed to characterize coal-water slurry sprays from a modified positive displacement fuel injection system of a diesel engine. The injection system includes an injection jerk pump driven by an electric motor, a specially designed diaphragm to separate the abrasive coal from the pump, and a single-hole fuel nozzle. The sprays were injected into a pressurized chamber equipped with windows. High speed movies and instantaneous fuel line pressures were obtained. For injection pressures of order 30 MPa or higher, the sprays were similar for coal-water slurry, diesel fuel, and water. The time until the center core of the spray broke up (break-up time) was determined both from the movies and from a model using the fuel line pressures. Results from these two independent procedures were in good agreement. For the base conditions, the break-up time was 0.58 and 0.50 ms for coal-water slurry and diesel fuel, respectively. The break-up times increased with increasing nozzle orifice size and with decreasing chamber density. The break-up time was not a function of coal loading for coal loadings up to 53 percent. Cone angles of the sprays were dependent on the operating conditions and fluid, as well as on the time and location of the measurement. For one set of cases studied, the time-averaged cone angle was 15.9 and 16.3 deg for coal-water slurry and diesel fuel, respectively.

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12

Wang, Jin. "X-ray vision of fuel sprays." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 12, no. 2 (February 22, 2005): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049504032297.

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13

Ueki, Hironobu. "Heterogeneous Structure in Diesel Fuel Sprays." Procedia Engineering 56 (2013): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.03.085.

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14

Zuo, B., A. M. Gomes, and C. J. Rutland. "Modelling superheated fuel sprays and vaproization." International Journal of Engine Research 1, no. 4 (August 2000): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1468087001545218.

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15

Melton, Lynn A., and James F. Verdieck. "Vapor/liquid visualization in fuel sprays." Symposium (International) on Combustion 20, no. 1 (January 1985): 1283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(85)80618-4.

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16

MELTON, LYNN A., and JAMES F. VERDIECK. "Vapor/Liquid Visualization for Fuel Sprays." Combustion Science and Technology 42, no. 3-4 (January 1985): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208508960379.

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17

Lee, Suk Ho. "Group vaporization of liquid fuel sprays." KSME Journal 4, no. 1 (March 1990): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02953392.

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18

Diviš, Marcel, Jan Macek, and Karel Kozel. "Eulerian Model of Diesel Fuel Sprays." PAMM 5, no. 1 (December 2005): 591–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200510272.

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19

Dodge, L. G., T. J. Callahan, T. W. Ryan, J. A. Schwalb, C. E. Benson, and R. P. Wilson. "Injection Characteristics of Coal-Water Slurries in Medium-Speed Diesel Equipment." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906620.

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The injection characteristics of several micronized coal-water slurries (CWSs, where “s” implies plural) were investigated at high injection pressures (40 to 140 MPa, or 6,000 to 20,000 psi). Detailed spray characteristics including drop-size distributions and cone angles were measured using a continuous, high-pressure injection system spraying through various hole shapes and sizes into a continuous, elevated-pressure air flow. Penetration and cone angle were also measured using intermittent injection into an elevated-pressure quiescent chamber. Cone angles and fuel-air mixing increased rapidly with the relatively constant cone angles of diesel fuel. However, even at high injection pressures the CWSs mixed with air more slowly than diesel fuel at the same pressure. The narrower CWS sprays penetrated more rapidly than diesel fuel at the same injection pressures. Increasing injection pressure dramatically reduced drop sizes in the CWS sprays, while increasing injection pressure reduced drop sizes in the diesel fuel sprays more gradually. The CWSs produced larger average drop sizes than the diesel fuel at all conditions, except for some hole shapes at the highest injection pressures where the average sizes were about the same. Varying the hole shape using converging and diverging holes had a minimal impact on the spray characteristics. A turbulent jet mixing model was used to predict the penetration rate of the CWS fuel jets through different orifice sizes and into different air densities. The jet model also computes the liquid fuel-air ratio through the jet. The work reported here was abstracted from the more complete report by Schwalb et al. (1991).

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20

Kaario, Ossi Tapani, Ville Vuorinen, Heikki Kahila, Hong G. Im, and Martti Larmi. "The effect of fuel on high velocity evaporating fuel sprays: Large-Eddy simulation of Spray A with various fuels." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419854235.

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Lagrangian particle tracking and Large-Eddy simulation were used to assess the effect of different fuels on spray characteristics. In such a two-way coupled modeling scenario, spray momentum accelerates the gaseous phase into an intense, multiphase jet near the nozzle. To assess fuel property effects on liquid spray formation, the non-reacting Engine Combustion Network Spray A baseline condition was chosen as the reference case. The validated Spray A case was modified by replacing n-dodecane with diesel, methanol, dimethyl ether, or propane assuming 150 MPa injection pressure. The model features and performance for various fuels in the under-resolved near-nozzle region are discussed. The main findings of the paper are as follows. (1) We show that, in addition to the well-known liquid penetration [Formula: see text], and vapor penetration [Formula: see text], for all the investigated fuels, the modeled multiphase jets exhibit also a third length scale [Formula: see text], with discussed correspondence to a potential core part common to single phase jets. (2) As a characteristic feature of the present model, [Formula: see text] is noted to correlate linearly with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for all the fuels. (3) A separate sensitivity test on density variation indicated that the liquid density had a relatively minor role on [Formula: see text]. (4) Significant dependency between fuel oxygen content and the equivalence ratio [Formula: see text] distribution was observed. (5) Repeated simulations indicated injection-to-injection variations below 2% for [Formula: see text] and 4% for [Formula: see text]. In the absence of experimental and fully resolved numerical near-nozzle velocity data, the exact details of [Formula: see text] remain as an open question. In contrast, fuel property effects on spray development have been consistently explained herein.

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21

Jassim, Ahmad K., Basim A. Abd Alhay, Rakad K. Abd Al Kadhim, Fatima Kh Hato, and Dhaa A. Hashim. "A Comparison of Soybean Oil Methyl Ester and Diesel Sprays behavior and atomization characteristics." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 7, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v7i1.162.

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The present numerical study compares between spray characteristics of diesel and soybean oil methyl ester (SME biodiesel) under non-evaporating sprays. The spray structure of diesel and biodiesel fuel (soybean oil) in a common rail injection system are investigated and compared with that of available experimental data used image processing and atomization performance analysis. The proposed approach for the liquid phase based on the statistical properties of sprays be used to describe the liquid and gas phases in an Eulerian-Eulerian approach. The main concept for this model is the possibility of describing a poly disperse spray by using moments of a drop number size distribution function. The main reason for less spray tip penetration in the (SME) comparing with diesel because a larger droplet diameters is the higher density, viscosity and surface tension of (SME). The effect of fuel properties on the near nozzle structure is studied. The comparisons are referring that the spray drag, breakup and collision processes are promoted.

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22

Jasim, Noor Mohsin. "A Comparison of Soybean Oil Methyl Ester and Diesel Sprays Behavior and Atomization Characteristics." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 7, no. 4 (May 7, 2021): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v7i4.206.

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The present numerical study compares between spray characteristics of diesel and soybean oil methyl ester (SME biodiesel) under non-evaporating sprays. The spray structure of diesel and biodiesel fuel (soybean oil) in a common rail injection system are investigated and compared with that of available experimental data used image processing and atomization performance analysis. The proposed approach for the liquid phase, which based on the sprays’ statistical properties, is used to present the gas and liquid phases in an Eulerian-Eulerian approach. The main concept for this model is the possibility of describing a poly disperses spray by using moments of a drop number size distribution function. The main reason for less spray tip penetration in the (SME) comparing with diesel because a larger droplet diameters is the higher density, surface tension and viscosity of (SME). The fuel properties effect on the near nozzle structure is studied. The comparisons are referring that the spray drag, breakup and collision processes are promoted.

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23

NISHIDA, Keiya, Takao INOUE, Takanori EGASHIRA, and Hiroyuki HIROYASU. "Effect of Spatial Distribution of Fuel Sprays on Diesel Spray Combustion." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 62, no. 602 (1996): 3746–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.62.3746.

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24

Yue, Zongyu, and Rolf D. Reitz. "An equilibrium phase spray model for high-pressure fuel injection and engine combustion simulations." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 2 (December 6, 2017): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417744144.

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High-pressure fuel injection impacts mixture preparation, ignition and combustion in engines and other applications. Experimental studies have revealed the mixing-controlled and local phase equilibrium characteristics of liquid vaporization in high injection pressure diesel engine sprays. However, most computational fluid dynamics models for engine simulations spend much effort in solving for non-equilibrium spray processes. In this study, an equilibrium phase spray model is explored. The model is developed based on jet theory and a phase equilibrium assumption, without modeling drop breakup, collision and finite-rate interfacial vaporization processes. The proposed equilibrium phase spray model is validated extensively against experimental data in simulations of the engine combustion network Spray A and in an optical diesel engine. Predictions of liquid/vapor penetration, fuel mass fraction distribution, heat release rate and emission formation are all in good agreement with experimental data. In addition, good computational efficiency and grid-independency are also seen with the present equilibrium phase model. The examined operating conditions cover wide ranges that are relevant to internal combustion engines, which include ambient temperatures from 700 to 1400 K, ambient densities from 7.6 to 22.8 kg/m3 and injection pressures from 1200 to 1500 bar for diesel sprays.

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25

Zhou, Xinyi, Tie Li, Yijie Wei, and Ning Wang. "Scaling liquid penetration in evaporating sprays for different size diesel engines." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 9 (December 6, 2019): 1662–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419889835.

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Scaled model experiments can greatly reduce the cost, time and energy consumption in diesel engine development, and the similarity of spray characteristics has a primary effect on the overall scaling results of engine performance and pollutant emissions. However, although so far the similarity of spray characteristics under the non-evaporating condition has been studied to some extent, researches on scaling the evaporating sprays are still absent. The maximum liquid penetration length has a close relationship with the spray evaporation processes and is a key parameter in the design of diesel engine spray combustion system. In this article, the similarity of maximum liquid penetration length is theoretically derived based on the hypotheses that the spray evaporation processes in modern high-pressure common rail diesel engines are fuel–air mixing controlled and local interphase transport controlled, respectively. After verifying that the fuel injection rates are perfectly scaled, the similarity of maximum liquid penetration length in evaporating sprays is studied for three scaling laws using two nozzles with hole diameter of 0.11 and 0.14 mm through the high-speed diffused back-illumination method. Under the test conditions of different fuel injection pressures, ambient temperatures and densities, the lift-off law and speed law lead to a slightly increased maximum liquid penetration length, while the pressure law can well scale the maximum liquid penetration length. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analyses based on the hypothesis that the spray evaporation processes are fuel–air mixing controlled, indicating that the local interphase transports of energy, momentum and mass on droplet surface are not rate-controlled steps with respect to spray evaporation processes.

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26

Kulmankov, Sergey P., Sergejus Lebedevas, Vladimir Sinitsyn, Galina Lebedeva, Sergey S. Kulmankov, and Sergey Yakovlev. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE FUEL SPRAY STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF ITS FORMATION ON SURFACE COMBUSTION OF BIOFUELS IN DIESEL ENGINES." TRANSPORT 31, no. 1 (July 27, 2015): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1071279.

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The paper presents the results of the experimental investigation of the structure of the fuel, rapeseed oil and diesel fuel sprays obtained by analysing their optical density. The results are obtained by investigating a conventionally designed fuel supply system and a high-pressure common rail system. The experimental data on the velocity and length of fuel sprays are given. The study has shown that when high pressure fuel supply systems are used, the fuel spray is increased by about three times, while its area is increased up to 50% and homogeneity is also higher. As a result, selfignition delay time is reduced and the combustion process is intensified. The methods, taking into consideration the specific character of using the alternative types of fuel and high pressure systems, which have been tested in the experimental conditions, are suggested for calculating the time of self-ignition delay. The applied methods allow us to reduce the error of determining self-ignition delay time up to five percent. Based on the calculated data, the factors limiting the ignition of the sprayed fuel have been defined.

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27

Kawamura, Kiyomi, Akinori Saito, Mutsumi Kanda, Toshimi Kashiwagura, and Yasuhiro Yamamoto. "(3-10) Spray Characteristics of Slit Nozzle for DI Gasoline Engines((FS-1)Fuel Sprays 1-Gasoline sprays)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 01.204 (2001): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.01.204.65.

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28

KO, Kyungnam, Kenji AMAGAI, and Masataka ARAI. "(1-24) Effect of Recessed-Wall on an Impingement Diesel Spray((FS-2)Fuel Sprays 2-Diesel sprays)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 01.204 (2001): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.01.204.73.

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29

Kim, Kihyun, and Ocktaeck Lim. "Investigation of the Spray Development Process of Gasoline-Biodiesel Blended Fuel Sprays in a Constant Volume Chamber." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 4819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184819.

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This study investigated gasoline–biodiesel blended fuel (GB) subjected to a fuel spray development process on macroscopic and microscopic scales. The four tested fuels were neat gasoline and gasoline containing biodiesel (5%, 20%, and 40% by volume) at three different ratios. The initial spray near the nozzle revealed that the spray penetration and spray tip velocity both decreased with decreasing biodiesel blending ratio. In addition, the different spray tip velocities at the start of spraying result in different atomization regimes between the fuels. The GB fuels with a low biodiesel blending ratio were disadvantaged in terms of spray atomization due to their lower spray penetration and tip velocity. The macroscopic spray penetration changes were similar to those observed in the microscopic spray. The fuel with the lower biodiesel blending ratio had a larger spray cone angle, indicating increased radial spray dispersion.

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30

ISHIMA, Tsuneaki, Ryoichi SUKENA, Chuanli LIU, Tomio OBOKATA, Katsuyoshi KAWACHI, and Kazumitsu KOBAYASHI. "(3-12) Relationship between Fuel Injection Rate and Spray Characteristics of the Swirl Nozzle for Gasoline Engine((FS-1)Fuel Sprays 1-Gasoline sprays)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 01.204 (2001): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.01.204.67.

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31

Zhang, Yuyin, Shiyan Li, Wenyuan Qi, and Keiya Nishida. "Evaporation characterization of fuel spray impinging on a flat wall by laser-based measurement." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 8 (September 30, 2016): 776–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416671479.

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It is of interest for engine combustion modeling to quantify the evaporation behaviors of fuel spray impinging on a wall as the fuel atomization, evaporation, and mixing with oxygen in the combustion chamber usually dominate the subsequent combustion processes. In this study, the vapor and liquid mass distributions in diesel-like fuel sprays were quantified using the ultraviolet-visible laser absorption scattering imaging technique. The sprays were injected from a single-hole nozzle with a common-rail injection system and impinged on a flat wall at an ambient pressure of 4 MPa and an ambient temperature of 833 K. The mass of the total fuel vapor, the spray volume covered by the vapor phase, and the air mass entrained into the spray were characterized. The results indicate that the time evolution of these parameters until shortly after the end of injection can be expressed by a power-law function, Yi = ki· ts1.5, where Yi represents the parameter like vapor mass and so on, ts is the time after start of injection, and ki is the coefficient corresponding to Yi. The physics behind this power-law function was analyzed and discussed based on the theory of atomization and evaporation, and verified using measurement data obtained under different conditions of injection quantity.

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32

Drallmeier, J. A. "Hydrocarbon-vapor measurements in pulsed fuel sprays." Applied Optics 33, no. 33 (November 20, 1994): 7781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.33.007781.

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33

Aggarwal, Suresh K. "Further results on evaporating bicomponent fuel sprays." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 31, no. 12 (December 1988): 2593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(88)90187-1.

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34

Pianthong, K., A. Matthujak, K. Takayama, B. E. Milton, and M. Behnia. "Dynamic characteristics of pulsed supersonic fuel sprays." Shock Waves 18, no. 1 (April 24, 2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-008-0123-4.

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35

Chang, H., D. Nelson, C. Sipperley, and C. Edwards. "Development of a Temporally Modulated Fuel Injector With Controlled Spray Dynamics." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 1 (December 27, 2002): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1496118.

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It is now well established that combustion instability in liquid-fueled gas turbines can be controlled through the use of active fuel modulation. What is less clear is the mechanism by which this is achieved. This results from the fact that in most fuel modulation strategies not only is the instantaneous mass flow rate of fuel affected but so too are the parameters which define the post-atomization spray that takes part in the combustion. Specifically, experience with piezoelectric modulated sprays has shown that drop size, velocity, cone angle, and patternation are all affected by the modulation process. This inability to decouple changes in the fueling rate from changes in the spray distribution makes understanding of the mechanism of instability control problematic. This paper presents the results of an effort to develop an injector which can provide temporal modulation of the fuel flow rate but without concomitant changes in spray dynamics. This is achieved using an atomization strategy which is insensitive to both fuel flow rate and combustor acoustics (an over-pressured spill-return nozzle) coupled with an actuator with flat frequency response (a low-mass voice coil). The design and development of the actuator (and its control system) are described, and a combination of phase-Doppler interferometry and imaging are used to establish its performance. Results show that the system is capable of producing sprays which have little variation in cone angle or spray distribution function despite variations in mass flow rate (number density) of greater than 50% over a range of frequencies of interest for control of combustion instability (10 Hz to 1 kHz).

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36

Winklhofer, E., B. Ahmadi-Befrui, B. Wiesler, and G. Cresnoverh. "The Influence of Injection Rate Shaping on Diesel Fuel Sprays—An Experimental Study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 206, no. 3 (July 1992): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_176_02.

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A current strategy in the development of direct injection (DI) diesel engine combustion systems is the control and limitation of the initial ‘premixed’ combustion heat release ensuing from the auto-ignition of the injected fuel. This requires control of the amount of fuel vaporization and mixing taking place during the ignition delay time. Since the latter is determined by the fuel composition and the in-cylinder gas temperature, development efforts have focused on the injection of well-controlled, portioned fuel quantities prior to the ignition as a means of achieving the desired goal. This practice is becoming known as ‘fuel rate shaping’. Consequently, the fuel spray penetration during this period, fuel evaporation and mixture preparation, as well as the influence of in-cylinder air motion on mixture distribution, are main subjects of interest in affording insight into fuel rate shaping attempts. These have been addressed through a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the spray characteristics associated with different injection practices. The experimental investigations have been performed in an optically accessed spray research engine. Basic aspects of fuel spray tip penetration, time and location of auto-ignition and flame propagation have been recorded with a high-speed line-scan camera. The results provide the space and time-scale characteristics for the propagation, ignition and combustion of a selection of diesel fuel sprays. Investigations have been carried out for a conventional fuel injection system equipped with a set of different single-hole injector nozzles, as well as for a dual-spring injector and an injector with a split injection device. The experimental results provide an insight into the propagation of the fuel spray front, yield qualitative information about its spatial and temporal distribution, and, in the case of split injection, show the interaction of the initial pilot fuel portion with the main injection.

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37

Gao, J., D. Jiang, Z. Huang, and X. Wang. "Experimental and numerical study of high-pressure-swirl injector sprays in a direct injection gasoline engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 219, no. 8 (December 1, 2005): 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095765005x31333.

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The characteristics of free spray of a new type high-pressure-swirl injector in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine under various injection conditions are investigated. The fuel spray with hollow-cone structure, wide spreading, and large spray angle is observed under the injection condition simulating to the GDI engine operation at full load. The study shows that a vortex structure can be clearly observed in the periphery of the spray. Meanwhile, an initial spray slug also appears at the tip of the main spray. Under the injection condition of GDI engine partial load, the structure of fuel spray changes into the more compact and solid-cone shape with decreased spray width. Moreover, the influences of the injection pressures and ambient pressures on the spray characteristics of the injector are studied. Along with the experimental studies, a general numerical model for the swirl spray is developed. Then, the model is implemented into a multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics code (KIVA-3V) to theoretically study the pressure-swirl injector sprays. Comparisons between the computed and measured spray characteristics such as spray structure, spray tip penetration, and droplet sizes are made, and good agreement has been achieved between the model prediction and measurement.

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38

Poursadegh, Farzad, Oleksandr Bibik, Boni Yraguen, and Caroline L. Genzale. "A multispectral, extinction-based diagnostic for drop sizing in optically dense diesel sprays." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419866034.

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Diesel sprays present a challenging environment for detailed quantitative measurement of the liquid field, and to date, there have been only a few efforts to characterize drop sizes within the family of Engine Combustion Network (ECN) diesel sprays. Drop sizing diagnostics, including optical microscopy and Ultra-Small Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS), have been recently demonstrated in Spray A/D ECN activities, but little data exist to validate these results. This work therefore seeks to extend the available ECN data on the liquid phase field and provide a new comparative data set for assessment of previous ECN drop sizing measurements. In particular, this work presents the development of a two-wavelength, line-of-sight extinction measurement to examine liquid volume fraction and the corresponding droplet field in high-pressure fuel sprays. Here, extinction of lasers emitting at 10.6 μm and 0.633 μm are used for the measurement. To enable quantification of the liquid field in optically dense regions of the spray, a transfer function is developed to account for the influence of multiple scattering. The developed diagnostic is then applied to n-dodecane sprays from the ECN Spray A and Spray D injectors at varying fuel rail pressures and atmospheric chamber condition. Overall, the results show a reasonable agreement with droplet sizes measured using USAXS, as well as from more recent measurements using a Scattering-Absorption Measurement Ratio (SAMR) technique also developed in our group. This is particularly the case near the spray periphery, where on average, less than 40% difference in the measured Sauter mean diameter is observed. Nonetheless, an apparent discrepancy is observed between drop sizes from different diagnostics close to the jet centerline (i.e. nearly 100% difference between available data for Spray D injector). Moreover, the presented diagnostic shows an improved capability in the dilute regions of the spray, where x-ray-based diagnostics are generally subject to high noise and low signal sensitivity.

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39

Pastor, José V., José M. García-Oliver, Carlos Micó, Alba A. García-Carrero, and Arantzazu Gómez. "Experimental Study of the Effect of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Oxymethylene Ethers on Main Spray and Combustion Characteristics under Engine Combustion Network Spray A Conditions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 5460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165460.

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The stringent emission regulations have motivated the development of cleaner fuels as diesel surrogates. However, their different physical-chemical properties make the study of their behavior in compression ignition engines essential. In this sense, optical techniques are a very effective tool for determining the spray evolution and combustion characteristics occurring in the combustion chamber. In this work, quantitative parameters describing the evolution of diesel-like sprays such as liquid length, spray penetration, ignition delay, lift-off length and flame penetration as well as the soot formation were tested in a constant high pressure and high temperature installation using schlieren, OH∗ chemiluminescence and diffused back-illumination extinction imaging techniques. Boundary conditions such as rail pressure, chamber density and temperature were defined using guidelines from the Engine Combustion Network (ECN). Two paraffinic fuels (dodecane and a renewable hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)) and two oxygenated fuels (methylal identified as OME1 and a blend of oxymethylene ethers, identified as OMEx) were tested and compared to a conventional diesel fuel used as reference. Results showed that paraffinic fuels and OMEx sprays have similar behavior in terms of global combustion metrics. In the case of OME1, a shorter liquid length, but longer ignition delay time and flame lift-off length were observed. However, in terms of soot formation, a big difference between paraffinic and oxygenated fuels could be appreciated. While paraffinic fuels did not show any significant decrease of soot formation when compared to diesel fuel, soot formed by OME1 and OMEx was below the detection threshold in all tested conditions.

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40

Cordier, Matthieu, Lama Itani, and Gilles Bruneaux. "Quantitative measurements of preferential evaporation effects of multicomponent gasoline fuel sprays at ECN Spray G conditions." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419838391.

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A two-tracer laser-induced fluorescence technique is used to quantify the effects of preferential evaporation of multicomponent fuels on the fuel component distribution. The technique is based on the simultaneous detection of the fluorescence of two aromatic tracers with complementary evaporation characteristics matched to different components of a multicomponent fuel. Relative variations in the spatial distribution of tracer distribution as a consequence of preferential evaporation are determined from the ratio of laser-induced fluorescence signals measured within two distinct spectral bands. A thermodynamic model is then used to relate the ratio map with the fuel component map. The accuracy and precision of the method are characterized from determining the laser-induced fluorescence signal ratio within two identical spectral bands. Measurements are performed in a high-pressure high-temperature vessel equipped with an eight-hole injector. The Engine Combustion Network Spray G target conditions are chosen as reference conditions at injection. The only difference with these target conditions is the use of a multicomponent surrogate fuel. Parametric variations around these target conditions are also performed in order to investigate their effect on the preferential evaporation effect. The ambient temperature is varied between 525 and 625 K and the injection pressure is reduced from 200 to 100 bar. The impact of ethanol addition is also studied with two different fuel mixtures in addition to the reference surrogate fuel: E20 and E85 which feature 20% and 85% of pure ethanol within surrogate, respectively. A significant preferential evaporation effect is observed in this condition representative of engine applications and results in a spatial segregation between low- and high-volatility fuel components, respectively, at the tail and tip of the plumes. This effect is enhanced by the addition of ethanol and the decrease in ambient temperature and injection pressure.

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41

Kimura, Shin, Hidenori Kosaka, Ryutaro Himeno, and Yukio Matsui. "(1-28) A Numerical Simulation of Diesel Fuel Spray by LES((FS-3)Fuel Sprays 3-Modeling)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 01.204 (2001): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.01.204.77.

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42

Yuyama, Ryo, Takemi Chikahisa, Kazushige Kikuta, and Yukio Hishinuma. "(1-25) Entropy Analysis of Microscopic Diffusion Phenomena in Diesel Sprays((FS-2)Fuel Sprays 2-Diesel sprays)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 01.204 (2001): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.01.204.74.

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43

Mohamad, Taib Iskandar, Mark Jermy, and Matthew Harrison. "Experimental Investigation of a Gasoline-to-LPG Converted Engine Performance at Various Injection and Cylinder Pressures with Respect to Propane Spray Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.20.

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Power reduction when converting a gasoline engine to propane can be mitigated by designing an injection system so the heat required for evaporation of the propane is drawn from the intake air. Air is cooled and densified, resulting in volumetric efficiency increase. LPG sprays were imaged using Mie and LIF imaging techniques from a port fuel injector, and from long and short connecting pipes. Images were taken in an optically-accessed pressure chamber at atmospheric pressure and fuel pressures of 1.5 MPa. Images of the pipe-coupled injection spray show significant evaporation in the pipe, whose amount depend on the length and diameter of the pipe. The duration of the LPG pulse at the manifold end is, for 300mm pipes, five times the original duration at the injector, and even greater for 600mm pipes. The narrow sprays and the amount of evaporation that occurs before the fuel enters the manifold explains the differences in engine torque and in-cylinder mixture temperature with the different systems.

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44

Beck, James C., and A. Paul Watkins. "SIMULATION OF WATER AND OTHER NON-FUEL SPRAYS USING A NEW SPRAY MODEL." Atomization and Sprays 13, no. 1 (2003): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.v13.i1.10.

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45

Richards, G. A., P. E. Sojka, and A. H. Lefebvre. "Flame Speeds in Fuel Sprays With Hydrogen Addition." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240231.

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The influence of hydrogen addition on the burning rates of kerosine sprays in air is studied experimentally. Flame speeds are measured as a function of fuel drop size, equivalence ratio, and hydrogen concentration. The results obtained show that evaporation rates have a controlling effect on flame speeds over wide ranges of mean drop size. They also demonstrate that the burning rates of liquid kerosine-air mixtures are augmented appreciably by the addition of small quantities of hydrogen to the air flowing into the combustion zone.

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46

Childs, Robert E., and Nagi N. Mansour. "Simulation of fundamental atomization mechanisms in fuel sprays." Journal of Propulsion and Power 5, no. 6 (November 1989): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.23201.

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47

Golombok, M., and D. B. Pye. "Stimulated Raman scattering in diesel injected fuel sprays." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 22, no. 6 (June 14, 1989): 851–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/22/6/025.

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48

LEE, K. P., S. H. WANG, and S. C. WONG. "Spark Ignition Characteristics of Monodisperse Multicomponent Fuel Sprays." Combustion Science and Technology 113, no. 1 (March 1996): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209608935510.

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49

Zhou, Xinyi, Tie Li, Zheyuan Lai, and Bin Wang. "Scaling fuel sprays for different size diesel engines." Fuel 225 (August 2018): 358–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.167.

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50

Turner, M. R., S. S. Sazhin, J. J. Healey, C. Crua, and S. B. Martynov. "A breakup model for transient Diesel fuel sprays." Fuel 97 (July 2012): 288–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.01.076.

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