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Cabral, Sandro, and Claude Ménard. "Managing critical services through hybrid arrangements." RAUSP Management Journal 54, no. 3 (2019): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rausp-03-2019-0037.
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Purpose Building on the literature of hybrids in the context of public organizations, this paper aims to discuss under which conditions hybrids can adequately provide “critical services”, a subset of public services characterized by their simultaneous exposure to externalities, socio-economic cohesion and legitimacy concerns. Design/methodology/approach The authors collect indications from two stylized examples, prisons and defense, to develop propositions as a step toward assessing the potential role of hybrids as alternatives to direct public provision or full privatization in the delivery of critical services. Findings This paper examines the conditions under which hybrid arrangements outperform the polar cases of public bureaus and full privatization in the delivery of a specific subset of public goods that the authors identify as “critical services”. Originality/value The authors suggest that there might be comparative advantages in relying on hybrid arrangements rather than the usual solutions of fully private or fully governmental provision. However, they also submit that these advantages are conditional to the capacity of hybrids to reconcile competing interests to achieve socio-economic cohesion, to combine capabilities dispersed among partners to benefit from positive externalities and to satisfy legitimacy concerns with respect to the role of government.
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Lavčák, Matúš, and Michal Puškár. "Aplikačné možnosti HCCI technológie." Technológ 15, no. 3 (2023): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/tech.c.2023.3.2.
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This text describes the current state of the art of HCCI technology, which is based on combining the characteristics of a petrol and diesel engine. HCCI engines offer higher fuel efficiency and lower nitrogen oxide emissions. However, they also have disadvantages such as limited load range, control complexity and cold weather starting problems. The next section of the text discusses hybrid propulsion, which uses a combination of an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. It describes the different types of hybrid powertrains such as soft hybrids, plug-in hybrids and full hybrids. Explains their advantages and possible applications. A solution is then proposed where the HCCI engine would serve as a generator in a series hybrid vehicle with an electric motor. Such an arrangement allows optimization of energy use and reduction of emissions. Finally, the relevance of HCCI technology for improving the efficiency of fuel engines and hybrid vehicle design is evaluated.
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Nguyen, VQ, WJ Ashcroft, KH Jones, and WB McGlasson. "Evaluation of Fsub(1) hybrids incorporating the rin (ripening inhibitor) gene to improve the storage life and fruit quality of fresh market tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 3 (1991): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910407.
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Four new F1 hybrids which incorporate the ripening inhibitor (rin) tomato mutation were compared with standard commercial tomato cultivars, including Flora-Dade, for the fresh market in New South Wales and Victoria. The rin gene, in the heterozygous condition, delayed the start of ripening by a few days, increased the interval between breaker and full ripe from 5 to 7 days compared with commercial cultivars, and increased the storage life of ripe fruits from 28 to 40 days at 20�C. There were no significant differences between the level of red colour developed by the rin hybrids and reference tomatoes; however, the rin hybrid fruits took 4 days longer to reach full red colour. The fruits of rin hybrid were as firm as the reference tomatoes when picked at breaker and stored at 20�C for 6 days. However, rin hybrid fruits were significantly (P<0.05) firmer than those of reference tomatoes when harvested at a full ripe stage. Of the 4 rin hybrids tested, HRAS 87-70, which showed the most promise, was released in February 1990 as 'Red Centre'.
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Linhartová, Z., M. Havelka, M. Pšenička, and M. Flajšhans. "Interspecific hybridization of sturgeon species affects differently their gonadal development." Czech Journal of Animal Science 63, No. 1 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/37/2016-cjas.
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Gonad development in fish is generally assumed to be negatively influenced by interspecific hybridization, resulting in sterility or sub-sterility. However, this is not the case in sturgeons (Acipenseridae), in which fertile hybrids are common. In the present study, we investigated gonad development in several sturgeon interspecific hybrids and purebred species. Six interspecific hybrid groups and three purebred groups were analyzed including 20 hybrid specimens with even ploidy, 40 specimens having odd ploidy levels, and 30 purebred specimens. Hybrids of species with the same ploidy (even ploidy – 2n, 4n) exhibited normally developed gonads similar to those seen in purebred specimens. In contrast, hybrids of species differing in ploidy (odd ploidy – 3n) did not display fully developed gonads. Ovaries were composed of oocytes or nests of differentiating oocytes that ceased development in early stages of meiosis (pachytene to zygotene) with a higher content of adipose and apoptotic tissue. Testes contained single spermatogonia along with Sertoli cells and spaces lacking germ cells. The obtained results showed that gonad development was influenced by genetic origin and ploidy of the sturgeon hybrids and were consistent with full fertility of hybrids with even ploidy. Sterility of females, but possibly limited fertility of males, is suggested for hybrids with odd ploidy.
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Виноградов, И. С., and Н. Н. Лазарев. "Full assessment of maize hybrids for silage production." Кормопроизводство, no. 1,2023 (February 25, 2023): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25685/krm.2023.83.41.001.
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В двухлетних исследованиях, выполненных в ООО «КВС РУС» (Лебедянский район Липецкой области) в 2021–2022 годах, проведена оценка продуктивности 17 гибридов кукурузы, скашиваемой на силос в фазу молочно-восковой и восковой спелости. Проведена оценка гибридов кукурузы по урожайности зелёной и сухой массы, сбору крахмала, концентрации чистой энергии лактации (ЧЭЛ), содержанию нейтрально-детергентной клетчатки (НДК), переваримости НДК за 30 часов, скорости переваривания НДК. Установлено, что у большинства гибридов к середине фазы молочно-восковой спелости зерна содержание сухого вещества (СВ) в надземной массе было выше 30%, что соответствует оптимальному значению для начала уборки на силос, однако содержание крахмала было ниже 30%, среднее содержание НДК — выше 40%, а среднее содержание ЧЭЛ — ниже 6,6 МДж, что указывает на преобладание листостебельной массы над массой початка. При уборке гибридов в фазу восковой спелости содержание крахмала в надземной массе 10 гибридов превысило 30%, однако при этом содержание СВ у 13 гибридов было выше 40%, что может негативно сказаться на процессах ферментации. При скашивании в фазу восковой спелости на фоне сниженной переваримости НДК за 30 часов, но большего содержания крахмала, средняя концентрация ЧЭЛ практически не изменилась. При этом наблюдалось снижение урожайности зелёной массы, а средний по всем гибридам сбор СВ, наоборот, возрос на 0,8 т/га. В среднем за 2 года сбор сухой массы у гибридов при использовании в фазу молочно-восковой спелости варьировался в пределах 11,9–13,5 т/га и в фазу восковой спелости — 12,6–14,3 т/га. Для оценки гибридов предложена 10-балльная шкала, которая учитывала десять показателей. Наивысшую оценку (9 баллов) получили гибриды SY Kar и K 57 при использовании в фазу молочно-восковой спелости. OOO “KVS RUS” (the Lebedyan district of the Lipetsk region) tested the productivity of 17 maize hybrids cut at the stages of milky-wax and wax ripeness for ensiling in 2021–2022. Such traits were analyzed as the productivities of green and dry masses, starch content, the concentrations of net energy of lactation (NEL) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), NDF digestibility for 30 hours and NDF digestion rate. Most hybrids accumulated over 30% of dry matter (DM) in tops by the middle of milky-wax stage indicating the optimal time for silage production, however the starch concentration was less than 30%, NDF — exceeded 40%, NEL — below 6.6 MJ, which shows the predominance of the leaf-and-shoot mass over the cob mass. Ten hybrids harvested at wax ripeness had starch concentration in tops of more than 30%, but 13 hybrids showed DM content of over 40% which could have had the negative effect on fermentation. NEL varied insignificantly when cutting plants at wax ripeness under low NDF digestibility for 30 hours and high starch content. Green mass productivity dropped but total DM yield grew by 0.8 t ha-1. Dry mass production amounted to 11.9–13.5 t ha-1 when cutting hybrids at milky-wax ripeness and 12.6–14.3 t ha-1 — under the wax ripeness stage. Ten-point scale proposed for hybrid evaluation took into account 10 hybrid traits. The SY Kar and K 57 hybrids received the highest score of 9 harvested at the stage of milky-wax ripeness.
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Djaman, Koffi, Curtis Owen, Margaret M. West, et al. "Relationship between Relative Maturity and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids in Northwest New Mexico for the 2003–2019 Period." Agriculture 10, no. 7 (2020): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070290.
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The highly variable weather under changing climate conditions affects the establishment and the cutoff of crop growing season and exposes crops to failure if producers choose non-adapted relative maturity that matches the characteristics of the crop growing season. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maize hybrid relative maturity and the grain yield and determine the relative maturity range that will sustain maize production in northwest New Mexico (NM). Different relative maturity maize hybrids were grown at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington ((Latitude 36.69° North, Longitude 108.31° West, elevation 1720 m) from 2003 to 2019 under sprinkler irrigation. A total of 343 hybrids were grouped as early and full season hybrids according to their relative maturity that ranged from 93 to 119 and 64 hybrids with unknown relative maturity. The crops were grown under optimal management condition with no stress of any kind. The results showed non-significant increase in grain yield in early season hybrids and non-significant decrease in grain yield with relative maturity in full season hybrids. The relative maturity range of 100–110 obtained reasonable high grain yields and could be considered under the northwestern New Mexico climatic conditions. However, more research should target the evaluation of different planting date coupled with plant population density to determine the planting window for the early season and full season hybrids for the production optimization and sustainability.
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Tupajić, Ivan, Đorđe Moravčević, Marija Ćosić, et al. "Effect of sowing date and irrigation norms on yield components of different sweet corn hybrids." Selekcija i semenarstvo 30, no. 2 (2024): 39–46. https://doi.org/10.5937/selsem2402039t.
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This experimental trial was conducted during the 2022/23 growing season in the Bresje village area near Velika Plana, on anthropogenized soil, using a randomized block design with four replications. Sowing was performed in two date: the first in mid-May and the second in mid-July. Three sweet corn hybrids (Enterprise F1 , Union F1 , and Sweet Nugget F1 ) were evaluated. Two irrigation norms were applied: I - full irrigation (100%), II - 50% of full irrigation, and a control treatment under natural moisture conditions. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of sowing date, irrigation, and different sweet corn hybrids on total ear weight, kernel weight and shelling percentage. The best results were achieved by the hybrid Enterprise in the second sowing period, with significantly higher values than in the first period (total ear weight 392.47 g and kernel weight 272.13 g) under full irrigation, except for the shelling percentage, where the highest shelling percentage was observed in the 50% irrigation treatment at 70.44%. The control variants in both sowing periods across all three hybrids showed the lowest values for all parameters. Values shelling percentage did not significantly differ between sowing dates for any hybrid. Based on these findings, the hybrid Enterprise is an excellent choice for sweet corn cultivation in late sowing dates under full irrigation.
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Thayer, M. J., and R. E. Fournier. "Hormonal regulation of TSE1-repressed genes: evidence for multiple genetic controls in extinction." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 7 (1989): 2837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.7.2837-2846.1989.
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Somatic cell hybrids formed by fusing hepatoma cells with fibroblasts generally fail to express liver functions, a phenomenon termed extinction. Previous studies demonstrated that extinction of the genes encoding tyrosine aminotransferase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and argininosuccinate synthetase is mediated by a specific genetic locus (TSE1) that maps to mouse chromosome 11 and human chromosome 17. In this report, we show that full repression of these genes requires a genetic factor in addition to TSE1. This conclusion is based on the observation that residual gene activity was apparent in monochromosomal hybrids retaining human TSE1 but not in complex hybrids retaining many fibroblast chromosomes. Furthermore, TSE1-repressed genes were hormone inducible, whereas fully extinguished genes were not. Analysis of hybrid segregants indicated that genetic loci required for the complete repression phenotype were distinct from TSE1.
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Thayer, M. J., and R. E. Fournier. "Hormonal regulation of TSE1-repressed genes: evidence for multiple genetic controls in extinction." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 7 (1989): 2837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.7.2837.
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Somatic cell hybrids formed by fusing hepatoma cells with fibroblasts generally fail to express liver functions, a phenomenon termed extinction. Previous studies demonstrated that extinction of the genes encoding tyrosine aminotransferase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and argininosuccinate synthetase is mediated by a specific genetic locus (TSE1) that maps to mouse chromosome 11 and human chromosome 17. In this report, we show that full repression of these genes requires a genetic factor in addition to TSE1. This conclusion is based on the observation that residual gene activity was apparent in monochromosomal hybrids retaining human TSE1 but not in complex hybrids retaining many fibroblast chromosomes. Furthermore, TSE1-repressed genes were hormone inducible, whereas fully extinguished genes were not. Analysis of hybrid segregants indicated that genetic loci required for the complete repression phenotype were distinct from TSE1.
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Miller, L. C., B. L. Vasilas, R. W. Taylor, T. A. Evans, and C. M. Gempesaw. "Plant population and hybrid considerations for dryland corn production on drought-susceptible soils." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (1995): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-014.
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Selection of a target population for dryland corn (Zea mays) production on drought-susceptible soils is a difficult decision, as a stand appropriate for drought conditions may not fully utilize the environment during a non-stress year. One possible management strategy is to use a low seeding rate and hybrids with ear characteristics that promote yield stability over a range of environments and plant populations. To evaluate this strategy, a 2-yr field study was conducted on a Rumford loamy sand. The performance of four hybrids — 1) full season, flexible ear; 2) short season, flexible ear; 3) full season, prolific; and 4) short season, prolific — was evaluated at four populations — 29 600, 39 500, 49 400, and 59 300 plants ha−1 — in two different growing seasons. Seasonal precipitation in 1988 was 14 cm below the average of 50 cm; 1989 seasonal precipitation was 37 cm above average. Average grain yields were 40% lower in 1988 than in 1989, and the yield loss was due primarily to a decrease in ear size. All hybrids demonstrated the ability to compensate for changes in population in 1988. Averaged across years, highest yields were produced with the two highest populations. The full-season, prolific hybrid was the most productive at every population. Key words: Maize, Zea mays, genotype × environment interactions, plant population, prolificacy, ear size
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Abd, H. S., Z. A. Abdulhamed, and M. A. Ghadir. "Estimation of Genetic Parameter by Using Full Diallel Cross in Maize under Different Irrigation Interval." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 904, no. 1 (2021): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/904/1/012054.
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Abstract The research was carried out with the aim of estimating the general and specific capabilities of the coalition and the genetic action of inbred lines of maize The field experiment was carried out in one of the agricultural fields of Al-Khalidiya District - Anbar Governorate - Iraq for the spring season 2019, five inbred lines AG116, AG-M20, MH17, MH121 and ZM4 were used for this study and entered into a full diallel-cross breeding program, and evaluate the behavior of these inbred lines and their diallel and reciprocal crosses according to the first Griffing method and the fixed model. A comparison experiment was carried out between parental inbred lines and diallel and reciprocal hybrids using the RCBD design in split-plot arrangement with three replications. Where the irrigation intervals 6 and 12 days allocated to the main plots, and genotypes (inbred lines and hybrids) allocated to the sub plots in order to estimate the general and specific combining ability of the studied traits. The results of the study indicated that there were significant differences between the parental inbred lines and their diallel and reciprocal hybrids in the general and specific combining abilities and their effects for most of the studied traits. The inbred ZM4 gave the highest negative combining ability to female flowering, which was −0.77 and −1.06 for 6 and 12-day irrigation intervals, respectively. While the MH121 inbred line with 6-day irrigation interval and ZM4 inbred line with 12-day irrigation interval were distinguished by giving it the highest positive and significant combining ability of grain yield, which amounted to 4.78 and 9.45, respectively. The specific combining ability of the hybrids was characterized by negative and positive values, the cross-hybrid AG116 × AGM20 with the irrigation interval of 6 days gave the highest positive and significant combining ability of 34.05. While the hybrid MH17 × ZM4 with an irrigation interval of 12 days was distinguished by giving it a positive combining ability of 7.12. As for the reciprocal hybrids, the reciprocal hybrid MH121 × AG116 with irrigation intervals of 6 and 12 days gave the highest positive and significant values of 48.74 and 25.76, respectively. The percentage of heritability in the broad sense was 99.8% in the leaf area of the 6-day irrigation interval, while with the 12-day irrigation interval it was 98.76% in the female flowering trait. Whereas, the percentages of heritability in the narrow sense reached 78% in the number of rows in ear with the irrigation interval of 6 days for the reciprocal hybrids, while it reached 78.91 in the reciprocal hybrids at the 12-day irrigation interval for female flowering.
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Kirsch, John A. W., Olivier Gauthier, Antoine Campeau-Péloquin, Mark D. B. Eldridge, and François-Joseph Lapointe. "Phylogeny of the rock wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). Part II: Detection of hybridisation among macropodines." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 1 (2010): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09017.
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Phylogenetic relationships among rock-wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia: Macropodidae), have proven difficult to resolve. Given the documented interspecific hybridisation in the wild and the ease with which hybrids can be bred in captivity, introgression and hybrid speciation are likely explanations for these difficulties. In this paper, an attempt is made at using a phylogenetic approach to identify Petrogale hybrids of known origin. The Hybrid Detection Criterion (HDC) test is applied to DNA–DNA hybridisation data for 15 full species, two natural yard-bred hybrids, and two artificial hybrids from the same pairs of parental species. While the yard-bred hybrids elude detection with this technique, the artificial hybrids, consisting of equimolar mixture of parental extracts, are easily identified. Moreover, splitsgraphs constructed from five pairs of natural and artificial hybrids, including those evaluated with HDC, and their parents show that, in all cases but one, these two kinds of hybrids do not group together. Because the HDC assumes an intermediate phylogenetic position of the hybrid between its postulated parents, it is likely that unequal crossing-over, or another recombination event, affects the results of the test. These conclusions cast some doubt on the possibility of accurately detecting Petrogale hybrids with a phylogenetic approach.
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Arlegui, Aitor, Pol Torres, Victor Cuesta, Joaquim Crusats, and Albert Moyano. "Chiral Amphiphilic Secondary Amine-Porphyrin Hybrids for Aqueous Organocatalysis." Molecules 25, no. 15 (2020): 3420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153420.
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Two chiral proline-derived amphiphilic 5-substituted-10,15,20-tris(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrins were prepared, and their pH-dependent supramolecular behavior was studied. In neutral aqueous solutions, the free-base form of the hybrids is highly soluble, allowing enamine-based organocatalysis to take place, whereas under acidic conditions, the porphyrinic protonated core of the hybrid leads to the formation of self-assembled structures, so that the hybrids flocculate and their catalytic activity is fully suppressed. The low degree of chirality transfer observed for aqueous Michael and aldol reactions strongly suggests that these reactions take place under true “in water” organocatalytic conditions. The highly insoluble catalyst aggregates can easily be separated from the reaction products by centrifugation of the acidic reaction mixtures, and after neutralization and desalting, the sodium salts of the sulfonated amine-porphyrin hybrids, retaining their full catalytic activity, can be recovered in high yield.
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Gustavsson, C. G. "Images of Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis hybrids – a photo documentation of some crosses with different Anser species." Ornis Svecica 19, no. 1 (2009): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v19.22662.
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This article presents full-body and close-up photographs of hybrids between Barnacle Goose and some Anser goose species. The second parent was in one case a Snow Goose, in five cases a Greylag Goose, in one case a domestic Swan Goose and in one case a Bar-headed Goose. Parentage is considered proven in the Snow Goose and the Greylag Goose hybrids. These hybrids are all rare. The number of individuals is in the magnitude of the estimated total Swedish populations and this is apparently the first report of a Barnacle Goose x domestic Swan Goose hybrid in Sweden. The bill colour pattern varied markedly between the five Greylag Goose hybrid siblings but little from one year to another. In the autumn, Greylag Goose hybrids and to some degree also the Swan Goose hybrid developed a transient white area of the front head next to the bill but a darker and browner colour of the pale cheek area. The various expressions of features inherited from the two parent species are exemplified in the Greylag Goose hybrids.
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Abdulhamed, Zeyad A., Baraa M. Abdulkareem, and Abdulsamad H. Noaman. "Role of Molecular Marker RAPD in Determining the Genetic Divergence between Hybrids and Inbreed Lines of Maize Using Full Diallel Cross." Sumer 3 8, CSS 3 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/css/2023.08.03.68.
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Field experiments were conducted during the spring and autumn seasons of 2021in farmer's fields on the right side of the Euphrates River – Ramadidistrict / the center of Anbar Governorate. In an entire reciprocal program, four inbreds of maize (Zm1, A119, Syn-33 and A105) were used and introduced to produce 12 single hybrids. The seeds of the parents and the resulting hybrids were planted according to randomized complete block design (RCBD)at four replications to estimate the heterosis. The reciprocal hybrid Syn-33 x A105 and the reverse hybrid Syn-33 x A105 were significantly superior. They gave the highest means of grain yield (215.78, 203.10 g), grain weight (99.74 and 98.56 g), number of grains in the ear (17.4 and 16.7 grains row-1 ) and heterosis (116.01 and 103.32%) in grain yield respectively. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique and 15 primers were used. The highest genetic divergence was 0.69 between Zm1 and Syn-33 inbreds, while the highest genetic divergence between inbreds and hybrids was 0.75 between Zm1 inbred and A105 x A119 hybrid. Keywords: Primer, Heterosis, Genetic, Polymorphic, RCR.
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Martinez-Boggio, Santiago, Javier Monsalve-Serrano, Antonio García, and Pedro Curto-Risso. "High Degree of Electrification in Heavy-Duty Vehicles." Energies 16, no. 8 (2023): 3565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083565.
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Because of the rising demand for CO2 emission limits and the high cost of fuel, the electrification of heavy-duty vehicles has become a hot topic. Manufacturers have tried a variety of designs to entice customers, but the outcomes vary depending on the application and availability of recharging. Without affecting vehicle range, plug-in hybrids provide a potential for the automobile industry to reach its CO2 reduction objectives. However, the actual CO2 emission reductions will largely rely on the energy source, user behavior, and vehicle design. This research compares a series plug-in hybrid medium-duty truck against two baselines: nonhybrid and pure electric commercial trucks. As well as evaluating and contrasting the different tools to quantify CO2 emissions, this manuscript offers fresh information on how to simulate various powertrain components used in electrified vehicles. According to the findings, plug-in hybrids with batteries larger than 50 kWh can reduce emissions by 30%, while still meeting the 2030 well-to-wheel CO2 regulations. The recommended battery size for plug-in hybrid is 100 kWh, and for electric vehicles it is 320 kWh. The range of a plug-in hybrid is 18% longer than that of nonhybrid, 6% longer than that of a full hybrid, and 76% longer than that of a pure electric powertrain with a fully charged battery.
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Al-asad, R. A. A., and K. D. Al-jebory. "DEVELOPMENT OF SINGLE CROSS HYBRIDS FROM Momordica charantia BY FULL DIALLEL CROSSES." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 52, no. 1 (2021): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i1.1239.
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A field experiment was carried out in the plastic houses , College of Agricultural Engineering Ssciences , University of Baghdad during the spring season 2018. Six inbred lines of bitter gourd were entered into full diallel crosses, and planted during 2018-2019 season (six inbred lines symbolized as 1,2,3,4,5,6 +15 diallel hybrid + 15 reciprocal hybrid + control hybrid) according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, each experimental unit occupied 6 plants. Results revealed a significant differences among the genotypes in most of studied traits, The reciprocal hybrid 5×4 gave the highest values in leaf chlorophyll content (27.61 mlg mg-1), sex ratio (0.611), fruit setting percent (85.74%), and plant yield (2.005 kg), while the diallel hybrid 1×4 gave the highest values in leaves area (1.172 m2), sex ratio (0.747), fruits number (23.16), and plant yield (2.023 kg plant-1), Also the hybrid 6×4 gave the highest value in plant yield (2.105 kg plant-1), and the hybrid 1×3 gave the highest value in total phenols concentration (5.67 mlg gm-1), and the hybrid 2×3 gave the highest value in fruits weight (105.58 gm), charantin concentration (0.616 gm). Furthermore, many of reversal and reciprocal hybrids showed a positive hybrid abundance in the desired direction among the studied parameters, The reciprocal hybrid 6×4 gave the highest hybrid abundance in fruit weight (59.17%) and plant yield (120.3%), also the hybrid 5×4 gave the highest hybrid abundance in plant yield (69.99%).
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Hall, Carrie M. "The impact of hybridization, engine combustion method, and energy management system connectivity on heavy-duty vehicle operation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 8 (2021): 2265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020983048.
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A wide range of strategies for reducing energy consumption from heavy-duty vehicles have been explored from vehicle electrification to real-time vehicle energy management based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. Full electrification of heavy-duty vehicles can be challenging due to current limitations on battery energy density. However, hybridization and the implementation of high efficiency engines present other potential near-term solutions. In contrast to many prior studies that have explored the use of one or two of these techniques, this work discusses the combined influence of hybridization level, engine combustion mode, and connected energy management on fuel efficiency in heavy-duty applications. The impact of hybridization in different driving conditions is quantified and the effectiveness of hybrid powertrain structures with different engine combustion strategies is also explored. Utilizing an alternative combustion strategy can improve fuel efficiency by 5% in conventional and mild hybrids but was found to have a more minimal impact in full hybrids. An additional layer of complexity is also introduced when vehicles have some degree of connectivity and this influence on the energy management method is investigated by comparing control approaches which leverage current and future vehicle speed information. Connectivity and the ability to optimize energy production in real-time was found to be essential in uncertain cases and enable improvements in fuel consumption of up to 12% over baseline cases.
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Naseeb, Samina, Federico Visinoni, Yue Hu, et al. "Restoring fertility in yeast hybrids: Breeding and quantitative genetics of beneficial traits." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 38 (2021): e2101242118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101242118.
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Hybrids between species can harbor a combination of beneficial traits from each parent and may exhibit hybrid vigor, more readily adapting to new harsher environments. Interspecies hybrids are also sterile and therefore an evolutionary dead end unless fertility is restored, usually via auto-polyploidisation events. In the Saccharomyces genus, hybrids are readily found in nature and in industrial settings, where they have adapted to severe fermentative conditions. Due to their hybrid sterility, the development of new commercial yeast strains has so far been primarily conducted via selection methods rather than via further breeding. In this study, we overcame infertility by creating tetraploid intermediates of Saccharomyces interspecies hybrids to allow continuous multigenerational breeding. We incorporated nuclear and mitochondrial genetic diversity within each parental species, allowing for quantitative genetic analysis of traits exhibited by the hybrids and for nuclear–mitochondrial interactions to be assessed. Using pooled F12 generation segregants of different hybrids with extreme phenotype distributions, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tolerance to high and low temperatures, high sugar concentration, high ethanol concentration, and acetic acid levels. We identified QTLs that are species specific, that are shared between species, as well as hybrid specific, in which the variants do not exhibit phenotypic differences in the original parental species. Moreover, we could distinguish between mitochondria-type–dependent and –independent traits. This study tackles the complexity of the genetic interactions and traits in hybrid species, bringing hybrids into the realm of full genetic analysis of diploid species, and paves the road for the biotechnological exploitation of yeast biodiversity.
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Neupane, Saraswati, Subash Subedi, Prazwal Neupane, and Ramesh Kumar Shrestha. "Screening of Maize Genotypes against Maize Leaf Aphid [Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)] under Field Condition at Chitwan, Nepal." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 8 (May 9, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v8i.44806.
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Thirty maize genotypes including five hybrids, eight quality protein (QPM) and seventeen full season open pollinated (OP) were screened for their resistance against maize leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch) at the research field of National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during the year 2019 and 2020. The design of the experiment was randomized incomplete block with three replications. The plot size was 2 rows of 5 m long with the spacing of 60 cm × 25 cm. The recommended dose of fertilizer for full season OP and QPM were 120:60:40 and for hybrid maize 180:60:40 N: P2O5:K2O kg/ha with farmyard manure 10 t/ha and seed rate was 20 kg/ha. Data on aphid incidence, severity, yield and yield components were recorded. Maize hybrids RML-95/RML-96 (18%) and Rampur Hybrid-10 (22%), two quality protein maize (QPM) S00TLYQ-AB (22%) and S99TLYQ-A (23%) and two full season OP genotypes TLBRS07F16 (24%) and ZM 627 (26%) were less susceptible to aphid infestation and resulted in higher grain yield. The findings could aid in the selection of maize genotypes for the development of aphid resistant and high-yielding maize varieties.
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Pignatta, Gloria, and Navid Balazadeh. "Hybrid Vehicles as a Transition for Full E-Mobility Achievement in Positive Energy Districts: A Comparative Assessment of Real-Driving Emissions." Energies 15, no. 8 (2022): 2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082760.
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Air pollution is a major concern, particularly in developing countries. Road transport and mobile sources are considered the root causes of air pollutants. With the implementation of zero-carbon and zero-energy concepts at the district scale, cities can make great strides towards sustainable development. Urban planning schemes are moving from mere building solutions to the larger positive energy district (PED) scale. Alongside other technology systems in PEDs, increased uptake of electro-mobility solutions can play an important role in CO2 mitigation at the district level. This paper aims to quantify the exhaust emissions of six conventional and two fully hybrid vehicles using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) in real driving conditions. The fuel consumption and exhaust pollutants of the conventional and hybrid vehicles were compared in four different urban and highway driving routes during autumn 2019 in Iran. The results showed that hybrid vehicles presented lower fuel consumption and produced relatively lower exhaust emissions. The conventional group’s fuel consumption (CO2 emissions) was 11%, 41% higher than that of the hybrids. In addition, the hybrid vehicles showed much better fuel economy in urban routes, which is beneficial for PEDs. Micro-trip analysis showed that although conventional vehicles emitted more CO2 at lower speeds, the hybrids showed a lower amount of CO2. Moreover, in conventional vehicles, NOx emissions showed an increasing trend with vehicle speed, while no decisive trend was found for NOx emissions versus vehicle speed in hybrid vehicles.
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Mannie, M. D., P. Y. Paterson, D. W. Thomas, and R. Nairn. "Distinct accessory cell requirements define two types of rat T cell hybridomas specific for unique determinants in the encephalitogenic 68-86 region of myelin basic protein." Journal of Immunology 144, no. 2 (1990): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.144.2.440.
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Abstract Six clonotypically unique T cell hybridomas from Lewis rats were used to study accessory cell activities required for class II MHC restricted T cell responses to the 68-86 encephalitogenic sequence of myelin basic protein (MBP). T cell hybrids which were cultured with GP68-86 68-86 sequence of guinea pig MBP (GPMBP) and naive splenocytes (SPL) were induced to produce IL-2 as measured by the CTLL indicator cell line. The hybrids were categorized into two subsets (designated THYB-1 and THYB-2), because two distinct subset-specific pathways of communication between accessory cells and T cells were involved in GPMBP-induced IL-2 production. These pathways were distinguished by the following six observations. First, when the duration of a pulse of SPL with GPMBP was lengthened from 1 to 4 h, these SPL lost their ability to induce IL-2 production by THYB-2 hybrids yet nevertheless retained full stimulatory activity for THYB-1 hybrids. Second, paraformaldehyde fixation of GPMBP-pulsed SPL abrogated an activity necessary for Ag-induced IL-2 production by THYB-2 hybrids. These fixed SPL were nevertheless able to stimulate THYB-1 hybrids, albeit to a lesser extent than viable unfixed SPL. Third, the addition of either cycloheximide, cytochalasin B, or 2-deoxyglucose to an Ag pulse of SPL with GPMBP dramatically inhibited the subsequent responses of THYB-2 hybrids yet had little or no effect upon the reactivity of THYB-1 hybrids. Fourth, thymocytes lacked necessary activities for GPMBP evoked IL-2 production by THYB-2 hybrids yet strongly promoted THYB-1 hybrid responses. Fifth, exposure of SPL to as little as 500 rad of gamma-irradiation markedly attenuated THYB-2 hybrid response to GPMBP but did not affect THYB-1 responses. Sixth, anti-GPMBP responses by THYB-2 hybrids were observed only in the presence of both radioresistant adherent SPL and a distinct population of radiosensitive nonadherent SPL. Conversely, THYB-1 hybrids exhibited full reactivity to GPMBP in the presence of adherent radioresistant SPL. Together, these observations reveal that two distinct accessory cell-T cell pathways mediate immune recognition of the 68-86 encephalitogenic region of MBP. Furthermore, these results indicate that subsets of Th cells can be defined by the accessory cell type-specific interactions that are necessary for Ag-mediated responses.
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Insuasty, Daniel, Oscar Vidal, Anthony Bernal, et al. "Antimicrobial Activity of Quinoline-Based Hydroxyimidazolium Hybrids." Antibiotics 8, no. 4 (2019): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040239.
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Eight quinoline-based hydroxyimidazolium hybrids 7a–h were prepared and evaluated in vitro against a panel of clinically important fungal and bacterial pathogens, including mycobacteria. Hybrid compounds 7c–d showed remarkable antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 15.6 µg/mL. Against other opportunistic fungi such as Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp., these hybrids showed MIC values of 62.5 µg/mL. Regarding their antibacterial activity, all the synthetic hybrids demonstrated little inhibition of Gram-negative bacteria (MIC ≥50 µg/mL), however, hybrid 7b displayed >50% inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae at 20 µg/mL and full inhibition at 50 µg/mL. Moreover, this hybrid was shown to be a potent anti-staphylococcal molecule, with a MIC value of 2 µg/mL (5 µM). In addition, hybrid 7h also demonstrated inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus at 20 µg/mL (47 µM). Hybrids 7a and 7b were the most potent against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC values of 20 and 10 µg/mL (46 and 24 µM), respectively. The 7b hybrid demonstrated high selectivity in killing S. aureus and M. tuberculosis H37Rv in comparison with mammalian cells (SI >20), and thus it can be considered a hit molecule for mechanism of action studies and the exploration of related chemical space.
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Sousa, Ricardo Silva de, Edson Alves Bastos, Milton José Cardoso, and Diléia Rocha Pereira. "Identification of drought-tolerant corn genotypes by multivariate analysis1." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 48, no. 3 (2018): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632018v4852122.
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ABSTRACT The identification of genotypes that are tolerant to water deficit is crucial for the maintenance of the agricultural production. This study aimed to evaluate the genotypic variation for drought tolerance among corn genotypes by means of multivariate analysis, as well as to identify hybrids with high grain yield under conditions of water deficit and full irrigation. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with 36 corn hybrids, being 34 experimental elite and two commercial (controls) hybrids, under water deficit and full irrigation, during the reproductive stage, with four replications. The irrigation levels, added to the rainfall, totaled 691.6 mm under full irrigation and 490.8 mm under water deficit. The evaluation encompassed the leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content, interval between male and female flowering, number of rows per ear, number of grains per ear, ear length, 100-grain weight, ear yield, ear index, total number of grains, number of ears per m2, grain yield at 13 % of moisture and water-use efficiency. The evaluated hybrids showed useful genetic diversity for drought tolerance. Four experimental elite hybrids (3G7395, 3G7415, 1G7034 and 3G7335) stood out under water deficit, showing a high grain yield performance, if compared to the average of the control hybrids.
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Alba, V., G. B. Polignano, C. Montemurro, et al. "Similarity Patterns and Stability of Environmental Response in Sunflower Hybrids." International Journal of Agronomy 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/637928.
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The rationale for the following research was to analyse the response of sunflower hybrids to different sowing dates and to evaluate hybrid response to critical environmental conditions. The data used are from an experiment conducted in a location-year combination over a period of two years (2007–09) in southern Italy. Eleven hybrids were tested following a randomized complete block design with three replications at each location-year combination. Eight agronomic characters including seed oil content were recorded. Classification and ordination procedures were used to investigate hybrid performance in relation to three different sowing dates. Combined analysis of variance showed that hybrids, location-year combination, sowing date and their interactions were highly significant for all characters. Hybrid performances were classified by cluster analysis into groups that were differentiable in terms of means and stability. The first three components accounted for 74%, 82%, and 87% of the total variation for the first, second and third sowing date respectively. Plotting component one against component two along Euclidean axes should therefore provide a reasonable representation of the spatial arrangements of hybrid performances in the original multi-dimensional space. The applied statistical method gives full information on hybrid performances similarity.
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Bouchetat, Fawzia, and Mebrouk Benmoussa. "Evaluation of combining abilities and heterosis effect for a better selection of hybrid barley." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 13, no. 2 (2022): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v13i2.2884.
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Heterosis effect and the combining ability are two main indices of hybrids performance. Predicting hybrid performance and heterosis effect is an important approach in the breeding of hybrid barley. In order to i) combine the local and introduced genetic material; ii) study the combining abilities of parents and hybrids; and iii) analyze the relationships between the heterosis effect, the combining ability and the performance of hybrids, the present research has been initiated. In this study, five cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were crossed according to a full diallel plan comprising P² combinations. The twenty hybrids F2 were assessed by the general combining ability analysis (GCA); by the specific combining ability (SCA) as well as by the calculation of the heterosis effect of six agronomic characters, namely, the weight of the spike (WE), the number of grains per spike (NGE), the weight of a thousand grains (WTG), plant earliness at flowering (PRF), plant harvest index (IR) and plant productivity (P P). The results indicate that GCA for all parameters was significant except for the WE trait while SCA was significant for three of the six traits studied: WTG, IR and PRO. The GCA/SCA ratio revealed that non-additive effects were the main effect on traits assessed in the hybrids F2. Heterosis was significantly correlated with SCA for all traits tested, indicating that non-additive effects were the main effect of heterosis. Hybrids from two parents with a high GCA have consistently shown better SCA and better hybrid performance. Indeed, the selection of parents should be mainly based on their GCA.
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Obidjanov, D. А., J. B. Agzamhodjayev, and Sh Xazratqulov. "THE TRANSITION PERIODS OF PHENOLOGICAL PHASES AND YIELD INDICATORS IN NEW DEVELOPED LEMON VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS." American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering 5, no. 10 (2023): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/volume05issue10-04.
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In this article, the transition periods of phenological phases and yield indicators in lemon varieties and hybrids are studied. During research, the beginning of bud opening of lemon varieties was observed from February 23 (Meyer). Flowering in the varieties began on March 11, in the first-fruits of Uzbekistan and the yielding variety of Uzbekistan. Average duration of flowering in varieties was 41 days. The second growth period of shoots (16/V-30/V) began, the duration of which was 26-36 days. The beginning of fruit ripening in varieties and hybrids of lemon was determined on October 14 in the first variety of Uzbekistan and hybrid No. 34-85. For the first time, full ripening of fruits was found in hybrid No. 34-85 (4/X1).
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Tarrús Castellà, Jaume. "Heavy hybrids and tetraquarks in effective field theory." EPJ Web of Conferences 202 (2019): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920201005.
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We report on an effective field theory (EFT) description of exotic quarkonia as bound states on the spectrum of hybrid and tetraquarks static energies. We provide expressions for hybrid and tetraquarks static energies in terms of Wilson loops. The former have been computed in quenched lattice calculations but the latter are yet unavailable. From the few simulations with dynamical light-quarks we argue that the overall picture from hybrid static energies does not change but additional states, such as heavy meson pairs, need to be considered for a full description. In this EFT framework for quarkonium hybrids, we report on recent results for mixing with standard quarkonium, spin-dependent contributions, and semi-inclusive decays.
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Ernst, S. G., J. W. Hanover, and D. E. Keathley. "Assessment of natural interspecific hybridization of blue and Engelmann spruce in southwestern Colorado." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 7 (1990): 1489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-189.
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In a partial diallel mating design among 20 blue and 20 Engelmann spruce parents, the interspecific crosses were successful only with Engelmann spruce as the female parent. No viable seed were obtained from the reciprocal cross among the 60 full-sib families attempted. Under the conditions of artificial pollination and a controlled germination environment, an average of 0.3% of the seed germinated on a total seed basis across all 20 Engelmann spruce females. Many abnormalities were observed among the germinating hybrid seed, suggesting hybrid inviability also contributes to the low crossability between these two species. Isozyme analysis was used to confirm the interspecific hybrids between blue and Engelmann spruce based on the unique genotypic compositions of the hybrids relative to the two species. No natural F1 hybrids between blue and Engelmann spruce were observed in this study based on isozyme analysis of mature individuals or their seedling progeny. Analyses included samples of open-pollinated seed from blue and Engelmann spruce females located in an area where both species are present in close proximity, often side-by-side, and where pollen shed and female strobilus receptivity in the two species are coincident. In addition, there was evidence of possible gametic selection or hybrid inviability among the full-sib progeny based on deviations of observed from expected segregation ratios for progeny isozyme genotypes. Deviations tended to favor the allele more common to both species rather than the allele unique or more common to only one species. Also, the elevationally allopatric blue and Engelmann spruce subpopulations were less divergent genetically than the sympatric subpopulations.
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Coutinho, Pablo Wenderson Ribeiro, Márcia De Moraes Echer, Vandeir Francisco Guimarães, et al. "PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY OF TOMATO PLANTS SUBMITTED TO CALCIUM SILICATE APPLICATION." JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE 7, no. 4 (2020): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v7i4.4495.
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The objective was to evaluate the effect of calcium silicate on the chlorophyll content and gas exchange of two tomato hybrids. The design used was in randomized blocks in a 2x5 factorial scheme, with four replications. The first factor was composed of two tomato hybrids: Ivety and Natália, and the second factor was composed of five doses of calcium silicate (0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 kg ha-1), applied to the substrate before planting the seedlings. Gas exchange: net CO2 assimilation rate (A), leaf transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), water-use efficiency (WUE), intrinsic efficiency water use (iWUE), and instant carboxylation efficiency (ACi); SPAD index and the levels of chlorophylls a, b, and total were evaluated. The analyzes were performed in the stages of first flowering (17 days after transplanting - DAT), full flowering (58 DAT), and full fruiting (78 DAT). At 17 DAT, no difference was observed for gas exchange variables and photosynthetic pigments. The application of calcium silicate reduced gas exchange and photosynthetic pigments at 58 DAT. The hybrid Natália had the highest A, WUE, iWUE, and ACi at 78 DAT. However, the hybrid Ivety in the same growth stage, in full fruiting, was superior only for the internal concentration of CO2 and SPAD index, with no difference for photosynthetic pigments.
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Mattera, Robert, Thomas Molnar, and Lena Struwe. "Cornus × elwinortonii and Cornus × rutgersensis (Cornaceae), new names for two artificially produced hybrids of big-bracted dogwoods." PhytoKeys 55 (August 5, 2015): 93–111. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.9112.
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Big-bracted dogwoods (Cornus sp.) are well-known plants in North America and eastern Asia where they occur as wild, generally spring-flowering understory trees. They are also popular ornamental landscape plants, and many economically important cultivars are propagated and sold across North America, Europe, and Asia. Starting in the late 1960s, Elwin Orton of Rutgers University in New Jersey (USA) utilized three geographically disjunct species of dogwoods, C. florida (eastern North America), C. nuttallii (western North America), and C. kousa (East Asia), in an extensive interspecific hybridization program. He was successful in developing the first-ever interspecific F<sub>1</sub> hybrids of these species, several of which have become staple items in the ornamental nursery trade due to their enhanced ornamental qualities and resistance to diseases. The original F<sub>1</sub> plants are still alive at Rutgers University. While they have been available for decades in horticultural commerce, the interspecific hybrid crosses were never formally described and their scientific hybrid names were never published. For the C. kousa × C. florida hybrids, the name Cornus 'rutgersensis' has been used on occasion in the horticultural trade, but without proper citation and description. Here, it is formally named Cornus × rutgersensis Mattera, T. Molnar, & Struwe, hybr. nov. For the C. kousa × C. nuttallii hybrids, no previous name has been used, and it is hereby named Cornus × elwinortonii Mattera, T. Molnar, & Struwe, hybr. nov. The need for providing scientific names for commonly used horticultural hybrids is discussed. Holotype material for both hybrid names was collected from the original F<sub>1</sub> hybrids for full documentation, typification, and description. The comparative intermediate development of leaves, inflorescence structures, and fruit types of the hybrids and their parents is discussed and illustrated. Etymology, phenology, and cultivation aspects of these hybrids and their cultivars including backcrosses to C. kousa are also presented.
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Slavskiy, Vasiliy, and Galina Slavskaya. "Interspecific hybridization of nuts of the genus Juglans in the Voronezh region." Forestry Engineering Journal 14, no. 2 (2024): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2024.2/6.
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The expanding the range of tree species suitable for various forest growing purposes should be carried out through the breeding and selection of new forms and hybrids that are not only highly resistant, but also exhibit heterotic qualities that are not characteristic of local species. Consequently, for the full cultivation of plants of the genus Juglans in the Voronezh region, it is necessary to develop selection methods, including hybridization. The main goal of the work is to study interspecific hybrids of nuts of the genus Juglans and evaluate their adaptive, somatic and reproductive properties to identify and select stable, high-yielding, adaptive forms with fruits of a given quality. The authors carried out interspecific hybridization by artificial pollination of the best forms of walnut – J. regia (L.), Manchurian walnut – J. manshurica (Max.), black walnut – J. nigra (L.) and gray walnut – J. cinerea (L.), used as pollinators, as well as the heartnut – J. cordiformis (Max.), used as a mother plant. From the resulting interspecific hybrids, an experimental object was created, on which observations were carried out for 12 years. When assessing hybrids for vigor and growth energy, true somatic heterosis was revealed in hybrids J. cordiformis × J. cinerea, which at the age of 10 years outgrow both parental species by an average of 30%. This is confirmed by statistically significant differences between the values of the compared indicators (at a probability level of 0.95) – t = 4.08 (gray walnut) and 6.78 (heartnut). The hybrid variant also has a high adaptive potential (AP = 3.12), which allows it to fully compete with native breeds. No have been identified hybrids that have fruits of acceptable quality and at the same time have high adaptive potential. Based on the results obtained, hybrid forms of J. cordiformis × J. cinerea may be included in the expanded range of tree species suitable for creating forest crops and protective afforestation in the Voronezh region.
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Carlos, L. D., R. A. Sá Ferreira, I. Orion, V. de Zea Bermudez, and J. Rocha. "Sol–gel derived nanocomposite hybrids for full colour displays." Journal of Luminescence 87-89 (May 2000): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2313(99)00366-x.
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Marshall Graves, Jennifer A., and Iole Barbieri. "Chromosome segregation from cell hybrids. VII. Reverse segregation from karyoplast hybrids suggests control by cytoplasmic factors." Genome 35, no. 3 (1992): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-079.
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Using human and Chinese hamster established lines as cell parents, we constructed hamster–human cell hybrids and human cell – hamster karyoplast hybrids. The cell hybrids retained one or two sets of hamster chromosomes and lost most of the human chromosomes. The karyoplast hybrids, however, retained a full set of human chromosomes and lost most of the Chinese hamster chromosomes. This reverse segregation pattern implies that cytoplasmic factors are major determinants of the direction of chromosome segregation.Key words: cell hybrids, chromosome loss, cytoplasmic factors, reverse segregation.
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Rich, Tim. "Names and descriptions of two hybrid scurvygrasses (<i>Cochlearia</i>; Brassicaceae)." British & Irish Botany 6, no. 1 (2024): 71–77. https://doi.org/10.33928/bib.2024.06.071.
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Binomials are provided for two Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) hybrids: C. danica × C. officinalis = C. × stacei T.C.G.Rich and C. atlantica × C. danica = C. × occidentalis T.C.G.Rich. Full descriptions are given together with pointers to differentiate between the two hybrids.
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De León, Humberto, Ernestor Ramírez, Gaspar Martínez, Arnoldo Oyervides, and Alfredo De la Rosa. "Evaluación de diversos patrones heteróticos en la formación de híbridos de maíz para el bajío mexicano." Agronomía Mesoamericana 10, no. 2 (2006): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v10i2.17932.
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This research was carried out to evaluate and characterize several heterotic patterns as a breeding strategy for developing hybrids for the Bajio region in Mexico. It was based on the performance of the crosses made, in the estimation of the type of gene action within each heterotic pattern, and the proportion of high yielding hybrids for intermediate or middle-altitude regions of Mexico. The genetic material evaluated included three heterotic groups: Tropical x Bajio (TxB); Dwarf x Normal (DxN), and Early x Late (ExL), with 20 hybrids each one and two commercial controls recommended for the region. Hybrids were developed using a nested mating design, where each of five males was crossed with four females. Hybrids were considered as full-sibs, and then, utilized for the genetic characterization of the groups or heterotic patterns. Data were recorded for ear yield at 15,5% moisture content, days to anthesis, days to silking and plant height. Hybrid evaluation was conducted in two representative locations of middle-altitude (1100 to 1900 masl) regions during the spring-summer season of 1995 at Celaya, Gto.and Sandia el Grande, N.L. Results showed that the ExL pattern produced hybrids having the best agronomic traits and the highest genetic variance. Due to the intrinsic asynchrony difficulties it was concluded that the DxL pattern was the best strategy for developing hybrids for the middlealtitude regions of Mexico.
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Panchenko, Olga, and Tetiana Markina. "THE LEVEL OF HETEROSIS AND THE DEGREE OF PHENOTYPIC DOMINANCE OF THE MAIN ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE CHARACTERISTICS IN F1 HYBRIDS OF THE SILKWORM (BOMBYX MORI L.)." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 128 (2022): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2022-128-162-172.
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There were presented the results of heterosis level (hypothetical and true) and the degree of phenotypic dominance of the main economically valuable characteristics in hybrids of silkworm Bombyx Mori L. of the first generation. The crossing was conducted by full diallel scheme, including 16 variants (12 hybrids and 4 parental forms), 50 mg in triplicate replications. There were studied the types of heredity and the level of heterosis of the main economically valuable characteristics in F1 hybrids of silkworms. It was revealed that the heredity of caterpillars viability, average cocoon weight and male silkiness was mostly positive as regards to G2, G4, G6 and G7 lines, while the heredity of females was mostly depressed (negative superdominance). Determination of the effect of heterosis and the degree of phenotypic dominance made it possible to identify 7 best combinations in terms of caterpillar viability in comparison with parental forms, among them the best were hybrids G2×G6 and G6×G2 with high degree of phenotypic dominance (positive superdominance) -- 7.8 and 9.0, with hypothetical heterosis of 11.0% and 12.7% and true heterosis of 9.4% and 11.1% accordingly. The effect of heterosis (positive superdominance) was found in 8 hybrids according to cocoon weight out of 12 hybrid combinations, partial positive inheritance in 3 hybrids, and intermediate type of dominance in 1 hybrid. The hybrids G6×G4 (Ht=9.00 %, Hbt=8.30 %) and G6×G7 (Ht=1.68 %, Hbt=1.43 %), whose heredity was of the positive superdominance type, were distinguished by female silkiness with a high level of hypothetic and true heterosis (13, 92 and 6.80, accordingly), while hybrid depression was observed in 5 combinations, intermediate heredity in 3, and partial positive and negative dominance in one combination each. The 9 hybrids had positive overdominance type heredity for silkiness in males. Production of high-quality silkworm biomaterial contributes to extension of possibilities of its use in various spheres of human activity.
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Valle, Karine, Franck Pereira, Frederic Rambaud, Philippe Belleville, Christel Laberty, and Clément Sanchez. "Hybrid Membranes for Proton Exchange Fuel Cell." Advances in Science and Technology 72 (October 2010): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.72.265.
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Fuel cell technology has merged in recent years as a keystone for future energy supply. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of the most promising projects of this energy technology program; the PEMFC is made of a conducting polymer that usually operates at temperatures in the range 20-80°C. In order to reach high energy consumption application like transportation, the using temperatures need to be increased above 100°C. Sol-gel organic/inorganic hybrids have been evaluated as materials for membranes to full file the high temperature using requirement. These new materials for membrane need to retain water content and therefore proton conductivity property with using temperature and time. The membranes also need to be chemical-resistant to strong acidic conditions and to keep their mechanical properties regarding stacking requirements. In order to! answer all these specifications, the proposed hybrid membranes are based on nanoporous inorganic phase embedded in an organic polymer in which chemical grafting and conductivity network microstructure are optimized to preserve both water-uptake and proton conductivity at higher temperatures. Such very promising results on these new hybrids are presented and discussed regarding electrochemical properties/microstructure
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CIPCIGAN, Mihaiela CORNEA, and Doru PAMFIL. "Expression Effects of CHI and CHS Genes and Colchicine Treatment in Yellow Flowered Cyclamen: a Review." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 76, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2019.0003.
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Nowadays, the field of entirely artificial hybrids raises ethical problems in the animal world and to a lesser amount in plants. Throughout the years, yellow Cyclamen has been particularly important for both breeders and passionate growers as being a peculiar color for this species. The possibility to artificially induce hybrids between species that can never normally cross it’s now achievable. This paper describes the possibility of obtaining high ornamental yellow flowered cyclamen, through chromosome doubling. The pollen and seed sterility can be overcome by doubling the chromosomes. In this sense, there are two full sets from each parent, resulting in a fertile hybrid, by introducing the in vitro culture into colchicine supplemented medium.
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Armashova-Telnik, G. S., and T. A. Bobovich. "Features of designing scenarios for the development of hybrid technologies in the Russian and foreign automotive industry." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 84, no. 3 (2023): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2022-3-296-302.
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The relevance of the development of hybrid electric vehicle technology in the automotive industry lies in its diversity. Various degrees of hybridization allow you to get bonuses for both conventional cars with an internal combustion engine and pure electric vehicles, while controlling the level of electrification of your cars, from soft hybrids close to cars with only an internal combustion engine to plug-in hybrids more similar to pure electric vehicles. Depending on the policy of the automaker and the requirements of the market, it is possible to use various designs, including those based on existing developments. The article analyzes the modern automotive market in Russia and the share of cars with hybrid technology in it. A comparison of the development of hybrid technology in modern automotive construction of Russian and foreign automakers is made. The specificity of designing scenarios for the development of hybrid technologies in the Russian and foreign automotive industries is reflected in the very process of using hybrid technology in the models of foreign automakers. Thus, the use of mild hybrid technology is mainly used by automakers with the aim of a smooth transition to more electrified versions, the design and implementation of mild hybrid technology is used by automakers to improve the environmental parameters of their cars while maintaining dynamic performance or to increase the latter. Full hybridization technology can also be used as a transitional for full electrification of models, however, it is mainly used in electric vehicles aimed at a hybrid device. Sequential hybridization technology has not been widely used in passenger cars.
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Thangamani, C., L. Pugalendhi, T. Sumathi, and C. Kavitha. "Evaluation of F1 Hybrids in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for Yield and Quality." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 6, no. 2 (2011): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v6i2.414.
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To study the combining ability and heterosis for yield and quality characters, full diallel analysis was carried out in bitter gourd during January - April 2008 (Thai pattam), with 10 diversified parents, at Research Farm, Horticultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore. Parental mean and gca effects revealed that the parents Preethi, CO-1, MC-30, Uchha Bolder, Green Long and MC-105 were the best genotypes for improvement of yield, combined with quality characters. Hybrids, viz., Preethi x MC-30, KR x USL, MC-105 x MC-10 and Priyanka x CO-1 registered favourable values for mean, significant sca and standard heterosis for yield and quality parameters. Hence, these hybrids are recommended for commercial exploitation of heterosis. Comparison of parental gca and sca of hybrids revealed that hybridization between good x good, good x poor, medium x poor and poor x good combiners gave rise to hybrids with significant sca effects. Considering the mean performance, sca and standard heterosis, hybrid 'Preethi x MC-30' registered favourable values for the most important characters like earliness, number of fruits, fruit yield and quality. Top performing F1 hybrids can be tested over seasons and locations for assessing stability for high yield and quality.
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Thomas, H., and M. O. Humphreys. "Progress and potential of interspecific hybrids of Lolium and Festuca." Journal of Agricultural Science 117, no. 1 (1991): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600078916.
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SUMMARYThe Lolium-Festuca complex of related species provides a wide range of variation for the development of versatile grasses adapted to meet the changing requirements of livestock farming. Various approaches have been used in order to harness the full potential of this variation. Tetraploid hybrids between the two ryegrass species L. perenne and L. multiflorum have resulted in stable and successful commercial varieties. Hybrids between more distantly related ryegrass and fescue species have demonstrated useful combinations of traits from both parents. Chromosome doubling is necessary in these hybrids to restore fertility in synthetic amphiploids. However, genetic instability can still be a problem and research is in progress to obtain tighter control of chromosome pairing. An alternative approach is to introduce a few specific traits from fescues into ryegrasses, or vice versa, using introgressive breeding procedures. This review outlines the progress already achieved in exploiting the ryegrass–fescue complex by using these various approaches and assesses the potential of hybrid derivatives.
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Noor, Mohamed A. F., Pawel Michalak, and David Donze. "Characterization of a Male-Predominant Antisense Transcript Underexpressed in Hybrids ofDrosophila pseudoobscuraandD. persimilis." Genetics 165, no. 4 (2003): 1823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/165.4.1823.
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AbstractCharacterizing genes that are misregulated in hybrids may elucidate the genetic basis of hybrid sterility or other hybrid dysfunctions that contribute to speciation. Previously, a small segment of a male-predominant transcript that is underexpressed in adult male hybrids of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis relative to pure species was identified in a differential display screen. Here, we obtained the full sequence of this 1330-bp transcript and determined that it is an antisense message with high sequence similarity to the D. melanogaster TRAP100 gene, part of the Mediator protein complex that regulates transcriptional initiation during development. Both the sense and the antisense messages are transcribed in D. pseudoobscura, but only the sense message (TRAP100) is transcribed in D. melanogaster complex species. Unlike the antisense message, the sense message is transcribed similarly in D. pseudoobscura males and females and in hybrids of D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. The high sequence similarity between distantly related species suggests that the sense message is functionally constrained within the genus. We speculate that the antisense transcript may have evolved a role in male-specific post-transcriptional regulation of TRAP100 in the D. pseudoobscura lineage and that its underexpression in sterile hybrid males may cause an overproduction of TRAP100 protein, possibly yielding deleterious effects.
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Obruchkov, A. Yu. "NEW PARTHENOCARPIC CUCUMBER HYBRIDS TOLERANT TO DOWNY MILDEW." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 5 (December 4, 2018): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-5-95-97.
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Research work was carried out in the State University "Transnistrian Research Institute of agriculture" in film greenhouses (spring-summer and summer turnover) and in the open field on the trellis. The aim of the work is to study the source material and create promising lines of cucumber with high parthenocarpic ability, yield and resistance to downy mildew to obtain on their basis heterosis hybrids of cucumber of universal type for various crop rotations. To achieve this goal in 2013-2017 the following tasks were identified: to study the collection samples and to identify the most resistant to downy mildew; to evaluate the source material and select the stable forms; to study the combinational ability of the main features and properties of the parent forms of cucumber hybrids (parthenocarpy, yield, disease resistance); to study the variability and inheritance of the main useful features and properties; to test promising cucumber hybrids for economically valuable traits and properties. The standards were hybrids Enthusiasm (selection RF) and Claudia (Dutch selection). In order to create a source material of parthenocarpic hybrids of cucumber resistant to peronosporosis, 20 samples of breeding material from different countries of origin were studied in the closed and open ground. Four maternal and six paternal forms, as well as eighteen large-humped hybrid combinations were evaluated by the topcross method according to the complex of economically valuable traits and properties. And full diallele the scheme of the seven lines and forty-two tuberculate hybrid combinations. The regularities of variability and signs manifestation in the first generation of hybrids are studied. Given information about the inheritance of the trait of resistance to downy mildew is a promising parthenocarpic hybrid combinations of cucumber created in the Transnistrian agricultural research Institute. Highlighted is sixty-six hybrid combinations of cucumber. Three samples that showed high resistance to downy mildew, was submitted to the State varietal Inspectorate of the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria under the name Condor, Orlan and Shegol.
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Muratov, Muratov A., M. Zh Israilov, G. A. Muratov, and S. G. Boboev. "CROSS BETWEEN SYNTHETIC AMPHIDIPLOIDS OF THE HOPPER (GOSSIPY L.) AND THEIR CYTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS." EurasianUnionScientists 2, no. 4(73) (2020): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.2.73.661.
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This paper discusses the results of the analysis of the different crossability of 4 species of synthetic cotton amphidiploids, with cultivated varieties of G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L., taking into account their cytological features and the creation of genetically enriched new polygenomic interspecific hybrids. The interrelation of cross-breeding in varying degrees with the fluctuation of chromosome numbers in somatic plant cells of parental forms and cotton hybrids, as well as the defects observed at the stages of microsporogenesis of maternal cells, is shown. The main reasons for the contrast difference between the degree of cross-breeding of synthetic cotton amphidiploids, with cultivated cotton varieties when producing an interspecific hybrid, as well as differences in the maturation of full seeds are established.
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Vsilyeva, G. V. "Diversity of the hybrid forms between Siberian stone pine and Siberian dwarf pine." Проблемы ботаники южной сибири и монголии 20, no. 1 (2021): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2021019.
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Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica) and Siberian dwarf pine (P. pumila) are Russian five-needle pines withdifferent life forms, namely upright tree and prostrate tree, respectively. Hybridization of the species was considered in thepaper from the point of view of the habitus of their natural hybrids. In early studies, it was always noted that the hybridswere intermediate in comparison with the parental species. Crown structure in hybrids are largely determined by twomain factors. These are deflection of the tree stem from the vertical axis and the selectivity of apical dominance. Hybridsgrowing in open places under full lighting conditions are characterized by strictly intermediate growth form. In a forestwhere there is no enough light, hybrid reaches for sun but gradually deviates to the side, which ultimately leads to a branchbreak or even the roots of the entire tree being upturned from the soil. In the mountains, hybrids can form uniform trunkbranches, forming a cup-shaped crown, similar to how it happens in Siberian dwarf pine. Thus, the previously notedintermediate morphology of hybrids represents a series of forms, from almost vertical multi-stemmed trees to pumila-likeones with a cup-shaped crown.
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Тромсюк, В. Д., and В. Д. Бугайов. "MANIFESTATION OF TRANSGRESSION BY MAIN QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF WINTER TRITICAL PRODUCTIVITY IN F2 HYBRID POPULATIONS." Bulletin of Uman National University of Horticulture 1 (September 2021): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2310-0478-2021-1-3-7.
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The research was conducted in 2014-2017 in the department of selection of fodder, grain ears, and industrial crops in the fields of scientific crop rotation of the Institute of Fodder and Agriculture of Podillya NAAS of Ukraine. A collection of 114 hexaploid specimens of different ecological and geographical origins was used as research material. Six varieties of winter triticale of different ecological and geographical origin and the manifestation of valuable economic features were used in crosses according to the scheme of full diallel analysis: Polovetske (UA0602494), Amos (UA0602627) originating from Ukraine; Kapryz (UA0601781), Tsekad 90 (UA0602066) - Russia; Dubrava (UA0602222) - Belarus and Pawo (UA0602555) - Poland. Only the best plants, which did not lag in growth and were normally developed, were selected for hybridization. The obtained generation F0 was sown in 2016, and generation F1 – 2017 manually in an experimental field with the same depth, which provides plants with the same area of nutrition. After full maturation, the plants were also collected manually in sheaves, structural analysis was performed on the main indicators of productivity. The frequency and degree of manifestation of positive transgressions in hybrids of the second generation (F2) of winter triticale were evaluated based on productivity: productive bushiness, number and weight of ear grains and grain weight from the plant. The best hybrids by degree and frequency of manifestation of positive transgression are selected. The degree of transgressions in productive bushiness averaged 65.3%, frequency - 43%; number of grains in the main ear - 7.4%, frequency - 15.3%; weight of grain in the ear - 13.8% at a frequency of 27, 7%; weight of grain from the plant - 91.5% with a transgression frequency of 52.7%. The best hybrid combinations of winter triticale on the basis of "productive bushiness" - Polovtsian / Caprice and Dubrava / Polovtsian (Tc = 100%), the maximum frequency of transgressions on this basis - hybrids Polovtsian / Caprice / Pawos and Pawo are selected and offered for use in the selection process. TC = 60); "Number of grains from the ear" - the maximum degree of transgressions was found in the hybrid Pawo / Polovtsian (Tc = 18.1%), the maximum frequency - in the hybrid Caprich / Pawo (Tch = 40); "Ear grain mass" - Pawo / Amos (Tc = 37.0%), the highest frequency of transgressions - in hybrids Amos / Dubrava and Kaprikh / Pawo (Tch = 50); "Grain weight from the plant" - Polovtsian / Amos (Tc = 37.0%), the frequency of transgressions - hybrids Polovtsian / Amos and Polovtsian / Caprice (Tc = 85%).
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Dollin, A. E., J. D. Murray, and C. B. Gillies. "Synaptonemal complex analysis of hybrid cattle. II. Bos indicus × Bos taurus F1 and backcross hybrids." Genome 34, no. 2 (1991): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-035.
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The levels of meiotic chromosome pairing abnormalities observed in six Australian F, Bos indicus x Bos taurus cattle crosses (mean = 23%) were significantly higher than those of the full-blood breeds (9%). The abnormal configurations in the F[hybrids included partial pairing failure, multivalents, interlocks, and inversion pairing. Abnormal configurations were also present, but at lower frequency, in backcross hybrid bulls. The main types of abnormal configurations and the levels of XY-autosomal associations and autosomal asynapsis observed were unlikely to cause significant fertility problems in the hybrids.Key words: synaptonemal complex, hybrid cattle, meiosis.
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Nixdorf, Ralf, Barbara G. Klupp, and Thomas C. Mettenleiter. "Role of the cytoplasmic tails of pseudorabies virus glycoproteins B, E and M in intracellular localization and virion incorporation." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 1 (2001): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-1-215.
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The cytoplasmic domains of several herpesviral glycoproteins encompass potential intracellular sorting signals. To analyse the function of the cytoplasmic domains of different pseudorabies virus (PrV) glycoproteins, hybrid proteins were constructed consisting of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of envelope glycoprotein D (gD) fused to the cytoplasmic tails of gB, gE or gM (designated gDB, gDE and gDM), all of which contain putative endocytosis motifs. gD is a type I membrane protein required for binding to and entry into target cells. Localization of hybrid proteins compared to full-length gB, gE and gM as well as carboxy-terminally truncated variants of gD was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The function of gD hybrids was assayed by trans-complementation of a gD-negative PrV mutant. The carboxy-terminal domains of gB and gM directed a predominantly intracellular localization of gDB and gDM, while full-length gD and a tail-less gD mutant (gDc) were preferentially expressed on the cell surface. In contrast gDE, and a gDB lacking the putative gB endocytosis signal (gDBΔ29), were predominantly located in the plasma membrane. Despite the different intracellular localization, all tested proteins were able to complement infectivity of a PrV gD− mutant. Cells which stably express full-length gD and plasma-membrane-associated gD hybrids exhibit a significant resistance to PrV infection, while cells expressing predominantly intracellularly located forms do not. This suggests that the assumed sequestration of receptors by gD, which is supposed to be responsible for the interference phenomenon, occurs at the cell surface.
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Brankovic-Radojcic, Dragana, Vojka Babic, Zdenka Girek, et al. "Evaluation of maize grain yield and yield stability by AMMI analysis." Genetika 50, no. 3 (2018): 1067–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1803067b.
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Significant genotype x environment interaction for quantitative traits, such is grain yield, reduces the usefulness of genotype means, over all environments, for selecting superior genotypes. AMMI model is a valuable statistical tool in identifying systemic variation contained in the interaction effect. Obtained data could be applied in maximizing yield potential in every environment based on both narrow and wide genotype adaptability, without the necessity of developing breeding programs for smaller targeted environments. Precise assortment of superior genotypes, with the assistance of AMMI model, leads to the better recommendation of newly bred hybrids, and thus increasing maize grain yield in a targeted environment. In this research genotype x environment interaction and yield stability of 36 maize hybrids of FAO 300-700 maturity group was investigating. The trial was set according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data were processed in order to obtain average estimates of grain yield, and yield stability was assessed by the method of AMMI analysis. The highest average grain yield was achieved in 2011 (11.62 t/ha), and the lowest in the most stressful and dry 2012 (6.90 t/ha). In the region Loznica L2 the highest average yield was noticed (13.81 t/ha), while at L7 (Sremska Mitrovica) average grain yield was the lowest (6.97 t/ha). Results of AMMI analysis gave precise recommendation for production of maize hybrids in certain environments, by determining winning areas of hybrids H20, H11 and H36. Medium early maturing and high yielding hybrids (H11 and H20) are therefore considered more favorable for production in environments with lower precipitation, while high yielding and more stable hybrids H21 and H35 are suitable for a wider range of environments. Hybrid H36 (FAO 700) showed its full potential at L2, and L3 which did not suffer from a lack of moisture. This hybrid also expressed its best potential in environments with favorable conditions.