Journal articles on the topic 'Full-service carrier (FSC)'

The present research presented a conceptual framework by uncovering the apparent role of ambient condition quality (in-flight air, noise level, and temperature), image congruity, love, respect, and perceived ticket price in increasing customer approach behaviors in the full service carrier (FSC) industry. A quantitative method was used. The evaluation of the measurement model verified the quality of construct measures. Findings from statistical analyses demonstrated the significant associations among research variables, and identified the mediating nature of FSC love and FSC respect. In addition, the important moderating effect of perceived FSC ticket price was found. A prominent role of ambient condition quality in eliciting approach behaviors was also explored. Overall, our theoretical framework contained a prediction power for approach behaviors. The research findings thus assist FSC researchers and practitioners to better understand the process of generating the customer decision-making process and behaviors that are positive for full service carriers. This research hence successfully fulfilled its objective to discover the influences of the customer approach behaviors in the full service carrier (FSC) industry.

The establishment of Batik Air as a Full-Service-Carrier (FSC) of Lion Air Group, a Low-Cost-Carrier group, marks a new development in the airline industry. LCC groups had started their move to serve a larger customer segment to increase their share in key markets. Previously the multi-brand strategy was only utilized by FSC groups as a response to the entry of LCC in the market. This study specifically tries to investigate the perception of passengers towards FSC within an LCC group. An online survey was conducted among the passengers of Batik Air in the last one year. 247 respondents were obtained resulting in a 67.1% response rate. SEM analysis was used to analyze the data. This study provides light in revealing how passengers perceive the service quality of FSC under an LCC group. The current results also clarify whether the service performances of such FSC align with the perceived services by its customer. This study contributes to the existing customer perception and strategic literature in the way that is among the first studies to investigate the perception of passenger a newly established FSC from an LCC group. The study includes implications for the low-cost airline group that plans to establish a full-service unit to maintain the level of service quality thus can succeed in attracting passengers within the intended market

Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah mempelajari dampak dari masuknya maskapai berbiaya murah (LCC) terhadap perubahan pergerakan penumpang internasional di 30 bandar udara internasional di wilayah Asia Timur dan Asia Tenggara. Hasil estimasi menggunakan model fixed-effect yang kami peroleh menunjukkan bukti kuat bahwa masuknya LCC menyebabkan naiknya jumlah penumpang internasional secara signifikan. Namun demikian, dampak ini akan menurun ketika jarak antara bandar udara asal dan tujuan semakin jauh dan maskapai non-LCC melayani rute yang sama. Penambahan jumlah LCC yang terus menerus akan memberikan tingkat kenaikan yang semakin menurun. Hasil studi kami mampu menyimpulkan dampak dari masuknya LCC pada rute internasional dan dapat menjelaskan pada kondisi apa masuknya LCC mampu menghasilkan dampak positif yang signifikan. [Impact of Low-cost Carrier Entry on International Air Passenger Movements at International Airports in Asia] This paper primarily studies the impact of low-cost carrier (LCC) entry on the change of international passenger movement at 30 international airports in Northeast and Southeast Asia. Our fixed-effect estimation found enough evidence to claim that LCC entry at international route causes number of passenger to increase significantly. Nevertheless, the positive impact of LCC entry diminishes as distance between origin and final destination airport gets longer and full service carrier (FSC) service exists. Moreover, additional LCC companies brings about lower increase rate in number of international passengers. Our findings justify the positive impact of having LCC entry for international route and explain the condition under which LCC entry gives positive and significant result.

Sektor transportasi udara merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam mendukung kegiatan perekonomian di suatu negara. untuk mencapai hal tersebut negara-negara yang tergabung di dalam ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nation) sepakat untuk menjalankan kebijakan liberalisasi transportasi udara atau lebih dikenal dengan ASEAN Single Aviation Market (ASAM) atau ASEAN Open Skies. Tujuan dari kebijakan tersebut adalah meliberalisasi akses pasar dengan mengendurkan hambatan kebebasan transportasi udara (freedom of air) yang ke-3, ke-4 dan ke-5 antar negara-negara anggota ASEAN. Studi ini secara spesifik bertujuan untuk menghitung akibat dari kesepakatan ASEAN Single Aviation Market terhadap volume penumpang internasional dan maskapai penerbangan (low-cost carrier/LCC dan full-service carrier/FSC). Studi ini menggunakan data lalu lintas penumpang dan pesawat yang diperoleh dari OAG (official airline guide) yaitu data lalu lintas udara dengan rute kedatangan dan keberangkatan 30 bandara utama internasional di Asia Timur dan Asia Tenggara, pada periode waktu tahun 2010, 2015 dan 2017). Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada studi ini menggunakan DID (Difference in Differences) fixed effects, dengan jumlah observasi sebanyak 232,437 OD city pair (Origin-destination city pair). Hasil dari studi menunjukkan bahwa kesepakatan ASEAN Open Skies berdampak positif terhadap lalu lintas penumpang dan pesawat, yaitu total penumpang internasional, penumpang LCC, maskapai LCC, dan maskapai FSC pada rute antar-kota di Asia Tenggara, baik rute kedatangan maupun keberangkatan. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menambah literatur yang terkait dengan industri penerbangan khususnya tentang liberalisasi transportasi udara.

The airlines industry is facing significant financial risks which arises from the changes in current economic conditions that has impacted the vulnerability of stock returns as well as its financial performance. This research primarily aims to study the effects of fuel price fluctuations and macroeconomic variables to airlines performance from both internal (represented by RoA and RoE) and market perspective (represented by airlines stock return). Data was obtained from publicly listed airlines registered in the International Air Transport Association (IATA) with their business model classification: Low-Cost Carriers (LCC) and Full-Service Carriers (FSC). The analysis was carried out using multiple panel data regression model.

The study is aimed at analyzing how social and economic development indicators, global and regional economic indices are influencing low-cost carriers (LCC), AirAsia Group Berhad (AAGB) in particular. It is crucial not only to define the impact-factors but to embed them in a management framework for further decision-making. Passenger traffic is the main indicator of LCC performance, unlike the Full-Service Network Carriers (FNSC) that taking advantage of both passengers and freights. However, both categories depending on the macroenvironment and business environment dynamics, and KPIs should be reconsidered to face the current global challenges. The global GDP, GDP per capita are commonly used to access the economic and social development trends, the passenger numbers per annum, unemployment rate, and else are used to understand the status of operations in LLC performance management. This study deals with several overlapped categories of research, such as low-cost carriers business model, impact-factors of air transport development, global trends in several industries. The research methodology is a combination of comparative analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and forecasting, using secondary data from annual reports and quaternary financial reports. The comparative analysis gave us an understanding of the general performance trend of the group and subsidiaries. One of the study components is the correlation analysis that revealed the most correlated factors for the economic development of AAGB, such as global GDP, regional GDP, regional GDP per capita, population growth. The global and regional dimensions were presented in the research to reveal what affects airline performance the most. Global GDP is the most correlated indicator for the global and regional development within AAGB, and the regional GDP per capita comes the second by its significance. The population size has a great influence on performance indicators (globally and regionally), and if this indicator is taken into account for forecasting the potential growth is expected in the next five years. These findings enable to design of the business-model of LLC more accurate in accordance with the forecast analysis towards innovative cost decisions. Keywords: business model, management, KPI, performance management, Low-Cost Carrier, airline, AirAsia group, passenger traffic.

Abstract Background; Transmission of vCJD by blood transfusion from pre-symptomatic blood donors has occurred in 4 reported cases to date. Screening blood donors for infectivity is unlikely to be feasible for several years. Removing infectivity from blood using selective filtration may provide a useful degree of protection from transfusion transmission of the disease. A filter that may remove infectivity from red cell concentrates has been developed and trialed in volunteers receiving autologous blood. No studies have been carried out to date of pfRCC in allogeneic transfusions in the clinical setting. Aims; To establish safety and tolerability of transfusion of prion filtered red cell concentrates. Methods; Twenty patients scheduled to receive transfusion were recruited following ethical approval and with informed consent. Prion filtered units were prepared by the Irish Blood Transfusion Service. A mean loss of 9 gm of haemoglobin per unit of RCC occurred during the filtration process. Each patient received one unit of pfRCC, and a median of 2 units overall (range 1 to 4 units) per transfusion episode. A cross-match sample, full blood count (FBC), renal and liver profile was taken from each patient prior to transfusion. Patients were observed for adverse reactions. After 24 hours, FBC, renal and liver profile were repeated. Six weeks after the transfusion a further sample was tested for red cell antibodies. Six of these patients have consented to undergo re-transfusion with pfRCC. Two re-infusions have taken place uneventfully six months after the first exposure to pfRCC and 4 more are planned. Results No serious adverse events were encountered during the study, or at 24 hour and 6 week follow up after the initial transfusion episode. Mean haemoglobin increment per unit transfused was 0.68g (SD 0.45g; range −0.5 to 1.35g ). Recruitment and follow-up is ongoing in patients exposed to repeat transfusion challenge. Summary The first clinical transfusions of pfRCC were well tolerated. Two patients were rechallenged with transfusions of pfRCC without adverse effect. Further studies with transfusions of prion filtered red cells are now warranted to extend the safety data and to determine whether efficacy is comparable to standard transfusions in adult and paediatric populations.

The Conference was organized by the Northern Flora and Vegetation Department of the Institute of Biology Komi SC RAS with support of the Ministry of Industry, Natural Resources and Transport of the Komi Republic, The Federal Supervisory Natural Resources Management Service in the Komi Republic, Komi Branch of Russian botanical society and Russian Foundation for Basic Researches (project No17-04-20591). The aims of the Conference were to discuss and generalize the results of study of plant and animal world and soils of the Far North, to expand scientific contacts between specialists and to outline a program for further researches within the Arctic sector of Russia. The Conference was attended by 256 participants from 65 scientific and environmental organizations and educational institutions from 27 cities of the Russian Federation. 74 oral lectures (including 13 plenary ones) and 10 poster presentations were made at the Conference. Their main topics were the various characteristics of the biota and ecosystems of the Far North: the diversity, structure and dynamics of vegetation, its classification and cartography; cryptogam and vascular plant floras, lichen- and mycobiota, animal populations; rare species and communities; national protected areas; soils and their role in the functioning of the terrestrial ecosystems. Three panel discussions were held at the Conference: the overview and analysis of available information on the vegetation of Russian Arctic and the prospects for the realization of a collective monograph on its classification; the relevance of a full-scale assessment of changes in Arctic ecosystems under different scenarios of global climate change; the issues of environmental education in the northern regions of Russia. The Conference recommend to: 1) start preparation and publication of the book about the classification of Russian Arctic vegetation; 2) organize work on the standardization and archivation of relevés of the Russian Arctic vegetation in form of web-archive open for wide range of users; 3) develop international cooperation on the inventory of biological diversity, monitoring and protection of Arctic ecosystems; 4) intensify the work on creating new protected areas in the subtundra forests area at the Northeast European Russia; 5) The Government of the Republic of Komi to develop and approve an interdepartmental plan for the implementation of the Concept of Environmental Education and Public Education in the Komi Republic for the period up to 2025, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Komi of December 29, 2016 No. 570-r; 6) The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Komi Republic should a) initiate the development of the Development Plan for the Komi Republic’s protected areas in 2018–2022; b) together with FSC Komi SC, UrB RAS, develop a draft monitoring system for protected areas at the regional level and include relevant measures in the State Program of the Republic of Komi «Reproduction and use of natural resources and environmental protection»; 7) Institute of biology Komi SC UrB RAS up to the end of 2017 should publish the Conference Proceedings Book with a circulation of 200 copies; 8) organize the IV Russian scientific Conference «Biodiversity of the Far North ecosystems: inventory, monitoring, protection» in 2021. The participants noted the high level of the researches carried out by the scientists of the Institute of Biology Komi SC UrB RAS and expressed gratitude to administration of the Institute and to Organizing Committee for the high level of the Conference organization.

Airlines are facing challenges from high cost structures and intense competition. This has made airlines universally look for opportunities to generate ancillary revenue, additional income apart from their main sources, including Full Service Carriers (FSC). Measuring consumer’s willingness to pay is pivotal in pricing and estimating ancillary revenue demand. This study analyzes whether customer’s type of journey, purpose of journey, length of flight, and type of flight class have an impact on willingness to pay (WTP) of Garuda Indonesia’s ancillary revenues which comprises of unbundled products and commission-based income. This paper uses data from a survey to Garuda Indonesia’s customer and follows quantitative studies to identify and describe the relationship between the WTP of Garuda Indonesia’s ancillary revenue and all variables involved. The study found that passengers value more the unbundled products. It is also found differences in WTP for particular ancillary products and services based on purpose of journey, length of flight, and type of flight class. Keywords: Ancillary Revenue, Willingness to Pay, Type of Journey, Length of Flight, Journey Purpose, Type of Cabin Class, Full Service Carriers

Abstract Background A previous audit carried out in 2017 showed that the blood monitoring of patients on methotrexate was substandard with over 60% of patients not being monitored according to guidelines. A positive correlation was found between postcode distance to the tertiary centre and substandard monitoring (those patients living further away showing worse monitoring records). As a result of this audit, a blood clerk was introduced in the team who would be responsible for chasing patients for blood results. This is a re-audit to ascertain the impact of the changes introduced to our service. Methods All rheumatology patients being prescribed methotrexate, etanercept and adalimumab were captured using dispensing records. The electronic prescribing software MEDITECHv6 was used to gather data for each patient including demographic data, frequency of blood tests and varicella and measles immune status. Patients were divided into two groups: methotrexate and biologics. These were further divided into treatment starters and maintenance patients. Treatment starters needed to meet the following 6 criteria in order to achieve appropriate monitoring: correct frequency of tests, full blood count (FBC) checked, liver function tests (LFTs) checked, renal function checked and varicella and measles immunity checked. Maintenance patients needed to meet 4 criteria to achieve appropriate monitoring: correct frequency of monitoring, FBC, LFTs and renal function. Potential correlations between substandard monitoring and postcode distance to the centre were explored. Blood clerk intervention rates and their effects were analysed. Results 216 patients were included in the audit. Overall 76 of them (35%) were appropriately monitored. For all patients on methotrexate and those on maintenance biologics, the main reason for substandard monitoring was a delayed timing of blood taking (50% and 65% of patients respectively). For patients starting on biologics the main factor affecting standard of monitoring was the lack of documentation of varicella and measles immune status (42% of patients). 72% of the patients with inappropriate frequency of blood tests received an intervention from the blood clerk. No correlation was found between distance to the centre and appropriateness of monitoring. Conclusion Adherence to monitoring guidelines has not significantly changed after the introduction of the blood clerk, with figures of adequate monitoring very similar to the previous audit (35%). The blood clerk contacts starting patients at 4 weekly intervals if needed, and maintenance patients every 3 months. Bearing in mind the time needed to set up a blood monitoring appointment after a blood clerk intervention, the number of patients with appropriate monitoring raises to 64% in the methotrexate group and 67% in the maintenance biologics group. This shows efficacy of the blood clerk intervention once it happens. Improved guideline adherence may be achieved by bringing forward the blood clerk interventions by 2 to 4 weeks in each patient group. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

While the television cooking genre has evolved in numerous ways to withstand competition and become a constant feature in television programming (Collins and College), it has been argued that audience demand for televisual cooking has always been high because of the daily importance of cooking (Hamada, “Multimedia Integration”). Early cooking shows were characterised by an instructional discourse, before quickly embracing an entertainment focus; modern cooking shows take on a more competitive, out of the kitchen focus (Collins and College). The genre has continued to evolve, with celebrity chefs and ordinary people embracing transmedia affordances to return to the instructional focus of the early cooking shows. While the television cooking show is recognised for its broad cultural impacts related to gender (Ouellette and Hay), cultural capital (Ibrahim; Oren), television formatting (Oren), and even communication itself (Matwick and Matwick), its role in the widespread adoption of television captions is significantly underexplored. Even the fact that a cooking show was the first ever program captioned on American television is almost completely unremarked within cooking show histories and literature.A Brief History of Captioning WorldwideWhen captions were first introduced on US television in the early 1970s, programmers were guided by the general principle to make the captioned program “accessible to every deaf viewer regardless of reading ability” (Jensema, McCann and Ramsey 284). However, there were no exact rules regarding captioning quality and captions did not reflect verbatim what was said onscreen. According to Jensema, McCann and Ramsey (285), less than verbatim captioning continued for many years because “deaf people were so delighted to have captions that they accepted almost anything thrown on the screen” (see also Newell 266 for a discussion of the UK context).While the benefits of captions for people who are D/deaf or hard of hearing were immediate, its commercial applications also became apparent. When the moral argument that people who were D/deaf or hard of hearing had a right to access television via captions proved unsuccessful in the fight for legislation, advocates lobbied the US Congress about the mainstream commercial benefits such as in education and the benefits for people learning English as a second language (Downey). Activist efforts and hard-won legal battles meant D/deaf and hard of hearing viewers can now expect closed captions on almost all television content. With legislation in place to determine the provision of captions, attention began to focus on their quality. D/deaf viewers are no longer just delighted to accept anything thrown on the screen and have begun to demand verbatim captioning. At the same time, market-based incentives are capturing the attention of television executives seeking to make money, and the widespread availability of verbatim captions has been recognised for its multimedia—and therefore commercial—applications. These include its capacity for information retrieval (Miura et al.; Agnihotri et al.) and for creative repurposing of television content (Blankinship et al.). Captions and transcripts have been identified as being of particular importance to augmenting the information provided in cooking shows (Miura et al.; Oh et al.).Early Captions in the US: Julia Child’s The French ChefJulia Child is indicative of the early period of the cooking genre (Collins and College)—she has been described as “the epitome of the TV chef” (ray 53) and is often credited for making cooking accessible to American audiences through her onscreen focus on normalising techniques that she promised could be mastered at home (ray). She is still recognised for her mastery of the genre, and for her capacity to entertain in a way that stood out from her contemporaries (Collins and College; ray).Julia Child’s The French Chef originally aired on the US publicly-funded Public Broadcasting System (PBS) affiliate WBGH from 1963–1973. The captioning of television also began in the 1960s, with educators creating the captions themselves, mainly for educational use in deaf schools (Downey 70). However, there soon came calls for public television to also be made accessible for the deaf and hard of hearing—the debate focused on equality and pushed for recognition that deaf people were culturally diverse (Downey 70).The PBS therefore began a trial of captioning programs (Downey 71). These would be “open captions”—characters which were positioned on the screen as part of the normal image for all viewers to see (Downey 71). The trial was designed to determine both the number of D/deaf and hard of hearing people viewing the program, as well as to test if non-D/deaf and hard of hearing viewers would watch a program which had captions (Downey 71). The French Chef was selected for captioning by WBGH because it was their most popular television show in the early 1970s and in 1972 eight episodes of The French Chef were aired using open—albeit inconsistent—captions (Downey 71; Jensema et al. 284).There were concerns from some broadcasters that openly captioned programs would drive away the “hearing majority” (Downey 71). However, there was no explicit study carried out in 1972 on the viewers of The French Chef to determine if this was the case because WBGH ran out of funds to research this further (Downey 71). Nevertheless, Jensema, McCann and Ramsey (284) note that WBGH did begin to re-broadcast ABC World News Tonight in the 1970s with open captions and that this was the only regularly captioned show at the time.Due to changes in technology and fears that not everyone wanted to see captions onscreen, television’s focus shifted from open captions to closed captioning in the 1980s. Captions became encoded, with viewers needing a decoder to be able to access them. However, the high cost of the decoders meant that many could not afford to buy them and adoption of the technology was slow (Youngblood and Lysaght 243; Downey 71). In 1979, the US government had set up the National Captioning Institute (NCI) with a mandate to develop and sell these decoders, and provide captioning services to the networks. This was initially government-funded but was designed to eventually be self-sufficient (Downey 73).PBS, ABC and NBC (but not CBS) had agreed to a trial (Downey 73). However, there was a reluctance on the part of broadcasters to pay to caption content when there was not enough evidence that the demand was high (Downey 73—74). The argument for the provision of captioned content therefore began to focus on the rights of all citizens to be able to access a public service. A complaint was lodged claiming that the Los Angeles station KCET, which was a PBS affiliate, did not provide captioned content that was available elsewhere (Downey 74). When Los Angeles PBS station KCET refused to air captioned episodes of The French Chef, the Greater Los Angeles Council on Deafness (GLAD) picketed the station until the decision was reversed. GLAD then focused on legislation and used the Rehabilitation Act to argue that television was federally assisted and, by not providing captioned content, broadcasters were in violation of the Act (Downey 74).GLAD also used the 1934 Communications Act in their argument. This Act had firstly established the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and then assigned them the right to grant and renew broadcast licenses as long as those broadcasters served the ‘‘public interest, convenience, and necessity’’ (Michalik, cited in Downey 74). The FCC could, argued GLAD, therefore refuse to renew the licenses of broadcasters who did not air captioned content. However, rather than this argument working in their favour, the FCC instead changed its own procedures to avoid such legal actions in the future (Downey 75). As a result, although some stations began to voluntarily caption more content, it was not until 1996 that it became a legally mandated requirement with the introduction of the Telecommunications Act (Youngblood and Lysaght 244)—too late for The French Chef.My Kitchen Rules: Captioning BreachWhereas The French Chef presented instructional cooking programming from a kitchen set, more recently the food genre has moved away from the staged domestic kitchen set as an instructional space to use real-life domestic kitchens and more competitive multi-bench spaces. The Australian program MKR straddles this shift in the cooking genre with the first half of each season occurring in domestic settings and the second half in Iron Chef style studio competition (see Oren for a discussion of the influence of Iron Chef on contemporary cooking shows).All broadcast channels in Australia are mandated to caption 100 per cent of programs aired between 6am and midnight. However, the 2013 MKR Grand Final broadcast by Channel Seven Brisbane Pty Ltd and Channel Seven Melbourne Pty Ltd (Seven) failed to transmit 10 minutes of captions some 30 minutes into the 2-hour program. The ACMA received two complaints relating to this. The first complaint, received on 27 April 2013, the same evening as the program was broadcast, noted ‘[the D/deaf community] … should not have to miss out’ (ACMA, Report No. 3046 3). The second complaint, received on 30 April 2013, identified the crucial nature of the missing segment and its effect on viewers’ overall enjoyment of the program (ACMA, Report No. 3046 3).Seven explained that the relevant segment (approximately 10 per cent of the program) was missing from the captioning file, but that it had not appeared to be missing when Seven completed its usual captioning checks prior to broadcast (ACMA, Report No. 3046 4). The ACMA found that Seven had breached the conditions of their commercial television broadcasting licence by “failing to provide a captioning service for the program” (ACMA, Report No. 3046 12). The interruption of captioning was serious enough to constitute a breach due, in part, to the nature and characteristic of the program:the viewer is engaged in the momentum of the competitive process by being provided with an understanding of each of the competition stages; how the judges, guests and contestants interact; and their commentaries of the food and the cooking processes during those stages. (ACMA, Report No. 3046 6)These interactions have become a crucial part of the cooking genre, a genre often described as offering a way to acquire cultural capital via instructions in both cooking and ideological food preferences (Oren 31). Further, in relation to the uncaptioned MKR segment, ACMA acknowledged it would have been difficult to follow both the cooking process and the exchanges taking place between contestants (ACMA, Report No. 3046 8). ACMA considered these exchanges crucial to ‘a viewer’s understanding of, and secondly to their engagement with the different inter-related stages of the program’ (ACMA, Report No. 3046 7).An additional complaint was made with regards to the same program broadcast on Prime Television (Northern) Pty Ltd (Prime), a Seven Network affiliate. The complaint stated that the lack of captions was “Not good enough in prime time and for a show that is non-live in nature” (ACMA, Report No. 3124 3). Despite the fact that the ACMA found that “the fault arose from the affiliate, Seven, rather than from the licensee [Prime]”, Prime was also found to also have breached their licence conditions by failing to provide a captioning service (ACMA, Report No. 3124 12).The following year, Seven launched captions for their online catch-up television platform. Although this was a result of discussions with a complainant over the broader lack of captioned online television content, it was also a step that re-established Seven’s credentials as a leader in commercial television access. The 2015 season of MKR also featured their first partially-deaf contestant, Emilie Biggar.Mainstreaming Captions — Inter-Platform CooperationOver time, cooking shows on television have evolved from an informative style (The French Chef) to become more entertaining in their approach (MKR). As Oren identifies, this has seen a shift in the food genre “away from the traditional, instructional format and towards professionalism and competition” (Oren 25). The affordances of television itself as a visual medium has also been recognised as crucial in the popularity of this genre and its more recent transmedia turn. That is, following Joshua Meyrowitz’s medium theory regarding how different media can afford us different messages, televised cooking shows offer audiences stylised knowledge about food and cooking beyond the traditional cookbook (Oren; ray). In addition, cooking shows are taking their product beyond just television and increasing their inter-platform cooperation (Oren)—for example, MKR has a comprehensive companion website that viewers can visit to watch whole episodes, obtain full recipes, and view shopping lists. While this can be viewed as a modern take on Julia Child’s cookbook success, it must also be considered in the context of the increasing focus on multimedia approaches to cooking instructions (Hamada et al., Multimedia Integration; Cooking Navi; Oh et al.). Audiences today are more likely to attempt a recipe if they have seen it on television, and will use transmedia to download the recipe. As Oren explains:foodism’s ascent to popular culture provides the backdrop and motivation for the current explosion of food-themed formats that encourages audiences’ investment in their own expertise as critics, diners, foodies and even wanna-be professional chefs. FoodTV, in turn, feeds back into a web-powered, gastro-culture and critique-economy where appraisal outranks delight. (Oren 33)This explosion in popularity of the web-powered gastro culture Oren refers to has led to an increase in appetite for step by step, easy to access instructions. These are being delivered using captions. As a result of the legislation and activism described throughout this paper, captions are more widely available and, in many cases, now describe what is said onscreen verbatim. In addition, the mainstream commercial benefits and uses of captions are being explored. Captions have therefore moved from a specialist assistive technology for people who are D/deaf or hard of hearing to become recognised as an important resource for creative television viewers regardless of their hearing (Blankinship et al.). With captions becoming more accessible, accurate, financially viable, and mainstreamed, their potential as an additional television resource is of interest. As outlined above, within the cooking show genre—especially with its current multimedia turn and the demand for captioned recipe instructions (Hamada et al., “Multimedia Integration”, “Cooking Navi”; Oh et al.)—this is particularly pertinent.Hamada et al. identify captions as a useful technology to use in the increasingly popular educational, yet entertaining, cooking show genre as the required information—ingredient lists, instructions, recipes—is in high demand (Hamada et al., “Multimedia Integration” 658). They note that cooking shows often present information out of order, making them difficult to follow, particularly if a recipe must be sourced later from a website (Hamada et al., “Multimedia Integration” 658-59; Oh et al.). Each step in a recipe must be navigated and coordinated, particularly if multiple recipes are being completed at the same times (Hamada, et al., Cooking Navi) as is often the case on cooking shows such as MKR. Using captions as part of a software program to index cooking videos facilitates a number of search affordances for people wishing to replicate the recipe themselves. As Kyeong-Jin et al. explain:if food and recipe information are published as linked data with the scheme, it enables to search food recipe and annotate certain recipe by communities (sic). In addition, because of characteristics of linked data, information on food recipes can be connected to additional data source such as products for ingredients, and recipe websites can support users’ decision making in the cooking domain. (Oh et al. 2)The advantages of such a software program are many. For the audience there is easy access to desired information. For the number of commercial entities involved, this consumer desire facilitates endless marketing opportunities including product placement, increased ratings, and software development. Interesting, all of this falls outside the “usual” parameters of captions as purely an assistive device for a few, and facilitates the mainstreaming—and perhaps beginnings of acceptance—of captions.ConclusionCaptions are a vital accessibility feature for television viewers who are D/deaf or hard of hearing, not just from an informative or entertainment perspective but also to facilitate social inclusion for this culturally diverse group. The availability and quality of television captions has moved through three stages. These can be broadly summarised as early yet inconsistent captions, captions becoming more widely available and accurate—often as a direct result of activism and legislation—but not yet fully verbatim, and verbatim captions as adopted within mainstream software applications. This paper has situated these stages within the television cooking genre, a genre often remarked for its appeal towards inclusion and cultural capital.If television facilitates social inclusion, then food television offers vital cultural capital. While Julia Child’s The French Chef offered the first example of television captions via open captions in 1972, a lack of funding means we do not know how viewers (both hearing and not) actually received the program. However, at the time, captions that would be considered unacceptable today were received favourably (Jensema, McCann and Ramsey; Newell)—anything was deemed better than nothing. Increasingly, as the focus shifted to closed captioning and the cooking genre embraced a more competitive approach, viewers who required captions were no longer happy with missing or inconsistent captioning quality. The was particularly significant in Australia in 2013 when several viewers complained to ACMA that captions were missing from the finale of MKR. These captions provided more than vital cooking instructions—their lack prevented viewers from understanding conflict within the program. Following this breach, Seven became the only Australian commercial television station to offer captions on their web based catch-up platform. While this may have gone a long way to rehabilitate Seven amongst D/deaf and hard of hearing audiences, there is the potential too for commercial benefits. Caption technology is now being mainstreamed for use in cooking software applications developed from televised cooking shows. These allow viewers—both D/deaf and hearing—to access information in a completely new, and inclusive, way.ReferencesAgnihotri, Lalitha, et al. “Summarization of Video Programs Based on Closed Captions.” 4315 (2001): 599–607.Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA). Investigation Report No. 3046. 2013. 26 Apr. 2017 <http://www.acma.gov.au/~/media/Diversity%20Localism%20and%20Accessibility/Investigation%20reports/Word%20document/3046%20My%20Kitchen%20Rules%20Grand%20Final%20docx.docx>.———. 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