Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fuelwood Sewage as fertilizer

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Fuelwood Sewage as fertilizer'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fuelwood Sewage as fertilizer"

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Phillips, Richard, James T. Fisher, and John G. Mexal. "Fuelwood production utilizing Pinus eldarica and sewage sludge fertilizer." Forest Ecology and Management 16, no. 1-4 (October 1986): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(86)90011-3.

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Seleiman, Mahmoud F., Pirjo Mäkelä, Arja Santanen, and Fredrick Stoddard. "Effect of sludge on germination and growth of bioenergy crops." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 28 (January 31, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75619.

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Sludge is a good source of plant nutrients, but its use as fertilizer for food or fodder crops is questionable due to its potential content of heavy metals and metalloids. In two pot experiments, germination and growth of maize (Zea mays L., cv. Ronaldino), fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L., cv. Uso 31) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg., cv.Wildcat) were studied when treated with sewage sludge and biogas sludge in comparison with chemical fertilizer during 2011. The experiment included five treatments: soil+sewage sludge, soil+fertilizer, sand mixed with peat+sewage sludge, sand mixed with peat+fertilizer, and soil+biogas sludge. Sludge content was calculated to deliver the same content of nitrogen that was added for each species. Germination percentage was recorded at 7, 10 and 14 days after sowing. Length and dry weight of roots and shoots were measured at 14 days after sowing for all species.Sewage sludge treatments resulted in higher germination percentage compared to biogas sludge and fertilizer application in soil and sand mixed with peat. The longest roots were in the sewage sludge treatment. In addition, shoot lengths in maize were highest when fertilized with sludge or fertilizer in soil. Furthermore, sewage sludge or fertilizer added to soil increased root and shoot dry weight of maize. In conclusion, there is an existing excellent potential for using sewage sludge not only as organic matter but also as a valuable plant nutrient source for improving growth of bioenergy crops.
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Mackintosh, S. A., and R. J. Cooper. "PELLETIZED SEWAGE SLUDGE AS A TURFGRASS FERTILIZER." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1158d—1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1158d.

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Environmental concerns associated with traditional methods of sludge disposal have spurred research exploring alternate avenues of disposal. A potentially significant alternative is the beneficial use of sludge as a turfgrass fertilizer. Studies were initiated during 1991 to compare a commercially available pelletized sludge to urea; 12-4-6; Ringer Lawn Restore; and Milorganite. Fertilizers were evaluated for their effect on turfgrass quality, color, and growth rate. Treatments were applied to a stand composed of 65% Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. `Baron') and 35% Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. `Manhattan II') in South Deerfield, MA. Urea and 12-4-6 were applied at 49 kg N ha-1. Ringer Lawn Restore and Milorganite were applied at 98 kg N ha-1. Pelletized sludge was applied at 98, 196, 294, and 392 kg N ha-1 with all rates providing acceptable to good turfgrass color throughout the season. Rates of 294 or 392 kg seldom provided quality better than the 196 kg rate. While urea initially produced quality superior to pelletized sludge, all rates of sludge resulted in quality equal to or better than urea beginning one month after application and lasting approximately 11 weeks. Turf receiving similar rates of either pelletized sludge or Milorganite performed similarly. No sludge application rate produced burning or foliar discoloration. Clipping production was directly related to sludge application rate. Pelletized sludge applied at 98 kg N ha-1 resulted in growth comparable to similar applications of Ringer Lawn Restore and Milorganite. In summary, using pelletized sewage sludge as a turfgrass fertilizer promotes healthy turfgrass while creating an alternate avenue of sludge disposal.
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Franz, M. "Phosphate fertilizer from sewage sludge ash (SSA)." Waste Management 28, no. 10 (2008): 1809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.011.

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Coker, E. G., and C. H. Carlton-Smith. "Phosphorus in Sewage Sludges as a Fertilizer." Waste Management & Research 4, no. 1 (January 1986): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x8600400136.

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Pöykiö, Risto, Gary Watkins, and Olli Dahl. "Characterisation of Municipal Sewage Sludge as a Soil Improver and a Fertilizer Product." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2019-0040.

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Abstract In this study, we have determined the main important physical and chemical properties of municipal sewage sludge and compared them to the requirements of the Finnish Fertilizer Product Act and Fertilizer Product Decree in order to assess the potential utilization of this by-product as a fertilizer. Except for Hg (1.4 mg/kg d.m.), the total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr and As in our sewage sludge were lower that the Finnish maximum permissible heavy metal concentrations for sewage sludge used as a fertilizer products. However, the sewage sludge may be utilized as a soil improver, a growing media or as a fertilizer product in landfill sites (e.g. surface structures) or in other closed industrial areas, because the above mentioned Finnish limit values are not applied at these sites. If the sewage sludge is to be utilized in these kinds of areas, an environmental permit may be needed. According to BCR-extraction, the lowest release potential (solubility) from the sample matrix was observed for sulphur (58.4 %) and the highest for Cd (100 %).
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da Silva, Paulo Henrique Müller, Fabio Poggiani, and Jean Paul Laclau. "Applying Sewage Sludge toEucalyptus grandisPlantations: Effects on Biomass Production and Nutrient Cycling through Litterfall." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/710614.

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In most Brazilian cities sewage sludge is dumped into sanitary landfills, even though its use in forest plantations as a fertilizer and soil conditioner might be an interesting option. Sewage sludge applications might reduce the amounts of mineral fertilizers needed to sustain the productivity on infertile tropical soils. However, sewage sludge must be applied with care to crops to avoid soil and water pollution. The aim of our study was to assess the effects of dry and wet sewage sludges on the growth and nutrient cycling ofEucalyptus grandisplantations established on the most common soil type for Brazilian eucalypt plantations. Biomass production and nutrient cycling were studied over a 36-month period in a complete randomized block design. Four experimental treatments were compared: wet sewage sludge, dry sludge, mineral fertilizer, and no fertilizer applications. The two types of sludges as well as mineral fertilizer increased significantly the biomass ofEucalyptustrees. Wood biomass productions 36 months after planting were similar in the sewage sludge and mineral fertilization treatments (about 80 tons ha−1) and 86% higher than in the control treatment. Sewage sludge application also affected positively leaf litter production and significantly increased nutrient transfer among the components of the ecosystem.
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Silva, Leidyanne Godinho, Reginaldo de Camargo, Regina Maria Quintão Lana, Julio Cesar Delvaux, Evandro Binotto Fagan, and Vanessa Júnia Machado. "Biochemical changes and development of soybean with use of pelletized organomineral fertilizer containing sewage sludge and filter cake." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 42 (May 27, 2020): e44249. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v42i1.44249.

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Filter cake has been one of the most widely used waste products as a source of organic matter in the production of biofertilizers. However, sanitized sewage sludge is a recommended alternative for agricultural use because of environmental issues. Studies that examine the use of this particular class of fertilizer are needed. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of sewage sludge and filter cake as sources of organic matter in the composition of pelletized biofertilizers for soybean production. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 2 x 4 + 2 factorial, which includes two sources of organic matter (sanitized sewage sludge and filter cake) and four levels of nitrogen (50, 75, 100, and 125%) relative to the recommended dose of phosphorus pentoxide compared with the mineral fertilizer. The use of organomineral fertilizer with the formulation of 75% sewage sludge showed greater growth for aerial plant parts. Biofertilizers formulated with sewage sludge and filter cake can replace mineral fertilizer and increase soybean growth. Quantitative changes in peroxidase, catalase and urease activity, as well as lipid peroxidation, were observed following the use of biofertilizers.
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Bousselhaj, Khadija, Sa�d Fars, Abderrahmane Laghmari, Ahmed Nejmeddine, Naaila Ouazzani, and Claudio Ciavatta. "Nitrogen fertilizer value of sewage sludge co-composts." Agronomie 24, no. 8 (December 2004): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:2004045.

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Nascimento, Altina Lacerda, Regynaldo Arruda Sampaio, Luiz Arnaldo Fernandes, Geraldo Ribeiro Zuba Junio, João Paulo Carneiro, Márcio Neves Rodrigues, and Hermann Cruz de Albuquerque. "Yield and nutrition of sunflower fertilized with sewage sludge stabilized by different processes." Revista Ceres 60, no. 5 (October 2013): 683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-737x2013000500012.

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The different methods of sewage sludge stabilization modify their physical chemical and biological properties, altering its efficiency when applied in agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrient levels in soil and the yield of sunflower fertilized with sewage sludge stabilized by different processes. The experiment was conducted in Cambisol, with the treatments: control (without fertilization), fertilization with sewage sludge solarized, composted, vermicomposted, limed and chemical fertilizer recommended for sunflower crop. The experimental design a randomized block with four replications. The different methods of sewage sludge treatment did not affect the yield; however, the application of sewage sludge, regardless the stabilization process adopted, was more effective than chemical fertilizer and the control treatment. Overall, fertilization with limed sewage sludge provided higher soil nutrients concentrations, while treatments with composted and vermicomposted sewage sludge showed higher levels of nutrients in the plant.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fuelwood Sewage as fertilizer"

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Adler, Anneli. "Accumulation of elements in Salix and other species used in vegetation filters with focus on wood fuel quality /." Uppsala : Dept. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200706.pdf.

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Van, Niekerk Corrie Maria. "Nitrogen dynamics in sewage sludge and commercial fertilizer enriched soils." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24180.

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This study indicated that sewage sludge could be used as an alternative to commercial inorganic fertilizers. It is common practice in South Africa to use agricultural land for disposal of sewage sludge. The disposal of sludge must however be done in a responsible manner to avoid environmental pollution such as nitrate (NO3-) leaching. In South Africa strict guidelines exist regarding sludge disposal, and a maximum of 8 ton ha-1 year-1 (dry mass basis) sludge may be applied. This value was based on possible NO3- leaching, but no equivalent legislation exists for commercial fertilizer that could result in the same harmful effects. In this study the possible pollution hazard in terms of NO3- leaching from sewage sludge was investigated and compared to commercial fertilizer. An incubation trial was done to determine the mineralization rate of sludge and fertilizer. The rate at which inorganic N, NO3- and NH4+ was produced from sewage sludge was measured during this experiment. Sludge was applied at three different loads: 5, 10 and 20 ton dry ha-1. Commercial fertilizer was also applied on three different levels and each level was equivalent to 30% of the N content of the corresponding sludge treatments. It was found that in the sludge treatments the NH4+ levels immediately increased possibly due to microbial activity. The NH4+ levels reached a maximum on day 7, with a production rate of 14, 26 and 60 mg kg-1 NH4+ for the 5, 10 and 20 tondry ha-1 treatment, respectively. After day 7, the production rate decreased while the NODissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Plant Production and Soil Science
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Hung, Benjamin Kwok Man. "Evaluation of sludge-grown algae for rearing aquatic organisms." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1993. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/14.

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Hui, Ming-leung. "Livestock waste and sewage sludge for growing local leafy vegetables /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19667395.

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McNulty, Wendy. "The creation of a GIS database and the determination of sludge's spectral signature in an agricultural setting." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1120596906.

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Weggler-Beaton, Karin M. "The beneficial and detrimental effects of sewage sludge applications in South Australia." Title page, contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw4113.pdf.

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Chu, Kit-han Kristin. "Biotreatment of waste water by Pistia stratiotes L. and its application in agriculture /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18038128.

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Hui, Ming-leung, and 許明亮. "Livestock waste and sewage sludge for growing local leafy vegetables." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214137.

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Katugampalage, Lalith Gamini Perera Usanee Uyasatian. "Utilization of sludge from Biyagama common wastewater treatment plant as fertilizer and soil conditioner in Sri Lanka /." Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd399/4837460.pdf.

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Nercessian, George G. "Studies of the effect of municipal sludge as fertilizer on one clone of hybrid poplar (Populus nigra x trichocarpa) in the growth chamber." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65528.

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Books on the topic "Fuelwood Sewage as fertilizer"

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Ontario. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Guidelines for sewage sludge utilization on agricultural lands. Toronto: The Ministries, 1986.

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Sludge and Waste Utilization Committee (Ont.). Guidelines for sewage sludge utilization on agricultural lands. Toronto: The Committee, 1992.

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Ubugunov, L. L. Povyshenie agrokhimicheskoĭ ėffektivnosti osadkov gorodskikh stochnykh vod. Ulan-Udė: Izd-vo Buri͡atskogo nauch. t͡sentra SO RAN, 2005.

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H, Williams J. Chromium in sewage sludge applied to agricultural land. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1988.

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Barbarick, K. A. Wheat grain and soil changes following termination of sewage biosolids application. Fort Collins, Colo: Agricultural Experiment Station, 2001.

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Sullivan, Dan M. Fertilizing with biosolids. [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University, 1998.

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Morsing, Merete. The Use of sludge in forestry and agriculture: A comparison pf the legislation in different countries. Lyngby, Denmark: Landbrugsministeriet Forskningscentret for Skov & Landskab Undervisningministeriet Den Kgl. Veterinr︠-og Landboh_%jskole, 1994.

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Kengla, Shirley P. Putting sludge to good use. [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University Extension Service, 1992.

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Wastewater management review for the fertilizer manufacturing sector. Edmonton: Alberta Environment, Environment Service, Environmental Sciences Division, 1999.

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Sopper, William E. Manual for the revegetation of mine land in the eastern United States using municipal biosolids. Morgantown, WV: National Mine Land Reclamation Center, West Virginia University, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fuelwood Sewage as fertilizer"

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Bramryd, T. "Utilization of Sewage Sludge as Fertilizer in Energy Plantations on Peatland." In Processing and Use of Organic Sludge and Liquid Agricultural Wastes, 381–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4756-6_26.

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Imai, T. "Calcination Technology for Manufacturing Mineral Fertilizer Using CaO-Enriched Sewage Sludge Ash." In Phosphorus Recovery and Recycling, 179–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8031-9_11.

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Popova, Teodora P., Botjo S. Zaharinov, Adelina Gentcheva, M. Pejtchinova, S. M. Marinova-Garvanska, and Bayko D. Baykov. "Microbiological Assessment of Sewage Sludge in Terms of Use as a Fertilizer." In Lecture Notes in Energy, 329–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26950-4_16.

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Merzlaya, Genrietta Ye, Rafail A. Afanas’EV, Olga A. Vlasova, and Michail O. Smirnov. "Heavy Metals in the System Soil-Plant When Using Sewage Sludge for Fertilizer." In Heavy Metals and Other Pollutants in the Environment, 87–100. Toronto : Apple Academic Press, 2017.: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315366029-4.

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Liberti, L., G. Boari, N. Limoni, C. Longobardi, and R. Passino. "The Rim-Nut Process for Recovery of N/P Fertilizer from Sewage. Start-Up of Bari’s Plant." In Fundamentals and Applications of Ion Exchange, 134–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5161-7_13.

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Li, Jiang-Shan, Le Fang, Qiming Wang, Daniel C. W. Tsang, Shane Donatello, C. R. Cheeseman, and Chi Sun Poon. "Phosphorus (P) recovery and reuse as fertilizer from incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA)." In Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 263–88. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-64321-6.00014-8.

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Evsenkin, K. N., A. V. Nefedov, and N. A. Ivannikova. "ДЕЙСТВИЕ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ УДОБРЕНИЙ НА УРОЖАЙ ЯЧМЕНЯ В ВЕГЕТАЦИОННОМ ОПЫТЕ." In НАУЧНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕЛИОРАТИВНО-ВОДОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА, 4. ФГБНУ «ВНИИГиМ им. А.Н. Костякова», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37738/vniigim.2020.57.47.008.

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В работе приведены данные вегетационного эксперимента по изучению эффективности применения удобрительного мелиоранта (УМ), полученного в результате совместного ускоренного компостирования животноводческих отходов, осадка сточных вод и соломы, для восстановления плодородия деградированных мелиорированных земель.The paper presents the data of a vegetation experiment to study the effectiveness of fertilizer reclamation (UM), obtained as a result of joint accelerated composting of livestock waste, sewage sludge and straw, to restore the fertility of degraded reclaimed land.
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Smol, M., A. Henclik, J. Kulczycka, B. Tarko, K. Gorazda, and Z. Wzorek. "Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA) as a phosphate fertilizer in the aspect of legal regulations." In WASTES 2015 – Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities, 323–28. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18853-54.

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Frost, Heather L., Lloyd H. Ketchum, Jinesh C. Jain, and Clive R. Neal. "Heavy Metal Uptake During the Growth of Durum Wheat from Application of Sewage Sludge and Commercial Fertilizer." In Proceedings of the 52nd INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE May 5–7, 1997, 395–400. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367813291-49.

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Hiller, FH Georg, and Joachim Werther. "Total phosphorus recovery and direct utilization of the sewage sludge ash as a fertilizer at Ulm WWTP (Germany)." In Phosphorus: Polluter and Resource of the Future – Removal and Recovery from Wastewater, 447–53. International Water Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781780408361_447.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fuelwood Sewage as fertilizer"

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ŠIAUDINIS, Gintaras, and Danutė KARČAUSKIENĖ. "THE EFFECT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ON AND CUP PLANT’S (SILPHIUM PERFOLIATUM L.) BIOMASS PRODUCTIVITY UNDER WESTERN LITHUANIA’S RETISOL." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.027.

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The long-term field experiment with new high yielding perennial energy crop - cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) was conducted in order to evaluate its biomass productivity in Vėžaičiai branch of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agricultural and Forestry. Experimental site – naturally acid Bathygleic Dystric Glossic Retisol, pH 4.2-4.4. Granulated sewage sludge was applied (at 45 and 90 t ha-1 rates) as an alternative organic fertilizer. The fertilization was done at the beginning of the experiment, prior to cup plant’s sprouts planting in 2013. Each experimental year, traditional N60P60K60 fertilization was performed in a separate treatment. Cup plant’s biomass was harvesting once per season at the end of vegetation. Cup plant’s dry mass (DM) yield substantially increased from 2.80 t ha-1 (in 2014) to 13.41 t ha-1 (in 2016). The use of sewage sludge fertilization was notably superior to that of mineral fertilization for cup plant’s biomass productivity. In all experimental years, the optimal was the application of 45 t ha-1 rate of sewage sludge - in compare with unfertilized treatment (control), DM yield increased by 66 %, on average. Increasing of sewage sludge rate up to 90 kg ha-1 did not give any DM yield supplement. Energy evaluation of growing technology revealed that the application of 45 t ha-1 sewage sludge rate caused the substantial increase of energy output from 1 ha; and on the contrarily, sharply decreased net energy ratio. In order to determine the long-term effects of fertilization on biomass yield, these studies will continue a few more years.
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A˚mand, Lars-Erik, Bo Leckner, Leif Hansson, and Olof Norrlo¨w. "Co-Combustion of Municipal Sludge With Wood/Coal in CFB: Enrichment of Phosphorous and Cadmium in Ashes." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-098.

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Municipal sludge, originating from two wastewater treatment plants in Sweden, has been burned together with wood pellets or bituminous coal in a circulating fluidised bed (CFB) boiler equipped with a secondary cyclone and bag filter for fly ash removal. Such co-combustion is an alternative to mono-combustion of sludge. The sludge is burned in either mechanically dewatered or pre-dried form. The mechanically dewatered sludge was fed with a pump, but pre-dried sludge could be fed by the fuel feed system normally used for coal. Both types of sludge were burned with either wood-pellets or coal as main fuel under identical operating conditions, typical for a CFB boiler. The focus was on ash balances and on analysis of fuels and ashes to obtain concentrations of relevant species. The presence of phosphorous (P) is of special interest in relation to trace elements, such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). For this reason a comparison has been made between these trace elements and phosphorous in the various ashes and the original sludge as well as other sources of phosphorous that could be used for agricultural purposes. The results show that sewage sludge and fly ash, after combustion of sludge, contain similar amounts of phosphorous as other phosphorous sources for agricultural use, but the levels of trace elements in relation to phosphorous (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu) are higher than in animal manure and artificial fertilizer and higher than the present limits in Sweden.
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Huppmann, Gerhard. "The MTU Carbonate Fuel Cell HotModule®: Utilization of Biomass and Waste Originated Fuels for Polygeneration in Fuel Cells." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97120.

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MTU’s HotModule is a High Temperature Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell System. It transfers the chemical energy of the fuel directly to electricity, heat and a useful depleted air with an electrical efficiency in the range of 42 to 52%. It convinces by minimal emissions of contaminants. The produced heat is given by the depleted air at a temperature level of 400 °C; this ensures a multi purpose and valuable utilization of the heat. The HotModule operated with natural gas is demonstrated meanwhile together with our partner Fuel Cell Energy Inc. in approximately 25 field trial plants and reached now a pre-commercial status. It is highly suitable for the utilization of hydrocarboneous gases, such as biogas, sewage gas, coal mine gas, of synthesis gases from thermal gasification processes of different waste material. Such gases are the most important renewable energy resources. In case of a consequent utilization of such gases for Combined Heat and Power Production a contribution of 12% to 15% of stationary consumable energy consumption can be reached. Even lean gases will be converted with high efficiency to electrical power and high exergetic heat. These characteristics recommend the HotModule for applications using the big potential of regenerative and secondary fuels with all their advantages in decentralized consumable energy supply, reduction of dependence on primary energy imports and reduction of greenhouse gas and other contaminants emission. MTU started recently a HotModule fed by methanol from waste material together with BEWAG in Berlin and many experimental work concerning applications with biogas and sewage gas has been performed with promising results. Due to the high electrical efficiency the HotModule saves about 1/3 of CO2 emission in comparison to conventional “prime movers”. If fuels are used, which are originated from renewable sources like biomass via fermentation or gasification, the balance of CO2 is zero within a suitable short period (in comparison to coal, natural gas and oil, where this period is some millions of years). The advantage of the Carbonate Fuel Cell HotModule is, that these fuel gases from the renewable sources can be used with the high performance and efficiency of the HotModule, even they are low caloric gases, which decline the electric efficiency of conventional prime movers significantly. The products of the HotModule are: • Electricity: DC for telecommunication and IT - AC to grid or to stand alone networks - Applications for uninterruptible power supply. • Premium Heat: Heat from HotModule is available in form of the depleted air at a high temperature. This high exergetic heat is valuable for steam production, industrial production processes as well as for many other processes e. g. in hospitals, in the food industry, in greenhouse farming. It can also be used in cascades of steam production for additional electricity generation via steam turbines, medium temperature processes like drying, cooking, and at the low temperature end for water heating and space heating and — may be — pool heating. • Cooling Power: Another important heat utilization is the production of cooling power for air conditioning and food storage facilities by thermal driven cooling systems, e. g. absorption chillers or steam injection chillers with the overlapping of the required energy amounts over the year: Cooling in summer, heating in winter. This leads to a thermal full power operation of the HotModule all over the year decreasing the pay back period of such equipment. • Fertilizing atmosphere: The depleted air consists of nitrogen, a small amount of oxygen, lots of water vapour and a substantial amount of CO2 (in the range of 5%vol). No contaminants, no toxic ingredients, no other loads. Mixed with fresh air, this depleted air is a most valuable atmosphere for greenhouse farming: Plants need the right temperature, the CO2-contents increase the growing rate of the plants (e. g. tomatoes need an average of 2%vol of CO2 in atmosphere for optimal growing; CO2-fertilizer) and the high water vapour content saves humidification water.
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