Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fumier – Effets de l'environnement'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Fumier – Effets de l'environnement.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Pouliot, Rémy. "Les effets fertilisants de la grande oie des neiges sur la dynamique des milieux humides de l'île Bylot, Nunavut : impact du tapis de bryophytes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23589/23589.pdf.
Full textProductivities, decomposition rates and nutrient turnovers are low in polygon fens of Bylot Island. The Greater snow geese population could modify these parameters since goose faeces contain nutrients that are easily uptaken. However, it is important to consider the moss carpet. This study showed that mosses play an important role on the polygon fen dynamic by sequestrating the nutrients added by goose faeces. Grazed plants were able to uptake nutrients only when the mosses are saturated and consequently, when nutrients reach their roots. The decomposition rates and the turnover of nutrients were not affected by nutrient additions. In addition, in the short-term, it seems that fertilizing effect of geese was visible only on moss growth. As a secondary result, this study showed that innate marker method is the most appropriate to estimate moss primary production in arctic wetlands.
Guilmette, Daniel. "Volatilisation de l'ammoniac du lisier de porc dans les prairies de graminées : effet du type de rampe d'épandage." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25088/25088.pdf.
Full textJamal, eddine Abdul Karim. "Sources vibratoires et effets sur l'environnement." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1111/document.
Full textGround vibration is an increasingly important environmental problem. This study investigates multiple aspects of ground vibration. Local site conditions and the related amplification of seismic waves represent a widely studied topic in seismology and earthquake engineering. While most of the studies are dedicated to engineering seismology and earthquake engineering, similar approaches for soil classification and site amplification have not been yet fully established in the field of urban vibrations.First an improvement strategy for absorbing layer method was developed in order to enhance precision of the FEM models. The design of simple absorbing layers in FEM through the nullification of the real part of reflected waves in the complex number domain proved to be efficient when coupled with the stiffness reduction of the absorbing layer. Excessive reduction of the stiffness along with the excessive increase of the stiffness factor in the attenuation matrix enabled a large reduction in the size of the absorbing layer and therefore the design of an inexpensive absorbing layer.Afterwards an important part of the work was dedicated to the derivation of a new set of parameters of the velocity-gradient type that controls the vibration transfer through multilayered soil. The absence of a well-structured comprehensive approach for prediction and site classification for vibration problems leaves the problem broad and complicated. Different sites with different mechanical and geometrical properties were examined using FEM and their surface response was studied. Sites responses were formulated in simple time domain and spectral approaches. The newly derived proxies along with the spectral laws serve as a classification mean for multilayered soils in the vibration problem and may even be used for design purposes.An artificial intelligence tool for predicting soil response using the previously derived proxies coupled with the geometrical properties of the surface layer was later developed. The neural networks tool was used to analyze the parametric effects of the velocity-gradient proxies versus that of the surface layer’s depth. Important conclusions were derived from the analysis regarding the mechanical and geometrical properties of multiple layers and their varying effects with distance from the source.Finally multiple sources recordings were studied through comparing them with the spectral responses of different sites defined in the previous sections. The rate of matching between the spectral content of a particular source and a given site serves as a mean to assess the vibration hazard caused by this source to the corresponding site. The vibration hazard assessment leads to a classification link between sources in one hand and sites characterized by velocity-gradient proxies on the other hand
Capdeville, Marion-Justine. "Études des cycles biogéochimiques des contaminants organiques dits « émergents » dans les systèmes aquatiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14304.
Full textPharmaceutical substances belong to the group of emerging contaminants due to their recent interest in environmental studies in comparison with pollutants who have been studied for a longer time like pesticides. They correspond to the active ingredient of drugs and by this mean are responsible for their pharmacological properties. Consequently they are biologically active molecules that can act on living organisms present in impacted ecosystems. The origin of pharmaceuticals in the environment is variable but the main sources are related to their use in human and veterinary medicine. Once consumed, pharmaceutical substances are excreted in urine or feces and are found in wastewater (human consumption) or animal manure (veterinary consumption). In the first case, they can be discharged directly in the environment, or indirectly, with treated wastewater or sludge from sewage treatment plants (SWTP). In the second case, they directly reach the environment when animals are bred on grassland or indirectly when livestock wastes are spread on agricultural soils as fertilizer. This PhD work has been focused on the study of the origin and fate of pharmaceutical substances in these 2 cases. Thus according to consumption data, occurrence in the environment reported in previous studies, toxicity and ecotoxicity data, originality and availability of reference standard compounds, 32 then 78 molecules belonging to 5 different therapeutic classes (antibiotics, antineoplastics, beta-blockers, anti-HIV, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE 5 inhibitors)) were studied in 2 continuums : i) hospital wastewater effluents – raw and treated wastewater – surface water, and ii) raw and treated wastewater – surface water – ground water. Based on the same selection criteria, the fate of 7 antibiotics was studied in pig manure in simple manure storage facilities (storage tank), in aerobic manure treatment facilities (treatment system like in small SWTP) and in mesocosms under controlled conditions. In order to achieve all these studies, analytical protocols implementing an extraction step by SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) or an ASE extraction (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) followed by a SPE purification and an analytical step by LC / MS / MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) have been developed. These protocols, by filling out quality criteria such as limits of detection and quantification compatible with environmental analysis (ng/l to dozen of ng/l), good linearity, precision, accuracy and performance, were used to analyze the dissolved phase of water samples and dissolved and solid phases of pig manure samples. The water samples analysis shows : i) beta-blockers, anti-HIV and antibiotic belonging to the families of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are the most representative molecules of the environmental contamination from the classes studied; ii) SWTP releases are a major source of aquatic systems’ contamination; iii) wastewaters are more contaminated in winter than in summer; and iv) surface water are more contaminated in summer than in winter. The pig manure samples analysis shows : i) the levels of contamination of manure by antibiotics are high, from a few µg/l to mg/l; ii) the manure level of contamination is not related to the physiological stage of pigs; iii) the interest to store manure before spreading in order to reduce the antibiotics contamination is not highlighted; iv) oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin and marbofloxacin are mainly present in the solid phase whereas sulfadiazine, lincomycin and monensin are mainly present in the liquid phase of manure; v) the separation of solid and liquid phases reduce manure contamination in aerobic treatment facilities; and vi) antibiotics degradation is mainly aerobic.Key words:
Bilodeau, Line. "Effets d'apports de fractions solides de lisier de porcs sur certaines propriétés physico-chimiques et biologiques liées à la qualité des sols." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26418/26418.pdf.
Full textKammerer, Cécile. "Spectroscopie Optique de boîtes quantiques uniques: effets de l'environnement." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002361.
Full textParent, Élizabeth. "Détermination quantitative d'antibiotiques (chlortétracycline, oxytétracycline, tylosine) dans quelques types de fumiers de ferme enrichis artificiellement." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26454/26454.pdf.
Full textAlarcon, Charles. "Cycle biogéochimique du silicium en environnement tropical : application à l'étude des sols à Mascareignite de l'île de la Réunion." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30030.
Full textFierro-Constain, Laura. "La reproduction chez Oscarella lobularis (Porifera - Homoscleromorpha) : gènes impliqués et effets de l'environnement." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4088.
Full textPorifera and Ctenophora are probably the two most ancient animal lineages. Their study therefore allows to trace back the early history of metazoans and to address the origin of the distinction between somatic and germ lines. Indeed, in sponges this distinction does not exist: archeocytes and choanocytes can give rise to both somatic cells and gametes.After establishing the list of genes considered to be involved in gametogenesis in metazoans, I searched for these candidate genes (by local blast) in the transcriptomes of two sponge species (Oscarella lobularis and Oopsacas minuta). I thereby managed to characterize their sequences (phylogenetic and protein domain analyzes) and to trace their evolution through comparative analyzes including all main animal phyla. Finally, the in situ monitoring of O. lobularis enabled me to refine its life cycle and access all key developmental stages in order to study the expression of candidate genes in order to test their possible involvement in gametogenesis in this species.I have shown that 18 GMP (Germline Multipotency Program) genes are present ancestrally in animals. Among them, at least 11 are expressed not only during gametogenesis but also during embryogenesis, asexual reproduction and regeneration. Finally, in situ monitoring showed the influence of temperature variations and organic matter availability on gametogenesis.My work suggests, firstly that the specification of germ cells is controlled by common genetic mechanisms across metazoans, and secondly that these ancestral genes might be involved in pluripotency. These results reinforce the hypothesis suggesting a common origin of the germline and somatic stem cells
Caussanel, Matthieu. "Tenue au rayonnement de composants optoélectroniques destinés à l'environnement spatial : L'amplificateur optique à fibre dopée erbium." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20055.
Full textBichet, Coraline. "Ecologie évolutive de la malaria aviaire : effets des caractéristiques de l'hôte et de l'environnement." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00907956.
Full textTremblay, Réjean. "Analyse du lixiviat d'un ancien dépotoir et de ses effets potentiels sur l'environnement immédiat." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1995. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5075/1/000623584.pdf.
Full textLachance, Isabelle. "Effets de la séparation des déjections porcines sous les planchers lattés sur les émissions gazeuses et d'odeurs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22978/22978.pdf.
Full textLiterature has shown separating urine from feces and frequently removing both fractions is suitable for diminishing gas and odor emissions from pig building. On average, under-slat separation systems in piggeries can reduce ammonia and odor emissions by up to 50%. The focus of the present research study was to assess, in the same experimental design, the effect of diverse manure handling systems on various aspects relative to air quality. Twelve identical and completely independent experimental rooms were built. Each room housed four grower-finisher pigs from 30 to 80 kg over two 8-week period trials. Five treatments, of which three separation systems (V-shaped scraper, net, belt) were tested simultaneously. The scraping frequency and the effectiveness of the separation process were evaluated. Results showed there was a significant effect of the treatment on ammonia emissions (p=0.02). Without the solid-liquid separation, removing the manure every 2-3 days significantly reduced ammonia emissions by 46% (52.7 mg day-1 kgpig-1) compared to the control. Within a storage period of 2-3 days, the separation of the urine and feces directly under slats allowed a significant 49% (50.0 mg day-1 kgpig-1) reduction of ammonia emissions compared to the control. The different separation systems had the same ammonia reduction capacity. Results revealed there is no advantage at a statistically significant level (P>0.05) for the separation process not for the removal frequency on carbon dioxide and methane emissions, within a week period. For the same period, it was not beneficial at a statistically significant level (P>0.05) to separate excrement and urine directly under slats for reducing odor releases. Manure handling systems did not have an effect on the hedonic tone.
Gilbert, Yan. "Caractérisation de la biomasse nitrifiante et dénitrifiante d'un biofiltre à support organique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23920/23920.pdf.
Full textCassan, Delphine. "Santé et qualité de l'environnement de piscines publiques chlorées." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON14001.
Full textKheyrodin, Hamid. "Effets de l'apport de fumier liquide et du labour quinquennal sur certaines propriétés biologiques, chimiques et physiques de sols sous prairie du Québec." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25242.pdf.
Full textNakhili, Nadia. "L'environnement scolaire, quels effets sur les aspirations "individuelles" ? Le cas de l'entrée dans l'enseignement supérieur." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00260955.
Full textLoup, Benoît. "Étude des effets des contaminants chimiques de l'environnement chez les bivalves : approche de toxicogénomique fonctionnelle." Le Havre, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LEHA0008.
Full textResearch in Distributed artificial intelligence, and more particulary on multiagent system are interested in the resolution of complex systems thanks to a set of interacting agents. As it is performed for softwares developed using the object paradigm, multiagent programming needs to validate and verify multiagent systems developed. This thesis discusses about a new approach for this issue. This approach deals with an online verification of properties of the system. These properties are central in our research and are widely studied. In particular, we study and formalize the concept, we propose a model and we show how to extract these properties when designing a system. Moreover, we show how to transform these properties in order for them to be used by software entities. We also present a multiagent architecture that we have developed and which will help validate a system during its execution. Relying on the properties identified during the design stage, the validator agents try to identify any deviant behavior of the system
Tanvez, Aurélie. "Effets maternels et qualité de l'oeuf chez le canari domestique commun et le goéland leucophée." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100119.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to study some aspects of maternal effects in birds. It has been demonstrated that the direct environment of the mother may influence the quality of her eggs and the development of her young. In the first part, I studied the influence of mate attractivity, dominance and breeding density on yolk testosterone, and the physiological mechanisms related to the deposition of this hormone. Then, I studied the effect of a carotenoid, the beta-carotene, on egg composition and on young's development. The results clearly emphasise the key role of the maternal investment on egg composition. This variation of egg composition might be an adaptive mechanism allowing the mother to increase their reproductive success and fitness with regard to the environmental conditions
Fournel, Sébastien. "Étude comparative des émissions de gaz et d'odeurs issues de différents systèmes de gestion des déjections en production d'oeufs de consommation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28491/28491.pdf.
Full textBaril, Eugénie. "Quantification de l'influence de l'environnement sur la formation et la thermo-résistance des spores bactériennes." Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES2047.
Full textThe aim of this PhD study was to quantify the influence of the sporulation environment (temperature, pH and aw) on the spore formation of Bacillus weihenstephanensis and B. Licheniformis and on their heat resistance. A two-step sporulation methodology was developed to study sporulation in environmental conditions close to growth boundaries. Sporulation boundaries (temperature, pH and aw) were observed inner growth boundaries. A primary model was proposed to quantify the influence of the environment on spore formation. A decrease in sporulation temperature and pH delayed the time to first spore per ml. The maximal spore heat resistance was observed for spores produced at temperature and pH close to the optimal growth values. A secondary model was then proposed and validated to estimate the spore heat resistance as function of the sporulation and heat treatment environments. Finally, this study allows defining control points in foodstuff to prevent spores in food products. A relationship between the influence of environmental temperature and pH on growth and sporulation was pointed out
Khodja, Mohamed. "Les fluides de forage : étude des performances et considérations environnementales." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7728/1/khodja.pdf.
Full textSavine, Christine. "Etude de la fonction de luminosité de l'amas de COMA." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11011.
Full textLoulidi, Souad. "Les barrages et l'environnement au Maroc : aspects juridiques." Paris 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA020130.
Full textDams in Morocco are a privileged means for water management. They are also an instrument of development securing several benefits through the domestication and the management of a valuable resource. However, their impact on the environment cannot be neglected. Despite a recent preoccupation, its importance is nevertheless a major one because it conditions the accomplishment of the objectives and even the benefit of these works. In which judicial and institutional frames has the building of dams been undertaken? What are the judicial aspects and their repercussions on the environment, and what could be the role of the law in preventing this impact and controlling a posteriori the damages they cause? These are the questions to which the present study intends to provide an answer. The first part analyses the normative plurality, which characterises water law and retraces its evolution, which has been preliminary to the building of dams (chapter1). It also presents the role of the competent administrations in matters of construction and their action in the exploitation of these works (chapter 2). The second part examines the repercussions of dams on the environment and their judicial consideration. It highlights, on the one hand, the disturbances, which these works might cause in the sites to which they are attached (chapter 1). On the other hand, it describes the gaps in the Moroccan environmental law as far as prevention and reparation are concerned, indicating the perspectives for the expansion of this law (chapter 2)
Chapuis-Goudy, Catherine. "Etude quantitative des effets inhibiteurs de l'environnement sur la croissance des flores microbiennes sur milieu solide." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10282.
Full textBion, Thierry. "Modélisation des effets singuliers induits dans les composants électroniques par les protons rapides de l'environnement spatial." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ESAE0006.
Full textNakhili, Nadia. "L'environnement scolaire, quels effets sur les aspirations "individuelles" ? : le cas de l'entrée dans l"enseignement supérieur." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOL028.
Full textThe object of this study is to analyze differences in aspirations and choice of course of study at the outset of higher education. More particularly it aims to determine if the "individual" choices, which have an impact on the construction of educational inequalities, depend on school environment. Since the diversified character of school environment is an established fact in France, the first part of this work, based on a review of the sociology of education literature, draws attention to contextual dimensions as possible factors influencing educational and vocational aspirations. This question, which has remained unexplored at this level of the educational system in France, is dealt with empirically in the second part of the study. Based on a quantitative analyse of the data of a Panel of pupils in secondary education and on an original survey, the study shows that school environment is a significant predictor of the educational aspirations of high-school pupils (probability of applying for course of study of higher education and desired length of studies). School environment significantly explains the choice of courses of study of pupils with comparable school attainment and social background. The origin of this contextual effect is twofold: the social composition of the high school and the local supply of higher education (mainly the local presence of preparatory programmes for the elite sector of grandes écoles (‘higher schools’)). In many cases, the effect of school context is at least as important as the effect of social background. The “individual” preferences, located in unequal contexts, are thus tinged with the organization of the educational system
Mailly, Sandrine. "Effets de la température et de l'environnement sur la résistance à la fatigue d'alliages de titane." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2262.
Full textAbdel, Moeti Gamal El sayed Abdel baki. "L'érosion du sol et effets sur l'environnement à Aix-en-Provence, au sud de la France." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX10012.
Full textBascove, Matthieu. "Etude du système immunitaire d'un amphibien et analyse des effets de l'environnement sur sa réponse humorale." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10129/document.
Full textDurant ma thèse, j'ai participé à la caractérisation des isotypes de chaînes lourdes d'anticorps chez le pleurodèle (Pleurodeles waltl, amphibien urodèle) et à la mise en évidence d'un nouvel isotype d'anticorps : les IgP. J'ai également montré que chaque chaîne lourde a son équivalent humain. Les IgM du pleurodèle sont l'équivalent des IgM humaines. Les IgY sont exprimées principalement au niveau des muqueuses tout comme les IgA humaines. Enfin, les IgP sont observées majoritairement chez les larves et ont une diversité plus faible que les IgM. Ces deux caractéristiques sont partagées avec les anticorps produits par les cellules B1. Ces travaux m'ont ensuite permis d'aborder l'impact d'un séjour de longue durée dans l'espace sur la réponse immunitaire humorale, c'est-à-dire la réponse médiée par les anticorps qui, jusqu'à présent, a été très peu étudiée. L'équipe Développement et Immunogénétique, JE 2537, a immunisé des pleurodèles lors d'un séjour de 5 mois à bord de la station spatiale Mir et a montré que les chaînes lourdes d'IgM produites en réponse à la stimulation antigénique sont fabriquées à partir de gènes des familles VHII et VHVI. Cependant ces familles sont utilisées dans des proportions différentes chez les animaux immunisés dans Mir. Mes travaux ont permis d'approfondir ces résultats par une étude des gènes VHII et VHVI utilisés dans ces chaînes lourdes. J'ai ainsi montré qu'un seul gène VHII et quatre gènes VHVI (A, B, C et D) sont utilisés par les animaux immunisés. Les gènes VHII, VHVI.C et VHVI.D sont plus exprimés chez les animaux immunisés dans Mir alors que l'expression des gènes VHVI.A et VHVI.B est fortement diminuée chez ces mêmes animaux. Ces résultats démontrent clairement que le séjour dans Mir a affecté la réponse immunitaire humorale de ces animaux. Ces observations pourraient résulter d'un changement de la distribution et de sélection des lymphocytes B dans l'espace. Par ailleurs, j'ai décrit pour la première fois les effets d'un séjour dans l'espace sur les hypermutations somatiques. Avant d'étudier ce phénomène, j'ai isolé et caractérisé chez le pleurodèle l'ARNm codant l'effecteur indispensable pour ces mutations : la protéine AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase). J'ai ainsi montré que cette protéine est bien présente et conservée dans cette espèce. J'ai ensuite mis en évidence et caractérisé pour la première fois le phénomène des hypermutations somatiques chez le pleurodèle. Pour cela, j'ai étudié les profils des mutations observées, cartographié ces dernières et calculé leur fréquence. Ces différents critères ont été comparés entre les animaux immunisés sur Terre et les animaux immunisés à bord de la station Mir. Ainsi, j'ai pu montrer que la fréquence des hypermutations somatiques est diminuée chez les pleurodèles immunisés dans Mir. Cette diminution n'est pas due à un changement de la transcription d'AID mais pourrait être due à une diminution de la survie des lymphocytes B dans l'espace
Dassonville, Claire. "Evaluation de l'environnement domestique de nouveau-nés franciliens." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05P618.
Full textThe aim of our study was to estimate the levels of biological contaminants and chemical pollutants in the indoor air and then to identify their determinants. We carried out an environmental study in 196 dwellings of newborn babies recruited from a birth cohort, combining questionnaire and repeated measurements. Biological contaminants concentrations (endotoxins, fungi, house dust mites) were low, close to background level. As for aldehydes, levels were in line with previous studies. Analysis also helped to highlight the housing factors associated with aldehyde concentrations in homes: apart from comfort and aeration parameters, the main indoor aldehyde sources were either continuous (age and type of building materials and coverings), or discontinuous (smoking, use of air fresheners and cleaning products, DIY. . . ). However not possible for airborne biological contaminants, the extrapolation of theses models to the whole infants’ cohort may be interesting for aldehydes
Malotaux, Christophe. "Les Triazines-atrazine entre autres, présences dans l'environnement et dans l'eau." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P242.
Full textLorrillière, Romain. "Effets des variations temporelles et spatiales des contraintes sur les systèmes écologiques, implications pour l'étude des scénarios de biodiversité." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066345.
Full textSaigné, Frédéric. "Une nouvelle approche de la sélection des composants de type mos pour l'environnement radiatif spatial." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20218.
Full textGarel, Mathieu. "Conséquences de la chasse et des contraintes environnementales sur la démographie des populations d'ongulés : l'exemple du mouflon méditerranéen (Ovis gmelini musimon x Ovis sp.) en France et de l'élan (Alces alces) en Norvège." Lyon 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/33/64/PDF/MGThesis.pdf.
Full textSeveral vertebrate populations have to face indirect and direct human pressures. Our aim here is to show how these pressures influence ungulate population dynamics beyond environmental factors commonly accounted for, such as habitat quality or climate. We present two case studies : Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp. ) in France and moose (Alces alces) in Norway. We analyzed a long term study (30 years) of a mouflon population located in southern France (Hérault). Our study on moose was based on a transversal and comparative analysis of several populations inhabiting contrasted environments in Norway along a latitudinal gradient. Our study on mouflon highlighted the advantages and limits of commonly used survey methods for ungulate population monitoring. We then showed that the dynamics of this population was influenced by (1) habitat closure, resulting from the reduction of pastoral activity, leading to the use of sub-optimal resources by mouflon, (2) selective hunting on trophy males, (3) the recent history of mouflon from which our population originated, (4) summer drought. These processes influence the dynamics of the mouflon through (1) a decrease in phenotypic quality as measured by body mass and trophy size (processes 1 and 2), (2) variation in reproductive output of females (processes 3 and 4), (3) and variation in lamb summer survival (process 4). In moose, we showed that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) increases with increasing environmental seasonality, probably caused by higher resource quality when the growing season was short and intense. Selective hunting against males also shapes SSD by decreasing the proportion of adult males in the population. A low proportion of adult males could lead to a higher proportion of young males involved in reproduction, which in turn may have a negative impact on their body growth. Based on two cases studies at different spatial scales, our results highlighted the existence of specific biological characteristics in harvested populations. In addition to the environmental constraints under which these populations evolve, we demonstrated that man can have a strong impact on their demography
Capron, Michael. "Étude de l'interaction entre ions multichargés et systèmes complexes d'intérêt biologique : effets de l'environnement à l'échelle moléculaire." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00741879.
Full textBoschetti, Laura. "Police et sécurité : les effets de l'environnement local sur les pratiques policières en France et en Italie." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENH027.
Full textIn my research I have compared the relationships between police and local organizations in France and Italy. From May 2008 to May 2012, I conducted a field research at the Direction Départementale de la Sécurité Publique de l'Isère, the Police Municipale de Grenoble, the Questura di Bergamo and the Polizia Locale di Bergamo. The hypothesis is that at a local level security policies are the result of the co-production and the negotiation between the internal police organization and the relationship between public and local organizations. The research takes into consideration the effects of these relationships and permits us to analyse a complex system, which integrates public and local organization needs with police needs and organizational ties. Citizens' participation and the involvement of local organizations have a significant influence in the process of defining problems and priorities. However, their solution depends on the internal police organization. This doesn't encourage integrated policies nor the development of control mechanisms , both in France, where specific measures have been taken to improve the direction of local policies, and in Italy, where these measures are less developed
Le, Duff Louis. "Les effets de levier de la franchise : un mode d'organisation pour les entrepreneurs et pour l'environnement social." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN1G018.
Full textFellous, Simon. "Variabilité phénotypique au sein des interactions hôte - parasite : les effets de l'environnement et leurs conséquences pour l'évolution." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066430.
Full textWerno, Jérôme. "Les poils urticants des Lépidoptères (insectes) dans l'environnement atmosphérique : effets urticants et allergisants chez l'homme et l'animal." Bordeaux 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR30200.
Full textJacopin, Rachel. "Paysages et pratiques des agriculteurs dans le Sud du Plateau Lorrain : logiques d'organisation et effets sur l'environnement." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN21026/document.
Full textThis research about rural geography is to describe lanscape units of the watershed of the Madon located on the left bank of the Moselle river. To provide an understanding of the link between these lanscape units and the country population (mainly agricultors) activities. The first part of this research will present the tools and the methods used. It is mainly based on the description of the landscape of the watershed of the madon. From this description is drawn a lanscape map, allowing to differentiate precise lanscape typologies and identities for each village based on their landscape features. The second part of this research focus on explaining the historical and technical reasons which led to the differentiation of landscapes, showing the rules linking human activity and landscape and demonstrating the importance of agricultural activities in shaping landscapes. The third part will focus on the impact of agricultural practices on landscape and on water quality. Finally, I explained the future challenges of agriculture, teared between conflicting priorities
Pham, Mac Thu Trang. "Données récentes sur la toxicité de l'arsenic : son comportement dans l'environnement et ses effets biologiques chez l'homme." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P179.
Full textLaporthe, Stéphanie. "Contribution à la qualification des systèmes de ventilation des bâtiments." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0086.
Full textThe aim of a ventilation system is to provide new air and to evacuate pollutants from a room. Furthermore, it contributes strongly to thermal comfort in this room according to the activities, which are realized there. Ventilation constitutes so an important part of the internal climate quality. Works presented in this report study the internal atmospheres quality of the services industries buildings (offices essentially) through two criteria: ventilation efficiency and thermal comfort. It is about an essentially experimental work operated on a full-size cell in steady state. Several heating systems, called "disturbing element', are integrated in order to observe their influence on ventilation efficiency and thermal comfort. The first part of this document is devoted to a bibliographical study on indoor air quality and the parameters relating to thermal comfort rt. Definitions concerning ventilation systems and their efficiency criteria are also given. The second part of this report presents the experimental cell. We present in a third part the results and the analysis of the experimentations. One- and two-zone tests are made. Air temperatures, air velocities and tracer gas concentration fields are established and investigated. From realized measurements, we determine ventilation efficiency and PMV- and PPD-index. Finally, we compare an experimentation case with the results given by a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code. We use FLUENT for this work
Dardalhon, Muriel. "Contribution à l'analyse de la fiabilité de microsystèmes : prise en compte des contraintes liées à l'environnement spatial." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20198.
Full textCherrier, Richard. "Impact sur l'environnement de deux herbicides du maïs : la sulcotrione et l'atrazine : influence du changement d'apports organiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL076N.
Full textThis study investigates the process at the origin of the become of sulcotrione in soil. We did investigate also the effect of various agricultural amendments on the dynamic of the molecule, in comparison to atrazine's. Adsorption characteristics of the molecules on soil were determined by the experiments led in batch. Degradation was followed through time in controlled conditions with incubation as weil as in natural conditions thanks to soil columns. These last were used to assess also leaching of the molecules. Results show a weak affinity of the sulcotrione with soil constituents (23% of the applied dose) as well as an easy desorption (99% of the applied dose) leading a weak hysteresis. It degradation in controlled conditions as well as natural was fairly rapid (20% mineralization, 40% of extractible residues and 30% of bound residues after 60 days). This led to the apparition of two metabolites with mainly CMBA. Percolates obtained in soil columns did confmn the mobility properties of the sulcotrione (14% of the applied dose) after a period of one month. The changes in organic amendments highlighted that the aggregates of soils amended with compost manure, in comparison to traditional amendment, showed a higher stability and a less developed network of interconnected macro-pores. These modifications decrease the availability of the intraaggregates adsorption sites towards pesticides. Our results hypothesize that we would tend towards same environmental difficultes if the sulcotrione was as much applied as atrazine
Laval, Lucie. "Les intégrons comme marqueurs de pollution anthropique dans l'environnement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LIMO0083.
Full textAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health issue. It is now necessary to tackle AMR globally, in humans, animals and in the environment (« One Health » approach). Among genetic elements involved in AMR, integrons play a key role. Integrons are bacterial genetic elements able to capture and express antibiotic resistance genes in the form of gene cassettes and are distinguished according to several classes. In the environment, class 1 integrons are considered as a good marker of anthropogenic pollution and are used to study AMR dissemination; however, little is known about their genes cassettes content (or « cassettome »). In the first part of this thesis, we studied the « cassettomes » of integrons in the effluents of healthcare facilities of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine Region and showed that they were stable over times and similar to each other despite large differences in healthcare activities between the facilities. The « cassettomes » were mainly composed of aminoglycosides and β-lactams resistance gene cassettes, the last one being the main antibiotics delivered in hospitals. We also characterized the « cassettomes » of slaughterhouse effluents and showed that the « cassettomes » of class 1 integrons were different from those of healthcare facilities effluents. The second part of this thesis work showed different prevalences of integrons in Aeromonas strains infecting/colonizing fish subjected to different antibiotic selective pressures. We showed that integrons were more prevalent in fish populations subjected to stronger antibiotic selective pressure contrary to Aeromonas from wild fish where they were not detected. Our work shows that integrons and more specifically « cassettomes » are good markers in the environment to differentiate different types of effluents (healthcare facilities versus slaughterhouses) and secondly to reflect an antibiotic selective pressure exerted on fish
Oueslati, Walid. "Croissance économique et préoccupations environnementales : une contribution à l'étude des effets dynamiques de la politique fiscale de l'environnement." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100117.
Full textPagnier, Isabelle. "Recherche et caractérisation de nouveaux microorganismes intracellulaires d'amibes dans l'environnement." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20694.
Full textFree living amoeba are ubiquitous and have been isolated worldwild in the environment. Several studies showed that many microorganisms, bacteria or viruses, are able to enter the amoeba and multiply within the cell. Those kind of microorganisms are potentially human pathogens, as they may act the same way in human macrophages. The most studied is Legionella pneumophila. It’s tight relationship to amoeba was demonstrated as a factor of pathogenicity, proliferation and dissemination of the bacteria. After, other types of microorganisms were isolated in water and had the same property. In order to isolate those amoeba-resisting microorganisms, co-culture methods were done. Water samples are inoculated onto an amoebal axenic monolayer. We can by this way specifically isolate the microorganisms that are able to resist amoebal phagocytosis, and the other are digested by the amoeba. This method already allowed isolating several new species of microorganisms, principally in potable water. Our study focuses first on the research of new amoeba-associated microorganisms in environmental water, and allowed us to isolate several new species of bacteria. However, almost no Legionnella were found. In a second part, we focused specifically on cooling-towers, which represent a favorable middle for Legionella sp. Proliferation. We looked specifically for new species of microorganisms, bacteria or virus, which could multiply the same way in this kind of installations. During this study, we could isolate several new microorganisms: a new giant virus Mamavirus and a virophage Sputnik; a new giant virus Marseille virus; a new strictly intracellular bacteria, Candidatus Babela massiliensis gen. Nov. , sp. Nov. ; and a new facultative intracellular bacteria, Reyranella massiliensis gen. Nov. , sp. Nov. Our results confirm first that co-culture with amoeba is a very good tool to isolate new genus and new species of bacteria, which cannot be isolated with classical methods. Second, they highlight the problem of the microbiological development in cooling towers. Indeed, control is principally focused on the level of Legionella sp. , while many other pathogens can be found in these installations. Moreover, many different types of microorganisms could be isolated, using amoebas. It suggests that amoeba, naturally present world wild, can be a natural crossroad for meetings between several microorganisms, and can be the center of genetic exchanges that could lead to the creation of new microorganisms, principally giant viruses
Min, Sreng. "Le risque génotoxique : application du test d'Ames à la surveillance de l'environnement et de l'être humain." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P620.
Full textRegina, Murillo de Albuquerque. "Réponses des cépages de Vitis vinifera L. Aux variations de l'environnement : effets de la contrainte hydrique sur la photosynthèse, la photorespiration et la teneur en acide abcissique des feuilles." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR20254.
Full text