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1
Wang, Li, Koji Yokoyama, Makoto Miyaji, and Kazuko Nishimura. "Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene Analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus and Related Species." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 4 (2000): 1352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.4.1352-1358.2000.
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Nucleotide sequences of 426 bp from the mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome b genes of six anamorph species and two species of Neosartorya teleomophs of Aspergillussection Fumigati were determined. These sequences were used to build nucleotide- and amino acid-based trees for phylogenetic analysis. Thirteen strains of A. fumigatus including 10 clinical isolates of A. fumigatus, 1 type culture ofA. fumigatus var. fumigatus, 1 type culture ofA. fumigatus var. ellipticus, and 1 strain ofA. fumigatus var. albus, had the same nucleotide sequences. One strain of A. fumisynnematus, two strains labeled A. neoellipticus, two strains of A. viridinutans, and one strain of A. duricaulis had distinct nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Two strains of A. brevipes were divided into two types. One produced a 1,500-bp fragment that included an intron. The nucleotide sequences of its two exons were similar to those of the A. fumigatus, and the derived amino acid sequence was the same as that for A. fumigatus. The other produced a 426-bp fragment and had the same nucleotide and amino acid sequences as A. unilateralis. Neosartorya fischeri var. fischeri and N. stramenia had nucleotide sequences that differed from that ofA. fumigatus. These species possessed their own characteristic nucleotide sequences that differed from each other. In comparisons of homologous sequences from four other pathogenic species of Aspergillus, regions specific to sectionFumigati were found. The mt cytochrome b gene analysis was valuable for the identification, classification, and phylogenetic analysis of isolates of section Fumigati.
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Knox, Benjamin P., Qing Deng, Mary Rood, Jens C. Eickhoff, Nancy P. Keller, and Anna Huttenlocher. "Distinct Innate Immune Phagocyte Responses to Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia and Hyphae in Zebrafish Larvae." Eukaryotic Cell 13, no. 10 (2014): 1266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00080-14.
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ABSTRACTAspergillus fumigatusis the most common filamentous fungal pathogen of immunocompromised hosts, resulting in invasive aspergillosis (IA) and high mortality rates. Innate immunity is known to be the predominant host defense againstA. fumigatus; however, innate phagocyte responses toA. fumigatusin an intact host and their contributions to host survival remain unclear. Here, we describe a larval zebrafishA. fumigatusinfection model amenable to real-time imaging of host-fungal interactions in live animals. Following infection withA. fumigatus, innate phagocyte populations exhibit clear preferences for different fungal morphologies: macrophages rapidly phagocytose conidia and form aggregates around hyphae, while the neutrophil response is dependent upon the presence of hyphae. Depletion of macrophages rendered host larvae susceptible to invasive disease. Moreover, a zebrafish model of human leukocyte adhesion deficiency with impaired neutrophil function also resulted in invasive disease and impaired host survival. In contrast, macrophage-deficient but not neutrophil-deficient larvae exhibited attenuated disease following challenge with a less virulent (ΔlaeA) strain ofA. fumigatus, which has defects in secondary metabolite production. Taking these results together, we have established a new vertebrate model for studying innate immune responses toA. fumigatusthat reveals distinct roles for neutrophils and macrophages in mediating host defense against IA.
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Hissen, Anna H. T., Adrian N. C. Wan, Mark L. Warwas, Linda J. Pinto, and Margo M. Moore. "The Aspergillus fumigatus Siderophore Biosynthetic Gene sidA, Encoding l-Ornithine N5-Oxygenase, Is Required for Virulence." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 9 (2005): 5493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.9.5493-5503.2005.
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ABSTRACTAspergillus fumigatusis the leading cause of invasive mold infection and is a serious problem in immunocompromised populations worldwide. We have previously shown that survival ofA. fumigatusin serum may be related to secretion of siderophores. In this study, we identified and characterized thesidAgene ofA. fumigatus, which encodesl-ornithineN5-oxygenase, the first committed step in hydroxamate siderophore biosynthesis.A. fumigatus sidAcodes for a protein of 501 amino acids with significant homology to other fungall-ornithineN5-oxygenases. A stable ΔsidAstrain was created by deletion ofA. fumigatus sidA. This strain was unable to synthesize the siderophoresN′,N",N‴-triacetylfusarinine C (TAF) and ferricrocin. Growth of the ΔsidAstrain was the same as that of the wild type in rich media; however, the ΔsidAstrain was unable to grow in low-iron defined media or media containing 10% human serum unless supplemented with TAF or ferricrocin. No significant differences in ferric reduction activities were observed between the parental strain and the ΔsidAstrain, indicating that blocking siderophore secretion did not result in upregulation of this pathway. Unlike the parental strain, the ΔsidAstrain was unable to remove iron from human transferrin. A rescued strain (ΔsidA + sidA) was constructed; it produced siderophores and had the same growth as the wild type on iron-limited media. Unlike the wild-type and rescued strains, the ΔsidAstrain was avirulent in a mouse model of invasive aspergillosis, indicating thatsidAis necessary forA. fumigatusvirulence.
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Li, Xianping, Meihua Gao, Xuelin Han, et al. "Disruption of the Phospholipase D Gene Attenuates the Virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 1 (2011): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05830-11.
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ABSTRACTAspergillus fumigatusis the most prevalent airborne fungal pathogen that induces serious infections in immunocompromised patients. Phospholipases are key enzymes in pathogenic fungi that cleave host phospholipids, resulting in membrane destabilization and host cell penetration. However, knowledge of the impact of phospholipases onA. fumigatusvirulence is rather limited. In this study, disruption of thepldgene encoding phospholipase D (PLD), an important member of the phospholipase protein family inA. fumigatus, was confirmed to significantly decrease both intracellular and extracellular PLD activity ofA. fumigatus. Thepldgene disruption did not alter conidial morphological characteristics, germination, growth, and biofilm formation but significantly suppressed the internalization ofA. fumigatusinto A549 epithelial cells without affecting conidial adhesion to epithelial cells. Importantly, the suppressed internalization was fully rescued in the presence of 100 μM phosphatidic acid, the PLD product. Indeed, complementation ofpldrestored the PLD activity and internalization capacity ofA. fumigatus. Phagocytosis ofA. fumigatusconidia by J774 macrophages was not affected by the absence of thepldgene. Pretreatment of conidia with 1-butanol and a specific PLD inhibitor decreased the internalization ofA. fumigatusinto A549 epithelial cells but had no effect on phagocytosis by J774 macrophages. Finally, loss of thepldgene attenuated the virulence ofA. fumigatusin mice immunosuppressed with hydrocortisone acetate but not with cyclophosphamide. These data suggest that PLD ofA. fumigatusregulates its internalization into lung epithelial cells and may represent an important virulence factor forA. fumigatusinfection.
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Dhabaan, Ghulam, Julianne Kus, Deepali Kumar, Atul Humar, Shahid Husain, and Tony Mazzulli. "Molecular identification of Aspergillus fumigatus complex from lung transplant recipients using multilocus sequencing analysis (MLSA)." Official Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada 7, no. 1 (2022): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jammi-2021-0004.
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BACKGROUND: Aspergillus infection causes significant morbidity and mortality among lung transplant recipients (LTRs). It is primarily caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Other closely related species belonging to the section Fumigati have also been found. These cryptic species are often misidentified as A. fumigatus. Thus, we used multilocus sequencing analysis (MLSA) of the calmodulin, β-tubulin, and hydrophobin gene sequences to identify these species and to determine the frequency with which they occur among LTRs. METHODS: A total of 81 A. fumigatus isolates were initially isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or sputum specimens collected from lung transplant patients. These isolates were then sub-cultured and genotyped using MLSA. Of these isolates, 53, 17, and 11 were isolated from double LTRs, single LTRs, and pre-LTRs, respectively. RESULTS: All isolates (100%) carried DNA sequences identical to those of A. fumigatus reference strains and thus clustered in the same clade with A. fumigatus. Analysis of the MLSA data revealed that A. fumigatus species were the only species recovered in this population of LTRs. The MLSA results were consistent with those routinely obtained by conventional mycological procedures in the microbiology laboratory. CONCLUSIONS: A. fumigatus appears to be the primary causative agent of colonization or invasive aspergillosis among LTRs. No cryptic species were identified.
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Sabino, Raquel, Paulo Gonçalves, Aryse Martins Melo, et al. "Trends on Aspergillus Epidemiology—Perspectives from a National Reference Laboratory Surveillance Program." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1 (2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010028.
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Identification of Aspergillus to species level is important since sibling species may display variable susceptibilities to multiple antifungal drugs and also because correct identification contributes to improve the knowledge of epidemiological studies. Two retrospective laboratory studies were conducted on Aspergillus surveillance at the Portuguese National Mycology Reference Laboratory. The first, covering the period 2017–2018, aimed to study the molecular epidemiology of 256 Aspergillus isolates obtained from patients with respiratory, subcutaneous, or systemic infections and from environmental samples. The second, using our entire collection of clinical and environmental A. fumigatus isolates (N = 337), collected between 2012 and 2019, aimed to determine the frequency of azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates. Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto was the most frequent species in both clinical and environmental samples. Overall, and considering all Aspergillus sections identified, a high frequency of cryptic species was detected, based on beta-tubulin or calmodulin sequencing (37% in clinical and 51% in environmental isolates). Regarding all Fumigati isolates recovered from 2012–2019, the frequency of cryptic species was 5.3% (18/337), with the identification of A. felis (complex), A. lentulus, A. udagawae, A. hiratsukae, and A. oerlinghauensis. To determine the frequency of azole resistance of A. fumigatus, isolates were screened for azole resistance using azole-agars, and 53 possible resistant isolates were tested by the CLSI microdilution reference method. Nine A. fumigatus sensu stricto and six Fumigati cryptic isolates showed high minimal inhibitory concentrations to itraconazole, voriconazole, and/or posaconazole. Real-time PCR to detect cyp51A mutations and sequencing of cyp51A gene and its promoter were performed. The overall frequency of resistance to azoles in A. fumigatus sensu stricto was 3.0%. With this retrospective analysis, we were able to detect one azole-resistant G54R mutant A. fumigatus environmental isolate, collected in 2015. The TR34/L98H mutation, linked to environmental transmission route of azole resistance, was the most frequently detected mutation (N = 4; 1.4%). Our findings underline the demand for correct identification and susceptibility testing of Aspergillus isolates.
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WONGSUK, Thanwa, and Passanesh SUKPHOPETCH. "Effect of Quarum Sensing Molecules on Aspergillus fumigatus." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 17, no. 4 (2019): 348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2020.6172.
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Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen to which immunocompromised patients are especially susceptible. A. fumigatus can form biofilms both in vitro and in vivo. Quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) have activity against some fungi. This study aimed to determine the activity of the QSMs farnesol, tyrosol, phenylethanol and tryptophol against the growth A. fumigatus on solid media, and against its ability to form biofilms. The activity of each QSM against planktonic A. fumigatus growth was assessed using the CLSI M38-A2 broth microdilution assay, while QSM inhibition of A. fumigatus’s biofilm formation was measured in crystal violet, and 2, 3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-caboxanilide (XTT) assays. The QSMs reduced the colony diameter of the studied strains in a QSM-dependent pattern. Tryptophol showed the best effect and tyrosol showed the poorest effect. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for farnesol, tyrosol, phenylethanol and tryptophol tested against A. fumigatus were > 32, > 32, 16 and 8 mM, respectively. The effective concentration each QSM required to inhibit A. fumigatus biofilm formation were higher than the planktonic MICs. In this study, the performance of QSMs against A. fumigatus ranked from best to worst as follows: tryptophol, phenylethanol, farnesol and tyrosol. Because of phenylethanol and tryptophol showed the strongest effect to the growth and biofilm formation of A. fumigatus. Therefore, the cytotoxic activities of phenylethanol and tryptophol in A549 cells (lung alveolar epithelial cells) were determined. However, phenylethanol and tryptophol induced A549 cell damage (at MIC level), as demonstrated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays.
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Szewczyk, Edyta, and Sven Krappmann. "Conserved Regulators of Mating Are Essential for Aspergillus fumigatus Cleistothecium Formation." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 5 (2010): 774–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00375-09.
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ABSTRACT Sexual reproduction of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus (teleomorph: Neosartorya fumigata) was assumed to be absent or cryptic until recently, when fertile crosses among geographically restricted environmental isolates were described. Here, we provide evidence for mating, fruiting body development, and ascosporogenesis accompanied by genetic recombination between unrelated, clinical isolates of A. fumigatus, and this evidence demonstrates the generality and reproducibility of this long-time-undisclosed phase in the life cycle of this heterothallic fungus. Successful mating requires the presence of both mating-type idiomorphs MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, as does expression of genes encoding factors presumably involved in this process. Moreover, analysis of an A. fumigatus mutant deleted for the nsdD gene suggests a role of this conserved regulator of cleistothecium development in hyphal fusion and hence heterokaryon formation.
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Werner, Jessica L., Melissa A. Gessner, Lauren M. Lilly, et al. "Neutrophils Produce Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) in a Dectin-1- and IL-23-Dependent Manner during Invasive Fungal Infection." Infection and Immunity 79, no. 10 (2011): 3966–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05493-11.
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ABSTRACTWe have previously reported that compromised interleukin 17A (IL-17A) production in the lungs increased susceptibility to infection with the invasive fungal pathogenAspergillus fumigatus. Here we have shown that culturing lung cells fromA. fumigatus-challenged miceex vivodemonstrated Dectin-1-dependent IL-17A production. In this system, neutralization of IL-23 but not IL-6, IL-1β, or IL-18 resulted in attenuated IL-17A production.Il23mRNA expression was found to be lower in lung cells fromA. fumigatus-challenged Dectin-1-deficient mice, whereas bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from Dectin-1-deficient mice failed to produce IL-23 in response toA. fumigatusin vitro. Addition of recombinant IL-23 augmented IL-17A production by wild-type (WT) and Dectin-1-deficient lung cells, although the addition of IL-6 or IL-1β did not augment the effect of IL-23. Intracellular cytokine staining of lung cells revealed lower levels of CD11b+IL-17A+and Ly-6G+IL-17A+cells inA. fumigatus-challenged Dectin-1-deficient mice. Ly-6G+neutrophils purified from the lungs ofA. fumigatus-challenged Dectin-1-deficient mice displayed lowerIl17amRNA expression but surprisingly had intactRorcandRoramRNA expression. We further demonstrated that Ly-6G+neutrophils required the presence of myeloid cells for IL-17A production. Finally, uponin vitrostimulation withA. fumigatus, thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal neutrophils were positive for intracellular IL-17A expression and produced IL-17A in a Dectin-1- and IL-23-dependent manner. In summary, Dectin-1-dependent IL-17A production in the lungs during invasive fungal infection is mediated in part by CD11b+Ly-6G+neutrophils in an IL-23-dependent manner.
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Castro-Fuentes, Carlos Alberto, María Guadalupe Frías-De-León, María del Carmen González-Villaseñor, et al. "Evaluation of Primers OPF-01, P54, and 1253 to Identify A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger from Polymorphic Patterns Obtained by RAPD-PCR." Pathogens 13, no. 7 (2024): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13070574.
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We evaluated the specificity of the primers OPF-01, P54, and 1253 to identify A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger, respectively, with the RAPD-PCR method. Eighty-two isolates belonging to the sections Fumigati, Flavi, and Nigri were used. The isolates were identified by phenotypic (macro- and micromorphology) and genotypic (partial sequences of the BenA gene) methods. The RAPD-PCR method was used to obtain polymorphic patterns with the primers OPF-01, P54, and 1253. The specificity of the polymorphic patterns of the isolates of each species was evaluated through the UPGMA clustering method and logistic regression model. All isolates of the genus Aspergillus were identified at the section level by macro- and micromorphology showing the typical morphology of the sections Fumigati, Flavi, and Nigri, and the species were identified by the construction of the phylogeny of the partial sequence of the BenA gene. The patterns’ polymorphic strains obtained with the primers OPF-01, P54, and 1253 for the isolates of A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A niger, respectively, showed the same polymorphic pattern as the reference strains for each species. To verify the specificity of the primers, they were tested with other species from the sections Fumigati, Flavi and Nigri. The results support that the primers OPF-01, P54, and 1253 generate polymorphic patterns by RAPD-PCR species specific to A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger, respectively.
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Paul, Sanjoy, J. Stacey Klutts, and W. Scott Moye-Rowley. "Analysis of Promoter Function in Aspergillus fumigatus." Eukaryotic Cell 11, no. 9 (2012): 1167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00174-12.
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ABSTRACTThe filamentous fungusAspergillus fumigatusis an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause high mortality levels in susceptible patient populations. The increasing dependence on antifungal drugs to controlA. fumigatushas led to the inevitable acquisition of drug-resistant forms of this pathogen. In other fungal pathogens, drug resistance is often associated with an increase in transcription of genes such as ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that directly lead to tolerance to commonly employed antifungal drugs. InA. fumigatus, tolerance to azole drugs (the major class of antifungal) is often associated with changes in the sequence of the azole target enzyme as well as changes in the transcription level of this gene. The target gene for azole drugs inA. fumigatusis referred to ascyp51A. In order to dissect transcription ofcyp51Atranscription and other genes of interest, we constructed a set of firefly luciferase reporter genes designed for use inA. fumigatus. These reporter genes can either replicate autonomously or be targeted to thepyrGlocus, generating an easily assayable uracil auxotrophy. We fused eight differentA. fumigatuspromoters to luciferase. Faithful behaviors of these reporter gene fusions compared to their chromosomal equivalents were evaluated by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. We used this reporter gene system to study stress-regulated transcription of a Hsp70-encoding gene, map an important promoter element in thecyp51Agene, and correct an annotation error in the actin gene. We anticipate that this luciferase reporter gene system will be broadly applicable in analyses of gene expression inA. fumigatus.
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Zarrin, Majid, Zeinab Rashidnia, Sama Faramarzi та Lida Harooni. "Rapid Identification of Aspergillus Fumigatus Using Βeta-Tubulin and RodletA Genes". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 5, № 7 (2017): 848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2017.203.
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AIM: The main purpose of the present study was to test the β-tubulin and rodletA genes for rapid identification of Aspergillus fumigatus.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-one A. fumigatus strains including environmental, clinical and reference isolates were tested in this research. PCR was carried out based on βtub and rodA partial gene sequences.RESULTS: A 198 bp DNA fragment was obtained using βtub gene. PCR amplification of the rodA gene resulted in a 313 bp band. The βtub and rodA genes PCR products exhibited a 100% homology with the associated sequences in the GenBank.CONCLUSION: In the present study, we used a PCR approach that was able to discriminate A. fumigatus from other related species within the section Fumigati.
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Serrano, Rita, Leonor Gusmão, António Amorim, and Ricardo Araujo. "Rapid identification of Aspergillus fumigatus within the section Fumigati." BMC Microbiology 11, no. 1 (2011): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-11-82.
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Wassano, Natália S., Gustavo H. Goldman, and André Damasio. "Aspergillus fumigatus." Trends in Microbiology 28, no. 7 (2020): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.02.013.
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Parent-Michaud, Maxime, Philippe J. Dufresne, Eric Fournier, et al. "Prevalence and mechanisms of azole resistance in clinical isolates of Aspergillus section Fumigati species in a Canadian tertiary care centre, 2000 to 2013." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, no. 4 (2019): 849–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz534.
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Abstract Objectives Azole resistance among Aspergillus fumigatus isolates is a growing concern worldwide. Induction of mutations during azole therapy, environment-acquired mutations caused by azole fungicides and intrinsic resistance of cryptic Fumigati species all contribute to the burden of resistance. However, there is a lack of data in Canada on this emerging threat. Methods To gain insights into the magnitude and mechanisms of resistance, a 14 year collection of Aspergillus section Fumigati comprising 999 isolates from 807 patients at a Montreal hospital was screened for azole resistance, and resistance mechanisms were investigated with the combined use of genome sequencing, 3D modelling and phenotypic efflux pump assays. Results Overall azole resistance was low (4/807 patients; 0.5%). A single azole-resistant A. fumigatus sensu stricto strain, isolated from a patient with pulmonary aspergillosis, displayed efflux-pump-mediated resistance. Three patients were colonized or infected with azole-resistant cryptic Fumigati species (one Aspergillus thermomutatus, one Aspergillus lentulus and one Aspergillus turcosus). Evidence is presented that azole resistance is efflux-pump-mediated in the A. turcosus isolate, but not in the A. lentulus and A. thermomutatus isolates. Conclusions Azole resistance is rare in our geographic area and currently driven by cryptic Fumigati species. Continued surveillance of emergence of resistance is warranted.
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Markelov, V. V., Yu A. Rogacheva, M. O. Popova, et al. "Invasive aspergillosis caused by <i>Aspergillus non-fumigatus</i> after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation." Journal Infectology 14, no. 5 (2022): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2022-14-5-5-13.
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Objective. To study the features of invasive aspergillosis (IA) due to A. non-fumigatus versus A. fumigatus in adult (≥ 18 years) recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in 2016-2021. Materials and methods. The study included 33 patients with IA caused by A. non-fumigatus (n = 20) and A. fumigatus (n = 13). A comparative analysis of cases of IA, the results of therapy and outcomes in patients after allo-HSCT in the RM Gorbacheva Research Institute was performed. Diagnostic criteria EORTC / MSGERC 2020 were used. Results. Invasive aspergillosis caused by A. non-fumigatus made up the majority (60.6 %) of IA cases with an identified pathogen registered in patients after allo-HSCT in the period from 2016 to 2021. The main etiological agents in the A. non-fumigatus group were A. niger in 13 (65 %) patients, A. flavus – in 4 (20 %). The median day of diagnosis of A. non-fumigatus IAwas + 110 days (17–2093), for A. fumigatus it was + 46 days (2–866) (p = 0.171). Overall 12-week survival was 55 % and 59.2 % in the A. non-fumigatus and A. fumigatus groups, respectively (p = 0.617). The majority of patients in both the A. fumigatus (n = 10, 77 %) and A. non-fumigatus (n = 16, 80 %) groups received voriconazole as initial antifungal therapy. Second-linetherapy was required in 2 (10 %) patients with A. non-fumigatus IA: liposomal amphotericin B and echinocandins with or with-out posaconazole, and 2 (15 %) patients in the A. fumigatus group: liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole in combination with echinocandins. A comparative analysis showed that in patients from the two groups, none of the assessed signs (gender, age, underlying disease, disease status at the time of transplantation, time from diagnosis to allo-HSCT, source of hematopoietic stem cells, conditioning regimen, donor type, antifungal prophylaxis, cytomegalovirus reactivation, severe acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease) did not differ significantly. Conclusions. A. niger is the main causative agent of IA caused by A. non-fumigatus. Patients characteristics, their treatment and outcomes did not differ significantly between the A. non-fumigatus and A. fumigatus groups.
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Li, Pei, Ting Wu, Xin Su, and Yi Shi. "Activation of Vitamin D Regulates Response of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells toAspergillus fumigatusin an Autocrine Fashion." Mediators of Inflammation 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/208491.
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Aspergillus fumigatus(A. fumigatus) is one of the most common fungi to cause diseases in humans. Recent evidence has demonstrated that airway epithelial cells play an important role in combatingA. fumigatusthrough inflammatory responses. Human airway epithelial cells have been proven to synthesize the active vitamin D, which plays a key role in regulating inflammation. The present study was conducted to investigate the impact ofA. fumigatusinfection on the activation of vitamin D and the role of vitamin D activation inA. fumigatus-elicited antifungal immunity in normal human airway epithelial cells. We found thatA. fumigatusswollen conidia (SC) induced the expression of 1α-hydroxylase, the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of active vitamin D, and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in 16HBE cells and led to increased local generation of active vitamin D. Locally activated vitamin D amplified SC-induced expression of antimicrobial peptides in 16HBE cells but attenuated SC-induced production of cytokines in an autocrine fashion. Furthermore, we identifiedβ-glucan, the majorA. fumigatuscell wall component, as the causative agent for upregulation of 1α-hydroxylase and VDR in 16HBE cells. Therefore, activation of vitamin D is inducible and provides a bidirectional regulation of the responses toA. fumigatusin 16HBE cells.
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AL-Hyali, H. M. I. "MENINGOENCEPHALITIS IN BROILER CHICKS DUE TO ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS INFECTION." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 26, no. 1 (2021): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v26i1.1125.
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Forty five cases, 7-14 day-old chicks were studied, they showed respiratory and nervous signs with yellowish granulomatous necrotic foci on the air sacs, liver, kidneys, cerebellum and cerebrum. Swabs were taken 7 days post inoculation, culture was made on Sabouraud's dextros agar,. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated. Diagnosis was confirmed by experimentally exposed one day-old chicks to aerosols of A. fumigatus conidia and also by microscopic demonstration of typical fruiting bodies and spores of the fungus in fresh preparations made from Sabouraud's agar. tissues from fungal-infected Examination of histological sections of cerebrum and cerebellum chicks stained with hematoxylin and eosin and PAS stains revealed granulomas lesion with a central area of necrosis containing heterophils surrounded by macrophages, gaint cells, lymphocytes and layer of fibrous tissue. It was concluded that the cases deal within this study had been infected with A. fumigataus.
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Salman, Khawlah Abdallah, Hussein Ali Hussein, Athraa Harjan Mohsen, and Israa Harjan Mohsen. "Influence of Okra Extract Supplementation on Some Haematological Parameters of Male Mice Exposed to Aflatoxin." Journal of Scientific Research in Medical and Biological Sciences 4, no. 4 (2023): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/jsrmbs.v4i4.715.
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This research was directed to determine the influence of an alcoholic extract of okra on the lessening of the destructive impact of the aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus fumigatus in white mice and its influence on some physiological blood parameters. Different food samples, (grains and fruits) such as (wheat, barley, corn, rice, citrus, strawberries, and apples) were selected for the isolation of a variety of fungi. The results showed that Aspergillus flavus 15(18.7%), Aspergillus niger12(15%), Penicillium spp 7(8.7%), Aspergillus terreus 7 (8.7%), Aspergillus fumigatus7(8.7%), Alternaria spp. 10 (12.5%), Aspergillus parasiticus 6 (7.5%) Fusarium 6 (7.5%), Penicillium chrysogenum5(6.3), Mucor spp.2(2.5%),and Rhizopus stoloinfier 3(5.5%).The identified fungi were tested for aflatoxin production, and the results revealed that Aspergillus fumigatus produced the most aflatoxin. Okra alcoholic extract was tested in vivo against the negative impact of aflatoxins using different concentrations. The findings revealed that alcoholic extracts showed reasonable influence on some blood parameters, and the results are promising.
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Gandi, Ni Luh Gita, I. Wayan Getas, and Miftahul Jannah. "Studi Jamur Aspergillus fumigatus penyebab Aspergillosis di Pasar Cakranegara Kota Mataram dengan Media Pertumbuhan Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)." Jurnal Analis Medika Biosains (JAMBS) 6, no. 1 (2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32807/jambs.v6i1.128.
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Aspergillosis merupakan penyakit opportunistik yang disebabkan oleh jamur Aspergillus fumigatus. Jamur ini tersebar secara kosmopolitan di seluruh dunia. Gejala penyakit aspergillosis ditandai dengan gangguan pernafasan, gangguan kulit, keracunan serta alergi. Penyakit ini dapat terjadi akibat masuknya spora jamur yang ada di udara melalui sistem inhalasi. Dimana jamur ini dapat ditemukan pada udara, makanan, sayuran, tanah, humus. Sehingga dapat dilakukan studi terhadap jamur Aspergillus fumigatus pada sumber-sumber ditemukannya jamur tersebut untuk pencegahan aspergillosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis jamur Aspergillus fumigatus penyebab aspergillosis di Pasar Cakranegara Kota Mataram dengan Media Pertumbuhan Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Metode penelitian ini menggunakan Observasional deskriptif dengan teknik pengambilan sampel Non Random Purposive Sampling. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 15 sampel yang terdiri atas 3 jenis yaitu udara, sayuran dan makanan (jajanan pasar). Masing-masing sampel dipreparasi kemudian diisolasi dengan menggunakan media PDA dan diinkubasi selama 3x24 jam pada suhu 37ºC kemudian diidentifikasi dan dianalisis untuk ditemukan jamur Aspergillus fumigatus pada masing-masing sampel tersebut. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan diperoleh hasil dari 15 sampel yaitu 9 sampel positif (+) ditemukan Aspergillus fumigatus dan 6 sampel negatif (-) ditemukannya Aspergillus fumigatus. Rincian persentase pada masing-masing sampel yaitu pada sampel udara diperoleh 4 dari 5 sampel (80%) positif ditemukan Aspergillus fumigatus, pada sampel sayuran diperoleh 3 dari 5 sampel (60%) positif ditemukan Aspergillus fumigatus, dan pada sampel makanan diperoleh 2 dari 5 sampel (40%) positif ditemukan Aspergillus fumigatus. Persentase tertinggi ditemukan Aspergillus fumigatus terdapat pada sampel udara, yang merupakan kontak langsung penyebab aspergillosis. Dengan persentase total keseluruhan sampel yaitu ditemukan Aspergillus fumigatus sebanyak 60%.
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Brugger, R., C. Simões Nunes, D. Hug, et al. "Characteristics of fungal phytases from Aspergillus fumigatus and Sartorya fumigata." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 63, no. 4 (2003): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003-1337-0.
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Urip, Urip, Yunan Jiwintarum, and Ni Luh Putu Gita Gandi. "Studi Jamur Aspergillus fumigatus di Pasar Cakranegara Kota Mataram Penyebab Penyakit Aspergillosis Menggunakan Media Pertumbuhan Potato Dextrose Agar." Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 9, no. 2 (2021): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v9i2.4560.
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This study aims to isolate, identify, and analyze the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus that causes aspergillosis in Cakranegara Market, Mataram City using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) growth media. This research method uses descriptive observation, with Non-Random Purposive Sampling technique. The research sample amounted to 15 consisting of 3 types, namely: air, vegetables, and food (market snacks). Each sample was prepared and then isolated using PDA media and incubated for 3 x 24 hours at 37ºC, then identified and analyzed to find the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus in each of these samples. Based on the research that has been done, the results obtained from 15 samples, namely 9 positive samples (+) found Aspergillus fumigatus and 6 negative samples (-) Aspergillus fumigatus was found. Details of the percentages in each sample, namely: in the air sample, 4 of 5 samples (80%) were positive for Aspergillus fumigatus, in the vegetable sample, 3 out of 5 samples (60%) were positive for Aspergillus fumigatus, and in the food sample, 2 were obtained. of 5 samples (40%) positive found Aspergillus fumigatus. The highest percentage of Aspergillus fumigatus was found in air samples, which is a direct contact that causes aspergillosis. The percentage of the total sample found by Aspergillus fumigatus was 60%.
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Hissen, A. H. T., J. M. T. Chow, L. J. Pinto, and M. M. Moore. "Survival of Aspergillus fumigatus in Serum Involves Removal of Iron from Transferrin: the Role of Siderophores." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 3 (2004): 1402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.3.1402-1408.2004.
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ABSTRACT Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus which can cause invasive disease in immunocompromised individuals. A. fumigatus can grow in medium containing up to 80% human serum, despite very low concentrations of free iron. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism by which A. fumigatus obtains iron from the serum iron-binding protein transferrin. In iron-depleted minimal essential medium (MEM), A. fumigatus growth was supported by the addition of holotransferrin (holoTf) or FeCl3 but not by the addition of apotransferrin (apoTf). Proteolytic degradation of transferrin by A. fumigatus occurred in MEM-serum; however, transferrin degradation did not occur until late logarithmic phase. Moreover, transferrin was not degraded by A. fumigatus incubated in MEM-holoTf. Urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that in MEM-holoTf, holoTf was completely converted to apoTf by A. fumigatus. In human serum, all of the monoferric transferrin was converted to apoTf within 8 h. Siderophores were secreted by A. fumigatus after 8 h of growth in MEM-serum and 12 h in MEM-holoTf. The involvement of small molecules in iron acquisition was confirmed by the fact that transferrin was deferrated by A. fumigatus even when physically separated by a 12-kDa-cutoff membrane. Five siderophores were purified from A. fumigatus culture medium, and the two major siderophores were identified as triacetylfusarinine C and ferricrocin. Both triacetylfusarinine C and ferricrocin removed iron from holoTf with an affinity comparable to that of ferrichrome. These data indicate that A. fumigatus survival in human serum in vitro involves siderophore-mediated removal of iron from transferrin. Proteolytic degradation of transferrin may play a secondary role in iron acquisition.
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AL-Asadi, Zainab H. Abood. "Detection of Aspergillus fumigatus by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE 10, no. 04 (2019): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.10.4.17.
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Aspergillosis refers to fungi infections of the respiratory tract caused by Aspergillus species, especially Aspergillus fumigatus. Infection of A. fumigatus was increased in the last few years due to either resistances to antibiotics or the influence of other factors such as other fungal infections. The present study aimed to review the impact of Aspergillus fumigatus in Aspergillosis cases, and study the role of Singleplex PCR for amplification of ITS1, ITS4 of rRNA gene in the detection of fungal isolate. In this study, One hundred sputum samples were collected from patients admitted to the specialize chest and respiratory diseases center / Baghdad who were suffering from respiratory problems. During these studied, molds were isolation and identification based on Conventional method (Direct microscopy by using 10% KOH, and fungal culture was done on Sabouraud Dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol and on Czapek-Dox agar incubated at 37°C and examined for 3-7 days then macroscopic, microscopic examination of the colony by(lactophenol cotton blue stain )and molecular methods by using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)technique for identification. The 10% KOH examination was positive for 35 cases, while laboratory culturing was positive for 53 cases. Aspergillus sp were isolated from 44(83%) patients; A. fumigatus was isolated in 23 (42. 4%) patients while A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus were isolated from 11 (20. 08%), (13. 2%) and 3 (5. 7%) patients respectively, also isolated Penicillium spp. at percentage 1(1. 9%). In this study. The ages of participants ranged from 10-70years with a mean age of 34years, the males were more susceptible to fungal infection, were recorded 35/53 (66. 3), compared to females were 18/53 (33. 96). The infection of fungi was more prevalent in ages 30-40recorded 26(53. 06%) followed by ages 40-50, 13(26. 5), while the lowest infection recorded in the age group 10- 20 years was 2(2. 04%). DNA isolated from twenty-three A. fumigatus isolates was used as a template, and the specific of oligonucleotide primer sequences were used in conventional PCR to detect the presence of internal transcribed spacer region ( ITS) region of the rRNA gene for Aspergillus fumigates. The results of the PCR amplification of the rRNA gene showed that this gene was present in 19 samples out 23 positive samples which isolation with a PCR product size of approximated 385 bp, while 4 samples out 23 positive samples showed negative results for the presence of this gene as indicated by the absence of the PCR products in their relevant lanes. Statistical analysis revealed that the PCR to have a sensitivity of 95. 1% in the detection of Aspergillus fumigatus in Aspergillosis cases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid, specific, and sensitive method to detect Aspergillus fumigatus in aspergillosis cases of humans.
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Ma, Yan, Ying Ji, Jing Yang, et al. "Deletion of bem46 retards spore germination and may be related to the polar growth of Aspergillus fumigatus." Medical Mycology 58, no. 5 (2019): 690–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myz108.
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Abstract Bud emergence 46 (BEM46), a member of the α/β hydrolase superfamily, has been reported to be essential for polarized growth in Neurospora crassa. However, the role of BEM46 in aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) remains unclear. In this study, we constructed an A. fumigatus strain expressing BEM46 fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein, and a Δbem46 mutant, to explore the localization and the role of growth of BEM46 in A. fumigatus, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that BEM46 was dominantly expressed in the sites where hyphae germinated from conidia in A. fumigatus. When compared with the control strain, the Δbem46 mutant exhibited insignificant morphological changes but delayed germination. No significant changes were found regarding the radial growth of both strains in response to various antifungal agents. These results suggest that BEM46 plays an essential role in timely germination in A. fumigatus. From the observation of fluorescence localization, we infer that that BEM46 might be involved in polarized growth in A. fumigatus.
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Davies, Genna, Oski Singh, Juergen Prattes, Martin Hoenigl, Paul W. Sheppard, and Christopher R. Thornton. "Aspergillus fumigatus and Its Allergenic Ribotoxin Asp f I: Old Enemies but New Opportunities for Urine-Based Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Using Lateral-Flow Technology." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1 (2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010019.
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Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) caused by Aspergillus fumigatus is a life-threatening lung disease of immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis currently relies on non-specific chest CT, culture of the fungus from invasive lung biopsy, and detection of the cell wall carbohydrate galactomannan (GM) in serum or in BAL fluids recovered during invasive bronchoscopy. Urine provides an ideal bodily fluid for the non-invasive detection of pathogen biomarkers, with current urine-based immunodiagnostics for IPA focused on GM. Surrogate protein biomarkers might serve to improve disease detection. Here, we report the development of a monoclonal antibody (mAb), PD7, which is specific to A. fumigatus and related species in the section Fumigati, and which binds to its 18 kDa ribotoxin Asp f I. Using PD7, we show that the protein is secreted during hyphal development, and so represents an ideal candidate for detecting invasive growth. We have developed a lateral-flow device (Afu-LFD®) incorporating the mAb which has a limit of detection of ~15 ng Asp f I/mL urine. Preliminary evidence of the test’s diagnostic potential is demonstrated with urine from a patient with acute lymphoid leukaemia with probable IPA. The Afu-LFD® therefore provides a potential novel opportunity for non-invasive urine-based detection of IPA caused by A. fumigatus.
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Ibrahim-Granet, O., B. Philippe, H. Boleti, et al. "Phagocytosis and Intracellular Fate of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia in Alveolar Macrophages." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 2 (2003): 891–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.2.891-903.2003.
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ABSTRACT Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent airborne fungal pathogen responsible for fatal invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Upon arrival in the lung alveolus, conidia of A. fumigatus are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages, the major phagocytic cells of the lung. Engulfment and intracellular trafficking of A. fumigatus conidia in alveolar macrophages of two different origins, the murine cell line MH-S and human pulmonary alveolar macrophages, were analyzed by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Phagocytosis of A. fumigatus conidia required actin polymerization and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. Fusion of A. fumigatus phagosomes with early and late endosomes was shown by immunolabeling with specific markers for the transferrin receptor, early endosome antigen, and Rab7. Maturation of A. fumigatus phagolysosomes was monitored by using a fixable acidotropic probe, LysoTracker Red DND-99, and an anti-cathepsin D antibody. Bafilomycin A-induced inhibition of lysosomal acidification abolished the conidial killing by the macrophages. These data suggest that the maturation of A. fumigatus phagosomes results from fusion with the compartments of the endocytic pathway and that the killing of conidia depends on phagolysosome acidification. A model for the phagocytosis of A. fumigatus conidia by alveolar macrophages is proposed on the basis of these results.
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Crameri, R., A. Faith, S. Hemmann, et al. "Humoral and cell-mediated autoimmunity in allergy to Aspergillus fumigatus." Journal of Experimental Medicine 184, no. 1 (1996): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.1.265.
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A cDNA encoding an allergenic protein was isolated from an Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) cDNA library displayed on the surface of filamentous phage. Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) from A. fumigatus-sensitized individuals was used to enrich phage-expressing gene products binding to IgE. One of the cDNAs encoded a 26.7-kD protein that was identified as a manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) sharing 51.5% identity and 67.2% homology to the corresponding human enzyme. Both human and A. fumigatus MnSOD coding sequences were expressed in Escherichia coli as [His]6-tagged fusion proteins and purified by Ni(2+)-chelate affinity chromatography. The two recombinant MnSODs were both recognized by IgE antibodies from subjects allergic to the A. fumigatus MnSOD and elicited specific immediate type allergic skin reactions in these individuals. Moreover, both human and A. fumigatus MnSOD induced proliferation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of A. fumigatus-allergic subjects who showed specific IgE responses and reacted in skin tests to MnSOD. These observations provide evidence for autoreactivity to the human MnSOD in allergic persons sensitized to an environmental allergen from A. fumigatus who share a high degree of sequence homology to the corresponding human enzyme.
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Runchao, Wang, Wan Zhe, and Li Ruoyu. "Th and Treg response induced by Aspergillus fumigatus pulsed dendritic cells in vitro." Chinese Medical Journal 127, no. 20 (2014): 3616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20141433.
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Background Dendritic cells (DCs) can recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) of Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus), activating the immune response. During A. fumigatus infection, a Th and Treg response induced in the fungi-pulsed DCs is not yet well understood. Methods In this study, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were separated and proliferated from C57BL/6 mice. A. fumigatus pulsed DCs were generated and cultured with CD4+ T cells derived from the spleen of C57BL/6 mice in vitro. CD4+ T cells differentiation after co-culture were analyzed by flow cytometry, ELISA, and real-time PCR analysis. Results The A. fumigatus pulsed DCs exhibited increased Th1 and Treg frequency, Th1-related cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12), Treg-related cytokines (TGF-β) and T-bet, and Foxp3 mRNA levels compared with the control group. There was no significant difference between A. fumigatus pulsed DCs group and the control group about Th17 and Th2 frequency. Conclusions The inactivated conidia of A. fumigatus were able to activate BMDCs and made them capable of triggering T cell responses in vitro. A. fumigatus loaded DCs was a weak inducer of Th17 and Th2, but induced a strong Th1 and Treg response.
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Shin, Seung-Heon, Mi-Kyung Ye, Dong-Won Lee, and Mi-Hyun Chae. "Asian Sand Dust Particles Enhance the Development of Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilm on Nasal Epithelial Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (2022): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063030.
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Background: Asian sand dust (ASD) and Aspergillus fumigatus are known risk factors for airway mucosal inflammatory diseases. Bacterial and fungal biofilms commonly coexist in chronic rhinosinusitis and fungus balls. We evaluated the effects of ASD on the development of A. fumigatus biofilm formation on nasal epithelial cells. Methods: Primary nasal epithelial cells were cultured with A. fumigatus conidia with or without ASD for 72 h. The production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 from nasal epithelial cells was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of ASD on A. fumigatus biofilm formation were determined using crystal violet, concanavalin A, safranin staining, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Results: ASD and A. fumigatus significantly enhanced the production of IL-6 and IL-8 from nasal epithelial cells. By coculturing A. fumigatus with ASD, the dry weight and safranin staining of the fungal biofilms significantly increased in a time-dependent manner. However, the increased level of crystal violet and concanavalin A stain decreased after 72 h of incubation. Conclusions: ASD and A. fumigatus induced the production of inflammatory chemical mediators from nasal epithelial cells. The exposure of A. fumigatus to ASD enhanced the formation of biofilms. The coexistence of ASD and A. fumigatus may increase the development of fungal biofilms and fungal inflammatory diseases in the sinonasal mucosa.
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Zhang, Shuchao, Pingping Meng, Guibo Liu, Kuixiang Liu, and Chengye Che. "ATF4 Involvement in TLR4 and LOX-1-Induced Host Inflammatory Response to Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis." Journal of Ophthalmology 2018 (December 13, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5830202.
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Purpose. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is induced by various stressors. Here, we investigated the expression of ATF4 in the host inflammatory response to Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. Methods. A. fumigatus keratitis mouse models developed by intrastromal injection as well as corneal epithelium scratching were examined daily with a slit lamp microscope for corneal opacification and ulceration. Subsequent in vitro experimentation was carried out in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) as well as THP-1 macrophages infected with A. fumigatus. Inhibitors, including CLI-095, Poly (I), SCH772984, and SP600125, were used to assess the role of proteins like toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in ATF4 expression as a response to A. fumigatus infection. This assessment was made in both mouse models and HCECs using western blot. Results. Compared to the controls, ATF4 was increased in corneas from two kinds of A. fumigatus keratitis models at 3 days after infection. ATF4 expression was upregulated with A. fumigatus conidia both in HCECs and THP-1 macrophages 16 hours after stimulation. Furthermore, ATF4 expression in response to A. fumigatus infection was shown to be dependent on TLR4 and LOX-1 expression, and ERK1/2 and JNK contributed to the expression of ATF4 in response to A. fumigatus. Conclusion. Our results clearly indicate that ATF4 was involved in the host antifungal immune response to A. fumigatus keratitis; expression was found to be dependent on TLR4, LOX-1 expression, and MAPKs pathway.
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Hassanien, Alshimaa A., Walaa M. Elsherif, Rasha Hamed, and Asmaa A. A. Hussein. "Suppression effect of thyme and carvacrol nano-emulsions on Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from patients in the intensive care unit of Assiut University Hospital, Egypt." January-July 7, no. 1 (2021): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/ijoh.2021.116-121.
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Background and Aim: Aspergillus fumigatus is a zoonotic fungus that causes several diseases in humans ranging from allergic reaction to fatal disseminated invasive infection, especially in immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of invasive A. fumigatus in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Assiut University Hospital, highlight the factors associated with their infection, and determine the antifungal effect of thyme nano-emulsion (TNE) and carvacrol nano-emulsion (CNE) on isolated A. fumigatus strains. Materials and Methods: Mycological culture method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used in the identification of A. fumigatus in 630 blood samples collected from 210 patients. TNE and CNE at five concentrations (1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) and average sizes of 90.3 and 75.6 nm, respectively, were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Their effect on A. fumigatus isolate growth was evaluated by the well-diffusion method and SEM, which was used for the detection of the degenerative effect of A. fumigatus ultrastructure. Results: A. fumigatus was detected in 54 of 210 (25.7%) patients in the ICU. Advanced age and chronic diseases were considered important risk factors for invasive aspergillosis, especially in patients with more than 1 clinical disease. TNE and CNE showed an inhibitory effect on A. fumigatus isolates, which significantly increased with high concentrations. The respective values for TNE at concentrations of 6% and 8% were 6±0.41 mm and 15±0.67 mm. CNE completely inhibited A. fumigatus growth at concentrations of 4%, 6%, and 8%, while mean inhibition zones of 22±0.68 mm and 30±0.32 mm appeared at concentrations of 1% and 2%. SEM demonstrated degenerative changes in A. fumigatus structure. Conclusion: TNE and CNE can be used in bioactive treatments against A. fumigatus, and additional studies are required to determine the safe and effective doses and best method for application in human and veterinary medicine.
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Asadzadeh, Mohammad, Suhail Ahmad, Ferry Hagen, Jacques F. Meis, and Ziauddin Khan. "Occurrence of Pathogenic and Allergenic Molds in the Outdoor and Indoor Environment of a Major Hospital and Molecular Epidemiology of Aspergillus fumigatus in Kuwait." Journal of Fungi 11, no. 2 (2025): 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020083.
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Aspergilli and other molds are prevalent in the environment and are an important cause of opportunistic infections and seasonal allergies in susceptible patients. This study determined species distribution of various molds in outdoor/indoor air in and around a major hospital and performed antifungal susceptibility testing and molecular fingerprinting of environmental and clinical Aspergillus fumigatus isolates in Kuwait. Sampling for the isolation of molds was performed for a 17-month-period from the water/indoor air of medical/surgical wards/ICUs and outdoor air. Molds were identified by phenotypic characteristics and/or by the PCR-sequencing of rDNA/β-tubulin/calmodulin genes. Antifungal susceptibility testing was done by Etest. Fingerprinting was performed by nine-loci-based microsatellite analysis. A total of 6179 isolates were obtained from outdoor (n = 4406) and indoor (n = 1773) environments. These included Cladosporium spp. (n = 2311), Aspergillus spp. (n = 1327), Penicillium spp. (n = 1325), Paecilomyces spp. (n = 473), Alternaria spp. (n = 218), Bipolaris spp. (n = 133), and other molds (n = 392). Fingerprinting data revealed heterogeneity among clinical and environmental A. fumigatus and shared genotypes among outdoor air and hospital environmental isolates. Itraconazole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates with TR34/L98H mutations in Cyp51A were also recovered from outdoor air (n = 1), a hospital environment (n = 3), and clinical samples (n = 2). More than 15 fungal genera and all four Aspergillus (Nigri, Flavi, Fumigati, and Terrei) sections and nine rare aspergilli were detected. The isolation frequency was higher during the peak allergy season of October/November. The presence of shared genotypes among outdoor air and the hospital environment including triazole-resistant A. fumigatus suggests a reservoir for invasive infections among susceptible hospitalized patients.
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Li, S. J., M. Dhaenens, A. Garmyn, et al. "Exposure of Aspergillus fumigatus to T-2 toxin results in a stress response associated with exacerbation of aspergillosis in poultry." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 3 (2015): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1765.
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Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous airborne pathogen. Saprophytic growth in the presence of environmental mycotoxins might affect its fitness and virulence. T-2 toxin (T-2) is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. in various substrates. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of T-2 on the fitness of A. fumigatus in vitro and its virulence in experimentally inoculated chickens. We cultured A. fumigatus on agar media containing T-2, and examined the changes in viability, morphology, growth rate, proteome expression, and susceptibility to antimycotics and oxidative stress of this fungus. Results showed that exposure to 1000 ng/ml T-2 in the substrate did not reduce the viability of A. fumigatus, but its growth was inhibited, with wrinkling and depigmentation of the colonies. Proteomic analysis revealed 21 upregulated proteins and 33 downregulated proteins, including those involved in stress response, pathogenesis, metabolism, transcription. The proteome seems to have shifted to enhance the glycolysis, catabolism of lipids, and amino acid conversion. Assays on fungal susceptibility to antimycotics and oxidative stress showed that T-2 exposure did not affect the minimal inhibitory concentrations of amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole and terbinafine against A. fumigatus, but increased the susceptibility of A. fumigatus to H2O2 and menadione. Experimental inoculation of chickens with A. fumigatus showed that exposure of A. fumigatus to T-2 significantly exacerbated aspergillosis in chickens exposed to dietary T-2. In conclusion, A. fumigatus is capable of surviving and growing on substrates containing levels of T-2 up to 1000 ng/ml. Growth in presence of T-2 induces a stress response in A. fumigatus, which is associated with exacerbation of aspergillosis in vivo.
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Pyrzak, Wioletta, Karen Y. Miller, and Bruce L. Miller. "Mating Type Protein Mat1-2 from Asexual Aspergillus fumigatus Drives Sexual Reproduction in Fertile Aspergillus nidulans." Eukaryotic Cell 7, no. 6 (2008): 1029–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00380-07.
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ABSTRACT The lack of an experimentally amenable sexual genetic system in Aspergillus fumigatus is a major limitation in the study of the organism's pathogenesis. A recent comparative genome analysis revealed evidence for potential sexuality in A. fumigatus. Homologs of mating type genes as well as other genes of the “sexual machinery” have been identified in anamorphic A. fumigatus. The mat1-2 gene encodes a homolog of MatA, an HMG box mating transcriptional factor (MatHMG) that regulates sexual development in fertile Aspergillus nidulans. In this study, the functionalities of A. fumigatus mat1-2 and the Mat1-2 protein were determined by interspecies gene exchange between sterile A. fumigatus and fertile A. nidulans. Ectopically integrated A. fumigatus mat1-2 (driven by its own promoter) was not functional in a sterile A. nidulans ΔmatA strain, and no sexual development was observed. In contrast, the A. fumigatus mat1-2 open reading frame driven by the A. nidulans matA promoter and integrated by homologous gene replacement at the matA locus was functional and conferred full fertility. This is the first report showing that cross species mating type gene exchange between closely related Ascomycetes did not function in sexual development. This is also the first report demonstrating that a MatHMG protein from an asexual species is fully functional, with viable ascospore differentiation, in a fertile homothallic species. The expression of mat1-2 was assessed in A. fumigatus and A. nidulans. Our data suggest that mat1-2 may not be properly regulated to allow sexuality in A. fumigatus. This study provides new insights about A. fumigatus asexuality and also suggests the possibility for the development of an experimentally amenable sexual cycle.
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Al Shakirchi, Mahasin, Kimmo Sorjonen, Lena Klingspor, Peter Bergman, Lena Hjelte, and Isabelle de Monestrol. "The Effects of Aspergillus fumigatus Colonization on Lung Function in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 11 (2021): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7110944.
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Aspergillus fumigatus is commonly isolated from CF airways. However, the impact on CF lung progression is not completely understood. In this study, using a 16-year retrospective observational cohort study (2000–2015) that included 132 patients, we determined the annual lung function, measured as percent predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (ppFEV1), decline before and after the first colonization with A. fumigatus. Further, in the same individual, the ratios of lung function when patients were colonized with A. fumigatus and when they were not were calculated. The impact of eradication, with antifungal treatment or spontaneously, was assessed. The annual ppFEV1 was significantly lower after the first colonization with A. fumigatus. Furthermore, within the same individual, colonization with A. fumigatus for two and three years in a row was associated with 4.3% and 7.9% lower ppFEV1, respectively, compared to when not colonized. Finally, patients who eradicated A. fumigatus the following two years after colonization exhibited 9.9% and 14.5% higher ppFEV1 compared to patients who continued to produce cultures with A. fumigatus for two and three years. Our study demonstrated that A. fumigatus colonization was associated with a negative impact on lung function in the long term and eradication, spontaneously or with treatment, was associated with a better pulmonary outcome.
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Genster, Ninette, Elisabeth Præstekjær Cramer, Anne Rosbjerg, Katrine Pilely, Jack Bernard Cowland, and Peter Garred. "Ficolins Promote Fungal Clearance in vivo and Modulate the Inflammatory Cytokine Response in Host Defense against Aspergillus fumigatus." Journal of Innate Immunity 8, no. 6 (2016): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447714.
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Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes severe invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. Innate immunity plays a major role in protection against A. fumigatus. The ficolins are a family of soluble pattern recognition receptors that are capable of activating the lectin pathway of complement. Previous in vitro studies reported that ficolins bind to A. fumigatus, but their part in host defense against fungal infections in vivo is unknown. In this study, we used ficolin-deficient mice to investigate the role of ficolins during lung infection with A. fumigatus. Ficolin knockout mice showed significantly higher fungal loads in the lungs 24 h postinfection compared to wild-type mice. The delayed clearance of A. fumigatus in ficolin knockout mice could not be attributed to a compromised recruitment of inflammatory cells. However, it was revealed that ficolin knockout mice exhibited a decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs compared to wild-type mice following A. fumigatus infection. The impaired clearance and cytokine production in ficolin knockout mice was independent of complement, as shown by equivalent levels of A. fumigatus-mediated complement activation in ficolin knockout mice and wild-type mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that ficolins are important in initial innate host defense against A. fumigatus infections in vivo.
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Gonzalez-Jimenez, Irene, Jose Lucio, Maria Dolores Menéndez-Fraga, Emilia Mellado, and Teresa Peláez. "Hospital Environment as a Source of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus Strains with TR34/L98H and G448S Cyp51A Mutations." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010022.
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Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus is an emerging worldwide problem with increasing reports of therapy failure cases produced by resistant isolates. A case of azole-resistant A. fumigatus hospital colonization in a patient is reported here. Investigations of the hospital environment led to the recovery of A. fumigatus strains harboring the TR34/L98H and the G448S Cyp51A azole resistance mechanisms. Isolate genotyping showed that one strain from the environment was isogenic with the patient strains. These are the first environmental A. fumigatus azole resistant strains collected in a hospital in Spain; it supports the idea of the hospital environment as a source of dissemination and colonization/infection by azole resistant A. fumigatus in patients. The isolation of an azole-resistant strain from an azole-naïve patient is an interesting finding, suggesting that an effective analysis of clinical and environmental sources must be done to detect azole resistance in A. fumigatus. The emergence and spread of these resistance mechanisms in A. fumigatus is of major concern because it confers high resistance to voriconazole and is associated with treatment failure in patients with invasive aspergillosis.
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Ben-Ghazzi, Nagwa, Sergio Moreno-Velásquez, Constanze Seidel, et al. "Characterisation of Aspergillus fumigatus Endocytic Trafficking within Airway Epithelial Cells Using High-Resolution Automated Quantitative Confocal Microscopy." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 6 (2021): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7060454.
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The precise characterization of the mechanisms modulating Aspergillus fumigatus survival within airway epithelial cells has been impaired by the lack of live-cell imaging technologies and user-friendly quantification approaches. Here we described the use of an automated image analysis pipeline to estimate the proportion of A. fumigatus spores taken up by airway epithelial cells, those contained within phagolysosomes or acidified phagosomes, along with the fungal factors contributing to these processes. Coupling the use of fluorescent A. fumigatus strains and fluorescent epithelial probes targeting lysosomes, acidified compartments and cell membrane, we found that both the efficacy of lysosome recruitment to phagosomes and phagosome acidification determines the capacity of airway epithelial cells to contain A. fumigatus growth. Overall, the capability of the airway epithelium to prevent A. fumigatus survival was higher in bronchial epithelial than alveolar epithelial cells. Certain A. fumigatus cell wall mutants influenced phagosome maturation in airway epithelial cells. Taken together, this live-cell 4D imaging approach allows observation and measurement of the very early processes of A. fumigatus interaction within live airway epithelial monolayers.
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Schuh, Jane M., Kate Blease, Steven L. Kunkel, and Cory M. Hogaboam. "Eotaxin/CCL11 is involved in acute, but not chronic, allergic airway responses toAspergillus fumigatus." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 283, no. 1 (2002): L198—L204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00341.2001.
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Eotaxin/CCL11 is a major chemoattractant for eosinophils and Th2 cells. As such, it represents an attractive target in the treatment of allergic disease. The present study addresses the role of eotaxin/CCL11 during acute and chronic allergic airway responses to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Mice lacking the eotaxin gene (Eo−/−) and wild-type mice (Eo+/+) were sensitized to A. fumigatus and received either an intratracheal challenge with soluble A. fumigatusantigens (acute model) or an intratracheal challenge with live A. fumigatus spores or conidia (chronic model). Airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophil, but not T cell, recruitment were significantly decreased at 24 h after the soluble allergen in A. fumigatus-sensitized Eo−/− mice compared with similarly sensitized Eo+/+ mice. In contrast, the development of chronic allergic airway disease due to A. fumigatus conidia was not altered by the lack of eotaxin. Together, these data suggest that eotaxin initiates allergic airway disease due to A. fumigatus, but this chemokine did not appear to contribute to the maintenance of A. fumigatus-induced allergic airway disease.
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Ramirez-Ortiz, Zaida G., Charles A. Specht, Jennifer P. Wang, et al. "Toll-Like Receptor 9-Dependent Immune Activation by Unmethylated CpG Motifs in Aspergillus fumigatus DNA." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 5 (2008): 2123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00047-08.
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ABSTRACT Phagocytic defenses are critical for effective host defenses against the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Previous studies found that following challenge with A. fumigatus, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) knockout mice survived longer than wild-type mice. However, the mechanism responsible was not defined. Here we demonstrate that A. fumigatus contains unmethylated CpG sequences, the natural ligands for TLR9. A. fumigatus DNA and synthetic CpG-rich oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing sequences found in the A. fumigatus genome potently stimulated the production of proinflammatory cytokines in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. The response was decreased when the fungal DNA was treated with a CpG methylase or with CpG-specific endonucleases. A role for TLR9 was demonstrated as cytokine production was abolished in BMDCs from TLR9-deficient mice. Moreover, transfection of HEK293 cells with human TLR9 conferred responsiveness to synthetic CpG-rich ODNs containing sequences found in A. fumigatus DNA. Taken together, these data demonstrate that TLR9 detects A. fumigatus DNA, resulting in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to the immune response to the pathogen.
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Zarrin, Majid, and Farzaneh Ganj. "Study of Hemolysin Gene “aspHS” and Its Phenotype in Aspergillus Fumigatus." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 15 (2019): 2399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.349.
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AIM: The main goal of this study was to analysis the “aspHS” gene and its phenotype in A. fumigatus.
 METHODS: Fifty-three A. fumigatus strains, including environmental, clinical and reference isolates, were used in this research. PCR was carried out based on Asp-hemolysin gene sequence. Two restriction enzymes TagI and NcoI were employed for digestion of PCR products.
 RESULTS: PCR products of 180 and 450 bp were generated for all A. fumigatus isolates. Digestion of the aspHS gene 180 bp amplicons with TagI and 450 bp amplicons with TagI and NcoI produced the expected bands for most isolates. Hemolysin production of A. fumigatus isolates was evaluated on sheep blood agar (SBA).
 CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our results provide evidence hemolysin activity and analysis of aspHS gene of A. fumigatus. These data may be useful in early diagnosis of A. fumigatus infections.
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Lv, Qianting, Bernadette B. L. J. Elders, Adilia Warris, Daan Caudri, Pierluigi Ciet, and Harm A. W. M. Tiddens. "Aspergillus-related lung disease in people with cystic fibrosis: can imaging help us to diagnose disease?" European Respiratory Review 30, no. 162 (2021): 210103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0103-2021.
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In people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF), viscous sputum and dysfunction of the mucociliary escalator leads to early and chronic infections. The prevalence of Aspergillus fumigatus in sputum is high in PwCF and the contribution of A. fumigatus to the progression of structural lung disease has been reported. However, overall, relatively little is known about the contribution of A. fumigatus to CF lung disease. More knowledge is needed to aid clinical decisions on whether to start antifungal treatment. In this review, we give an overview of A. fumigatus colonisation and infection in PwCF and the different types of pulmonary disease caused by it. Furthermore, we discuss the current evidence for structural lung damage associated with A. fumigatus in PwCF on chest computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. We conclude that radiological outcomes to identify disease caused by A. fumigatus can be important for clinical studies and management.
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Lopez-Medrano, R., M. C. Ovejero, J. A. Calera, P. Puente, and F. Leal. "Aspergillus fumigatus antigens." Microbiology 141, no. 10 (1995): 2699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-141-10-2699.
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Frisvad, Jens C., Christian Rank, Kristian F. Nielsen, and Thomas O. Larsen. "Metabolomics ofAspergillus fumigatus." Medical Mycology 47, s1 (2009): S53—S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13693780802307720.
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Rodriguez-Ares, M. T., M. V. De Rojas Silva, M. Pereiro, B. Fente Sampayo, G. Gallegos Chamas, and M. S-Salorio. "Aspergillus fumigatus scleritis." Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 73, no. 5 (2009): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00312.x.
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Ferreiro, Lucía, M. Luisa Pérez del Molino, Marta Sonia González-Pérez, and Luis Valdés. "Aspergillus fumigatus Empyema." Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition) 53, no. 7 (2017): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbr.2016.11.037.
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Jezdimirović, Nemanja, Branislav Kureljušić, Vojin Ivetić, et al. "Comparative Pathomorphological, Mycological and Molecular Examination of Turkey Poults with Different Immunological Status Experimentally Infected with Aspergillus fumigatus." Acta Veterinaria 69, no. 2 (2019): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2019-0016.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the pathological, mycological and molecular findings in turkey poults with different immunological status experimentally infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. The investigation was carried out 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after intratracheal inoculation of 5.056×107 spores of A. fumigatus to 14-day-old turkey poults in group G-1, as well as to turkey poults in group G-2 which were treated prior to infection with dexamethasone. A. fumigatus was isolated on day 1 p.i. in both groups, but the number of positive samples was bigger in group G-1. A. fumigatus was isolated from the respiratory organs of group G-1as early as on day 1 and 3 p.i. in 4 out of 12 examined specimens (33%). On day 7 p.i. A. fumigatus was possible to isolate from the respiratory organs of 50% of infected birds, on day 14 in 83.33% and on day 21 p.i. A. fumigatus was isolated in 6 out of 6 sacrificed turkey poults (100%). In dexamethasone-treated group A. fumigatus isolates from the respiratory organs on day 1 and 3 p.i. were same as in group G-1, whereas on days 7 and 14 p.i. the number of turkey poults positive to A. fumigatus increased in comparison with the untreated G-1 group. The histopathological lesions in turkey poults treated with dexamethasone developed earlier, were more intensive and extensive. The mycological and nested PCR results revealed a higher number of samples positive for the presence of A. fumigatus DNA in the group G-2, pretreated with dexamethasone.
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Behnsen, Judith, Andrea Hartmann, Jeannette Schmaler, Alexander Gehrke, Axel A. Brakhage, and Peter F. Zipfel. "The Opportunistic Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Evades the Host Complement System." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 2 (2007): 820–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01037-07.
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ABSTRACT The opportunistic human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus causes severe systemic infections and is a major cause of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. A. fumigatus conidia activate the alternative pathway of the complement system. In order to assess the mechanisms by which A. fumigatus evades the activated complement system, we analyzed the binding of host complement regulators to A. fumigatus. The binding of factor H and factor H-like protein 1 (FHL-1) from human sera to A. fumigatus conidia was shown by adsorption assays and immunostaining. In addition, factor H-related protein 1 (FHR-1) bound to conidia. Adsorption assays with recombinant factor H mutants were used to localize the binding domains. One binding region was identified within N-terminal short consensus repeats (SCRs) 1 to 7 and a second one within C-terminal SCR 20. Plasminogen was identified as the fourth host regulatory molecule that binds to A. fumigatus conidia. In contrast to conidia, other developmental stages of A. fumigatus, like swollen conidia or hyphae, did not bind to factor H, FHR-1, FHL-1, and plasminogen, thus indicating the developmentally regulated expression of A. fumigatus surface ligands. Both factor H and plasminogen maintained regulating activity when they were bound to the conidial surface. Bound factor H acted as a cofactor to the factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b. Plasminogen showed proteolytic activity when activated to plasmin by urokinase-type plasminogen activator. These data show that A. fumigatus conidia bind to complement regulators, and these bound host regulators may contribute to evasion of a host complement attack.
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Kumar Gupta, Pradeep, and Sachin Ranjan. "A Case Study of Onychomycosis Caused by Aspergillus Fumigatus." Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 7, no. 3 (2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/gijhsr.20220701.
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Onychomycosis is known as a nail fungal infection brought on by dermatophytes, yeast, and non-dermatophyte mold. According to epidemiological investigations, Aspergillus fumigatus has been identified as an egregious fungal cause of toenail onychomycosis. Here, we present a case of A. fumigatus-related multiple toenail infections in a 47-year-old woman in good health. The causing agent was determined to be A. fumigatus based on the culture's macroscopic and microscopic features. Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus, toenail & Onychomycosis