To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Fuelwood.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fuelwood'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Fuelwood.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Sjöstrand, Anders. "Fuelwood on the Fringes : An analysis of conflict surrounding fuelwood access on the Southern boundary of Borjomi-Kharagauli Protected Areas, Georgia." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-133055.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyzes the contested struggles for fuelwood extraction and protection around the Borjomi-Kharagauli Protected Areas (BKPA) of central Georgia in light of wider debates over the reconciliation of biodiversity conservation and livelihood security in the developing world. Particular focus is given to conflicts over local peoples’ struggles in accessing fuelwood and the ways and extentto which these struggles are influenced by broader forces. In endeavoring to answer these questions, interviews were conducted with local people living on the margin of BKPA as well as with conservation authorities involved in the development and ongoing management of the park. The results of theresearch suggest that considerable obstacles to fuelwood access remain despite BKPA policies permitting fuelwood extraction in several of the studied villages. Furthermore, the association of nonstate actors in the development of BKPA coupled with the lack of participation of local people inongoing management provoke questions of legitimacy and governance. The study underscores that incontexts of widespread poverty and highly subsistence-based livelihoods, participatory management embodies the most effective and socially just approach to conservation.
2
Mahiri, Ishmail O. "Knowledges, fuelwood and environmental management in Kisumu district, Kenya." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5016/.
Full textAbstract:
Fundamental issues of natural resource management revolve around diverse worldviews, knowledges and practices, which cannot all be captured within the policy framework. The Western worldview, which reflects mainly the utilitarian, economistic view of resources, has influenced and shaped the trend management of natural resources has taken world-wide. The Western worldview contrasts with local knowledges, which are uniquely innovative, highly dynamic, tacit, contextual and/or locality-specific. This thesis explores the fuelwood problem in Nyando Division of Kisumu District in Kenya, seeking both a holistic understanding and an emphasis on the interface between official policy and local rural practice, including the varying knowledges. The study focused on two case study clans, Muga and Kadhier in Awasi and Kochogo Locations, respectively. Most fuelwood in the study areas is from on-farm and multiple accessible sources. This contradicts the 'fuelwood orthodoxy' school which associates fuelwood consumption with deforestation and 'woodfuel crisis'. Aerospace imageries clearly illustrated a change and decline in stand density of the woody vegetation cover in Nyando Division over time. Differences in fuelwood availability and inequalities in endowment of wood/tree resources in and between the study localities exemplify critical questions of entitlement in the face of 'abundance'. Tree planting was not seen to be synonymous with fuelwood availability. This scenario promotes the fuelwood trade, high dependence on fuelwood purchase and supplements of crop residues by local households. Land privatisation has exacerbated the situation. Distances travelled to collect fuelwood have decreased as people turn to alternative and purchased fuels. Opportunities in the study area for the resolution of the fuelwood problem include promotion of less culturally restricted and less economically valuable trees, and a more farmer-sensitive approach from government and NGOs which recognises farmers as active partners in the interface between policy and rural practice.
3
Chen, Rongjun. "Utilization of upland phytomass for fuel /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1354455X.
Full text
4
Crockford, K. J. "An evaluation of British woodlands for fuelwood and timber production." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382594.
Full text
5
Tsa, Tak-yan Dane. "A comparative study of the woodfuel crisis and rural energy planning in India and China." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13288635.
Full text
6
Daly, Ryan Michael. "Estimating U.S. Residential Demand for Fuelwood in the Presence of Selectivity." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27362.
Full textAbstract:
Residential energy consumers have options for home heating. With many applications, appliances, and fuel types, fuelwood used for heating faces stiff competition in modern society from other fuels. This study estimates demand for domestic fuelwood. It also examines whether evidence of bias exists from residential homes choosing to use fuelwood. The use of OLS as an estimator will yield biased results if such selectivity exists. Selectivity is addressed with a Heckman (1979) two-step procedure; bias in fuelwood demand estimation using OLS is reduced. Non-wood energy prices and income are major determinants of fuelwood demand. Geographical regions and urbanization confirm results from prior studies.
7
Price, Lisa M. "The electrifying impact on the fuelwood resources of a Namaqualand rural community." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26651.
Full text
8
Dueñez, Ricardo Luis 1954. "OAK FUELWOOD VOLUME ESTIMATION IN THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS OF ARIZONA (EMORY OAK)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276409.
Full text
9
Trivedi, S. N. "Utility-based social shadow pricing and its comparison with other evaluation techniques : A cost-benefit study of fuelwood plantations in Bihar, India." Thesis, Bangor University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384107.
Full text
10
AW, OUMAR. "STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE WOOD ENERGY CRISIS IN THE SAHEL." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183906.
Full textAbstract:
In the past 15 years, finding fuelwood has become a physical and economic burden to Sahelians inhabiting both rural areas and urban centers. This has led to a poor man's energy crisis, the scope of which is reviewed. Increasing demands on fuelwood have had negative socioeconomic effects. Non-commercial substitutes of fuelwood, though widely used, are not keeping up with demands. Commercial energy sources are not affordable due to their high cost. Overall, it is concluded that the substitute for wood is wood. So far, fuelwood plantation projects in the Sahel have suffered from a noticeable lack of economic and financial analysis. Popular investment decision criteria in forestry management are presented and evaluated. Given a eucalyptus growth function, current market prices, production costs, and interest rates, a model has been developed to solve for the optimal rotation age. The results showed that fuelwood plantations could be financially feasible. Site quality and interest rates are important in determining the size of the optimum criterion as evidenced by the sensitivity analysis performed. The paper surveyed a few econometric studies dealing with wood products. Based on the linear and double-log static models, consumption functions for fuelwood demand projections have been derived for seven countries of the Sahel. Based on these equations and different statistical tests, it was found that population is the single most important factor determining fuelwood consumption in the Sahel. Another significant variable is the woodland area. Income as represented by GNP did not have any effect on fuelwood demand. On the basis of these findings and the overall study, the following measures are recommended: (1) Population control should be implemented as a high priority to help curb the increased and increasing fuelwood demands; (2) More plantations should be undertaken to increase the exhausted supplies. Meanwhile, the management of existing natural forests along with the introduction of affordable fuelwood substitutes should be implemented. (3) More leadership is needed to involve the local people into development projects.
11
Kgathi, D. L. "Household response to fuelwood scarcity in South-eastern Botswana : implications for energy policy." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334242.
Full text
12
Okeyo, Ruphina Nyawade. "The relationship between seasonal fuelwood availability, household food consumption, and women's time allocation." Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-152153/.
Full text
13
陳榮均 and Rongjun Chen. "Utilization of upland phytomass for fuel." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29913482.
Full text
14
Tsa, Tak-yan Dane, and 謝得恩. "A comparative study of the woodfuel crisis and rural energy planning in India and China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31950188.
Full text
15
Islam, Shahina. "Improvement of Erythrina variegata L. : a multipurpose fast-growing tree species in Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336678.
Full text
16
Shivolo, Lahya Magano Namulongelo. "Impacts of cutting of natural forests in the Etayi Constituency in the Omusati Region, Northern Namibia." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2884.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019.Forests are being depleted and the land becoming bare, with little to no vegetation in the Etayi constituency and in Namibia at large. People rely on the resources of forests for different reasons. Areas that had trees years back have turned into a desert-like environment due to deforestation. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact that the cutting of natural forests has had in the Etayi constituency in the Omusati Region, Namibia. This examination has become necessary because forests in the Omusati region have undergone a rapid depletion over the past years. However, it should be noted that these environmentally degrading activities have contributed to the household income in the form of employment to the indigenous people. Forests has an important role to play in terms of the conservation of biodiversity. They also harbour unique and endemic species that are mainly adapted to extreme ecological conditions. They provide vital benefit to the ecosystem, such as wood for fuel, medicine, fodder for animals and tradable goods, like furniture. Furthermore, forests provide the soil with nutrients and reduce wind velocity, thus controlling wind erosion and the retardation of water and moisture depletion. With increasingly uncertain climatic conditions and their related impact across the continent at large, there is a need for new approaches towards the management of indigenous forests that support and promote land-users’ resilience to climatic variability and change. The role of forests in climate change mitigation is important as it sustains the ecosystem. The maintenance of ecological systems has been acknowledged as one of the most important facets of sustainable development. Subsequently, the involvement of several international and local policies and regulations has been established to ensure that natural resources, such as forests, are sustainably utilised. In rural areas/villages, overdependence on wood for fuel has been identified as one of the biggest threats to the forests. This has led to environmental degradation that includes, among others, deforestation, desertification, the extinction of species and soil erosion. Based on the many issues caused by the over-reliance on wood for fuel, this research sought to investigate the impact of the over-exploitation of natural forests in the environment. Ninety-seven (97) respondents, comprising of 51 females and 46 males, were used in this study. Four (4) villages in the Etayi Constituency were chosen for the study. The study employed a qualitative and quantitative approach, which included the following methods of data collection: questionnaires, observation and interviews with respondents in the Etayi community. A quantitative method enabled the researcher to ask questions such as how many and how often? It helped the researcher further to plot the responses into graphs and diagrams. Government representatives from the Constituency Council and Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry and Traditional Authorities in the four villages were interviewed. The study identified key threats to the forests as a result of high fuelwood collection. These threats include high levels of poverty, overdependence on the forests, a lack of understanding about the importance of forests for the environment, little or a lack of information regarding other alternative sources of energy and the lack of coordination in the management of fuelwood resources. Apart from fuelwood being used as a source of energy for cooking and lighting, the exploitation of local fuelwood has become commercialised to supplement household income. Since there is a lack of coordination in the management of natural resources, fuelwood resources are not being managed at all. A main argument identified by this study is that forest management must be a combined approach by all stakeholders. The roles of traditional leaders in forest management should be made public. The lack of an awareness campaign on the importance of forests, a lack of management coordination as well as poverty, makes it difficult for the forests policies to be implemented and for the traditional authorities to manage the forests efficiently. The study recommends that educational programmes, proper coordination between key stakeholders and awareness campaigns regarding the environmental importance of forests to residents would alleviate deforestation and over-exploitation of forests resources. Additionally, an emphasis on the relationship between traditional and local governance in the management of forests as sources of fuelwood and the physical environment should receive attention.
17
Beymer, Betsy Anne. "Women's views on the political ecology of fuelwood use in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania." Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1121958339.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Geography, 2005.Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], vi, 99 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-93).
18
Nott, Michelle, and Gladman Thondhlana. "Fuelwood preferences, use and availability in the #Khomani San resettlement farms, southern Kalahari, South Africa." Taylor & Francis Group, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67667.
Full textAbstract:
Publisher versionLocal level assessments of fuelwood preferences, demand and supply are important for ensuring a balance between ecological functions and livelihood needs. This study reports on an examination of fuelwood preferences, use and abundance in the #Khomani San resettlement farms in southern Kalahari, South Africa. The results show that Acacia erioloba was the most preferred fuelwood species, while Acacia mellifera was abundant but avoided. Across the study area, there were approximately 64 trees ha−1 but riverine sites had significantly more trees (approximately 80 trees ha−1) than non-riverine sites (48 trees ha−1). Live trees showed evidence of damage (cutting or breaking) and this was more pronounced in the riverine sites (close to human settlement) than in the non-riverine sites. However, overall current woody stocks and productivity rates of harvestable fuelwood are well above current fuelwood demand, suggesting fuelwood use may be within sustainable limits, though there is evidence of localised fuelwood depletion. The implications of these results for fuelwood management interventions, including the importance of context, are discussed.
19
Kaburi, Sammy Muriithi. "Community Perspectives on Fuelwood Resources: Enrichment and Extraction along the Eastern Slopes of Mt. Kenya." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1281072069.
Full text
20
Scheepers, Kelly. "Harvesting strategies of fuelwood and kraalwood users at Machibi : identifying the driving factors and feedbacks." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007167.
Full textAbstract:
Forest and woodland ecosystems provide a variety of natural resources such as fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts to local communities, as well as possess important cultural and spiritual value. However, many forests and woodlands worldwide have been unsustainably used and managed. Thus, under pressure from the international conservation community to recognise the importance of people's relationships with their surrounding natural environment, particularly for the natural resources it can provide, and given a move away from the management of forests and woodlands for sustained yields, and according to simple cause and effect models, in favour of systems approaches, South Africa has developed some of the most progressive natural resource management policies in the world. Nevertheless, for these policies to be sensitive to local contexts, there remains a need for a better understanding of how local people in different contexts, determine forest and woodland ecosystems to be of use to them, and what 'usefulness' means to different groups of resources users. This is a case study, which examines the role of fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts in the rural livelihoods of the people of Machibi village, located in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, through people's preferences for particular landscapes and species, accessed for these purposes, and the trade-offs people make between resource availability and resource accessibility. Key objectives of the study are to 1) determine the preferred landscapes and species for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts at Machibi, 2) determine the landscapes and species actually used for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts, and 3) with the help of a conceptual model, and using iterative modelling as a tool, determine the factors that influence people's harvesting strategies in terms of the costs and benefits associated with the different landscape and species options. On the basis of this knowledge, the study provides some guiding principles for the better use and management of these landscapes and species for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts. An innovative research approach and methodology that integrates social and ecological systems, works across disciplines, and draws on different types of knowledge is used to develop and test a conceptual model of the harvesting strategies of fuelwood and kraalwood users at Machibi. Participatory methods such as workshops, participatory resource mapping, ranking exercises and trend-lines were used to tap into local knowledge while plotless vegetation sampling and GIS maps were used to capture the scientific information. Results showed that people did not always use the landscapes and species they preferred. However, the local people did behave in a rational manner by weighing up the returns from harvesting and accessibility costs associated with the respective options available to them, before selecting the option(s) associated with the greatest net benefits. At the landscape level, people made trade-offs between the returns from harvesting and the accessibility costs of using particular landscapes in addition to costs associated with the physical work of harvesting fuelwood, brushwood or kraal posts from these landscapes. At the species level, people made trade-offs between the returns from harvesting and the accessibility costs of harvesting particular species for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts, or the costs of commercial alternatives. Costbenefit factors that influenced people's resource use patterns also differed across landscapes and species for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts, respectively. Consequently, a range of diverse and flexible management options and strategies is recommended for the wise use and management of these landscapes and species, focused on short, medium and long term goals. These strategies examine the use of cost - benefit incentives to influence people’s landscape and species use patterns.
21
Dunn, Walter Wheat 1958. "A FUELWOOD MANAGEMENT PLAN AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR ALDER (ALNUS JORULLENSIS) IN THE ECUADORIAN ANDES." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276547.
Full textAbstract:
Information on alder (Alnus jorullensis silvics and dendrology, propagation, and management were synthesized into four alternatives for fuelwood management in Saraguro, Loja, Ecuador. Stem volume was estimated from diameter and height measurements taken in 16 stands of known age in Ecuador using an empirical equation developed in Costa Rica. An empirical equation describing the relationship between stem volume and tree age for alder in Ecuador was then developed. Measurements of 5 fuelwood units from Saraguro were used to determine the market price for a cubic meter of fuelwood. Four mangement regimes using a 20 year rotation were then examined at four discount rates. Using a 15% real rate of interest, thinning at 10 years yielded a present net value of 891,059 sucres and a benefit-cost ratio of 1.31. The analysis was more sensitive to changes in fuelwood price than to changes in wage rate.
22
Kirk, Randall P. "The impact of residential wood combustion on indoor particulate matter levels." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/539632.
Full textAbstract:
This study concentrates on indoor air pollution, specifically particulate matter, as a result of woodburning in the home. Three single-family residences in Richmond, Indiana, equipped with identical airtight woodburning stoves and using a controlled wood supply, were monitored for a 49-day period in 1987. Particluate matter samples were collected during periods of active wood combustion and periods absent of wood combustion using low-volume samplers. Significant differences were found in two of the three houses when wood combustion and non-wood combustion periods were compared. No relationship was found between particle levels and time of day, ambient air temperature, pounds of wood burned, refueling duration or refueling frequency. It was concluded that woodburning can affect the quality of indoor air in particulate matter levels.Department of Natural Resources
23
Hainduwa, Feliciana Ndapewa. "Impact of fuelwood quality and quantity on rural households’ energy use in Omusati region in North-West of Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79974.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Wood scarcity remains the main challenge for many rural households who still rely on natural resources for energy needs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between fuel use and quality and quantity of fuel in two rural villages (Ongulumbashe and Onaitembu) in the Omusati Region of Namibia. It investigated the impact of fuel quality and quantity and the corresponding sales of firewood on households’ energy consumption. Data was collected between April and June 2012 from the two villages by means of questionnaire surveys, biomass assessment and laboratory assessment. Interviews were conducted with seventy-seven households, four firewood sellers, government officials, and local leaders. The study quantified the amount of fuelwood consumed and collected per household per week using user-recall and physical measurement, respectively. The most preferred fuel species or fuel materials were identified and their physical properties, calorific value, moisture content, ash content and density were measured under laboratory conditions. Differences between the two villages in terms of fuelwood collected and consumed were found. Due to wood scarcity households from Onaitembu village used other alternatives (buying fuelwood and cutting live firewood) rather than collecting dead firewood. The study found a link between fuelwood use, quality and quantity, with households changing their consumption and harvesting based on season, fuelwood demand and availability of fuelwood. The average weekly fuelwood consumption per household ranged from 66 kg to 79 kg for a firewood abundant area and from 59 kg to 67 kg for an area with a shortage of firewood. Mopane was the most preferred species due to its ability to burn efficiently and its abundance. Wood scarcity affected households economically, culturally and nutritionally. The study found that households in degraded areas spend an average of N$ 50 per week on fuelwood, and many households depended on government grants and small cash income activities. The study found that the government, through the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, is trying to improve rural households’ energy use by constructing firewood outlets. The study concluded that there is a high level of illegal trade in firewood that will require government to increase the number of staff in the region as well as to strengthen its policy on cross-border trading. There is an imbalance in fuel species use in areas of rich biomass and over-utilization of resources in degraded areas. These require the Directorate of Forestry to educate the community about the value of other possible fuel species and the impact of harvesting live firewood on households’ livelihood and on the environment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Houtskaarsheid bly die grootste uitdaging vir baie landelike huishoudings, wat nog steeds staatmaak op natuurlike hulpbronne vir energie behoeftes. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die verhouding tussen brandstof gebruik en kwaliteit en kwantiteit van brandstof in twee plattelandse dorpies (Ongulumbashe en Onaitembu) in die Omusati-streek van Namibië te ondersoek. Die impak van brandstof kwaliteit en kwantiteit en verkope van brandhout op huishoudings se energie gebruik is ondersoek. Data is ingesamel in April en Junie 2012 in die twee dorpe deur middel van vraelys opnames, biomassa assessering en laboratorium ontledings. Onderhoude is gevoer met 77 huishoudings, vier brandhoutverkopers, regeringsamptenare, en plaaslike leiers. Die studie het die hoeveelheid vuurmaakhout verbruik en versamel per huishouding per week gekwantifiseer deur gebruik te maak van gebruikergeheue en fisiese meting van vuurmaakhout. Die mees gewilde brandstof spesies of brandstof materiaal is geïdentifiseer en hul fisiese eienskappe, kaloriewaarde, voginhoud, asinhoud en digtheid is onder laboratorium toestand gemeet. Verskille tussen die twee dorpe in terme van brandhout versamel en verbruik is gevind. As gevolg van houtskaarsheid gebruik huishoudings in ONA ander alternatiewe energiebronne, soos om brandhout te koop of om vars hout te saag, in plaas van om dooie hout te versamel. Die studie het ‘n skakel gevind tussen brandhout gebruik en die gehalte en hoeveelheid wat beskikbaar is. Huishoudings het hulle brandhout verbruik aangepas by die seisoen, aanvraag en beskikbaarheid van brandhout. Die gemiddelde weeklikse brandhout verbruik per huishouding het gewissel tussen 66 kg tot 79 kg vir 'n area met ‘n oorvloed van brandhout en 59 kg tot 67 kg vir 'n gebied met 'n tekort aan brandhout. Mopanie was die mees gewilde spesie as gevolg van sy besikibaarheid en vermoë om doeltreffendheid te brand. Houtskaarstes beinvloed huishoudings op ekonomies, kulturele en voedings vlakk. De studie het bevind dat huishoudings in ’n area met ‘n houtskaarste gemiddeld N$50 per week spandeer om brandhout te koop en dat baie huishoudings afhanklik is van staatstoelaes en klein kontant inkomste-aktiwiteite. Die studie het gevind dat die regering, deur middel van die Ministerie van Landbou, Water en Bosbou, probeer om landelike huishoudings se energie gebruik te verbeter deur die bou van brandhout afsetpunte. Die studie het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat daar 'n hoë vlak van onwettige handel in brandhout is wat sal vereis dat die regering die aantal amptenare in die streek moet vermeerder en sy beleid rakende handel oor landsgrense heen moet verbeter. Daar is 'n wanbalans in die gebruik van brandstofspesies in 'n gebied met baie biomassa, en oorbenutting van hulpbronne in gedegradeerde gebiede. Die Direktoraat van Bosbou moet die gemeenskape oplei oor die waarde van ander moontlike brandstofspesies en die impak van die oes van lewendige bome op huishoudings se lewensbestaan en op die omgewing.
24
Solomon, Anastelle M. "The use and valuation of natural fuelwood resources in Paulshoek, Namaqualand and the ecological impacts on rangeland dynamics." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6216.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: leaves 109-123.This study was undertaken in Paulshoek, a rural village in Namaqualand, to identify how important natural fuelwood resources are for the daily survival of the inhabitants. Household interviews, household surveys and PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) exercises were used to identify the plant species used, the purpose of use and quantities used per household on a daily and annual basis. Twelve species were identified as important and most frequently used fuelwood species.
25
Ersado, Lire. "Household fuelwood production and consumption in the Nepal's tarai and mid-hills: an econometric analysis and its policy implications." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45074.
Full textAbstract:
Forest and fuel wood are fundamental as sources of energy in almost all developing economies. However there are a few empirical studies addressing the issue of fuelwood production and consumption for rural households. In this paper, household fuelwood use behavior is empirically assessed and policy implications are drawn. with specific reference to Nepal's tarai and mid-hills. Fuelwood production, supply and demand functions are estimated using market, forest and access, and demographic variables characteristic of each region. Both regional and district level supply and demand elasticities are also estimated with respect to opportunity cost of labor, fuelwood price, income, resource stock and access, and demographic variables. The results suggest that rural households produce and consume fuelwood according to the opportunity cost of their labor and market fuel wood prices. Market( economic) variables such as fuel wood price and opportunity costs of labor along with forest stock and its access can provide better insights for assessing household responsiveness to forestry and related development activities and for policy than mere resource stock size or its access.
Master of Science
26
Hegan, Richard Lawrence. "Is the tragedy of the commons possible?, investigating factors preventing the dissipation of common pool fuelwood rents in Zimbabwe." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0005/MQ59814.pdf.
Full text
27
Genet, Astrid. "Quantification of fuelwood potentials from French beech forests : updated allometric modeling tools and robustness to differences in soil fertility." Chambéry, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CHAMS040.
Full textAbstract:
Un jeu d'équation de biomasse robuste a été développé pour le hêtre sur des arbres provenant de trois pays Européens. Les paramètres des modèles sont apparus âge-dépendants, et l'introduction de l'âge des peuplements dans les équations a permis d'en augmenter significativement la performance pour tous les compartiments aériens de l'arbre. Cet effet a été relié à des changements de forme et de densité du bois dans le tronc, et à des changements dans la conductance hydraulique des tissus pour le houppier. L'introduction de l'âge des peuplements parmi les variables prédictives du modèle est la clé de la précision des équations développées, la sylviculture et la fertilité du site étant à l'origine des faibles variations résiduelles. Afin de confirmer ce résultat, nous sommes parvenus à homogénéiser la plupart des équations hêtre publiées en prenant en compte l'âge des peuplements utilisés en calibration donné dans chaque papier original. En perspective, nous avons remarqué que nos résultats suivaient le même schéma que ceux obtenus sur l'Eucalyptus. Sur la base de mesures expérimentales, nous avons évalué l'impact des propriétés du sol sur les schémas de répartition de la biomasse et les immobilisations en éléments minéraux dans l'arbre. Nous avons mis en évidence l'importance de la fertilité des sols lors de l'intensification des prélèvements forestiers pour le bois-énergie. L'exploitation des rémanents, sauf compensée par fertilisation, doit être limitée aux sols riches où les exportations minérales seront compensées par les cycles externes. L'écorçage peut-être une solution pour compenser les pertes en Ca sur sols acides. Enfin, un modèle économique qualitatif met en évidence les déterminants de l'offre et de la demande en bois-énergie. Ces observations ont permis de défini des hypothèses quant aux propriétés d'un modèle économétrique. Il n'a cependant pas pu être ajusté faute de données disponibles. Une réflexion sur la procédure statistique à mettre en œuvre a été menéeWorking on European beech, a set of robust biomass allometric equations was developed using trees from hree European countries. Models allometric parameters were round to vary with stand age and its introduction in the equations significantly improved the performances of aboveground biomass equations. Age effect was related to changes in bath form and wood density of the trunk and to changes in hydraulic conductance of the crown. Introducing stand age among the parameters is the key of the accuracy of our equations, management option and stand fertility standing for the low residual variations. To confirm this result, we were able to homogenize most of the published biomass equations by accounting for the stand age given in each original paper. With stand age in perspective, we noticed that our results matched the patterns observed for Eucalyptus. At a larger scale and based on experimental measurements, we assessed the impact of varying soil properties on biomass partitioning pattern and nutrient immobilisations in tree. Using the model we developed, we highlighted the importance of considering soil fertility when planning intensified harvesting practices, particularly in the case of fuelwood-oriented scenarios. The removal of forest residues, unless compensated by fertilisation, should be considered carefully and limited to nutrient-rich soils where external inputs could guarantee the durability of the nutrient cycle. By debarking stem, Ca exportations on critical acid soils can be seriously limited. On soils we studied along the pedosequence, whole tree harvesting scenarios could be considered on rendisol-calcisols and oligosatured-brunisols. In a last time, we were interested in assessing social implications of the system studied. A qualitative economic model highlighting the economic, social and environmental determinants of supply and demand for fuelwood was established. Hypotheses regarding the properties of an econometric model were drawn from those observations. Model specifications could not be tested because available information was not sufficient to carry on with robust econometric estimation. A reflexion about implementable statistical procedure was carried out. A system GMM approach seems indicated in this context
28
Richardson, Jennifer Lynn. "An investigation of large-scale tropical biomass burning and the impact of its emissions on atmospheric composition." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25768.
Full text
29
Naibbi, Ali Ibrahim. "Fuelwood and vegetation change in northern Nigeria : an exploration using remote sensing (RS), geographical information systems (GIS) and field reports." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/fuelwood-and-vegetation-change-in-northern-nigeria(0b2c79ea-0943-4a21-aa22-cdd9b6e6fd64).html.
Full textAbstract:
Forest is one of the natural resources that are facing a serious threat in the world today. Overexploitation of forest resources for timber, fuelwood and agricultural land is increasing faster, to the extent that the future prospects for most forest in the world are open to question. While there are various reasons responsible for the decline in vegetation, this study explores the situation of the Northern Nigerian region arid zone forest by studying the changing pattern of vegetation in relation to the cooking fuel situation in the region using both national and regional statistics and a local area case study. The study uses multiple methodologies (Remote Sensing, Geographical Information Systems and a local survey using household survey, focus group discussion and participant observation) to examine various aspects of the overall problem at different geographical scales. The combined methods serve as a triangulation strategy to identify causal linkages between changes in forest cover, fuelwood consumption and cooking fuel supply problems in the region. Past studies have used some of the methodologies, singly or in combination. However, no previous study has utilised the full range of methodologies listed above to examine the fuelwood problem across all scales from the national to local level, which is a contribution to knowledge that this present study offers. The study commences by using a time series analysis of Landsat satellite images of the North-Eastern part of Nigeria (NEN), covering a period of about three decades, using the technique of Remote Sensing (RGB-NDVI model), with a view to identifying areas where deforestation is evident in the vegetated areas of the region. The results indicate that the vegetation of the area has drastically reduced since 1970s. However, both the pattern and causes of the observed change were non-linear. Similarly, evidence from ground truthing investigation has shown that fuelwood collection is among the major factors of deforestation in the region, mainly due to lack of alternative energy sources in the region. This initiated a wider national exploration of fossil fuel supply and consumption in the country, with a view to examining whether there are any spatial patterns of such inequalities amongst households across the 36 states of Nigeria (and Abuja the capital city). Spatial analysis of the distribution and consumption of cooking fuel is conducted using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The results show that fossil fuel supply is precarious in the country. The majority of the northern states are deprived of sufficient fossil fuel supply, and this is closely correlated with their dependence on traditional fuels (fuelwood), leading to considerable pressure on the region’s scarce vegetation resources. Further investigation of the national findings relating to fossil fuel supply is undertaken using a local survey, which explores the pattern of household fuel consumption and commercial fuelwood activities in some selected areas of North-Eastern Nigeria. The results also reveal that there are some local inequalities in the choice of cooking fuel among households (in favour of fuelwood), which is related to the unreliability in the supply of fossil fuel in the region (cooking fuel poverty). This has paved the way for the expansion of organised commercial fuelwood vending in the region to supply households with fuelwood.
30
Tiainen, Sofia. "Women’s fuelwood collection and deforestation : Effects on women’s everyday lives and environments in Kabadio, Casamance and Diagane Barka, Sine-Saloum." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Globala studier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44614.
Full textAbstract:
Previous research and literature commonly agree to the fact that women, especially rural women, is the most vulnerable group in society. Many of them tend to be found in the poorest sections of society. Women depend on natural resources for their livelihoods and are discriminated concerning labour division and access, control and knowledge about natural resources such as forests. Changes in the climate and natural degradation, especially forest degradation are threatening their livelihoods. Gender relations are structured around managing the environment where women are seen as major users and managers of the forests. The aim and the research questions of this study is to examine how women in Senegal experience that their everyday life and livelihood activities within fuelwood collection have been affected by deforestation. Furthermore, what reason do women see behind deforestation and the changes in their local environments. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven women from two villages in southern Senegal in the region of Casamance and Sine-Saloum. All these women were involved in fuelwood collecting activities. The result of the study was analysed through previous research, feminist political ecology approach and through definitions of livelihood and sustainable development in order to explain women’s experiences and activities within fuelwood collection. The result found that all women experiences changes in their livelihoods because of deforestation. The amount of time spent on fuelwood collecting activities increased while it less time was left to other activities. Women’s income and resources from the forests reduced or disappeared and the main focus turned into cover the needs of the household. Women’s personal everyday lives have been negatively affected by deforestation. Heavy work had negative health effects on the women. Some women have left fuelwood collection for alternative sources of income because it has become too demanding. Furthermore, the results showed that women are worried about their future since they are in mutual need of forests as well as fuelwood to survive.
31
Sheikholeslami, Roya. "Drying of hog fuel in a fixed bed." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30970.
Full textAbstract:
Hog fuel is increasingly becoming an alternative to alleviate the energy problems associated
with the use of fossil fuels. To make adequate use of hog fuel, its moisture content should be reduced prior to combustion either in an external dryer or in the initial stages of a hog fuel boiler. Therefore, this research project was undertaken to establish the factors which govern the drying rate of wet hog fuel particles. The convective drying of wood-waste on the slow moving bed of hog fuel boilers was simulated in a packed bed. The information which was obtained can also be applied to approximate the drying behaviour in external dryers.
An apparatus was constructed to accommodate the use of hot air, flue gas, superheated steam and a mixture of them as drying media. Drying tests were carried out, over the temperature range of 125-245°C, on 1.1 to 4 kg batches of Western Hemlock hog fuel of thicknesses from 2 to 12 mm. The relative effects of velocity (V), temperature (T), nature of the drying gas, bed depth (L), and initial moisture content of the hog fuel samples (M₀) on the drying process were investigated using a mixture of several thickness fractions having an average (sauter mean) particle thickness (dp) of 6.3 mm.
Drying rates were determined through measurement of the change either in humidity of the drying gas, or flow rate of the superheated steam across the bed of hog fuel. Gas humidity was measured using an optical dew point sensor and steam flow was monitored using an orifice plate connected to a massflow transmitter.
Drying rates have been quantified as functions of hog fuel particle thickness, initial moisture
content and bed depth. The effects of gas temperature, velocity and humidity have also been quantitatively established. The drying process was insensitive to CO₂ content of the drying gas.
The existence of an inversion temperature above which drying rates increase with humidity
of the drying medium was both experimentally and theoretically confirmed and the locus of inversion points was determined.
Instantaneous normalized drying rates, ƒ, and characteristic moisture contents, Φ
, have been determined and the existence of a unified characteristic drying rate curve was verified.
Using a receding plane model, ƒ was formulated as a function of Φ, for dp = 6.3 mm and at L = 25 cm, for both superheated steam and relatively dry air.
Pressure drop measurements were obtained for all the runs with the exception of the superheated steam ones. Application of an accepted pressure drop equation permitted the sphericity of the hog fuel particles to be approximated. A design equation for gas pressure drop in beds of hog fuel particles was investigated.
The simultaneous heat and mass transfer processes in drying during the heat transfer controlled period was studied. Using the concept of volumetric evaporation, an empirical correlation for the overall heat transfer coefficient in a packed bed of hog fuel particles has been obtained.
The effects of different parameters on both the particle residence time required for drying and the grate heat release rate in hog fuel boilers were determined.Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
32
Bohlin, Folke. "The making of a market : supply- and demand-side perspectives on institutional innovation in Sweden's wood fuel use /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6316-5.pdf.
Full text
33
Bergström, Dan. "Techniques and systems for boom-corridor thinning in young dense forests." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200987.pdf.
Full text
34
Eshete, Getachew. "Assessment of fuelwood resources in acacia woodlands in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia : towards the development of planning tools for sustainable management /." Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5638-X.pdf.
Full text
35
Baker, Kahlil. "Using product-specific fuelwood yields to assess economic viability : a case study of farm-based Gliricidia sepium and Caesalpinia velutina plantations in Nicaragua." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43232.
Full textAbstract:
Non-industrial fuelwood plantations are commonly seen as a means of improving rural livelihoods while helping to meet energy demand. However, for smallholders to invest in the establishment of fuelwood plantations, economic viability is required. Two of the greatest sources of uncertainty in evaluating the economic viability of fuelwood plantations are the effects that market-specific requirements can have on the stumpage price a plantation owner can hope to receive and the lack of appropriate growth and yield information. The primary objective of this thesis was to determine if Caesalpinia velutina and Gliricidia sepium fuelwood plantations in Nicaragua could be economically viable in the smallholder context if sold within the market place. To improve the accuracy of the economic viability assessment, a novel approach was used that forecasted fuelwood yields by market-specific product segments, thereby accounting for the effects of market requirements on differential revenues and costs. Data on market demand, product segment dimensions and prices were collected by measuring fuelwood logs and by interviewing fuelwood consuming business owners. To forecast fuelwood log volume by product segments, species-specific yield models based on three separate sub-models were developed: 1) mean diameter at breast height (DBH) predicted over time; 2) mean height as a function of mean DBH; and 3) taper as a function of mean DBH and mean height. Mortality was assumed to be zero, following establishment mortality. To assess economic viability, information on costs, discount rates, market requirements and fuelwood yields by product segment were combined using the net present value (NPV) and the internal rate of return (IRR). It was concluded that fuelwood plantation yields according to product-specific requirements were essential for the economic viability analysis. In the context of this study, farm-based Caesalpinia velutina and Gliricidia sepium fuelwood plantations could be economically viable over longer rotations. However, barriers to entry such as access to capital and the need for reaching economies of scale made it unlikely that fuelwood plantations could be economically viable for smallholders without institutional support.
36
Vikinge, Björn. "Trädbränsleuttag i gallring /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5858-7.pdf.
Full text
37
McClintock, Susan E. "An integrated rural energy strategy for the Upper Tugela Location, KwaZulu." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15845.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliography.A proposal to develop the Upper Tugela Location in KwaZulu, Natal, prompted this study. This study aims to investigate the means to enhance the availability of, and access to, affordable energy sources in the Upper Tugela Location. A further aim is to match appropriate energy sources with the socio-economic conditions prevailing there. The Upper Tugela Location is an ecologically sensitive area of the Upper Tugela catchment. Rural energy planning has been criticized for the development of energy-conversion technologies while there is insufficient understanding of energy procurement practices in rural subsistence economies in South Africa. Qualitative information gained from a questionnaire survey, informal group discussions and direct observations suggest that the inhabitants of the Upper Tugela Location are relatively poor. For this reason a basic rural energy needs approach, which attempts to address the needs of the poorest, has been adopted to provide a theoretical base for the study. Research has revealed the following. Wood is the dominant energy source in the Upper Tugela Location. It is estimated that the annual household consumption of fuelwood is 3000 kg which is below the average fuelwood consumption for a rural area in South Africa. This reflects that this resource is being depleted to the degree that the local inhabitants are supplementing their use of fuelwood with expensive commercial fuels such as coal and paraffin. Locally available wood is in short supply, particularly in densely populated areas of the Upper Tugela Location. Most people are buying fuelwood from Natal farmers living on the borders of the study area. This results in an economic leakage from the Upper Tugela Location and dependence on extralocally available sources of energy. There appear to be few attempts to establish woodlots at present in the Upper Tugela Location. Equitable access to local supplies of wood are curtailed. Renewable sources of energy such as thermal and photovoltaic solar energy, micro-hydro and wind generated power, and afforestation have been investigated as have non-renewable sources of energy such as grid electricity and commercial fuels. It is concluded that no single technical option adequately addresses the energy needs of the inhabitants of the Upper Tugela Location. Most of the renewable sources of energy, except wood, are too expensive for subsistence economies and can be unreliable as they are still at the developmental stage. It is recommended that electricity from the national grid should be made available to those who can afford it. The means to improving the distribution of commercial fuels in the Upper Tugela Location should be addressed. Woody biomass management and agroforestry programmes provide the best options for an energy strategy for the Upper Tugela Location as they are inexpensive, require little maintenance, are sustainable and reliable, and serve conservation requirements at the same time.
38
Girouard, Patrick. "On-farm evaluation of short-rotation forestry : economics of willow plantations and windbreaks in Central Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22733.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this thesis is the determination of a minimum market price for Short-Rotation Forestry (SRF) willow biomass grown in monoculture and windbreaks in Quebec and Ontario. Full cost budgeting was used and developed on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Harvest cycles of 3 and 4 years for monoculture plantations, and 8 years for windbreaks were investigated. Estimates for establishment and other preharvest costs were obtained from mid-sized (5 hectares) commercial SRF willow plots in Quebec and Ontario.For the monoculture plantations, irrespective of cycle length, and using the base case figures, the final delivery cost of willow biomass ranged between 74-126 $/odMg and 63--109 $/odMg based on current and projected costs respectively. These hold for yields between 7 and 11 odMg/ha/yr. Moreover, the 4-year cycle was revealed to be more economically efficient than a 3-year cycle. Along with yield, the main cost factors affecting the economics of SRF monoculture plantations are: harvesting, transportation to a processing plant, land lease management. For the two major energy markets, ethanol and electricity production (biomass in replacement of coal), SRF willow biomass in monoculture plantations does not appear to be a viable feedstock given present technology and yields. In the short run, a more promising outlet for willow biomass is space heat production for small buildings, farm complexes, etc. In this market, many potential buyers can afford to pay a higher price for biomass than ethanol or electricity utilities.
In the windbreak system, biomass could be produced for between 44 and 68 $/odMg, assuming that yields between 12 to 20 odMg/ha/yr can be achieved. At this price, windbreak biomass is not a competitive feedstock for ethanol or electricity generation, but is attractive for space heat production. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
39
Oliveira, Alexandre Uhlig de. "Lenha e carvão vegetal no Brasil: balanço oferta-demanda e métodos para a estimação do consumo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-14052008-113901/.
Full textAbstract:
As estatísticas de produção e consumo de lenha e carvão vegetal existentes para o Brasil apresentam diferenças significativas entre si. Como não estão disponíveis os métodos utilizados, o que permitiria identificar os critérios utilizados, foram desenvolvidos métodos para estimar o consumo de lenha e carvão vegetal e elaborado um balanço oferta-demanda de madeira. Os métodos foram elaborados buscando simplicidade, robustez e disponibilidade de informações. Os métodos foram testados para o período 1996 - 2005 e comparados com os dados do Balanço Energético Nacional - BEN, elaborado pelo Ministério das Minas e Energia - MME. Os resultados mostram pequenas diferenças para o consumo total de lenha e carvão vegetal. Por outro lado, existem diferenças significativas no consumo setorial. Em 2005, quando comparado com o BEN, o consumo calculado de lenha no setor residencial é a metade, no setor agropecuário é o triplo, no setor de serviços e na industria é 26,5% e 14,6% menor, respectivamente. O consumo de carvão vegetal cai nos setores residencial e de serviços, 62,9% e 82,7%, respectivamente e cresce 10,0% e 812,3% nos setores industrial e agropecuário, respectivamente. No diagnóstico realizado sobre o uso de lenha e carvão vegetal no Brasil, foram identificadas regiões suscetíveis a problemas de oferta e que deverão ser alvo de estudos aprofundados para não comprometer a quantidade de madeira disponível de forma sustentável. O balanço é o resultado da diferença entre a oferta e a produção de madeira em nível municipal, que corresponde à menor unidade espacial com informação disponível para o Brasil. As regiões mais críticas no que se refere à produção de madeira para fins energéticos encontram-se nos Estados de Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais e Bahia. É importante destacar que mesmo municípios com balanços positivos podem apresentar situações de déficit devido à exploração excessiva e pontual de madeira.Fuelwood and charcoal statistics for Brazil present important differences between them. Once the methods used to estimate production and consumption of these woodfuels are not available, which would allow to identify the used criteria, methods were developed to estimate the fuelwood and charcoal consumption and it was also elaborated a supply-demand balance of woodfuels. The methods were prepared seeking simplicity, robustness and availability of information. The methods were tested for the 1996 - 2005 period and compared with data from Brazilian Energy Balance (BEB), produced by Mines and Energy Ministry. The results show little differences for total fuelwood and charcoal consumption. On the other hand, there are expressive differences in sector consumption. In 2005, the fuelwood consumption in residential sector estimated by this study is half of Brazilian Energy Balance data. In agriculture is triple and in services sector and industry is 26.5% and 14.6% less than BEB data, respectively. The charcoal consumption decreases in residential and services sectors in 62.9% and 82.7%, respectively and grows 10.0% and 812.3% in industrial and agriculture, respectively. In the spatial assessment of fuelwood and charcoal use in Brazil, hotspots were identified concerning supply problems, which should be studied in order not to endanger the availability of woodfuels. The balance is the difference between supply and demand of woodfuel in the municipal level, which corresponds to the minimum administrative unit with available information for Brazil. The more critical woodfuels production hotspots are located in Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Bahia States. It is important to highlight that even municipal districts with positive balances may present fuelwood deficits due to an excessive and punctual wood exploitation.
40
Alriksson, Björn. "Ethanol from lignocellulose : management of by-products of hydrolysis /." Karlstad : Faculty of Technology and Science, Chemistry, Karlstads universitet, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-3314.
Full text
41
Coronado, López Fredy Samuel. "Study of the time efficiency and volume of wood used for three types of stove in the Salitrón community of San Juan Ermita, department of Chiquimula." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1995. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5354.
Full textAbstract:
In developing countries such as Guatemala, firewood is increasingly being used for cooking in most rural areas. Consequently, there is a shortage of firewood in these areas beca use trees do not grow at the same rate as they are consumed. Some authors report that 90% of the heat from firewood is lost during combustion. Several alternatives to open pit fires exist to reduce the amount of firewood used. However, these alternatives need to be evaluated to determine their efficiency. This project compared the time efficiency and volume of firewood used in the Finlandia style improved stoves, Josefina stoves, and open pit fires used by the majority of people in the Salitrón community of San Juan Ermita, Chiquimula.
42
Raliselo, 'Muso Andreas. "Camelthorn (Acacia erioloba) firewood industry in Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53318.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MFor)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The reliance of firewood demand on indigenous trees such as Acacia erioloba is a continuing phenomena despite the concern that over-exploitation of these resources will degrade the environment. This study tested the hypothesis that the cutting of A. erioloba in the Northern Cape is driven by (a) market demand in the Western Cape, (b) ignorance of the long-term ecological consequences and/or (c) ignorance of legislation along the chain of custody of this product. The assumption is that whoever is involved in the A. erioloba firewood industry (resource owner, trader or user) is neither aware of the protected status of the resource nor the negative consequences associated with the over-exploitation of the resource or they are driven by short term monetary gains. Therefore, there is a need to understand the needs of every participant in the chain and to further find out if there may be substitutes for A. erioloba firewood. The results of this study show that there is a market for firewood in the study area and that this demand is driven mainly by the availability rather than the quality of firewood. It will also be shown that Acacia mearnsii which is available in the study area is a better product than A. erioloba and therefore it can be a suitable replacement but consumers were found to bum almost everything that would give them embers. The most preferred firewood in the study area is A. cyclops. The concept of indigenous trees is not clearly understood by retailers and consumers. The major role players in the supply chain were found to be the retailers and the transport owners who may be targeted when firewood trade is to be stopped in the short-term. The results further highlighted the fact that the majority of consumers were aware that indigenous trees were protected in South Africa but the majority of retailers were not aware. The study recommends that firewood trade should be stopped completely by strict enforcement of the law or by the involvement of every role-player and/or that the trade should be regulated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fenomeen dat die aanvraag vir vuurmaakhout staatmaak op inheemse bome soos Acacia erioloba duur steeds voort ten spyte van die kommer dat oorbenutting van hierdie hulpbronne, ter versadiging van die behoeftes van 'n steeds toenemende populasie, die omgewing sal degradeer. Hierdie studie het die hipotese getoets dat die afsny van A. erioloba in die Noord- Kaap aangedryf word deur (a) die mark aanvraag in die Wes-Kaap, (b) onkunde oor die langtermyn ekologiese gevolge en/of (c) onkunde oor die wetgewing van hierdie produk by die skakels in die verskaffersketting. Die aanname is dat wie ook al betrokke is by die A. erioloba vuurmaakhout-industrie (hulpbron eienaar, handelaar of gebruiker) is beide onbewus van die beskermde status van die hulpbron asook van die negatiewe gevolge geassosieer met die oorbenutting van die hulpbron of hulle is aangedryf deur korttermyn monetêre gewin. Daarom is dit nodig om die behoefte van elke deelnemer in die ketting te verstaan en om verder uit te vind of daar plaasvervangers vir A. erioloba vuurmaakhout is. Die resultate van hierdie studie toon dat daar 'n aanvraag is vir vuurmaakhout in die studie-area en dat hierdie aanvraag hoofsaaklik gedryf word deur die beskikbaarheid, eerder as die kwaliteit van die hout. Daar salook aangetoon word dat Acacia mearnsii, wat in die studie-area beskikbaar is, 'n beter produk is as A. erioloba en dus 'n geskikte plaasvervanger kan wees, maar dit wil voorkom of die verbruikers omtrent enigiets sal brand wat kole sal verskaf. A. cyclops is die vuurmaakhout van voorkeur in die studie-area. Handelaars en verbruikers verstaan nie die konsep van inheemse bome duidelik nie. Die vernaamste rolspelers in die verskaffersketting is die handelaars en die eienaars van die vervoer en hulle kan die teikengroep wees as die handel in vuurmaakhout in die korttermyn stopgesit word. Die resultate het verder na vore gebring dat die meerderheid verbruikers daarvan bewus is dat inheemse bome beskermd is in Suid-Afrika, maar die meerderheid handelaars is nie hiervan bewus me. Hierdie studie maak die aanbeveling dat handel in vuurmaakhout totaal gestaak moet word deur strenger wette of deur die betrokkenheid van elke rolspeler en/of dat handel gereguleer moet word.
43
Adler, Anneli. "Accumulation of elements in Salix and other species used in vegetation filters with focus on wood fuel quality /." Uppsala : Dept. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200706.pdf.
Full text
44
Pickett, Brent M. "Effects of Moisture on Combustion of Live Wildland Forest Fuels." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2533.pdf.
Full text
45
SILVA, Iana Marcionila Moura de Sá e. "Estudo comparativo do uso e conhecimento de fitocombustíveis em três comunidades rurais na Caatinga paraibana." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2007. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5485.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-25T12:46:54Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Iana Marcionila Moura de Sa e Silva.pdf: 573862 bytes, checksum: 3154654c74d293a00ac11c9ffc9c2ec3 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T12:46:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iana Marcionila Moura de Sa e Silva.pdf: 573862 bytes, checksum: 3154654c74d293a00ac11c9ffc9c2ec3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-24
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Caatinga is the only exclusively Brazilian biome. Although it is considered by many as a biodiversity-poor region, it is rich in natural resources. In the northeastern region, there is, until current days, high population and other economy sectors dependence on forest products as a source of energy. So it is verified that firewood and charcoal are the most important ways of using forest resources. Therefore, the present work aimed to identify the known, used and preferred fuelwood species in three rural communities in the municipality of Soledade, Paraiba. The collection of ethnobotanical data was conduced in two steps, and developed though permission of the interviewed who signed a term of clarified free consent. Firstly, there were conduced semi-structured interviews in all the households, returning to these households for the interviewed to revise and/or complement the previously given data. The total sample for the study included 55 adult residents, 31 (56.36%) females and 24 (43.64%) males. The interviewed listed 36 species distributed into 30 genera and 15 botanical families, besides two indeterminate plants. The total richness of cited species was 30 in Cachoeira, 23 in Barrocas and 26 in Bom Sucesso, and it was not verified significant differences among the communities (p<0.05) according to species number. The most representative families were Euphorbiaceae,Anacardiaceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Sapotaceae e Fabaceae. The species Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. (catingueira) was cited with highest frequency in the three communities. It was also observed that knowledge is intimately related to the gender (p<0.05). In the community of Bom Sucesso, where, on average, men used to know more species than women. There were found significant differences in the communities on the relation cited and used plants (p<0.05), indicating that people know more species than they effectively use. It was observed correlation between the species citation as declining and its knowledge (p<0.05) and preference (p<0.05). At last, the studiedcommunities still have relevant fuelwood plants knowledge and use, although the strong influence of Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
A Caatinga é o único bioma exclusivamente brasileiro. Apesar de ser considerada por muitos como uma região pobre em biodiversidade, é rica em recursos naturais. Na região Nordeste, há até os dias atuais uma grande dependência da população e dos demais setores da economia por produtos florestais como fonte de energia. Dessa forma, verifica-se que a lenha e o carvão vegetal são as formas mais importantes de utilização dos recursos florestais. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou identificar as espécies conhecidas, utilizadas e preferidas como combustíveis em três comunidades rurais no município de Soledade, Paraíba. A coleta dos dados etnobotânicos foi realizada em duas etapas, conduzida mediante a permissão dos entrevistados que assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre Esclarecido. Primeiramente, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas em todas as residências, retornando-se a essas residências para que os entrevistados revisassem e/ou complementassem a informação fornecida anteriormente. O total da amostra para o estudo incluiu 55 moradores adultos, 31 (56,36%) do sexo feminino e 24 (43,64%) do sexo masculino. Os entrevistados listaram 36 espécies distribuídas em 30 gêneros e 15 famílias botânicas, além de duas plantas indeterminadas. A riqueza total de espécies citadas foi 30 em Cachoeira, 23 em Barrocas e 26 em Bom Sucesso, não se verificando diferenças significativas entre as comunidades (p>0,05) quanto ao número de espécies. As famílias mais representativas em número de espécies foram Euphorbiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Sapotaceae e Fabaceae. A espécie Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. (catingueira) foi citada com maior freqüência nas três comunidades. Observou-se também, que o conhecimento está intimamente relacionado ao gênero (p<0,05) na comunidade de Bom Sucesso, onde em média os homens conhecem mais espécies do que as mulheres. Encontrou-se diferenças significativas nas comunidades na relação plantas citadas e usadas (p<0,05), indicando que as pessoas conhecem maisespécies do que efetivamente usam. Foi observada correlação entre a citação de espécies como declinante e o seu conhecimento (p<0,05) e preferência (p<0,05) para lenha em Barrocas, não ocorrendo diferenças nas demais comunidades. Por fim, as comunidades estudadas ainda mantêm relevante conhecimento e uso de plantas energéticas, apesar da forte influência do gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP).
46
Helm, Amy Cimarolli. "The relationships between the forest fuels and vegetation of Richmond National Battlefield Park, Virginia." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-172549/.
Full text
47
Lindroos, Ola. "Efficiency and safety in self-employed family forestry /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management and Geomatics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/2006110.pdf.
Full text
48
Motinyane, Teboho R. "The influence of structure, density and direct use benefits on the harvesting of trees in the rural village of Pikoi, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007705.
Full textAbstract:
The people of Pikoli in the Peddie district of the Eastern Cape are mostly unemployed and earn most of their income from old-age allowances. The place is remote and 'modern' amenities such as paraffin and petroleum gas are expensive. Electricity and transport are unavailable. There is heavy reliance on woody plants for fuel and for materials for construction and fencing and to some extent medicinal and ritual uses. Indigenous trees in this rural area are threatened by over-utilisation and the absence of clear government management policies. The over-utilisation of these resources is leading to deforestation. It was proposed at the beginning of this study that people who harvest trees cause similar results to the piosphere effect caused by the herbivores on the rangeland. Ecological-economic analysis was performed to find a common ground between the people's income and needs so that effective sustainable management strategies can be developed. A combination of semi-structured interviews, direct observations and ecological surveys were used to gather information about: Tree species used, and for what purpose in Pikoli; Individual tree species preference by inhabitants; Change in tree density in response to changes in utilisation intensity at varying distances away from the village; The local direct use benefits inhabitants derive from utilising indigenous tree resources. The study showed that the people of Pikoli use a variety of 23 indigenous trees and that they have marked preferences regarding the tree species they use for fuelwood and construction purposes. Although Ptaeroxylon obliquum is a highly preferred species for fuelwood and construction, its popularity can also be linked to its high relative abundance in this area. Other species such Maytenus undata and Pappea capensis are also highly preferred although they are harvested at much greater distances from thecentre of the village. Change in individual tree density in response to changes in utilisation intensity at varying distances away from the village showed clearly that a piosphere effect also applies to human harvesting. The average number of individual trees closer (1 200 m) to the village centre was 2 trees per 100 m², and their numbers increase to approximately 35 trees per 100 m² at a distance of about 3 000 m from the village centre. The study reports on the direct use benefits derived by the people of Pikoli from harvesting tree resources. The average total net value of trees harvested for fuelwood was R4089.09 (US$ 359.01) per household per annum. The value of tree resources harvested represents a large percentage of average households' annual income. Therefore, the economic benefits households derive from utilising tree resources are high. Indigenous tree resource use in this rural village seems to be unsustainable and the inhabitants seem to be aware of it. However, they have few alternatives. Their economic conditions do not allow them to afford alternative resources available in the formal market.
49
Davis, Mark. "Combustion characteristics of South African grown fuelwoods." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8283.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: leaves 138-144.The principle objective of this investigation was to establish a methodology to compare and rank fuelwoods. This methodology would allow a wide range of tree species to be compared and ranked according to their combustion properties. Such a comparison would assist in the selection of species for woodlot development. This investigation attempted to examine the combustion kinetics of small samples in an attempt to achieve the stated aim. Initially a literature review was performed. This covered anecdotal information on fuelwood preferences, an overview of wood composition, structure and combustion, and an in depth review of existing work on small sample combustion.
50
Sgarbi, Felipe de Albuquerque. "Modelos de transição energética residencial e o acesso a serviços energéticos limpos: uma análise a partir de dois estudos de caso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-11092013-124241/.
Full textAbstract:
A transição energética residencial começou a receber especial atenção da comunidade científica nos anos 1970 e 1980, quando se acreditava na ocorrência iminente da Crise da Lenha. Na época, temia-se que o corrente ritmo de consumo de biomassas sólidas em países em desenvolvimento ultrapassaria a capacidade de produção primária dos ambientes naturais, com sérias consequências para as camadas menos abastadas da população destes locais, que se veriam em uma situação de escassez de fontes de energia. Apesar de esta crise nunca haver, de fato, se concretizado, a preocupação com a sua potencial ocorrência estimulou o desenvolvimento de modelos que visavam à interpretação do fenômeno da transição energética residencial decorrente do processo de urbanização e aumento de renda dos usuários finais. Tal interesse culminou na elaboração do modelo da Escada Energética que, de uma maneira geral, previa que o abandono de fontes de energia tradicionais e a adoção de fontes de energia modernas era o resultado do aumento do status social da população. Inicialmente, a Escada Energética se estabeleceu como principal modelo de transição energética residencial. À medida que novos estudos foram desenvolvidos, entretanto, evidências passaram a sugerir que diversos fatores envolvidos na transição energética em países em desenvolvimento não podiam ser explicados pelo modelo. Estas evidências subsidiaram a concepção do modelo do Acúmulo de Combustíveis, segundo o qual a diversificação, e não a substituição, de energéticos seria o resultado do desenvolvimento social da população. Atualmente, não existe consenso sobre qual modelo melhor reflete o fenômeno da transição energética residencial. Como consequência, políticas públicas de acesso a energia e serviços energéticos limpos baseadas nestas diferentes interpretações possuem características e resultados distintos. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho pretende contribuir para a discussão sobre qual modelo de transição energética melhor reflete a realidade dos consumidores residenciais de energia de países em desenvolvimento a partir da apresentação de dois estudos de caso que retratam diferentes facetas da questão. As análises elaboradas indicam que o modelo do Acúmulo de Combustíveis consegue representar com maior fidelidade o fenômeno da transição energética residencial e que políticas públicas estruturadas segundo seu arcabouço teórico podem contribuir mais eficazmente para a melhoria das condições de vida da população.The residential energy transition began to receive special attention from the scientific community in 70s and 80s, when a Fuelwood crisis was believed to be imminent. At the time, it was feared that the current rhythm of solid biomass consumption would not keep pace with the primary productivity of the forests and other sources of fuelwood, with severe consequences striking the least wealthy households, who would face an energy shortage. Although the referred crisis never really happened, the concern with its potential occurrence stimulated the development of models aiming at interpreting the energy transition phenomenon provoked by the urbanization process and the increase in income of households. Such interest culminated in the elaboration of the Energy Ladder model, which indicated that the abandonment of traditional energy sources and the adoption of modern ones was the result of the increase of the social status of the population. Initially, the Energy Ladder established itself as the main residential energy transition model. As new studies were being developed, however, evidences suggesting that different factors related to the energy transition in developing countries couldnt be explained by the model were found. These evidences supported the conception of the Fuel Staking model, according to which diversification, instead of substitution, resulted from the social development of the population. Currently, there is no consensus on which model better represents the residential energy transition. As a consequence, public policies focused on clean energy and energy services access based on these different interpretations have different characteristics and results. In such context, this work intends to contribute to the discussion on which energy transition model better reflects the reality of households in developing countries by presenting two case studies showing different aspects of the thematic. The analysis presented suggests that the Fuel Stacking model can better represent the residential energy transition phenomenon and that public policies structured according to its theoretical framework are more effective in contributing to increase the living standards of the population.