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1

Odetade, Tayo, and Fasinu Olusegun. "Indigenous Yoruba Popular Music As An Agent For Socio Re-Orientation: An Examination of Saheed Osupa’s Fuji Music." International Journal of English and Comparative Literary Studies 2, no. 4 (July 20, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/ijecls.v2i4.260.

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This paper explores Fuji popular music as a tool for socialization within the current Yoruba cultural setting using the content exploration approach mode. Much of the traditional elements are embedded in the lyrics of Fuji musicians. Each Fuji musician digs experiments with the Yoruba culture to make the brand of Fuji music distinct from others. Saheed Osupa is a Fuji musician whose lyrics are laced with different sorts of Yoruba socio-cultural values. These values include proverbs, folktales, folklores, riddles, witty sayings, etc. The paper concludes that apart from being a vibrant art form in the popular literature sub-genre, the contents of the Fuji music can also serve pedagogical and other educational purposes in the present-day setup.
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Kolawole Balogun, Shyngle. "Effects of Gender and Music Genre on Hand-Eye Coordination Task among a Private University Students in Nigeria." Current Research in Psychology and Behavioral Science (CRPBS) 3, no. 5 (August 8, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/crpbs/1058.

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Music has been described as an enhancer of task performance and this varies according to the genre of the music, however, influence of music type on performance, especially in native language has been equivocal. The present study investigated the influence of music genre and gender on eye-hand coordination task performance among private university. Using 144 randomly selected fresh undergraduates who were assigned to a 2x3 design groups, working on O’Connor finger dexterity test, it was observed that performance was generally low. There was marginal better performance of females than males especially while listening to Gospel music, while males did better while listening to local Fuji music. There was no significant main effect of genre and gender on the task performance. It was concluded that performance of females while listening to gospel music may be characteristic of their nature especially when they performance house chores in Nigeria.
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Mitsui, Tôru. "Musicology, ethnomusicology and popular music studies: two conferences in Japan in 2002." Popular Music 22, no. 3 (October 2003): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143003003246.

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The Musicological Society of Japan celebrated its fiftieth anniversary by holding an international congress on 2–4 November 2002 in Shizuoka, a city which is not far from Tokyo, whose skyline is backed by the imposing Mount Fuji. 470 people were registered as participants, out of whom about 100 were from abroad. The conference coincided with the International Convention of Street Performance in the same city.
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Oladejo, Mutiat. "Waka Music as a Commentary on Yoruba Society in Post-Colonial Nigeria: A Review of Two Female Musicians." Umma: The Journal of Contemporary Literature and Creative Arts 9, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/ummaj.v9i2.8.

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In pre-colonial and colonial Yoruba societies, music was an integral part of everyday life. Scholarly works have differentiated music genres among the Yoruba with attempts made to analyse their historical background. Even though the Yoruba music industry is a male-dominated industry with concentration on Fuji, Highlife and Juju music, the few female musicians in the industry have created a distinct genre known as Waka music. This article argues that the Waka music of the female musicians presents a perspective for understanding the feminisation of music and the challenges of development in Southwestern Nigerian cities from the immediate postcolonial era. Moreover, against the stereotype that women lack insights into social issues, this work displays that Waka music by female singers, Batuli Alake and Salawa Abeni, illustrate how an agency of communication and relevance is created. The career history of both women serves a basis for unravelling feminist struggles to eke out a livelihood in postcolonial Nigeria. The article adopted an historical approach in its analysis. It employed both primary and secondary sources such as online interview excerpts, newspapers, journals and books. The findings show that Waka music has strictly been a sphere of interest that women have sustained in the Yoruba music industry.
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RICHARD, DOMINIQUE M. "Holzwege on Mount Fuji: a doctrine of no-aesthetics for computer and electroacoustic music." Organised Sound 5, no. 3 (December 2000): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771800005033.

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In German, the word Holzwege means ‘paths that lead nowhere but that are not inconsequential’. They are paths which, without a goal, facilitate the transforming experience of a journey that can gently, yet profoundly, touch our physical, emotional and intellectual self. In this paper, Holzwege is metaphor for a reflection on aesthetics and computer/electroacoustic music, a reflection that does not seek to demonstrate but to suggest. Thus, rather than considering and refining the abundance of concepts and definitions which seek to circumscribe the aesthetic characteristics of these musical idioms, this reflection goes beyond definitions to outline a path of no-aesthetics which highlights their creative potential.
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6

Vriezen, Samuel. "Kaija Saariaho Only the Sound Remains, Dutch National Opera, Muziektheater, Amsterdam." Tempo 70, no. 277 (June 10, 2016): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298216000255.

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Only the Sound Remains consists of two stories of supernatural encounters. A monk, praying for the soul of a deceased general, meets the latter's ghost, attracted by the sounds of the lute used in the monk's ritual. A fisherman finds the feather mantle belonging to a Tennin, an angelic spirit, who pleads with him to return the item, which he only does after she performs a celestial dance; thus, the chorus tells us, ‘was the dance of pleasure, Suruga dancing, brought to the sacred east’. Both encounters are evanescent: the ghost of the general is visited by memories of terrible battles and disappears back into the spirit world; the Tennin's dance is an announcement of spring, as the Tennin herself disperses into the mists that obscure mount Fuji. In both stories, the spiritual is a manifestation of something virtual, relating artistic forms to worlds not of, yet touching on, the everyday. The sounds of the lute, which used to belong to the general, are a conduit to deep memory; the dance taught by the Tennin connects humans to the inhuman workings of nature.
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7

Yang, Hsin-Chang, Wen-Yang Lin, Chun-Yang Chang, Cheng-Hong Yang, and Shyi-Ming Chen. "Selected Papers from TAAI 2006." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 12, no. 3 (May 20, 2008): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2008.p0217.

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The 11th Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications (TAAI 2006), which was held during Dec. 15-16, 2006 at Kaohsiung, Taiwan, is the annual conference of Taiwanese Association for Artificial Intelligence. The conference is intended to provide a forum for researchers and scholars in the related fields of artificial intelligence. Past conferences have proven them successful attempts to become the most important meeting of artificial intelligence researchers in Taiwan. This is also true for TAAI 2006, which focuses on various aspects on theory and practice of artificial intelligence. In this special issue, 11 papers presented in the conference are selected and extended for their outstanding performance on the conference. These papers cover wide spreading aspects, which include versatile motion planning, particle swarm optimization, data mining, image retrieval, music retrieval, natural language processing, navigation, fuzzy logic, gaming, and bioinformatics. This issue thus concisely summarizes recent advances in artificial intelligence and its applications. The readers should find them valuable and inspiring. We hope that this issue should provide a valuable resource for their researches. As guest editors of this special issue, we like to express our greatest gratitude to those that help this issue come true. Thanks to all contributors and referees for their elaborate works and careful reviews that assure the high quality of this issue. Special thanks should go to Mr. Makoto Shimada of Fuji Technology Press for his efforts and kind assistance in publishing this issue. Finally, we also like to thank the Editors in Chief of JACIII, Prof. Toshio Fukuda and Prof. Kaoru Hirota, for their generous hospitality in supporting this special issue.
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8

Alvarez, Pedro. "Luigi Nono - Luigi Nono, La lontananza nostalgica utopica futura. Marco Fusi and Pierluigi Billone. Kairos, 0015086KAI." Tempo 75, no. 298 (October 2021): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298221000516.

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Johnson, Evan. "Pierluigi Billone - PIERLUIGI BILLONE : ITI KE MI; Equilibrio. Cerchio. Marco Fusi (vla and vn). Kairos 0015019KAI." Tempo 71, no. 282 (October 2017): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298217000717.

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10

Letícia Stori Mendes, Ana, Dayane Priscila Paulis, and Rafael Egidio Leal e Silva. "A REPRESENTAÇÃO DA MULHER EM MÚSICAS FEMININAS DE SERTANEJO UNIVERSITÁRIO: PODEMOS FALAR DE ESTEREÓTIPOS MACHISTAS?" Colloquium Socialis 2, no. 4 (September 1, 2018): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/cs.2018.v02.n4.s052.

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This work aims to investigate how the culture of machismo materializes in the current society through the manifestations of mass culture as the music of the sertanejo-university style, especially the songs of feminine character, sung and composed by women. Three current songs were reproduced by women of different authors, being: "Amante não tem lar" by Marília Mendonça, "A culpa é dele", also by Marília Mendonça and finally "Quem ensinou fui eu" by Maiaraand Maraisa. It is still verified that the culture of machismo and female objectification is still present in our society and are presented in the songs analyzed below.
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11

Penna, Maura. ""Escute, pai": diálogos entre filhos(as) e pais em canções populares brasileiras." Per Musi, no. 22 (December 2010): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-75992010000200013.

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As relações entre pais e filhos(as) configuram um tipo particular de relação entre gerações, na medida em que ocorrem no seio da família, instituição social marcada por vínculos de dependência e responsabilidade e por laços emocionais. Diversas canções que têm essas relações como tema são reunidas no CD Como nossos pais (2008), que exemplifica a tendência, também presente na indústria fonográfica, de preservação da produção musical, na medida em que apresenta diversas gravações com datas entre 1966 e 1988. Deste CD, selecionamos três canções que claramente configuram uma fala filial dirigida ao pai como interlocutor: Papai me empresta o carro (de Roberto de Carvalho e Rita Lee); Já fui (de Marina Lima e Antônio Cícero); Pai (de Fábio Jr.). Numa análise que articula contribuições da sociologia e da psicologia, mostramos como essas canções revelam diferentes momentos do processo de conquista da maturidade e da autonomia pelos jovens, com suas contradições, refletindo também as transformações sociais na configuração da família e no comportamento sexual. Discutimos, ainda, com base na tipologia proposta por TATIT, como essas canções tratam diferentemente a relação entre letra e melodia.
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12

Heining, Duncan. "Jazz As Critique: Adorno and Black Expression Revisited. By Fumi Okiji. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018. 148 pp. ISBN: 9781503602021." Popular Music 38, no. 03 (October 2019): 562–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143019000369.

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13

Husen, Azis, Endang Yuli Herawati, and Yenny Risjani. "Seasonal variation in meat and liver histopathology of white snapper (Lates calcarifer) from mercury-polluted Kao Gulf Waters, North Halmahera, Indonesia." AQUATIC SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jasm.4.1.2016.14394.

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Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Histopatologi daging dan hati ikan kakap putih (Lates calcarifer) pada musim berbeda dari Perairan Teluk Kao yang tercemar merkuri (Hg), Halmahera Utara, Indonesia. Fish caught in Kao Gulf waters has been contaminated by mercury in low concentration. This study aimed to identify and analyze the impact of mercury (Hg). Water, sediment and fish samples were taken using a plastic scoop, a grab, and fishing. Hg content analysis used AAS (atomic absorption spectrophotometer). While the histopathological analysis of the fish meat and liver used automated slide stainer and microscope. Hg concentration of Kobok and Taolas river water in dry season and rainy season was not safe to consume according to Indonesian National Standard of 7387/2009 for natural mineral water. Hg concentration of the sediment also did not meet the Indonesian quality standard according to Government Regulation Numbered 82/2001. Fish were still allowed to be consumed. The meat and liver histopathology in dry and rainy season had tissue cell change, such as edema, degeneration hydrophic, and lamellae fusion. Ikan yang tertangkap di Perairan Teluk Kao telah terkontaminasi dengan merkuri dalam jumlah rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis dampak pencemaran merkuri (Hg) dengan menginformasikan keamanan konsumsi ikan Kakap Putih di perairan Teluk Kao Halmahera Utara. Sampel air diambil mengunakan gayung plastik, sampel sedimen dengan alat grab sampler sedangkan sampel ikan mengunakan alat pacing. Analisis kandungan Hg air, sedimen dan ikan dengan metode AAS (atomic absorption spectrophotometer). Analisis histopatologi daging dan hati ikan dengan alat automated slide stainer dan mikroskop. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa Nilai Hg air sungai Kobok dan Taolas pada musim panas dan musim hujan tidak layak dikonsumsi menurut SNI 7387/2009. Konsentrasi Hg dalam sedimen juga tidak memenuhi Standar Baku Mutu Indonesia menurut Peraturan Pemerintah No. 82 Tahun 2001. Ikan kakap putih masih diizinkan untuk dikonsumsi. Histopatologi daging dan hati ikan kakap putih pada musim panas dan musim hujan yang mengalami perubahan jaringan sel, seperti mengalami edema, degenerasi hidropis, dan fusi lamellae.
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14

Gómez García, Juan Sebastián. "Si a Jacinto le mató el cuerpo, al mío lo hará danzar." Cuadernos de Música, Artes Visuales y Artes Escénicas 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.mavae15-2.sajl.

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Este artículo es una reflexión intertemática sobre lugares investigativos en los que me fui encontrando cuando como bailarín y pensador busqué la palabra “aire” en Google, y también sobre los distintos usos que le doy al “aire” como concepto y sensación para la improvisación en danza. A través del aire, el lector puede hacer un viaje que pasa por una película de Hayao Miyasaki, el huracán Mitch de 1998, dos pinturas de atardeceres y los fenómenos físicos de los colores del cielo y la transmisión del sonido. Su objetivo se develó hacia el final y resultó configurarse como la intención de compartir un proceso de investigación que, tomando al aire como excusa, pudo llegar a distintos temas históricos, sociales y científicos que generaron inspiración para la improvisación en mi propia danza. Asimismo, invita a reflexionar sobre la importancia de pensar el aire como asunto político, como testigo histórico de la vida, que en tiempos contemporáneos nos hemos encarnizado como humanidad globalizada y capitalista en apuñalarlo con sevicia.
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15

Gritten, Anthony. "MARKEVITCH: Complete Orchestral Music, Vol. 3. Rébus; Hymnes. Arnhem Philharmonic Orchestra, c. Christopher Lyndon-Gee. Marco Polo 8.223724. Complete Orchestral Music, Vol. 4. Lorenzo il Magnifico; Psaume. Lucy Shelton (sop), Arnhem Philharmonic Orchestra c. Christopher Lyndon-Gee. Marco Polo 8.223882. La Taille de l'Homme. Lucy Shelton (sop), Arnhem Philharmonic Orchestra c. Christopher Lyndon-Gee. Marco Polo 8.225054. Piano Works. Variations, Fugue, and Envoi on a Theme of Handel; Stefan le Poète. Kazuoki Fujii (pno). Pavane ADW 7217." Tempo 57, no. 223 (January 2003): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004029820321007x.

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Yetti, Elindra. "Moving to The Beats: The Effect of Dance Education on Early Self-Regulation." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 15, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.152.11.

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Self-regulation in children is an important thing that needs to be prepared from an early age. Besides affecting children's school readiness, this also makes it easier for children to have good academic achievements. This study aims to determine the influence of moving to the beat of early childhood self-regulation. This research was conducted on kindergarten group B students in East Jakarta. The research method used is a quasi-experiment method with a sample of 20 students. The data collection technique uses observations by analysing paired t-test statistical data. The results of the study explained that there was a significant effect of moving to the beat of early childhood self-regulation. The significance level is 0.000 < 0.05, which means that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, this indicates a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test. For further research, it is recommended to look at the influence of other factors on early childhood self-regulation. Keywords: Beats, Early childhood, Moving, Self-Regulation References: Baltazar, M., Västfjäll, D., Asutay, E., Koppel, L., & Saarikallio, S. (2019). Is it me or the music? Stress reduction and the role of regulation strategies and music. Music & Science, 2, 205920431984416. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059204319844161 Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2012). Individual development and evolution: Experiential canalization of self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 647–657. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026472 Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2015). School Readiness and Psychobiological Approach. August 2014, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015221 Blair, C., & Razza, R. P. (2007). Relating Effortful Control, Executive Function, and False Belief Understand... Child Development, 78(2), 647–663. https://doi.org/10.2307/4139250 Booth, A., O’Farrelly, C., Hennessy, E., & Doyle, O. (2019). ‘Be good, know the rules’: Children’s perspectives on starting school and self-regulation. Childhood, 26(4), 509–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568219840397 Cadima, J., Verschueren, K., Leal, T., & Guedes, C. (2016). Classroom Interactions, Dyadic Teacher–Child Relationships, and Self–Regulation in Socially Disadvantaged Young Children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0060-5 Charissi, V., & Rinta, T. (2014). Children’s musical and social behaviours in the context of music-making activities supported by digital tools: examples from a pilot study in the UK. Journal of Music, Technology and Education, 7(1), XXXXX. https://doi.org/10.1386/jmte.7.1.39_1 Dalla Bella, S., Berkowska, M., & Sowiński, J. (2015). Moving to the Beat and Singing are Linked in Humans. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9(December), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00663 Danielsen, A., Haugen, M. R., & Jensenius, A. R. (2015). Moving to the Beat: Studying Entrainment to Micro-Rhythmic Changes in Pulse by Motion Capture. 0315. Diamond, A. (2013). Functions, Executive. Annual Reviews Psychology, 29(146), 13–15. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 Diamond, A. (2016). Why improving and assessing executive functions early in life is critical. In Executive function in preschool-age children: Integrating measurement, neurodevelopment, and translational research. (pp. 11–43). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14797-002 Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., & Tsukayama, E. (2012). What No Child Left Behind Leaves Behind: The Roles of IQ and Self-Control in Predicting Standardized Achievement Test Scores and Report Card Grades. Journal Education Psycology, 104(2), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026280.What Edossa, A. K., Schroeders, U., Weinert, S., & Artelt, C. (2018). The development of emotional and behavioral self-regulation and their effects on academic achievement in childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 42(2), 192–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416687412 Eunhye, H., Cynthia, K. B., & Jeon, L. (2015). The Association Between Teachers’ Child-Centered Beliefs and Children’s Academic Achievement: The Indirect Effect of Children’s Behavioral Self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 44, 309–325. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1007/s10566-014-9283-9 Flook, L., Smalley, S. L., Kitil, M. J., Galla, B. M., Kaiser-Greenland, S., Locke, J., Ishijima, E., & Kasari, C. (2010). Effects of mindful awareness practices on executive functions in elementary school children. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 26(1), 70–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377900903379125 Fujii, S., & Schlaug, G. (2013). The Harvard Beat Assessment Test (H-BAT): a battery for assessing beat perception and production and their dissociation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(November), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00771 Gammage, P. (2019). Early childhood education and care in context. In Early Years Education and Care. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315768700-2 George, E. M., & Coch, D. (2011). Music training and working memory: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 49(5), 1083–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.001 Hallam, S. (2010). The power of music : Its impact on the intellectual , social and personal development of children and young people. https://doi.org/10.1177/0255761410370658 Howes, C., Burchinal, M., Pianta, R., Bryant, D., Early, D., Clifford, R., & Barbarin, O. (2008). Ready to learn? Children’s pre-academic achievement in pre-Kindergarten programs. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 23(1), 27–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2007.05.002 Jacobson-Chernoff, J., Flanagan, K. D., McPhee, C., & Park, J. (2007). Preschool: First findings from the preschool follow-up of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). In National Center for Education Statistics. NCES Publication No. 2008-025. Lobo, Y. B., & Winsler, A. (2006). The effects of a creative dance and movement program on the social competence of head start preschoolers. Social Development, 15(3), 501–519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00353.x Marsden, E., & Torgerson, C. J. (2012). Article in Oxford Review of Education ·. May 2016. https://doi.org/10.2307/41702779 McClelland, M. M., & Cameron, C. E. (2012). Self-Regulation Early Childhood: Improving Conceptual Clarity and Developing Ecologically Valid Measures. Child Development Perspectives, 6(2), 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00191.x OCDE. (2013). Education at a Glance 2013. https://doi.org/10.1787/gov_glance-2011-en Pianta, R., Howes, C., Burchinal, M., Bryant, D., Clifford, R., Early, D., & Barbarin, O. (2005). Features of Pre-Kindergarten Programs, Classrooms, and Teachers: Do They Predict Observed Classroom Quality and Child-Teacher Interactions? Applied Developmental Science, 9(3), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads0903_2 Ponitz, C. C., McClelland, M. M., Matthews, J. S., & Morrison, F. J. (2009). A Structured Observation of Behavioral Self-Regulation and Its Contribution to Kindergarten Outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 605–619. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015365 Putkinen, V., Tervaniemi, M., & Huotilainen, M. (2013). Informal musical activities are linked to auditory discrimination and attention in 2-3-year-old children: an event-related potential study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 37(4), 654–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12049 Putkinen, Vesa, Tervaniemi, M., Saarikivi, K., & Huotilainen, M. (2015). Promises of formal and informal musical activities in advancing neurocognitive development throughout childhood. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1337(1), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12656 Salisch, M. Von, Haenel, M., & Denham, S. A. (2015). Early Education and Development Self-Regulation , Language Skills , and Emotion Knowledge in Young Children From Northern Germany. July 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2015.994465 Schibli, K., Van Roon, P., MacDougall, K., & D’Angiulli, A. (2015). Practicing self-regulation through music: An ERP study comparing child musicians and nonmusicians. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 47(2015), 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.265 Thomason, A. C., & La Paro, K. M. (2009). Measuring the Quality of Teacher–Child Interactions in Toddler Child Care. Early Education and Development, 20(2), 285–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409280902773351 Varela, W., & Abrami, P. C. (2014). Self-regulation and music learning : A systematic review. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735614554639 Wiebe, S. A., Espy, K. A., & Charak, D. (2008). Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis to Understand Executive Control in Preschool Children: I. Latent Structure. Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 575–587. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.575 Williams, K. E. (2018). Moving to the Beat: Using Music, Rhythm, and Movement to Enhance Self-Regulation in Early Childhood Classrooms. International Journal of Early Childhood, 50(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-018-0215-y Williams, K. E., Barrett, M. S., Welch, G. F., Abad, V., & Broughton, M. (2015a). Associations between early shared music activities in the home and later child outcomes: Findings from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 31, 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.01.004 Williams, K. E., Barrett, M. S., Welch, G. F., Abad, V., & Broughton, M. (2015b). Associations between early shared music activities in the home and later child outcomes: Findings from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 31, 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.01.004 Williams, K. E., & Berthelsen, D. (2019). Implementation of a rhythm and movement intervention to support self-regulation skills of preschool-aged children in disadvantaged communities. Psychology of Music, 47(6), 800–820. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735619861433 Williford, A. P., Whittaker, J. E. V., Virginia, E., Downer, J. T., Williford, A. P., Whittaker, J. E. V., & Vitiello, V. E. (2013). Early Education and Development Children ’ s Engagement Within the Preschool Classroom and Their Development of Self-Regulation Children ’ s Engagement Within the Preschool Classroom and Their Development of Self-Regulation. Early Education and Development, 24, 162–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2011.628270 Zachariou, A., & Whitebread, D. (2016). Musical play and self-regulation : does musical play allow for the emergence of self-regulatory behaviours ? 4937(February). https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2015.1060572 Zimmerman, B. J. (2010). Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: An Overview. Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2501
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Ajeleti, A. O., G. G. Akunna, O. Olabiyi, O. Balogun, O. H. Ayoade, and V. O. Adewale. "Nigerian Genres of Music could be a Therapeutic Stratagem against Alcohol-induced Hippocampal Damage in Experimental Models: Evidences from Neurobehavioural, Oxidative Markers, Histochemical and Pyramidal Cell Evaluations." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, February 6, 2020, 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2020/v32i130345.

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Introduction: Memory is a cognitive function essential to everyday life. Alcohol causes damage to the hippocampus. Music (especially Mozart music) has been reported to enhance memory function. Aim: This study investigated the possible role of different genres of Nigerian music (Afro-Hiphop and Fuji) on alcohol-induced hippocampal toxicity. Methodology: Thirty-six (36) Adult Wistar rats (105 g-160 g) were randomly distributed into 6 groups. Group A were administered 5 ml/kg b.wt. of distilled water everyday for 28 days. Group B rats were administered 5 ml/kg b.wt. of alcohol (20%) for 2 weeks. However for the first 2 weeks, the rats in Groups C and D were administered 5 ml/kg b.wt. of alcohol (20%) and the rats in Groups E and F were exposed to Nigerian Fuji and hip hop music at 75dB-83dB respectively for 4 hours daily. For the last 2 weeks, the rats in C and D were exposed to Nigerian hip hop and fuji music respectively 75dB-83dB, for 4 hours daily and the rats in Group E and F were administered 5 ml/kg b.wt of alcohol. Results: Higher memory capacity, oxidative status and normal histo-architecture of the hippocampus in group A rats were recorded. However, Group B rats showed a non-significant (p≥0.05) increase in body weight, higher and lower memory capacity as shown by Morris water maze test and Y-Maze respectively, significant decrease (p≤0.05) in oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, GSH) and a significant (p≤0.05) increase in MDA and Acetylcholinesterase, structural distortion and neuronal degeneration as evident by a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in number of pyramidal cells when compared to the rats in groups A, C-F. The rats in group C-F had changes in their memory capacity at the 14th and 28th day. Conclusion: Music (AfroHip-Hop and Fuji) improved the histo-architecture of alcohol-distorted hippocampus in rats. However they do not have a definite effect on spatial memory.
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"PROFILE: MARCO FUSI." Tempo 74, no. 293 (June 10, 2020): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298220000170.

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Spence, Alister. "The Experimental Composition Improvisation Continua Model: A Tool for Musical Analysis." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (March 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.611536.

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Among improvisers and composers today there is a resurgence of interest in experimental music (EM) practices that welcome contingency; engaging with unforeseen circumstances as an essential component of the music-making process, and a means to sonic discovery. I propose the Experimental Composition Improvisation Continua (ECIC) as a model with which to better understand these experimental musical works. The historical Experimental Music movement of the 1950s and 60s is briefly revisited, and the jazz tradition included as an essential protagonist; both being important historical movements leading to the formulation of ideas around contingent musical practices. The ECIC model is outlined as providing a means to observe the interactions and continua between composition and improvisation on the one hand and more or less experimentally conceived music on the other. This model is applied as an investigative and comparative tool to three distinctive works in order to illuminate the presence or otherwise of various experimental interactions within them. The works are: “Spiral Staircase” – a composition by written by Satoko Fujii in late 2007, John Cage’s 4′33″, and a performance of “My Favorite Things” by the John Coltrane Quartet. Further possible applications of the ECIC are suggested in the conclusion.
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Coelho de Souza, Rodolfo. "Editorial para o Volume 3(1)." Musica Theorica 3, no. 1 (January 14, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.52930/mt.v3i1.76.

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Este Volume 3(1) demarca uma etapa na trajetória do periódico Musica Theorica que corresponde ao encerramento do mandato de gestão da primeira diretoria da TeMA, a Associação Brasileira de Teoria e Análise Musical que promove a publicação. Em outubro de 2018 os associados da entidade elegeram uma nova diretoria, na qual fui encarregado de ocupar a presidência e com isso encerrar minha atribuição de Editor-chefe que ocupei na primeira gestão. É com muito orgulho que encerro esta etapa como editor de Musica Theorica oferecendo aos leitores este volume que corresponde a contribuições preparadas e submetidas ao longo dos meses de janeiro a julho de 2018. Este volume tem um título: Teoria e Composição. Os artigos publicados atenderam a uma chamada que desafiava os pesquisadores a escrever sobre as relações que pesquisavam entre as bases teóricas da ciência musical e sua prática como compositores.
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Putri, Arridha Hutami, and Nelva Karmila Jusuf. "Plant Stem Cell sebagai Antipenuaan Kulit." Media Dermato Venereologica Indonesiana 48, no. 4 (February 15, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.33820/mdvi.v48i4.119.

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PENDAHULUAN Stem cell sering disebut sebagai sel punca atau sel induk, bertanggung jawab atas regenerasi dan pemeliharaan jaringan serta memiliki karakteristik yang unik yaitu menghasilkan salinan dirinya dan keturunan sel yang berbeda ketika membelah.1 Stem cell yang berasal dari tumbuhan memiliki sifat membantu merangsang dan meregenerasi tanaman setelah cedera. Sifat unik plant stem cell telah menjadi bidang yang banyak diminati baru-baru ini, terutama dalam mengembangkan kosmetik baru dan mempelajari bagaimana ekstrak/phytohormone ini dapat mempengaruhi kulit. Usaha regeneratif yang dilakukan tumbuh-tumbuhan tidak hanya pada perbaikan jaringan akibat kerusakan, tetapi juga perkembangan tumbuhan yang baru.2,3Penuaan kulit merupakan suatu proses kompleks yang dipengaruhi faktor internal dan eksternal serta melibatkan seluruh lapisan epidermis dan dermis.4,5 Tujuan dari kosmetik antipenuaan modern adalah untuk memperbaiki tampilan kulit dengan menstimulasi dan meregenerasi proses fisiologis alami demi perbaikan kondisi kulit dan perlindungan dari berbagai faktor yang menyebabkan penuaan, terlepas berapapun usia sesungguhnya. Kandungan yang menarik perhatian adalah plant stem cell, telah dinyatakan memberikan efek proteksi terhadap stem cell manusia dengan cara menstimulasi regenerasi kulit dan mencegah proses penuaannya.4 Penuaan KulitPenuaan adalah proses biologis yang tak terhindarkan, kompleks dan dinamis yang ditandai dengan kemunduran progresif dari berbagai sistem pada tubuh dan penurunan kapasitas cadangan fisiologis.5 Kulit manusia mengalami dua jenis penuaan yaitu penuaan intrinsik dan ekstrinsik. Penuaan intrinsik mencakup serangkaian perubahan fisiologis bertahap yang merupakan konsekuensi dari waktu ke waktu dan dipengaruhi genetik dan hormonal. Penuaan ekstrinsik merupakan perubahan struktural dan fungsional yang disebabkan oleh faktor eksogen, terutama paparan sinar matahari (disebut juga photoaging), alkohol, merokok, malnutrisi dan lingkungan yang merugikan, namun dalam kondisi tertentu masih dapat dihindari.5-7Proses penuaan kulit intrinsik ditandai dengan adanya proses penuaan seluler, penurunan kapasitas proliferasi, penurunan kemampuan perbaikan deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), stres oksidatif dan mutasi gen.8 Fungsi sawar kulit terganggu akibat perubahan struktur filamen keratin dan penurunan filagrin.Dalam hormonal, hormon seks terutama estrogen mempengaruhi sintesis kolagen, asam hialuronat, elastin dan komponen lain dari matriks ekstraseluler. Bersama-sama, ketiga komponen ini memberikan tampilan kulit yang sehat dan muda.Perubahan biokimia yang terjadi pada kolagen, elastin dan komponen dasar kulit menyebabkan penuaan kulit.5,9 Umumnya terjadi pada area kulit yang terlindungi dari paparan sinar matahari dengan klinis yang relatif lebih ringan, ditandai dengan tampilan kulit kering, pucat dan kendur dengan kerutan halus dan atau berbagai bentuk neoplasma jinak.10Sumber terbesar penuaan ekstrinsik adalah akumulasi dan paparan sinar matahari pada area yang tidak terlindungi seperti wajah, leher, dada dan lengan ekstensor. Faktor lain yang berpengaruh adalah merokok, terbukti kadar matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) lebih tinggi pada perokok.5,6 Diet nutrisi seimbang memperlambat penuaan dengan menyediakan nutrisi, air dan oksigen yang diperlukan sel dalam pembelahan, mengirimkan informasi dan memperbaiki kerusakan.5 Photoaging atau penuaan kulit dini merupakan istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan klinis dan histologi akibat paparan sinar matahari kronis.5-7,11 Peningkatan kerusakan dan penurunan produksi kolagen adalah landasan dari photoaging, ditandai dengan penampilan kulit yang kasar, kerutan, warna kulit menjadi pudar, telangiektasis, pigmentasi tidak merata, dan berbagai lesi jinak, premaligna dan neoplasma ganas.5,9-11 Stres oksidatif dan penuaanSalah satu teori penuaan melibatkan proses penuaan seluler atau apoptosis sekunder adalah stres oksidatif. Stres oksidatif merupakan kondisi ketidakseimbangan antara reactive oxygen species (ROS) dengan mekanisme antioksidan. Pertahanan antioksidan sistem enzimatik dan non-enzimatik pada kulit cenderung melemah seiring bertambahnya usia.5,10 Kerusakan oksidatif menyebabkan peningkatan pembentukan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan stres, kemudian memicu proses penuaan intrinsik. Misalnya, hypoxia-inducible factor dan nuclear factor ĸB menginduksi ekspresi sitokin interleukin 1, interleukin 6, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) dan tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), yang telah terbukti merupakan regulator proinflamasi dan modulator penghancuran MMP. Selain itu, kerusakan oksidatif terhadap protein seluler bersamaan dengan penurunan aktivitas proteasom sejalan usia membentuk akumulasi kerusakan protein yang dapat mengganggu fungsi seluler normal.5Stres oksidatif juga mampu memodifikasi telomer yang awalnya bertahan terhadap degradasi, fusi atau rekombinasi abnormal.3,5 Pemendekan telomer adalah hasil dari ketidakmampuan DNA polimerase untuk mereplikasi pasangan basa akhir kromosom. Ketika mencapai ambang "sangat pendek", sel akan mengalami penuaan proliferatif atau apoptosis. Mekanisme umum penuaan intrinsik dan photoaging disebabkan oleh gangguan struktur siklus putaran normal pada akhir telomer. Pemaparan ini kemudian mengaktifkan pensinyalan p53 yang mengarah pada peristiwa penuaan proliferatif dan apoptosis.5Penuaan kulit merupakan proses kompleks yang melibatkan seluruh lapisan epidermis dan dermis, mencakup denaturasi protein dan penurunan fungsi regeneratif stem cell.3 Penurunan fungsi stem cell epidermis telah diamati berhubungan dengan telomer yang lebih pendek, yang mengurangi potensi proliferatif sebagai respon terhadap paparan UV.5 Plant Stem CellKarakteristik plant stem cellSalah satu teori Weismann mengenai penuaan menjelaskan bagaimana organisme multiselular menua melalui germ line yang imortal dengan akumulasi kerusakan lebih didistribusikan pada sel somatik. Tumbuhan tidak secara jelas memisahkan mana germ line dan sel somatik, sehingga menjadi pertanyaan apakah teori penuaan berlaku untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan. Plant stem cell memiliki tampilan seperti germ line, sementara jaringan tumbuhan yang mati pada saat musiman, seperti daun dan xilem, memiliki sifat seperti sel somatik. Bagaimana sebuah tumbuhan dapat mencapai usia yang ekstrem, plant stem cell mungkin memegang kunci dalam hal ini karena tumbuhan memiliki pasokan stem cell terus menerus.12Stem cell dipertahankan secara terus menerus melalui mekanisme pembaruan diri yang terjadi di dalam niches stem cell atau dediferensiasi struktur dewasa. Sel-sel ini memunculkan organ baru sehingga memungkinkan bertahan dalam kondisi ekstrem. Sebuah studi mengenai model embriogenesis somatik menunjukkan sistem yang menarik yaitu regenerasi tanaman dari protoplas mesofil sebagai jenis sel yang terpapar dan berkemungkinan dapat mengakumulasi kerusakan lalu berdediferensiasi menjadi sel pluripoten. Contoh model protoplas dari sel-sel mesofil yaitu Arabidopsis, dapat diinduksi dengan menambahkan phytohormones cytokinin dan auksin. Akar dan pucuknya dapat beregenerasi dari callus untuk menghasilkan tanaman dewasa dan memungkinkan untuk digunakan dalam perangkat molekuler genetik yang tersedia. 12Plant stem cell dikelompokkan menjadi niches yang disebut meristem, terdiri atas primer dan sekunder. Meristem primer adalah meristem apikal (pucuk pertumbuhan batang dan akar), meristem interkalari (sisipan) dan meristem germ. Meristem sekunder adalah bagian lateral yaitu kambium (smear) dan phellogen serta bagian traumatik (callus). Pada meristem apikal pucuk batang, proliferasi dan diferensiasi plant stem cell dikendalikan oleh banyak faktor, termasuk proses siklus putaran reversibel negatif antara produk ekspresi gen, yaitu protein WUSCHEL (WUS) dan CLAVATA3 (CLV3). Protein WUS disekresi oleh sel-sel pusat organisasi dan merupakan sinyal untuk proliferasi stem cell, sedangkan protein CLV3 disekresikan oleh stem cell dan terbatas pada area  WUS. Kelebihan stem cell menyebabkan CLV3 berlebihan dan merangsang pengurangan sekresi WUS sehingga sinyal proliferasi menurun. Namun, jika jumlah stem cell terlalu rendah (defisit CLV3), maka WUS akan meningkatkan jumlah stem cell.2,13Meristem traumatik (callus) muncul pada bagian tumbuhan yang terlukai, paling sering berdiferensiasi menjadi kambium. Fenomena penciptaan callus pertama kali dijelaskan oleh ahli botani Austria, Gottlieb Heberlandt pada tahun 1902. Dia menyatakan bahwa sel tumbuhan mampu meregenerasi seluruh tanaman dan percobaan pada tahun 1958, wortel berhasil dikloning dari sel wortel yang dibudidayakan secara in vitro. Proses pembuatan callus adalah satu tahap embriogenesis sel-sel somatik (pembentukan zigot tanpa pembuahan) atau disebut juga tumbuhan mengalami dediferensiasi menjadi stem cell yang mampu menghasilkan jaringan baru atau bahkan seluruh organ. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sitokin bertanggung jawab dalam memproduksi batang dari callus, sedangkan auksin bertanggung jawab memproduksi akar.2,13 Contoh lain adalah pada pucuk akar Arabidopsis sp., bagian pusatnya tidak aktif bermitosis namun dikelilingi oleh stem cell yang membentuk bagian distal, lateral serta bagian sel akar proksimal.12Kemampuan diferensiasi plant stem cell untuk dediferensiasi kembali menjadi status pluripotensial saat ini banyak dimanfaatkan untuk menghilangkan gejala penuaan kulit pada manusia dalam bentuk sediaan perawatan kulit atau prosedur kosmetik. Teknologi kultur plant stem cellTeknologi kultur sel tumbuhan memastikan pertumbuhan sel tumbuhan, jaringan atau organ dalam lingkungan dengan nutrisi yang bebas mikroba dan memungkinkan untuk sintesis zat aktif biologis. Kultur ini memungkinkan akses dengan material bebas polusi, mikroorganisme atau toksin, mampu di setiap musim, dengan kandungan zat aktif yang hampir sama di setiap bagian.4 Teknik kultur sel tumbuhan dengan metode perbanyakan plant stem cell bertujuan mendapatkan metabolit tumbuhan.3 Dasar biologis di dalam semua tumbuhan adalah reservoir stem cell yang pluripoten dan sel-sel dengan kemampuan berdediferensiasi (pluripoten). Dengan nutrisi yang tepat, callus dapat tumbuh dalam kultur dan dengan menggunakan stimulasi hormon yang tepat, mungkin dapat menstimulasi regenerasi tumbuhan dewasa (disebut sebagai teknik reproduksi mikro).4,13Langkah pertama adalah memilih bahan tumbuhan yang tepat (buah, daun atau akar). Selanjutnya jaringan tumbuhan disterilisasi dan direduksi menjadi fragmen mikroskopis (disebut "eksplan"). Eksplan ditempatkan pada cawan petri beserta nutrisi solid. Kultur dibuat dalam kondisi gelap (tidak berfotosintesis) dan disuplai oleh zat sumber karbon dan energi organik (seperti sakarosa), phytohormone (auksin dan sitokin), vitamin serta unsur mikro dan makro. Kemudian dipilih turunan sel dengan karakteristik biokimia dan metabolisme terbaik (produktif dalam waktu pembelahan terpendek), stabil dan seragam.Selanjutnya pembesaran volume biomassa yang disebut "scaling". Kultur suspense beradaptasi secara bertahap dimulai dari tabung (volume 200 mL) hingga dalam bioreaktor (volume 100 L). Proses fermentasi dipantau dengan pengukuran kadar gula, konduktivitas, tingkat pH, densitas optik, vitalitas sel dan isi metabolit sekunder seperti, asam ursolat.3,4,14Tahap akhir dari fermentasi adalah pengolahan biomassa yang diawali dengan pencampuran konten kultur dalam suspense, yang terdiri atas liposom, phenoxyethanol (pengawet) dan antioksidan (asam askorbat atau tokoferol). Selanjutnya, dilakukan homogenisasi tekanan tinggi, di mana dinding stem cell dihancurkan, komponen yang dimasukkan dilepaskan secara bersamaan komponen lipofilik ditutup di dalam liposom (lecithin), sedangkan komponen hidrofilik dilarutkan dalam fase air. Produk yang diperoleh adalah likuid berwarna kekuningan dan amber. Solusio ini berasal dari perusahaan Swiss Mibelle AG Biochemistry dan menamakan teknologi mereka PhytoCellTecTM (PCT).3,4,14,15   Plant stem cell versus ekstrak plant stem cellTerminologi merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam hal penegasan cosmeceutical, yaitu pemahaman bahwa ketika istilah “plant stem cell” digunakan sebagai komposisi, sebenarnya mengacu pada ekstrak dari plant stem cell. Banyak perusahaan perawatan kulit mempromosikan produk mereka dengan mengklaim memanfaatkan teknologi stem cell.Ekstrak dari plant stem cell tidak dapat bertindak dengan cara yang sama seperti stem cell yang hidup.3 Menggabungkan ekstrak plant stem cell di dalam zat pembawa yang dapat membantu sel menembus hingga ke dalam kulit untuk memberikan manfaat kosmetik yang sebenarnya memerlukan teknologi yang tepat untuk mendapatkan potensi yang melekat dalam sediaan perawatan kulit.3,14Dengan pengaturan sedemikian rupa, kultur sel tumbuhan terdediferensiasi dapat mewarisi beberapa modifikasi epigenetik yaitu karakteristik biosintesis dan pertumbuhan jaringan yang sangat heterogen. Fakta ini memungkinkan untuk menghasilkan turunan sel tumbuhan dengan jumlah hampir tak terbatas dengan sifat phytochemical yang unik dan karakteristik tumbuh yang hampir sama dengan yang digunakan untuk inisiasi. Istilah “plant stem cell” dalam komposisi kosmetik sebenarnya mengacu pada kultur callus atau suspensi sel yang didapatkan dari ekstrak kultur sel tumbuhan yang berdediferensiasi ditambah solusio berteknologi tinggi yang mampu mempertahankan potensinya.14 1. 2. Ekstrak Plant Stem Cell sebagai Antipenuaan KulitEkstrak plant stem cell sebagai terapi regeneratif kulit Ekstrak terbaik dapat diperoleh dari plant stem cell yang biji atau buahnya mampu mempertahankan kesegaran dan reproduksibilitas dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Faktor penting yang harus dipertimbangkan selama pemilihan tanaman adalah habitatnya dalam kondisi lingkungan yang sulit atau kemampuannya untuk "menyembuhkan" tanaman lainnya.5 Pelopor dalam memproduksi plant stem cell untuk industri kosmetik adalah Mibelle AG Biochemistry company (Swiss), yang mengimplementasikan stem cell buah apel (PhytoCellTecTM Malus Domestica) dan dipublikasi pada tahun 2008. Pada studi klinis menggunakan krim PhytoCellTecTM Malus Domestica 2% selama 4 minggu, kerutan pada wajah berkurang.3 Sejak saat itu, Mibelle AG Biochemistry telah memperkenalkan ekstrak dari plant stem cell Vitis vinifera (PhytoCellTecTM Solar Vitis), Saponaria pumila (PhytoCellTecTM nunatak®) atau Argania spinosa (PhytoCellTecTM Argan) di pasar dalam bentuk suspensi yang memberikan efek antikerut serta meningkatkan aktivitas stem cell epidermis.21 Selain itu, terdapat bukti yang menunjukkan auksin tanaman memiliki efek regulasi terhadap panjang telomer.4Penting diketahui bahwa plant stem cell sangat sensitif terhadap faktor eksternal, seperti cahaya atau suhu. Dalam produk kosmetik, agar mereka dapat bertahan maka digunakan dalam bentuk ekstrak yang larut dalam lipid (diekstraksi dengan minyak) dan larut dalam air (diekstraksi dengan gliserol), ekstrak bubuk (dengan maltodekstrin), liposom, nanoemulsi atau suspensi.4,14 Aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak plant stem cellSeperti yang telah disebutkan di atas, radikal bebas dianggap sebagai senyawa aktif yang paling berperan dalam proses penuaan kulit. Ia merusak DNA dan membantu dehidrogenasi, hidroksilasi dan glikasi protein selain merusak lipid di stratum korneum. Akibatnya, kulit kehilangan elastisitas dan kapasitas dalam mengatur transepidermal water loss (TEWL) serta replikasi sel kurang efisien. Oleh karena itu, antioksidan adalah bahan baku penting dalam cosmeceutical.4 Ekstrak dari plant stem cell merupakan sumber senyawa antioksidan yang sangat baik, seperti polifenol, asam phenolic, flavonoid, triterpenes, karotenoid, stilbenes, steroidal saponin dan peptide.14Goutzourelas et al. mempelajari efek antioksidan senyawa phenolic dari ekstrak stem cell anggur (Vitis vinifera) pada sel endotel dan otot.Terapi ekstrak stem cell anggur konsentrasi rendah mampu meningkatkan status redoks sel. Trans-resveratrol, asam gallic, (+)-catechin, asam ferullic, asam caffeic, quercetin, asam coumaric dan kaempferol merupakan bahan utama aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak stem cell anggur. Sumber lain yang kaya senyawa phenylpropanoid, terutama isoverbascoside adalah ekstrak kultur sel daun Syringa Vulgaris.4,14 Tito juga melaporkan bahwa ekstrak stem cell tomat memiliki kandungan asam rutin, coumaric, protocatechuic dan chlorogenic yang lebih tinggi dari pada buah tomat dan memiliki kemampuan antioksidan lebih tinggi. Aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi dari ekstrak stem cell raspberry juga telah dilaporkan oleh Barbulova dan rekannya. Selain senyawa polyphenolic, ditemukan juga banyak kandungan asam ferulic dan quercitin ramnoside.4Studi Bazylak dan Gryn membandingkan beberapa ekstrak plant stem cell dalam total konten polyphenolic dan scavenging radikal diphenyl picrylhydrazin (DPPH) pada ekstrak stem cell paper mulberry (Brussonetia kazinoki), anggur (Vitis vinifer), magnolsi (Magnolia sieboldii), teh hijau (Camelia sinensis), ginseng putih (Panax ginsgen) dan ginseng hidroponik. Hasilnya menunjukkan semua ekstrak memiliki aktivitas antioksidan serta yang paling tinggi dan efektif adalah teh hijau dan ginseng putih.3,17 KinetinSalah satu agen terpenting yang memberikan sifat antipenuaan pada ekstrak plant stem cell adalah kinetin (N6-furfuryladenine), suatu phytohormone cytokinin. Kinetin merupakan salah satu basa purin asam nukleat turunan adenin.18,19 Kinetin terbentuk secara alami dalam plant stem cell, misalnya, pohon pinus Australia (Casuarina equisetifolia) atau gingergrass (Cymbopogon martinii var. Motia). Konsentrasi kinetin yang sangat tinggi ditemukan dalam stem cell lemon (Citrus limon) dan raspberry (Rubus chamaemorus).4Kinetin dianggap sebagai antioksidan alami terkuat. Ia terlibat dalam induksi sintesis enzim regeneratif dan membentuk senyawa kompleks dengan ion tembaga (II) dan mengaktifkan superoksida dismutase. Kinetin juga melindungi DNA sel dengan menghambat pembentukan 8-oxo-dG, penanda kerusakan oksidatif yang terbentuk dari reaksi Fenton.18-21Faktor pertumbuhan alami ini adalah agen yang tepat untuk merangsang stem cell kulit. Menurut penelitian, ia memperbaiki fungsi sawar pada lapisan spinosum epidermis, merangsang keratinosit, menurunkan TEWL, yang memperbaiki pigmentasi dan mengurangi kerutan permukaan. Efek antipenuaan dari kinetin juga telah terbukti bermanfaat pada sel-sel endotel kulit yaitu dengan cara mengaktifkan proliferasi sel, menghambat penuaan sel dan menstimulasi zat-zat substansi proliferasi dan metaboliknya.4,20,21 SIMPULANTumbuhan memiliki umur panjang karena stem cell-nya mampu berdediferensiasi menjadi pluripoten dan dapat dimanfaatkan guna menghambat penuaan kulit manusia. Penggunaan plant stem cell memerlukan teknologi yang tepat agar mendapatkan potensi yang diharapkan dalam sediaan perawatan kulit. Ekstrak dari plant stem cell merupakan sumber senyawa antioksidan yang sangat baik seperti polifenol, asam phenolic, flavonoid, triterpenes, karotenoid, stilbenes, steroidal saponin dan peptida. Efek yang ditimbulkan adalah stimulasi fibroblas, perbaikan epidermis, perbaikan DNA sel serta melindungi kulit dari paparan sinar UV dan stres oksidatif sebagai antioksidan. Dibutuhkan penelitian lanjutan untuk menilai efektifitas dan keamanan ekstrak plant stem cell sebagai antipenuaan kulit. DAFTAR PUSTAKASlack JMW. What is a Stem Cell?. Dalam: The Science of Stem Cells. United States: John Wiley & Sons;2018.h.1-11.Fehér A. Somatic embryogenesis—stress-induced remodeling of plant cell fate. BBA-Gene Regulatory Mechanisms. 2015;1849(4):385-402.Trehan S, Michniak-Kohn B, Beri K. Plant stem cells in cosmetics: Current trends and future directions. FSOA. 2017;3(4):FS0026.Miastkowska M, Sikora E. Anti-Aging Properties Of Plant Stem Cell Extracts. MDPI Journal Cosmetics. 2018:5(55):1-8.Kerns ML, Chien AL, Kang Sewon. Skin Aging. Dalam: Kang S, Amagai M, Bruckner AL, Enk AH, Margolis DJ, McMichael AJ, dkk, penyunting. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine. Edisi ke-9. New York: McGraw Hill. 2019.h.1779-91Baumann L, Saghari S. Photoaging. Dalam: Baumann L, Saghari S, Edmund W, penyunting. Cosmetic Dermatology. Edisi ke-2. New York: Mc Graw Hill; 2009.h.34-41.Jusuf NK. Broccoli flower extract (Brassica oleracea L. var.italica plenck) inhibits photoaging by increasing type I procollagen expression in human skin fibroblast. Int J PharmTech Res. 2016;9(3):114–8.Assaf H, Adly M, Hussein M. Aging and intrinsic aging; pathogenesis and manifestations. Dalam: Farage MA, Miller KW, Maibach HI, penyunting. Textbook of Aging Skin. Berlin: Springer; 2010:130-318.Poon F, Kang S, Chien AL. Mechanisms and treatments of photoaging. PPP. 2015;31(2):65-74.Rinnerthaler M, Bischof J, Streubel MK, Trost A, Richter K. Oxidative stress in aging human skin. Biomolecules. 2015;5(2):545-89.Singh J, Chopra D, Dwivedi A, Ray RS. Photoaging. Dalam: Photocarcinogenesis & Photoprotection. Singapore: Springer; 2018.h.65-75.Dijkwel PP, Lai AG, Hypothesis: Plant stem cell hold the key to extreme longevity. TMA. 2019;3:14-6.Moru´s M, Baran M, Rost-Roszkowska M, Skotnicka-Graca U. Plant stem cells as innovation in cosmetics. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica. 2014;71(5):701-7.Georgiev V, Slavov A, Vasileva I, Pavlov A. Plant cell culture as emerging technology for production of active cosmetic ingredients. EngLifeSci. 2018;18(11):779-98.Pavlović M, Radotić K. Cultured Plant Stem Cells as a Source of Plant Natural Products. Dalam: Animal and Plant Stem Cells. Cham: Springer;2017.h.211-216.Goutzourelas N, Stagos D, Spanidis Y, Liosi M, Apostolou A, Priftis A, et al. Polyphenolic composition of grape stem extracts affects antioxidant activity in endothelial and muscle cells. Mol. Med. Rep. 2015;12: 5846–56.Bazylak G, Gryn A. Antioxidant activity and total flavonoid content in variable phyto-stem cells extracts obtained by high-pressure homogenization method and assigned for use in biocosmetics. PlantaMed. 2015; 81(16):PW_211.An S, Cha HJ, Ko JM, Han H, Kim SY, Kim KS, et al. Kinetin improves barrier function of the skin by modulating keratinocyte differentiation markers. Ann Dermatol.2017;29:6–12.Voller J, Maková B, Kadlecová A, Gonzalez G, Strnad M. Plant hormone cytokinins for modulating human aging and age-related diseases. Dalam: Hormones in Ageing and Longevity. Cham: Springer; 2017.h.311-335.Kadlecova A, Makova B, Artal-Sanz M, Strnad M, Voller J. The plant hormone kinetin in disease therapy and healthy aging. Ageing research reviews. 2019;55:100958.Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Matejczyk M, Czerpak R. N6-benzyladenine and kinetin influence antioxidative stress parameters in human skin fibroblasts. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 2016;413(1-2):97-107.
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