Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fumées'
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Hacquart, Romain. "Sites de surface des fumées d'oxyde de magnésium." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066568.
Full textThieffry, Guillemette. "Procédé alternatif pour l’épuration des fumées de hauts fourneaux." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0288/document.
Full textIn order to enable the establishment of a CO2 recovery chain sector from the steel industry, this study aims to propose a new filtration device for the dust removal of blast furnace fumes that would be placed after the current treatment chain to improve their purification. The originality of the chosen technology, a trickle bed, permits to maintain a constant pressure drop by re-entraining continuously the particles trapped on collectors thanks to a water film flow to overcome the clogging problem. A hydrodynamic study and efficiency measurements lead with particles (in a range of diameters between 0.5 and 10 μm) showed that the pressure drop and the initial efficiency increase with the decrease of the collector diameter, which is in agreement with the results of the literature for dry granular beds. The presence of water increases the initial collection efficiency at the expense of a higher pressure drop. These observations are related to the decrease of the bed porosity in presence of a water flow. A good compromise between pressure drop and efficiency was found for an air flow rate of 20 m3.h-1, a liquid flow rate of 12 L.min-1 and using a 50 cm bed composed of glass beads of 5 mm diameter. Long-term clogging tests showed that the efficiency of the bed remains globally constant over time at a value close to the initial one. The pressure drop, although higher at the beginning of the experiment than that of a dry granular bed, stabilizes rapidly at a much lower value than that measured for a dry granular bed for the same mass of particles collected. The experiments have been carried out over 30 h under disadvantageous conditions, and we can expect that under real operating conditions the pressure drop will be stable over much longer times. Thus, the presence of water plays its part by limiting the clogging evolution of the granular bed by the re-entrainment of particles collected by the bed. This study was completed by the development of a model to determine the pressure drop and initial efficiency of a trickle bed, which resulted in an example of pre-sizing of a process on an industrial scale
Thieffry, Guillemette. "Procédé alternatif pour l’épuration des fumées de hauts fourneaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0288.
Full textIn order to enable the establishment of a CO2 recovery chain sector from the steel industry, this study aims to propose a new filtration device for the dust removal of blast furnace fumes that would be placed after the current treatment chain to improve their purification. The originality of the chosen technology, a trickle bed, permits to maintain a constant pressure drop by re-entraining continuously the particles trapped on collectors thanks to a water film flow to overcome the clogging problem. A hydrodynamic study and efficiency measurements lead with particles (in a range of diameters between 0.5 and 10 μm) showed that the pressure drop and the initial efficiency increase with the decrease of the collector diameter, which is in agreement with the results of the literature for dry granular beds. The presence of water increases the initial collection efficiency at the expense of a higher pressure drop. These observations are related to the decrease of the bed porosity in presence of a water flow. A good compromise between pressure drop and efficiency was found for an air flow rate of 20 m3.h-1, a liquid flow rate of 12 L.min-1 and using a 50 cm bed composed of glass beads of 5 mm diameter. Long-term clogging tests showed that the efficiency of the bed remains globally constant over time at a value close to the initial one. The pressure drop, although higher at the beginning of the experiment than that of a dry granular bed, stabilizes rapidly at a much lower value than that measured for a dry granular bed for the same mass of particles collected. The experiments have been carried out over 30 h under disadvantageous conditions, and we can expect that under real operating conditions the pressure drop will be stable over much longer times. Thus, the presence of water plays its part by limiting the clogging evolution of the granular bed by the re-entrainment of particles collected by the bed. This study was completed by the development of a model to determine the pressure drop and initial efficiency of a trickle bed, which resulted in an example of pre-sizing of a process on an industrial scale
Genevois, Carole. "Étude comparative de l'activité génotoxique des condensats de fumées de bitume et de goudron : recherche d'un biomarqueur spécifique d'exposition aux fumées de bitume." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T323.
Full textYan, Rong. "Partition des éléments traces dans les fumées de combustion du charbon." Perpignan, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PERP0345.
Full textBarakat, Mouhammad Abou-Al-Nasser. "Interaction rayonnement-particules : cas des fumées générées par differents types de combustibles." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2333.
Full textOuf, François-Xavier. "Caractérisation des aérosols émis lors d'un incendie." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUES003.
Full textThis work deals with the characterization of soot particles present in the plumes of highly ventilated turbulent diffusion flames. Three fuels have been studied: acetylene, toluene and PolyMethylMethacrylate. The size distribution of soot particles was measured on line after dilution, with a discussion about the response of the metrological devices to fractal aggregates. The fractal dimension and the prefactor have been determined from electronic microscopy micrographs analysis. The effective density of the soot aggregates has been also determined by a serial analysis of their electrical mobility and aerodynamic diameters. Then the refractive index of soot particles has been computed at two wavelengths (632 and 1064 nm) by an inversion method based on previous measurements and on measurements of extinction and vertical-vertical scattering coefficients. Results obtained for the three fuels appeared to be consistent with each other and mean values of refractive indices have been established (m=1. 56-0. 61. I and m=1. 71-0. 86. I at 1064 nm)
Haouari, Harrak Samia. "Contributions à l'étude des écoulements de fumées dans un bâtiment en situation d'incendie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0014/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the evaluation and improvement of zone models, used in fire safety engineering to simulate the smoke propagation in a building in a fire situation. It aims at improving the understanding of the smoke flow in a building. The PhD work is divided into two parts. The first part is essentially devoted to a bibliographical survey and an evaluation of the ability of a zone code CFAST, widely used in fire safety engineering, to simulate smoke flows in a building. Numerical results with CFAST are compared with the data of a real-scale experimental campaign carried out on a three-storey residential building. The second part, more academic, consists of studying the smoke flows in a building. Two phenomena are first studied, namely the smoke filling of a room, and the simultaneous filling and emptying of a naturally ventilated room. Zone models describing these phenomena are presented. Two experimental campaigns are conducted on reduced scale room models, in order to study the two phenomena and to evaluate and improve the zone models. Furthermore, numerical simulations with the CFD code FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) are performed to extend the study field of the smoke filling. Finally, improvements to the zone model are proposed. After studying the phenomena related to smoke flows in a single room, the smoke flows in a multi-compartment configuration, consisting of two rooms connected by a stairwell, are experimentally studied at the laboratory scale
Haouari, Harrak Samia. "Contributions à l'étude des écoulements de fumées dans un bâtiment en situation d'incendie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0014.
Full textThis work is devoted to the evaluation and improvement of zone models, used in fire safety engineering to simulate the smoke propagation in a building in a fire situation. It aims at improving the understanding of the smoke flow in a building. The PhD work is divided into two parts. The first part is essentially devoted to a bibliographical survey and an evaluation of the ability of a zone code CFAST, widely used in fire safety engineering, to simulate smoke flows in a building. Numerical results with CFAST are compared with the data of a real-scale experimental campaign carried out on a three-storey residential building. The second part, more academic, consists of studying the smoke flows in a building. Two phenomena are first studied, namely the smoke filling of a room, and the simultaneous filling and emptying of a naturally ventilated room. Zone models describing these phenomena are presented. Two experimental campaigns are conducted on reduced scale room models, in order to study the two phenomena and to evaluate and improve the zone models. Furthermore, numerical simulations with the CFD code FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) are performed to extend the study field of the smoke filling. Finally, improvements to the zone model are proposed. After studying the phenomena related to smoke flows in a single room, the smoke flows in a multi-compartment configuration, consisting of two rooms connected by a stairwell, are experimentally studied at the laboratory scale
Boudjema, Jamila. "Etude in vitro de la toxicité pulmonaire de la fraction ultrafine des fumées de soudage." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUS055.
Full textThe particulate fraction of welding fumes (WF) has very recently been suspected to be oneof the major contributors to their harmful effects on human health. However, to date, thetoxicity of this fraction has not yet been fully deciphered. This work attempted to bettercharacterize the ultrafine fraction of WF emitted by arc welding of stainless steel and to betterstudy, in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), the cellular and molecular mechanismsinvolved in its lung toxicity. Ultrafine particles (UFP), generated by arc welding of stainlesssteel, had physicochemical characteristics close to those generally encountered in theworkplace. Our relevant results clearly demonstrated the crucial role played by the metal-richUFP of WF in the production of oxidative stress, causing oxidative damage to all themacromolecules, and genetic and epigenetic alterations, and activating certain critical cellsignaling pathways. They also underlined the urgent need to include UFP in future air qualitystandards
Vicente, Jérôme (1970. "Caractérisation de phénomènes dynamiques complexes par traitement d'images : application à la reconnaissance des fumées." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11054.
Full textLe, Gléau Florent. "Étude d'un dispositif de traitement de fumées issues de l’incinération de déchets industriels spéciaux." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10118/document.
Full textThermal valorisation of meat and bone meal (MBM) by incineration generates combustion gases that are treated to respect atmospheric emission regulations. This thesis is about MBM and sewage sludge co-incineration in an industrial plant. Measurements have been made to determine the chemical composition of the gaseous (O2, CO2, H2O, NOx, SO2, HCl, NH3) and solid phases (C, H, O, N, S, Cl, Na, K, Ca, P, Fe, Si) in all inlets and outlets. A mass flow evaluation method is proposed and a material balance is performed. The final wastes of incineration consist of ashes and air pollution control residues (APCR), representing about 25 % of the incinerated mass. The ashes are mainly composed of calcium phosphates and the APCR are mainly Na-based salts. The efficiency of the acid gases and NOx treatment is estimated. The treatment includes sodium bicarbonate neutralisation and catalytic reduction by urea, carried out on two parallel pathways equipped with catalytic or non-catalytic ceramic filters. To complete the understanding of physico chemical reactions in the filtering cake, tests of SO2 absorption by Na2CO3, at 250 °C and 300 °C where performed in a laboratory reactor, showing the influence of temperature and particularly humidity. A modelling of the SO2 absorption by Na2CO3 is proposed, based on an absorption site number decrease with the surface recovering
Grippari, Florence. "Caractérisation et filtration des aérosols nonastructurés : application aux fumées de projection thermique des métaux." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0158/document.
Full textThis study deals with the filtration of metallic particles contained in the metallization fumes. Experience feedback specific to the filtration of metallization fumes by dust collectors report a rapid clogging of filters and the inefficiency of pneumatic cleaning techniques commonly used. This leads to a high reduction in filters lifetime. The objective of this study is characterize clogging then unclogging in order to improve the performance of dust cartridge filter against metallization fumes. Three research axes were explored on a dedicated bench : - Metallization fumes characterization. It allows describing the spatial structure of the particle by the fractal dimension and the dynamic shape factor with the DMA-ELPI serial coupling and thanks to an original data analysis methodology validated on various aerosols. The characteristics obtained explain the clogging properties of metallization fumes. - Characterization of the cake generated during the filtration phase (or clogging). It shows a incompressible structure in the velocities filtration range of industry. The experimental porosity of the cake formed by filtering metallization fumes is estimated thanks to these studies. - Study on cleaning. It describes and explains the inefficiency of pneumatic cleaning techniques employed in industry. It appears that only a very small surface of the pleated media is unclogged. The precoating alternative is shown to be very efficient provided that it is combined with off-line cleaning procedures
Mégret, Olivier. "Etude expérimentale de la propagation des fumées d'incendie en tunnel pour différents systèmes de ventilation." Valenciennes, 1999. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/fb86c1f1-7023-45e4-bcff-ee7fc70080df.
Full textHot toxic smoke induced by a fire spreads on the tunnel ceiling as a layer with variable thickness depending on the heat release rate (HRR). Security of passengers lies in the management of the ventilation systems: clearing smoky zones while avoiding layer dilution. The accurate choice of ventilation flow rate remains a function of fire type but also of tunnel dimensions and ventilation network which differ for each tunnel. A 1:20th model of 10 m long has been developed in order to model smoke movement , for a wide range of HRR FROM 0. 2 TO 20 MW , for many tunnel configurations of rectangular cross section. The fire source is modelled by a densimetric jet (air-helium). Fire characteristics are derived from the results of a heptane poolfire model and the size of pool in the tunnel , depending on HRR, is reproduced at model scale. Both longitudinal and transverse ventilation systems are used on the test facilities. A global parametric study had been undertaken in longitudinal ventilation, describing the influence of tunnel dimensions (height ant width) and slope. The role of size, shape and height of the fire source is also analysed. The results are gathered in a global formulation in order to determine the critical ventilation velocity (non-existence of smoke layer upstream the source) and a semi-theorical model is developed, connecting ventilation velocity, HRR and smoke layer thickness. A methodology is defined to quantify stratification state of a hot smoke layer without ventilation. This is used to assess the influence of longitudinal flow on stratification downstream of the fire source. Transverse ventilation studies aim to evaluate extraction efficiency of a system composed of two exhaust traps located on each side of a fire source, as a function of extraction flow rate. A condition of smoke confinement is achieved. This study accounts for the influence of trap location, shape and size on the system efficiency. Standard anemometry and PIV techniques are used for profile and field velocity measurement whereas concentration profiles are obtained by sample analysis of oxygen rate. Many laser sheet visualizations have allowed the description of flow phenomena
Fraval, Sylvie. "Mise au point d'une nouvelle filière de traitement des eaux de lavage de fumées d'incinération." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1996_FRAVAL_S.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this work was to define a treatment process of flue gas cleaning wastewater from household refuses or industrial wastes incineration. Different synthetic wastewaters were used to determine the optimal heavy metal removal conditions using sodium carbonate and silicate as the two reactive agents in a new synthetic material. The solid and liquid phases characterized by fine analytical methods allowed to precise the removal mechanisms of several pollutants. Ln the solid phase, the soluble silicates reacted with diverse cations to form amorphous silicates however no silica were found. Microfiltration membrane was used as a solid/liquid separation technique. After treatment, the solid phase presented higher concentrations than traditional sedimentation techniques, communly used in this field. The filtrate physical-chemical characteristics complied with aIl quality standards for discharge in the environment. The sludges dewatering process lead to a pasty waste. Its pollutant potential and stability were estimated by using two leaching tests. The data showed that the different solid phases were involved in dissolution and precipitation mechanisms. This study has highlighted a new flue gas cleaning wastewater chain that is more efficient and easier of usage than the present industrial process
Sublet, Marcq Julie. "Membranes et procédés pour l’abattement de la teneur en dioxyde de carbone dans les fumées." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES052.
Full textThe present work brings an other point of view concerning the CO2 separation from flue gases by using membrane technology. The study of the permeation properties of the commercial copolymers Pebax® as well as the analysis of the gas separation performances of composite membranes by means of mathematical modelling are presented. The aim was to modified the best Pebax® grade with a simple technique to improve the material properties for CO2/N2 separation. Composite membranes made of a thin layer of Pebax® supported by a porous substrate were next designed and analysed. Potential performances concerning CO2 postcombustion capture were calculated. The blend of Pebax® 1657 with polyethylene glycol gives PCO2 = 127. 9 Barrers and alphaCO2/N2 = 79. 9. Modellings based on a crossflow permeator showed that the membrane process could be competitive for CO2 postcombustion capture under certain operating conditions (CO2 concentration, pressure and temperature)
Finqueneisel, Gisèle. "Préparation et caractérisation d'adsorbants carbones ex-lignites pour la dépollution des eaux et des fumées." Metz, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1998/Finqueneisel.Gisele.SMZ9857.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this work is to produce effectuve cheap active coke with a broad spectrum of adsorptive properties. Three lignites have been pyrolysed using a rotary kiln technology under different experimental conditions. Adsorption of different compounds (paranitrophenol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, lead and cadmium) was conducted in aqueous phase in static mode. From flue gases, the removal of SO2 has been chosen. Our best sample was obtained from a polish lignite at 800°C. The specific surface reachs 370 m2/g with a developed microporosity. In this work, we have demonstrated that : - the pyrolysis temperature is a key parameter ; - remaining about 10% of volatile matter is an indicator for the determination of the optimal conditions ; - the nature and concentration of ashes are important. The presence of well dispersed calcium affects the final reactivity of chars and influences positively the development of the porosity. The modification of the chars surface can improve the adsorptive properties. We have proposed an oxidation treatment at 598K in air in order to increase the surface oxygenated groups and modify the porosity without carbon consumption. The accessibility of the water solution to the pore volume is getting better. This is probably due to the increasing of teh surface hydrophilly. This work shows the feasibility to obtain effective cheap adsorbent in aqueous and gaseous phase using an industrial technology and lignite as precursor. This material can be used for the removal of heavy metals, gas cleaning for example
Schramm, Sébastien. "Étude de la composition de différentes fumées de cigarette associées aux tabagismes actif et passif." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0408/document.
Full textCigarette smoke is one of the more significant indoor contaminant. Cigarette smoke is associated with gas phase and particulate matter phase components. The cigarette smoke particles are of major concern from a toxicological viewpoint, for both active and passive smoking. Indeed a large part of them is retained by the different levels of human respiratory system. As a consequence, the molecules adsorbed on their surface or the molecules, which compose the particle itself, can be slowly released in the organism. In this context, particles involved in active and passive smoking were analyzed and compared. In a first step, a quantification method by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for some tracers has been developed and validated to allow the validation of both the smoking and the sampling procedures to be achieved. This is important to be sure that for a given cigarette smoke types, the different samples obtained from different collection procedure are statistically identical. This also allowed the influence of some smoking variables (type and humidity of the cigarette, puff duration, and flow rate of the puff) on the composition of the particles to be evaluated. In a second step, mainstream cigarette smoke (MSS), sidestream cigarette smoke (SSS) and exhaled cigarette smoke (EXS) particles were analyzed by ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry coupled with laser desorption/ionisation (LDI-FTICRMS) or electrospray ion (ESI-FTICRMS). The comparison of MSS and EXS revealed the selective retention of the more polar molecules in the organism. In contrast to what it is obtained for MSS, it was found that the compounds detected in the analysis of SSS particles are highly unsaturated and content low amounts of oxygen and nitrogen atoms. This has to be linked to a lower dioxygen amounts and to a lower temperature between two puffs in the burning zone. Consequently, pyrolytic and combustion phenomena are the main process which induce the formation of SSS and MSS, respectively. Moreover, MSS cross unburned tobacco before to be collected and can induce distillation of some volatile compounds (e.g. nicotine) which are thought to be more saturated and more oxygenated that the compounds generated in the burning zone. These results were confirmed and completed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis. The results of the MSS, SSS and EXS particle analysis highlight the differences of chemical composition of these different cigarette smokes which is associated to active smoking for the first one and passive smoking for the latter ones. Consequently, differences of toxicological effect can be expected for each kinds of smoking behavior
Ben, Attouche Sfaxi Imen. "Étude thermodynamique d'un procédé de captage du CO2 par formation d'hydrates appliqué aux fumées de postcombustion." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00656829.
Full textRomagnoli, Elodie. "Dynamique de combustion des végétaux et analyse des fumées émises, effets de l’échelle et du système." Thesis, Corte, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CORT0011/document.
Full textWildfires are characterized by a lot of scales of time and space. A multi-physics and multi-scale approach is required to consider the complexity of these phenomena. This thesis is an experimental contribution to the study of the scale effects and the effects of the system on the combustion dynamics of forest fuels and smoke emission. The aim of this work was to determine which experimental protocols and specifically which scales can be used to characterize the combustion of vegetal fuels in the laboratory. The reaction to fire of pine needles species representative of the Mediterranean ecosystem, (Pinus pinaster and Pinus laricio) has been studied. Litters of pine needles are an important issue because they sustain fire spread and are involved in the transition from a surface fire to a total fire.Three experimental configurations were studied in this thesis: the cone calorimeter scale; the large scale calorimeter or LSHR (allowing static combustion with larger masses than used with the cone); a fire spread in the LSHR, allowing to study the effect of the system on the dynamics of combustion and release of smoke. To compare these configurations, experimental protocols have been elaborated while keeping the same fuel load. Different parameters were studied to analyze the combustion dynamics such as combustion efficiency, heat released rate and mass loss rate. Smoke production was studied by measuring the coefficient of extinction to characterize their opacity and an estimation of the soot emission factor was derived. The emission factors of the main compounds emitted during the combustion of these two pines needles were measured with a Fourier Transform Infrared analyzer and a Non-dispersive infrared analyzer. Analysis by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector and a mass spectrometer allowed us to complete these measurements. A mass balance of carbon was also performed to quantify the total carbon measured through our analyzes.The main contributions of our work can be summarized as follow: the study of the burning of Pinus pinaster needles reveals significant differences for heat release rate (HRR) at both cone calorimeter and LSHR scales. However, the combustion system (fire spread) does not influence the HRR value at the LSHR scale. The combustion efficiency appeared to be independent with regard to the scale and the system. We observed a wide influence on the rate of smoke release and the emission factor of soot. We also shown that the combustion system (fire spread) influences the dynamics and value of emissions factors of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (major compound emitted for these combustions). An influence of the three experimental configurations on the emission factors of nitrogen compounds and VOC emissions was also noted. This difference was attributed to the level of smoke temperature. Finally, an effect of particles geometry was also pointed out by the comparison between the burnings performed with the cone calorimeter and the LSHR for both types of pine needles. The combustion dynamics of Pinus laricio needles was slighlty affected by changing scale in comparison to needles of Pinus pinaster (weak variation of HRR). We also observed that Pinus laricio’s needles, which are thermally thiner than Pinus pinaster ones have the lowest soot emission factor
Ben, Attouche Sfaxi Imen. "Étude thermodynamique d'un procédé de captage du CO² par formation d'hydrates appliqué aux fumées de postcombustion." Paris, ENMP, 2011. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00656829.
Full textHydrates selectivity towards carbon dioxide is offering a promising route for carbon dioxide removal from flue gases. Hydrate-based CO² capture process could substitute amine facilities widely implemented in gas treatment plants but suffering from oxidative degradation problems and high energy demand. In the framework of this thesis, we focus on phase equilibria that are involved in such process. Experimental dissociation conditions for clathrate hydrates of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, in the presence of some promoting molecules (Tetrahydrofuran, Tetrabutyl ammionium bromide and Tetrabutyl ammionium Fluoride ) are reported in the experimental section of this work. The data generated in this work along with literature data are compared to the model predictions. The developed model is based on the Cubic Plus Association (CPA) equation of state (EoS) for fluid phases combined to the van der Waals and Platteeuw's theory for the hydrate phase
Lepaumier, Hélène. "Etude des mécanismes de dégradation des amines utilisées pour le captage du CO2 dans les fumées." Chambéry, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CHAMS038.
Full textGlobal warming leads to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Post combustion CO2 capture with solvent is the most advanced technology to reduce CO2 emissions in industrial fumes. A major problem associated with chemical absorption of CO2 using the benchmark ethanolamine (MEA) is solvent degradation through irreversible side reactions with CO2 and O2 which leads to numerous harmful impacts to the process : corrosion, solvent loss, foaming, fouling, and viscosity increase. So, developing new amines with higher chemical stability is essential. This work is based on the chemical stability study of 17 different molecules. Their structures have been chosen in order to establish structure-property relationships : alkanolamines, known for gas treatment application (MEA, DEA, MDEA, AMP. . . ), diamines, and triamines without alcohol function. Impact of temperature, CO2, and O2 on degradation has been studied. Strong experimental conditions have been used to observe significant degradation after a 15 days experiment. Separation, identification and quantification of degradation products have been performed by using different testing instructions such as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, ionic chromatography and NMR. Different mechanisms are proposed to explain most of degradation compounds. Radical reactions (desalkylation, alkylation, ring-closure reactions and piperazinones formation) are involved under O2 pressure whereas CO2 induces ionic reactions (desalkylation, alkylation, addition, ring-closure reactions and oxazolidinones or imidazolidinones formation). Large discrepancies of stability are noticed among the different amines. Knowledge of degradation products and reaction mechanisms has thus permitted to establish some relationships between structure and chemical stability : for example, role of the amine function (primary, secondary, tertiary), impact of alkyl chain length between the two amino groups and steric hindrance
Lafaurie, Arnaud. "Etude des propriétés de surface des fumées de silice : application à la dispersion dans le polypropylène." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20049.
Full textGery, Anne. "Qualité des fumées d'incinération de déchets évaluée par mesure de la cytotoxicité sur cellules de type macrophagique." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Gery.Anne.SMZ9738.pdf.
Full textOur work consists in developing a global bio-assay to evaluate on-line waste incineration stack gas quality. Total stack gases (gas, aerosols, particles) are sampled from the inside of the stack and flow down into an exposure chamber. Alveolar macrophage-like cells from the THP-1 monocyte strain are prepared in culture dishes that allow their contact with an atmosphere. They are maintain in close contact with incineration stack gases in the exposure chamber providing to the cell culture an humidified 37°C-regulated atmosphere, and react to the global stack gas quality. Using the comparison of exposed cells to blank cells kept in clean air, one can attribute a cytotoxicity rate to the gases. Acolorimetric method gives cell viability : yellow tetrazolium MTT salt solution is reduced into a formazan blue salt by only cells. The lower the rate, the better the quality of the stack gases. Our work shows that : testing the bio-assay on simple gases is essential in order its sensitivity to polluants which may be present in the atmosphere ; the cell response in well correlated with NO2, SO2 or HCl concentration ; cells cultured on membranes on which stack gas dusts were collected show high cytotoxicity rates ; hence the stack gas sampling must preserve dusts transported by the gases from the source tested to the reactive cells ; the cytotoxicity index is related to NO, CO, SO2 and HCl concentrations measured in stack gases, even weakly ; in addition, the index seems to be also sensitive to micropollutants which are not measured here. This global bio-assay may be a good complement to the routine controls performed on stack gases, for it can detect pollutants that physical and chemical controls does even not measure
Lemattre, Alexis. "Développement de résines polyester insaturées ignifugées : caractérisation des performances feu/fumées et détermination des mécanismes de décomposition." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MULH2179.
Full textFor many years, unsaturated polyester (UP) resins and composites markets are growing. Indeed, the wide range of UP resins gives a large physico-chemical and mechanical properties to composites. These properties and the good performance / price ratio explain the market growth of these resins in industrial applications like composites or gel coats for transportation and construction. However, UP resin exhibit low flammability and the enhancement of their fire behaviour is needed to meet the legislation and to protect goods and people. Since 2018, the European legislation for fire protection used in railway applications (EN45545-2) has strengthened and been harmonized. Smoke opacity and toxicity are the main issue of halogenated unsaturated polyester resins currently used on this market. The aims of this study were thus to develop and formulate new halogen-free and low viscosity UP resins presenting good flame retardant properties. A synergist mixture of reactive and additive flame retardants (FR) was found to be the solution to substitute brominated UP resins and meet the industrial specifications. Finally, the use of such a resin enables developing flame retardant composites without affecting their physico-chemical and mechanical properties
Cadavid, Rodriguez Maria Cecilia. "Les laveurs : une alternative aux médias fibreux pour le traitement des nanoparticules issues des fumées de métallisation ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0023/document.
Full textThe most effective and widely used dust separation techniques to separate ultrafine particles of a carrier fluid are fibrous media. The main problem is the clogging of the filter that induces a pressure drop increase over time and thus requires a regular cleaning of the media (or its replacement). In this context, the idea is to test bubble columns, which operate at a constant pressure drop, as an alternative to fibrous filters. This study proposes to investigate the influence of different operating conditions such as the liquid level, the air flow rate, the bubble size and the presence of beads, on the collection of ultrafine particles. Despite collection efficiencies lower than those of fibrous filters, experimental results show that bubble columns present high collection efficiency when the liquid level is high and bubbling orifices have low diameters. Besides, if gas velocity does not show an important influence on the collection e_ciency, the presence of beads in the liquid increases the residence time of the bubbles in the column and thus the collection efficiency
Hardy, Louis. "Caractérisation d'une lance diphasique et étude de l'impact d'un jet ascendant sur la stratification des fumées d'incendie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0013.
Full textThis thesis is part of work that aims to study firefighters' equipment and the effect of their fire hose actions on their environment. This field of study is still new with a first essential step for the work presented in this manuscript carried out in 2016 with the performantial approach. In the first three chapters, we propose a comparative study between a new firefighting equipment, the twin-fluid hose, and the currently used hoses. Experiments have made it possible to determine the geometric characteristics and also the evolution of the size and speed of the drops making up the jet as a function of distance. The last two chapters complete this approach with an intermediate-scale study of the interaction phenomena between a spray and a smoke layer using a coupled experimental/modelling approach. The model tests will be used to verify the relevance of the numerical simulations of the Fire Dynamics Simulator software. The numerical approach makes it possible to quantify the heat exchange between the spray and the surrounding environment. One perspective of this work is the use of energy balances, which have been established, to seek to optimise the mode of action of firefighters
Giachetti, Bastien. "Etude expérimentale et numérique du développement d'un écoulement chaud vertical en milieu semi-confiné sous l'influence d'une ventilation mécanique. Application à une station de métropolitain." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESMA0003/document.
Full textSmoke spreading in an underground subway station is analyzed and studied by taking into account parameters such as passenger accesses and forced ventilation systems. Two sub-scale models are considered to arise such analysis ; based on the Froude number (Fr) or momentum ratio(r). The first experiment based on Froude number conservation is conducted on a 1/30e scale modelof a realistic subway station with fire provided from an air-butane burner. Due to restricted access to local temperature and velocity measurements, a second model was entirely developed during the course of this work ; the main issue is to study momentum ratio and thermal spreading. Numerical studies were in parallel carried out from an house-code LES turbulent model.Four main parameters were thus identified : tunnel/station height ratio (H/H0), ventilation massflowrate, number and position of accesses and hydraulic network in which the subway station islocated. « Critical » flowrate can be imposed in order to avoid thermal speading within the passenger accesses and consequently a critical factor was defined. The air/smoke flow is strongly linked to the number and position of accesses and also of the geometrical configuration. Two or three regimes can be identified. Finally internal flows in the accesses and in the station are also strongly influenced by the pressure drop of the hydraulic network
Demouge, François. "Contribution à la modélisation numérique de la stratification des fumées dans le cas d'un incendie en tunnel routier." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10102.
Full textVerwilghen, Cédric. "Fixation des métaux lourds par des phosphates de calcium dans le traitement des fumées d’usines d’incinération d’ordures ménagères." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30253.
Full textThe aim was to determine the effect of calcium phosphate additions to usual sorbents (lime and sodium bicarbonate) in order to improve heavy metal abatement in solid waste incinerator flue gases. The first part describes the synthesis of hydroxyapatite precursors with large specific surface area and high reactivity. The influence of the various preparation conditions is investigated and optimum synthesis parameters determined. The second part describes the interactions between the hydroxyapatite precursors, lime and cadmium chloride selected as target heavy metal. This study was undertaken at the laboratory bench scale as well as the industrial pilot scale with converging results. Evidence collected shows that large specific surface area hydroxyapatite interacts strongly with cadmium chloride in the gas phase and reduces metal emissions under the experimental conditions explored. This is interpreted as a consequence of cadmium substituted hydroxyapatite formation with high stability
Muller-RODRIGUEZ, Nathalie. "Etude de la colonne à gouttes transportées : un procédé de traitement des fumées à hautes vitesses de gaz." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0033.
Full textThe droplet column is a gas-liquid contactor performing at cocurrent and with high gas velocities (up to 15 m/s). The study of this device requires three important investigation directions. The first concerns an hydrodynamic study and begins by measuring pressure drops and liquid holdups. The study is followed by a liquid residence time determination. Ali these different results are necessary to modelise the liquid flow in the column by comparison with well-known models. This hydrodynamic study leads to the second stage which is the determination of mass transfer coefficients. These parameters are the interracial area α and the volumetric coefficient in the liquid side kL. AL. The influence of the liquid flow rate and gas velocity is showed on these two parameters. It is very important to know these parameters in order to compare with those of other gas-liquid contactors. The third way of investigation is based on an experimental study. On the one hand, some experiments have been made on the caption and retention capabilities of dust pollutants. Different sizes of particles have been studied. From this point of view, the droplet column efficiency has been compared with commonly used dust-cleaners. On the other hand, the efficiency of the droplet column as a mass exchanger is shown by using the two gaseous pollutants HCl and S02. With this third part we can validate the droplet column as bifunctionnal process
Abbassi, Mohamed Ammar. "Modélisation des transferts de chaleur par convention-rayonnement dans un four d'incinération des fumées de carbonisation du bois." Perpignan, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PERP0938.
Full textThis work deals with a theoretical study of heat and mass transfer by combined mixed convection, radiation and chemical kinetics in an incinerator of wood carbonization with recovery and incineration of the pyrolysis fumes. A thermochemical model was elaborated to predict the temperatures, molar flows (in particular molar flow responsible for the racing of the incineration reaction) and the concentrations in each zone of the pilot plant. The radiative transfers in the gas phase and soot are modelled by applying the weighted sum of the grey gases model. We applied the finite volume method and the "blocked-off-region" procedure to handle the complex geometries. The equations governing the transfers by combined mixed convection, radiation and the chemical kinetics are solved by the finite volume method, TDMA and the SIMPLE algorithms. We analyzed the shadow effect caused by the baffles, the fumes optical thickness, the Boltzmann number, the conduction-radiation parameter, Reynolds number and the Richardson number. We determined the best configuration of the baffles and shown that the increase in the soot volume fraction causes an increase in radiative heat flux and the presence of soot at a temperature different from that of the fume causes a radiative thermal non equilibrium. The partial pressure ratio of H2O and CO2 does not effect the radiative heat flux on the walls of the incinerator. The heat generated by the incineration of the fumes causes intensification and homogenisation of the transfers in a forced convection mode. The results of the thermochemical model are in qualitative and quantitative good agreement with the experimental results
Deparis, Philippe. ""Coups de fumées" : approche du risque respiratoire chez des sapeurs-pompiers professionnels. A propos de 80 cas d'inhalations accidentelles de fumées d'incendies à la brigade de sapeurs-pompiers de Paris, de 1993 à 1995. Etude des conséquences à court et moyen terme." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23019.
Full textOuboukhlik, Maria. "Caractérisation du transfert de matière dans un spray réactif pour le traitement des fumées : application au captage du CO2." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAM0008/document.
Full textPollutant capture, especially of CO2, is still a major challenge nowadays.CO2 capture based on absorption with chemical reaction by aqueous solutions of amines is the most mature technique for post-combustion gas cleaning.The substitution of packed columns by spray columns presents an economical interest since the exchange area between both gas and liquid phases is very important, reducing the size of the absorption column. In addition, gas side pressure losses are avoided and maintenance costs are reduced.The aim of this thesis is to characterize mass transfer in a spray column during a CO2 absorption by an aqueous solution of monoethanolamine (MEA) by using a new optical technique.The study focuses on the characterization of the local mass transfer between MEA spray and a CO2 atmosphere. In order to achieve this, a non-intrusive optical technique is used: Global Rainbow Technique (GRT). This technique measures the refractive index of droplets in a local portion of the spray. Therefore, the measurement is local with a volume of few cubic millimeters.The refractive index of a solution depends on its temperature and its concentration. Thus, by using a prior calibration in a stirred reactor, the refractive indices of CO2 loaded MEA solutions are correlated with their temperatures and CO2 absorbed concentration. Therefore, measuring refractive index is a measurement of mass transfer extent.GRT is then used during CO2 absorption with chemical reaction, and the amount of CO2 captured per volume unit is measured at several column heights. The experimental results are then compared with mass transfer predictions in a droplet with a model numerically solved in COMSOL Multiphysics.In another hand, gas side mass transfer is characterized by measuring the amount of CO2 in the gas phase with infrared spectrometry during CO2 absorption in an aqueous solution of 30 % MEA. The results are presented in term of capture efficiency and a gas-side mass transfer coefficient is calculated as a function of operating parameters such as gas and liquid flow rates.This work, applied to CO2 capture, deals with mass transfer measurement with GRT through a first application to absorption with chemical reaction. The developed method in this thesis will allow its use for other chemical systems
De, Boom Aurore. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'un procédé de valorisation des cendres volantes et des résidus d'épuration des fumées d'incinération d'ordures ménagères." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210246.
Full textLes recherches présentées ici s’inscrivent dans cette tendance nouvelle et visent l’élaboration d’un procédé combinant traitement et valorisation des REFIOM.
Les REFIOM représentent en fait différents types de résidus provenant des installations que rencontrent les fumées issues de l’incinération des déchets. La composition des résidus diffère selon leur origine. Il est dès lors apparu essentiel de considérer chaque type de résidu séparément et de poursuivre l’élaboration d’un traitement sur un seul type de REFIOM. Nous avons choisi de concentrer les recherches sur les Cendres Volantes de Chaudière (CVC), ces résidus se retrouvant dans tout incinérateur.
Le traitement des CVC est basé sur l’extraction de fractions valorisables et la séparation de fractions contaminées, permettant d’obtenir des résidus acceptables en décharge ou, idéalement eux-mêmes valorisables.
Une séparation magnétique permet d’extraire environ 10% en poids des CVC mais ne semble pas exploitable dans le cadre du traitement des CVC car les particules magnétiques contiennent des impuretés (composés non magnétiques) et que le résidu final reste contaminé.
Une étude de la répartition des éléments en fonction de la taille des particules (granulochimie) est effectuée sur les CVC. Il apparaît intéressant de séparer la fraction inférieure à 38 µm obtenue lors d’une séparation granulométrique, effectuée en voie humide en utilisant une solution dense. En effet, cette fraction semble être nettement plus contaminée en Pb (soluble) que le reste des CVC. Une telle séparation constitue dès lors la première étape du traitement des CVC. Elle est suivie par des étapes de lavage des fractions obtenues, visant à extraire les sels solubles (chlorures et métaux). Les lavages sont envisagés à contre-courant afin d’utiliser au mieux l’eau de lavage. Une recirculation interne des solutions est également prévue, de sorte que, théoriquement, le procédé ne génère pas d’effluents liquides. Une étape de précipitation de composés métalliques (PbS dans ce cas-ci) est prévue après le lavage des boues.
Le procédé de traitement des CVC produirait ainsi des boues et des granulats décontaminés, des sels et des précipités métalliques. Seules certaines étapes du procédé ont été investiguées en laboratoire ;des essais supplémentaires sont encore nécessaires pour optimiser chaque étape, comprendre les phénomènes physico-chimiques qui se produisent et assurer des filières de valorisation.
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Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) fly ashes and Air Pollution Control (APC) residues are considered as hazardous waste according to the limits for the acceptance of waste at landfills, because high amounts of chlorides and heavy metals leach from the solids when those are in contact with water. These residues have thus to be treated before they can be accepted in landfill. Several treatments aim to limit the leaching of the residues. Beside these treatments, some research works go further the treatment and consider the valorisation of MSWI fly ashes and APC residues, e.a. in cementitious materials.
The present work follows the new trend and aims to build up a process that combines treatment and valorisation of MSWI fly ashes and APC residues.
MSWI fly ashes and APC residues come from the devices encountered by the flue gases from waste incineration. The residues composition differs according to their origin. It seems thus essential to consider each type of residues separately and to develop the treatment only on one sort of residue. Boiler Fly Ashes (BFA) were chosen because they exist in every modern MSWI plant.
The BFA treatment is based on the extraction of valorisable fractions and on the separation of contaminated fractions, which makes the final residues less hazardous; these final residues would then be acceptable in landfill, or, even better, be valorisable.
A magnetic sorting extracts ~10% (wt.) of BFA; however, such a separation would not be useful in a treatment process because the magnetic particles contain some impurities (non magnetic particles) and the final residue is still hazardous.
The repartition of the elements according to the particles size has been studied on BFA. It seems interesting to separate the BFA at 38 µm by a wet sieving process using a dense solution. The lower fraction presents a higher contamination in Pb (soluble) than the larger. Consequently, the first step of the BFA treatment consists of a wet sieving. Washing steps follow the sieving and aim to extract soluble salts (chlorides, heavy metals). These washings work in a counter-current way to optimise the use of water. The solutions are recycled in the process, which implies the absence of liquid effluents. A precipitation step of some metallic compounds (PbS in this case) is foreseen after the washing of the lower fraction.
The BFA treatment process would produce decontaminated sludge and coarse fractions, salts and metallic compounds. Some steps of the process have been investigated at lab-scale; further studies are necessary to optimise each step, to understand the observed reactions and to guarantee valorisation channels.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Chevalier, Jacques. "Élaboration d'un protocole d'analyse de cycle de vie des procédés : application aux traitements des fumées d'incinération des déchets ménagers." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0077.
Full textThis work consisted 1n making a protocol for life cycle assessment application to processes. This thesis enabled : *to demonstrate the feasibility of processes LCA, *to state that LCA is a decision making tool, *to propose a protocol to complete a process's LCA, *to apply this protocol to gas treatment processes. This protocol meets the following requirements: *it makes LCA easier to understand and more operational, *it respects the IS014040 standards, *it integrates multicriteria tool for decision making, *it proposes new methods to fill sorne LCA's gaps
Navarro, Jean-Michel. "Comportement d'un échangeur de chaleur à lit fluidisé en milieu encrassant : application aux récupérateurs de chaleur sur fumées industrielles." Compiègne, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986COMPI236.
Full textDong, Huy Quang. "Evaluation du risque d'inflammation des fumées riches dans un milieu confiné sous-ventilé à l'aide de la simulation numérique." Phd thesis, ISAE-ENSMA Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et d'Aérotechique - Poitiers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954471.
Full textBaïs, Nelsie. "Etude du post-traitement des fumées d'incinérateur : élimination de polluants organiques persistants sur des matériaux carbonés adsorbants à température élevée." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10101.
Full textCanaud, Matthieu. "Estimation de paramètres et planification d'expériences adaptée aux problèmes de cinétique - Application à la dépollution des fumées en sortie des moteurs." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00677758.
Full textTrévisan, Nicolas. "Étude expérimentale et numérique des interactions entre dispositifs d'évacuation naturelle de fumées et de chaleur et systèmes d'extinction automatique à eau." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0093/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study of interactions between smoke and heat exhaust ventilation systems (SHEAVS) and automatic fire sprinklers. Two real scales experimentation campaigns involving sprinklers and SHEAVS have been carried out in fire test facilities at CNPP (France). A total of 98 instrumented tests have been conducted with various fuel type, experimental configuration and activation time of both systems. Collected datas include smoke free layer height, temperature field and automatic sprinkler activation time. These results are used to build a database in order to create a validation case for the software Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Numerical simulations of several tests are conducted using experimental data as input parameters. Results are then confronted to measurements. A good agreement between these results allows us to use FDS in order to realize mass and energy balances for various scenarios. Using knowledge acquired during both campaigns, numerical simulations of fire scenarios in two actual facilities have been conducted. For both configuration, various SHEAVS activation time have been tested and results (temperature levels, time and number of activated sprinklers, heat and mass transfer) have been confronted
Gacquer, David. "Sur l'utilisation active de la diversité dans la construction d'ensembles classifieurs : application à la détection de fumées nocives sur site industriel." Valenciennes, 2009. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/2a04cf89-c324-43d6-a36b-052aa232f813.
Full textDiscussions about the influence of diversity when designing Multiple Classifier Systems is an active topic in Machine Learning. One possible way of considering the design of Multiple Classifier Systems is to select the ensemble members from a large pool of classifiers focusing on predefined criteria, which is known as the Overproduce and Choose paradigm. The objective of this PhD Thesis is to study the trade-off between accuracy and diversity which exists in multiple classifier systems. We review some well known Machine Learning algorithms and ensemble learning techniques from the literature and we present in details the concept of diversity and the way it is used by certain ensemble learning algorithms. We propose a genetic heuristic to design multiple classifier systems by controlling the trade-off between diversity and accuracy when selecting individual classifiers. We compare the proposed genetic selection with several heuristics described in the literature to build multiple classifier systems under the Overproduce and Choose paradigm. The application of our research work concerns the development of a supervised classification system to control atmospheric pollution around industrial complexes. This system is based on the analysis of visual scenes recorded by cameras and aims at detecting dangerous smoke trails rejected by steelworks or chemical factories
Canaud, Matthieu. "Estimation de paramètres et planification d’expériences adaptée aux problèmes de cinétique - Application à la dépollution des fumées en sortie des moteurs." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EMSE0619/document.
Full textPhysico-chemical models designed to represent experimental reality may prove to be inadequate. This is the case of nitrogen oxide trap, used as an application support of our thesis, which is a catalyst system treating the emissions of the diesel engine. The outputs are the curves of concentrations of pollutants, which are functional data, depending on scalar initial concentrations.The initial objective of this thesis is to propose experiental design that are meaningful to the user. However, the experimental design relying on models, most of the work has led us to propose a statistical representation taking into account the expert knowledge, and allows to build this plan.Three lines of research were explored. We first considered a non-functional modeling with the use of kriging theory. Then, we took into account the functional dimension of the responses, with the application and extension of varying coefficent models. Finally, starting again from the original model, we developped a model depending on the kinetic parameters of the inputs (scalar) using a nonparametric representation.To compare the methods, it was necessary to conduct an experimental campaign, and we propose an exploratory design approach, based on maximum entropy
Mekki, Malik. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et évaluation toxicologique de fumées particulaires produites lors de tirs de petit calibre et de fumigènes : étude comparative." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR140/document.
Full textAir pollution, and particulary anthropogenic particulate matter, is one of the most important risk factors involved in the high rate of morbidity and mortality related to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In pyrotechnic field, be it professional, civil or military activities, smokes constitue an important particle producer playing a major role in particulate matter emmergence and thereby exposing users to the various emitted aerosols.The main purpose of this exploratory study was to provide knowledge on the physicochemical characteristics of particles emitted during pyrotechnic activities, more specifically particles from gunfire and smokes, and to assess their pulmonary toxicity in vitro.On the first hand, the physicochemical characterization demonstrates that firing particles had a rather coarse granulometry (3 to 7.5 μm) and were mainly composed of metallic elemets, despite smoke particles belong to the category of fine particles (< 0,95 μm) and are predominantly composed of different organic molecules according to the smoke type.On the other hand, in order to assess the pulmonary toxicity of particles, we exposed human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) in vitro to particles coming from either gunfire and to two of the four different smokes (smoke 1 and 4). The results of this study showed that some of these particles (gunfire and smoke 1 particles) induced a mutagenic effects from organic extracts, as well as cytotoxicity. Moreover, particles of smoke 1 were also able to give rise to an oxidative stress (increased HO-1 mRNA expression) and to initiate an important inflammatory response characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation (increase in IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression).The results of this comparative study demonstrated that particles from gunfire and smoke have different particle sizes and chemical composition. These physicochemical characteristics are responsible for different mutagenic and cytotoxic effects as well as alterations of the intrinsic oxidizing and inflammatory properties. This study also made it possible to understand the different methods of toxicological evaluation of smoke particles
Gacquer, David. "Sur l'utilisation active de la diversité dans la construction d'ensembles de classifieurs. Application à la détection de fumées nocives sur site industriel." Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00392616.
Full textUne manière particulière de construire un ensemble de classifieurs consiste à sélectionner individuellement les membres de l'ensemble à partir d'un pool de classifieurs en se basant sur des critères prédéfinis.
La littérature fait référence à cette méthode sous le terme de paradigme Surproduction et Sélection, également appelé élagage d'ensemble de classifieurs.
Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont pour objectif d'étudier le compromis entre la précision et la diversité existant dans les ensembles de classifieurs. Nous apportons également certains éléments de réponse sur le comportement insaisissable de la diversité lorsqu'elle est utilisée de manière explicite lors de la construction d'un ensemble de classifieurs.
Nous commençons par étudier différents algorithmes d'apprentissage de la littérature. Nous présentons également les algorithmes ensemblistes les plus fréquemment utilisés. Nous définissons ensuite le concept de diversité dans les ensembles de classifieurs ainsi que les différentes méthodes permettant de l'utiliser directement lors de la création de l'ensemble.
Nous proposons un algorithme génétique permettant de construire un ensemble de classifieurs en contrôlant le compromis entre précision et diversité lors de la sélection des membres de l'ensemble. Nous comparons notre algorithme avec différentes heuristiques de sélection proposées dans la littérature pour construire un ensemble de classifieurs selon le paradigme Surproduction et Sélection.
Les différentes conclusions que nous tirons des résultats obtenus pour différents jeux de données de l'UCI Repository nous conduisent à la proposition de conditions spécifiques pour lesquelles l'utilisation de la diversité peut amener à une amélioration des performances de l'ensemble de classifieurs. Nous montrons également que l'efficacité de l'approche Surproduction et Sélection repose en grande partie sur la stabilité inhérente au problème posé.
Nous appliquons finalement nos travaux de recherche au développement d'un système de classification supervisée pour le contrôle de la pollution atmosphérique survenant sur des sites industriels. Ce système est basé sur l'analyse par traitement d'image de scènes à risque enregistrées à l'aide de caméras. Son principal objectif principal est de détecter les rejets de fumées dangereux émis par des usines sidérurgiques et pétro-chimiques.
Frugier, Pierre. "Influence des variations de composition des vitrifiats de REFIOM (Résidus d'Epuration des Fumées d'Incinération d'Ordures Ménagères) sur leur comportement à long terme." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20205.
Full textDeberteix, Pascal. "Etude thermoaéraulique des écoulements en conduite ventilée en présence d'une source de chaleur : application à la propagation des fumées d'incendie en tunnel." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2268.
Full textVignes, Carine. "Du brouillage à la crise de la représentation : vapeurs, brumes et fumées dans la littérature de la seconde moitié du dix-neuvième siècle." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100043.
Full textVaporous motifs abound in the second half of the nineteenth century. One must study their functions, understand the roles they may have played in the accession of literary language to modernity. First of all, vapour is traditionally closely linked to knowledge ; the undefined is the veil of the infinite and hence integrates into the metaphysical and fantastic codes which indicates the unknown. It also belongs to the literary landscape of a disappointed generation which made melancholy its own "world-weariness" ; mist is a torture or a refuge. Then Zola creates the portrait of a family and a society which end up in smoke to rise from their ashes. But, above all, vaporous motifs partake of an aestheticism of vagueness. Influenced by visual arts, literature becomes descriptive and depicts the metamoprhosis of clouds and mist ; it brings in to light images out of vagueness. The writers of the second half of the nineteenth century also attempt to express what wears away ; representation faces a crisis. The aesthetic evolution of the second half of the nineteenth century leads the portic of vagueness to the treshold of modern art and literature
GUELZIM, ABDERRAOUF. "Etude des effets de ventilation sur le rayonnement d'un feu et sur le mouvement des fumées induites par celui-ci dans une galerie." Poitiers, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992POIT2300.
Full textTu, Xin. "Caractérisation des plasmas atmosphériques générés par une torche à double anode destinée à la vitrification des REFIOM (Résidus d’Epuration des Fumées d’Incinération des Ordures Ménagères)." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUES015.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study of different atmospheric plasma jets produced by an original double anode plasma torch fed either with argon or with mixtures argon-nitrogen. In the former case, the analysis of the fluctuation emphasizes a “takeover” operating mode while, in the latter case, a “restrike” mode is identified with a 4. 1 kHz characteristic frequency. Spectroscopic measurements performed inside and outside the arc chamber lead to densities and temperatures which are close to the LTE calculated ones. The axial evolution of the excited species reveals a strong engulfment of the ambient air at the exit of the torch. The specific enthalpy of the plasma varies as the inverse of the distance squared. The available thermal flux density decreases from 100 to 10kWm-2 over around 20cm. So, this double anode plasma torch may be considered as a suitable energy source in the purpose of vitrifying MSWI fly ashes