Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Función costos'

La presente tesis tiene como fin formular una función de costos operacionales, para una compañía minera de cobre. Muchos de los factores que determinan el nivel de costo de una compañía minera, corresponden a características del mineral extraído. Por eso, la operación de un yacimiento depende en gran medida de la capacidad que tenga el mineral de solventar sus costos, y de ello dependen decisiones estratégicas como la apertura, cierre o expansión de la operación. Se determinó que las características relevantes en los costos operacionales son la ley de mineral y el porcentaje de mineral primario, este último como indicador de la dureza. También es necesario considerar la distancia media de transporte y proporción de mineral en el material extraído, siendo estos dos casos relevantes en la extracción a rajo abierto. En el caso de los insumos son relevantes en los costos: la mano de obra, el consumo de combustible y energía eléctrica, neumáticos, servicios de mantenimiento, acero, explosivos, reactivos y, en algunos casos, el agua y la maquila de fundición y electro refinación. Con estos elementos, se propuso un modelo de función de costos translogarítmica modificada, incluyendo las características del mineral de dos formas: asociadas a la producción, o como variables tecnológicas, similar al ajuste temporal utilizado en algunos modelos reportados en la literatura. El ajuste de un modelo de estas características, adicionalmente, permite obtener información de la naturaleza de los costos, cuantificando economías de escala y de sustitución. Una vez el modelo sea debidamente ajustado y validado en base a información real, se definen dos posibles usos. Uno, como estimador de los costos operacionales de diversos sectores del yacimiento, necesario para la valorización del modelo de recursos utilizado en planificación minera. También sería útil como un indicador para eficiencia en costos a diversas condiciones del yacimiento, permitiendo el análisis de condiciones de borde de precio, producción, etc., y su efecto en los resultados económicos del negocio minero.

En este trabajo se analizarán las pesquerías del Centro- Sur de Chile para el periodo comprendido desde los años 1988 al 2002, la idea es analizar la dinámica de las variables clave en ellas y estimar funciones de costos de extracción. Los datos usados fueron obtenidos del Formulario Número 6 de Flota Propia del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. Para estimar la función de costos, la forma funcional escogida es la Trascendental Logarítmica debido a la flexibilidad de ésta en los supuestos elasticidades de sustitución entre los insumos y de economías de escala. Se estimaron diferentes modelos para encontrar aquel que mejor se adapte para explicar la función de costos de las pesquerías, primero se usó un modelo de regresión lineal y luego uno de Ecuaciones Aparentemente No Relacionadas, ambos estimados con diferentes variables explicativas. Se opta por éste último debido a que muestra un mejor acercamiento de las variables a las relaciones esperadas según la teoría. Finalmente se estiman las economías a escala existentes en la industria, encontrándose rendimientos crecientes a escala, lo cuales podrían ser los responsables del aumento del esfuerzo de pesca que se experimentó en el sector en las décadas de los ochenta y principios de los noventa.

TESIS/AFE PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN TRIBUTACIÓN
Herrera Flores, Doris, [Parte I], Rojas Osses, Carlos, [Parte II]
El objetivo de esta investigación, es el estudio de la normativa legal que regula la activación de gastos tributarios, en función de la correlación de ingresos, costos y/o gastos del Decreto Ley N° 824, del año 1974 (LIR), artículos relacionados, circulares normativas, resoluciones, jurisprudencias administrativas, oficios ordinarios, entre otros instructivos legales, emitidos por el Servicio de Impuestos Internos y jurisprudencia de los Tribunales de Justicia, que norman y regulan la materia, que facultan a los contribuyentes a deducir de sus ingresos brutos aquellos desembolsos incurridos y que representan un costo y/o gasto necesario para producir la renta. Debido principalmente a que ésta podría no ser lo suficientemente clara al respecto, provocando una errónea interpretación con efectos de rechazo a partidas activadas por los contribuyentes, como así también podría generar efectos tributarios en el futuro, con las mismas consecuencias expuestas anteriormente

La presente tesis está compuesta por cuatro partes básicas. El primer capítulo muestra el marco teórico donde se muestran conceptos básicos a tener en cuenta cuando se habla del control de plazo y costos en proyectos de construcción, así como las buenas prácticas. En el segundo capítulo se presenta el diseño del levantamiento de la situación actual y la evaluación de tres proyectos de construcción ubicados en Lima y enfocados a multifamiliares. Este levantamiento implica el diseño de una evaluación igual para los tres proyectos. El tercer capítulo muestra el análisis desarrollado en base a la información recogida de campo y aspectos influyentes en los proyectos tales como la política de la empresa. Con ayuda del análisis se va a proponer una solución mediante un sistema para los problemas encontrados en los proyectos desde el punto de vista de control de plazo y costo. Esta solución está soportada por un procedimiento. El cuarto y último capítulo contiene las conclusiones y recomendaciones como resultado de la elaboración de la tesis. También se proponen futuras investigaciones para enriquecer la tesis actual y ampliar el campo de investigación, superando limitantes con las que se ha desarrollado la presente tesis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a major cause of progressive joint damage and disability, and is associated with decline in quality of life, reduced ability to work and increased health care utilisation. The economic consequences of the disease are substantial for the individuals and their families and for the society as a whole. This thesis describes a 5-year follow up of 320 patients with early RA, enrolled between January 1996 and April 1998 in the Swedish multi-centre inception cohort TIRA (early interventions in rheumatoid arthritis). Health status, function and costs were investigated. Predictors of high costs were calculated, and an algorithm was constructed to predict future need for TNFinhibitor treatment in patients not responding to traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Clinical and laboratory data, measures of functional capacity and self-reported assessments were collected regularly. In addition, patients completed biannual/annual questionnaires concerning all health care utilisation and days lost from work due to the disease. Within 3 months, improvements were seen regarding all variables assessing disease activity and functional ability, but 15% of the patients had sustained high or moderate disease activity throughout the study period. The scores of ‘health assessment questionnaire’ (HAQ) were similar for men and women at baseline, but had a less favourable course in women, who also had DMARDs more frequently prescribed. Ambulatory care accounted for 76% of the direct costs during the first year. Women had more ambulatory care visits and higher usage of complementary medicine compared to men. Men ≥65 years had low costs compared to younger men and compared to women of all ages. In multiple logistic regression tests, HAQ, high levels of IgM-class rheumatoid factor (RF), and poor hand function increased the odds of incurring high direct costs. Poor hand function and pain increased the odds of incurring high indirect costs. Indirect costs exceeded direct costs all three years. The average direct costs were €3,704 (US$ 3,297) year 1 and €2,652 (US$ 2,360) year 3. All costs decreased over the years, except those for medication and surgery. The indirect costs were €8,871 (US$ 7,895) year 1 and remained essentially unchanged, similarly for both sexes. More than 50% were on sick leave or early retirement at inclusion. Sick leave decreased but was offset by increase in early retirement. 14 patients (5%) were prescribed TNF-inhibitors at the 3- year follow up, thus increasing drug costs substantially. However, they incurred higher costs even before prescription of anti-TNF therapy. At the 5-year follow-up (2001-2003), 31 patients (12%) were prescribed TNFinhibitors. Baseline values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, anti-CCP antibodies and morning stiffness were significantly higher in this group. These patients were also to a larger extent RF-positive and carriers of the ‘shared epitope’ (SE). Anti-TNF treated patients were significantly younger and more often women. For men, a predictive model was constructed using baseline data including SE+ and IgA-RF >100 U/L and anti-CCP >240 U/L yielding a specificity of 98% and a sensitivity of 71%. For women, disease activity score (DAS28) at the 3-month follow-up proved to be a better predictor, and the final model comprised SE+ and 3-month DAS28>5.2, giving a specificity of 95% and a sensitivity of 59%.

El sector hospitalari públic és el majoritari tant a Catalunya com a Espanya. En aquest entorn no s'ha primat l'anàlisi dels costos de la provisió de serveis de salut. La variabilitat dels costos i la definició de producte hospitalari s'ha basat en els Sistemes de Classificació de Pacients (SCP) i més concretament, en els Grups Relacionats amb el Diagnòstic (GRD).
La hipòtesi de treball ha estat que la variabilitat deguda a la complexitat del procés de producció hospitalari no queda ben reflectida amb l'ús dels SCP ja que només aporten informació sobre la dimensió de la complexitat del concepte de producte hospitalari. Queden per explicar la seriositat de la malaltia, els outliers, els factors socioeconòmics, les característiques del procés, i els factors estructurals. Tots ells, junt amb l'ajust dels costos relatius (pesos) associats als GRD, poden explicar molt millor la variabilitat del cost hospitalari basat en al definició correcta del producte.
S'ha analitzat una base de dades corresponent als hospitals de l'Institut Municipal d'Assistència Sanitària, amb 35.262 casos i 12.792 milions de pessetes assignats a pacient mitjançant una metodologia d'assignació basada en activitats (cost sobre base clínica).
S'ha determinat que:
- La capacitat explicativa de la variabilitat del cost dels pacients analitzats ha augmentat des del 19% mitjançant GRDs i pesos associats estàndard, fins al 50% si introduïm el concepte integral de la definició de producte, incorporem la mesura de casos extrems i ajustem correctament el pesos a l'entorn europeu.
- S'ha modelitzat una funció de costos que permet analitzar el comportament de les diferents dimensions explicatives del producte i la seva influència sobre el cost per pacient.
Dels resultats s'han extret implicacions:
- La capacitat explicativa del cost no augmenta amb l'increment de categories dels sistemes de classificació de pacients, sinó que millora gràcies a l'explicació multidimensional del producte hospitalari. Així quants menys grups haguem de fer servir, més racional serà l'ús dels sistemes de classificació de pacients per a la gestió clínica, hospitalària i sanitària.
- L'absència d'informació individual sobre el component socioeconòmic del pacient resta capacitat explicativa de la variabilitat del cost hospitalari. Aquesta manca d'informació s'hauria de replantejar tot i els problemes ètics que presenta la seva utilització, ja que és causa de variabilitat justificable no recollida pels actuals sistemes d'informació. És, per tant, causa de risc financer per determinats hospitals.
Public hospital sector is the majority in Catalonia as well as in Spain. In this environment, cost analysis of health services supply was not considered an important issue. Cost variability and hospital product definition were based on Patient Classification Systems (PCS) and more specifically on Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG).
The initial hypothesis was that the variability due to complexity of hospital production process was not well reflected by using PCS because they only add information about the complexity dimension of hospital product concept. It remains to explain the seriousness of illness, outliers, socio-economic status, process characteristics and structural factors. All together, with cost-based DRG-Weight, can improve the explanation of hospital cost variability based on the appropriate product definition.
Database belonging to the Institut Muncipal d'Assistència Sanitària was analysed. The database includes 35,262 patients and 12.762 million pesetas assigned to them. The assignation was performed through a methodology based on activities (clinical-cost).
It was determined that:
- Explanatory power of cost variability for the analysed patients increased from 19% using DRG and Medicare weights, to 50% after introducing the integral concept of product definition, adding outlier cases measures and adjusting weights to the European environment.
- Cost function could be determined. This enabled to analyse the different product dimensions behaviour and their influence on per-patient cost.
The implications of the results were:
- Cost explanatory power does not increase by adding PCS categories, but do improve through the multidimensional explanation of hospital product. Thus, the less groups we use, more rational will be the PCS to the clinic, hospital and health system management.
- The absence of individual information of patient socioeconomic status undermines explanatory power of hospital cost variability. This information lack has to be reconsidered, although the ethic problems that its collection represents, since socio-economic status is a reason of some justified cost variability that is not included by current information systems. Thus, patient socio-economic status variability is a reason of financial risk for determined hospitals.

Aquesta memona està dedicada a l'estudi dels nombres d'extensions abelianes en dos casos importants. En el primer capítol treballem en el cas local. Sigui K una extensió finita de Q(p); M. Krasner el 1.966 i J-P. Serre el 1.978 varen obtenir el nombre de totes les extensions de K de grau donat. En aquesta memòria estudiem els següents problemes:

Problema 1.- Donats enters positius e,n:

a) caracteritzar en quins casos és no buit el conjunt M(ab)(n,e;K) de totes les extensions abelianes de grau "n" de K amb índex de ramificació e;

b) calcular el cardinal a(n,e;K) de M(ab)(n,e;K), per a totes les parelles (n,e);
c) calcular el nombre a(n;K) de totes les extensions abelianes de grau "n" de K.

Seguidament introduïm la funció generatriu de tots els nombres a(n;K), nombres que posem com a coeficients d'una sèrie de Dirichlet.

Problema 2.- Estudiar aquesta funció generatriu; especialment, la seva extensió meromorfa a tot el pla complex i els seus pols.

En els capítols II i III treballem en el cas en què el cos base és el cos Q dels nombres racionals. Fixem un conjunt finit P = {p(1),p(2),...,p(k)} d'enters primers p(i)
M(ab)(n;P) = {K/Q:K/Q abeliana, [K:Q] = n i K/Q no ramificada fora de P},i

M(ab)(n, e, P)={K pertany a (M)(ab)(n;P): e(pi)(K/Q)=e(i, 1 -/= i -/= k}, on e = (e(1),e(2),...,e(k)) és un vector format per enters e(1)> 1.

Estudiem, aleshores, els següents problemes:

Problema 1'.- Donats P, e, n:

a) caracteritzar quan> (M)ab(n, e, P) és no buit;

b) calcular el cardinal de M(ab)(n, e, P);

c) caracteritzar quan M(ab)(n;P) és no buit;

d) calcular el cardinal, a(n;P) de M(ab)(n;P).

Introduïm també la funció generatriu dels nombres a(n;P).

Problema 2'.- Estudiar aquesta funció generatriu, com en el cas local.

Tots els resultats de teoria de grups que necessitem s'inclouen en un apèndix. Tracten del nombre de subgrups d'un p-grup abelià finit que satisfan certes condicions. Tot i que les solucions d'alguns d'aquests problemes són conegudes, en donem aquí una solució completa de manera que els resultats es puguin aplicar directament als problemes de cossos plantejats.


This memory is devoted to the study of the number of abelian extensions in two important cases. In the first chapter we work in the local case. Let K be a finite extension of Q(p); M. Krasner in 1.966 and J.P. Serre in 1.978 have obtained the number of all extensions of K with given degree.

This study investigated the consumers' intention towards multi-channel shopping and the function of synergy in a multi-channel retailing format (i.e., brick-and-mortar stores, catalogs, and the Internet). Two questionnaires were developed, one for the multi-channel consumers and the other for the multi-channel retailers. The structural equation modeling was used to predict the effect of shopping benefits and costs perceived from each channel on the consumer's purchase intention. Data analysis (N = 500) indicated that the purchase intentions were affected by different shopping benefit and cost variables. Qualitative analysis of retailers (N= 10) revealed that the retailers considered synergy to be an important part of their multi-channels. Also, there existed a high level of synergy among the existing three retail channels.

These investigations examined the relative function of costal and crural diaphragm segments. This work produced the first direct measurements of length and electromyogram (EMG) of the diaphragm in an awake, intact animal.
Examination of diaphragm function following laparotomy revealed a consistent pattern of postoperative segmental recovery, and showed the inadequacy of EMG alone as an indicator of diaphragm activity. Segmental contraction during airway occlusion was confirmed to be non-isometric and different per segment. The basic relation between segmental velocity of shortening and mean inspiratory flow, was confirmed for diaphragm but not for intercostal musculature. Anesthesia produced a distinctive alteration in the resting length of crural compared to costal segment, suggesting a difference in inherent segmental tonic activity. Costal and crural activity during hypoxic and hypercapnic stimulated breathing revealed different, stimulant-specific activities of the segments; hypoxia elicited prominent crural post inspiratory activity (PIIA). During thermal panting, peak crural shortening was out of phase with costal shortening and inspiratory airflow. This unique segmental asynchrony may represent a natural analog to high frequency ventilation.
We conclude that costal and crural diaphragm segments can function as individual segment-muscles, exhibiting distinctive, differential activities under certain conditions of respiration.

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero Civil
Eventos como la megasequía ocurrida en el último tiempo en Chile se explican, en parte, por el cambio climático antrópico, por lo que se estima que acontecimientos de esa magnitud continúen ocurriendo en el futuro. La generación hidroeléctrica es una de las actividades perjudicadas por este suceso, debido a la disminución de los caudales afluentes a las centrales. Es por ello que el presente trabajo busca incorporar eventos como la megasequía ocurrida en el país, en la planificación del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional. Actualmente el Sistema Eléctrico Nacional define la operación de mediado plazo de los embalses del sistema considerando un conjunto de escenarios obtenidos a partir de la hidrología histórica, y por ende no consideran efectos del cambio climático antrópico que tienden a hacer más recurrentes eventos extremos como la megasequía ocurrida en el país. Es por ello que se define una nueva regla para la planificación del agua embalsada del sistema, (mediante la función de costo futuro, FCF) obtenida a partir del software AMEBA, la cual considera, dentro del cálculo de la FCF, escenarios hidrológicos sintéticos que poseen tendencias más conservadoras con respecto a la disponibilidad de agua. Luego de planificar el sistema, tanto con la metodología actual (caudales históricos) como con esta nueva FCF (caudales sintéticos), la operación futura es simulada bajo diferentes eventos de megasequía. Además, se simulan posibles escenarios hidrológicos futuros de diferentes características, para determinar el comportamiento de la nueva regla de operación. Todo esto se realiza utilizando dos metodologías de utilización de la FCF, una que toma los promedios de los escenarios (Average) y otra que utiliza el máximo de éstos (Max). Los resultados obtenidos se presentan en función de los indicadores de volumen embalsado, generación hidroeléctrica, costo marginal y costo total de generación, en donde se comparan tanto las metodologías de FCF, como la diferencia entre la regla de operación histórica y la sintética generada. En particular, con metodología Average, se observa que la FCF sintética se comporta mejor en los escenarios de megasequía. Existe un ahorro de 33 MMUSD en el horizonte de evaluación con respecto a la FCF histórica, si se simula la megasequía histórica con registro entre 2010-2014, además se evitan periodos con generación hidroeléctrica baja, que son suplidas con energía térmica más costosa y contaminante.

Tesis del programa de Maestría en Ciencias de la Ingeniería con línea de acentuación en Estructuras. Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México.
En este trabajo se estudió el comportamiento inelástico de varios modelos estructurales de edificios con diferentes períodos de traslación en ambas direcciones ortogonales. Para cada modelo, el ángulo de incidencia del sismo varió de 0° a 90° con incrementos de 10°. La combinación de los efectos sísmicos ortogonales horizontales utilizados para el diseño varió para α=10%, 30%, 50%, 70% y 100%. Se analizaron doce registros sísmicos, 6 de suelo firme y 6 de suelo blando. Se utilizaron dos factores de reducción de las fuerzas elásticas de diseño (Q=2 y 4). En base a estos parámetros, se realizaron diferentes análisis. Para cada uno, se evaluaron las demandas de ductilidad de columnas y vigas, así como las distorsiones de entrepiso. Con estas distorsiones de entrepiso, se estimó el daño de los modelos para cada caso. Se evaluó el costo total de los modelos, considerando el costo inicial del edificio, los costos de reparación, las pérdidas de contenido, los costos de pérdida por rentas y las pérdidas debidas a personas heridas y fallecidas. Los principales resultados obtenidos muestran que el principal factor que afecta el costo total de los modelos fue el tipo de suelo, sin embargo, las otras variables también modifican la estimación del costo total. Para suelos firmes, el promedio del α óptimo es 0.85 para Q=2 y 0.9 para Q=4. Para suelos blandos el promedio del α óptimo es 0.20 para Q=2 y 0.30 para Q=4. Las demandas de ductilidad también varían en forma importante en función de las variables estudiadas. La principal variable que afecta las demandas de ductilidad es el ángulo de incidencia. Los valores de α que se aproximan en mayor medida a las demandas de ductilidad calculada con los valores de Q fueron los siguientes: para suelo firme, α=0.1 para Q=2 y α=0.5 para Q=4; para suelo blando, α=1.0 para Q=2 y α=0.7 para Q=4.

Arqueóloga
La presente investigación corresponde al estudio monográfico del sitio Caleta Bandurrias, ubicado a 20 km al norte de la ciudad de Taltal (II Región de Antofagasta) y datado entre el rango temporal de los5.750 y 4.900 años Cal. AP. El yacimiento se adscribe al período de la “Civilización Dolménica” o de las “Gentes de los Círculos de Piedra” (Capdeville 1921b, Mostny 1964), al período de “Pescadores especializados de aldeas incipientes”(Núñez 1984), al “Arcaico Tardío” (Castelleti 2007) o “Arcaico IV” (Salazar et al. 2015), según las propuestas cronológicas existentes para la zona

The diploma thesis deals with cost analysis, determination of cost functions, cost evaluation and creation of proper model of solution. It compares theoretical knowledge with reality in society, specifies possibilities of their changes and techniques used to optimize costs. The analyzed company – ABB s.r.o.

La artrosis es la enfermedad osteoarticular más prevalente en la raza humana, y la causa más frecuente de discapacidad en los E.E.U.U., cuya incidencia va en aumento y que genera importantes problemas socio-económicos por los costes y la invalidez que conlleva. Actualmente se pueden garantizar unos resultados satisfactorios de la artroplastia de sustitución de rodilla en más del 90% de los pacientes a los 10 años.
El primer objetivo de esta tesis ha sido estudiar la situación clínica, funcional y de requerimientos terapéuticos en un grupo de pacientes afectos de gonartrosis primaria. El segundo objetivo ha sido comparar la función y calidad de vida antes y después de la sustitución articular, así como calcular el coste total de la gonartrosis en función de la esperanza de vida y el coste de la prótesis total de rodilla en un hospital de tercer nivel.
Para ello, se ha realizado un estudio longitudinal prospectivo de 97 pacientes afectos de gonartrosis primaria, controlados mensualmente durante 6 meses, en lista de espera para prótesis total de rodilla durante junio 1998 - junio 1999.
El análisis de los resultados permite concluir que la gonartrosis es una enfermedad dolorosa y discapacitante, asociada a mala calidad de vida y elevado coste sanitario. Durante los seis meses previos al reemplazo articular de rodilla, existe un evidente empeoramiento clínico y funcional.
El 25,7% de los pacientes en lista de espera no se intervienen por distintos motivos (reticencia a la cirugía, contraindicación médica, cirugía en otro centro, cambio de orientación quirúrgica), por lo que debería realizarse una visita médica uno o dos meses previos a la cirugía, o bien establecerse un registro informático unitario y dinámico, para la descongestión de la lista de espera, y así ofrecer una cirugía más precoz a los pacientes más necesitados.
La artroplastia de sustitución en la gonalgia avanzada y discapacitante por gonartrosis tricompartimental, mejora significativamente el dolor, la mayoría de parámetros funcionales y la calidad de vida, medida con el instrumento específico WOMAC y con el genérico de salud percibida SF-36, tanto a los 6 meses como al año de la cirugía.
A los 14 días de la colocación de una prótesis total de rodilla, el 98,7% de los pacientes se reinsertan al domicilio, sin precisar ulteriores tratamientos de recuperación funcional ambulatorios.
El coste medio total de la gonartrosis ha sido de 59.520 pesetas por año; y de 948.704 pesetas en función de la esperanza de vida. El coste medio de la artroplastia de sustitución de rodilla en nuestro medio ha sido de 1.242.557 pesetas, sin incluir el coste de las posibles complicaciones.
La espectacular mejoría clínica y de la calidad de vida de los pacientes intervenidos de reemplazo articular de rodilla, justifica que todos los pacientes con gonartrosis avanzada y discapacitante sean intervenidos de artroplastia total de rodilla.
Osteoarthritis has been identified as the most common cause of osteoarticular disease and disability in the United States, with increasing incidence and high social and economic costs. Actually, successful results can be expected in more than 90% of patients after ten years following total knee replacement.
The main goal of this thesis has been to assess the clinical status, functional situation and knee conservative treatment in patients affected by primary knee osteoarthritis. The second objective has been focused on the comparison between the functional status and quality of life before and after total knee replacement, and we have analyzed the cost of knee osteoarthritis, according to individual life expectancy, as well as to knee replacement cost in a terciary care hospital.
Material and methods:
This prospective study included 97 consecutive patients with primary knee osteoarthritis monthly surveyed within a 6 month period, who were in the waiting list for total knee replacement between June 1998 and June 1999.
Findings:
The results of this study show that knee osteoarthritis is a suffering and disabling disease, associated with poor quality of life and high sanitary costs.
During the 6 months before joint replacement, there is an obvious clinical and functional worsening.
25,7% of all the patients on a waiting list for knee replacement do not undergo knee replacement for several reasons (reluctancy to surgery, comorbidity, previous surgery in another hospital, other surgical option); thus, a new medical visit 1-2 months before surgery or an unitary and dynamic electronic registry waiting list will be necessary for its decompression, in order to benefit the most needed patients.
Total joint arthroplasty among patients suffering from severe knee osteoarthritis provides significantly pain relief, functional and quality of life improvements, according to the generic SF-36 questionnaire, and specific WOMAC scores, 6 months and 1 year after surgery.
14 days after knee replacement, 98,7% of patients were discharged home, and did not need ambulatory rehabilitation.
The average annual cost of knee osteoarthritis was 59,520 pesetas; and 948,704 pesetas according to individual survival. The hospital cost of total knee arthroplasty was 1,242,557 pesetas, excluding cost of eventual complications.
Spectacular clinical and quality of life improvements after total knee replacement justifies that all persons suffering from advanced and disability knee osteoarthritis should be operated from total knee arthroplasty.

TESIS DOCTORAL.

HIPÓTESIS DE PARTIDA Y OBJETIVOS DE LA TESIS.

La investigación parte de la hipótesis de que las grandes empresas con sede en Catalunya no realizan control de gestión económico (tanto de análisis de costes como de análisis de rentabilidad) de la función de formación debido a:

- La falta de metodologías para esa labor.
- El coste y complejidad de realizar ese control.
- La formación, básicamente humanística, de los responsables de formación del universo analizado.

La tesis se plantea como objetivos principales el comprobar esa hipótesis de partida y el generar modelos ágiles y simples que faciliten la realización de ese control de gestión.


METODOLOGÍA EMPLEADA.

Cara a comprobar esas hipótesis y a generar los modelos mencionados, la metodología empleada en la investigación sigue los siguientes pasos:

1) Investigación bibliográfica previa y construcción del marco teórico de referencia.
2) Diseño y elaboración de la muestra para el estudio de campo que permita revelar el estado del arte.
3) Diseño y elaboración del cuestionario base que permita la adecuada recogida de información.
4) Recogida de información., tratamiento estadístico de los datos y análisis de los mismos.
5) Comprobación de las hipótesis de partida.
6) Construcción de los modelos de aplicación basados en los resultados de las anteriores fases de la investigación.
7) Sometimiento de los modelos a la opinión de varias empresas y aplicación piloto de los mismos en una empresa en concreto.
8) Elaboración de las conclusiones finales y modelos definitivos.

El trabajo de campo permite contrastar de manera prácticamente total las diferentes hipótesis que daban sentido inicialmente a esta investigación.


OBJETIVOS ALCANZADOS POR EL TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACIÓN.

La tesis parte de un análisis teórico del entorno y del estado del arte y lanza una serie de hipótesis que se van contrastando mediante la realización del trabajo de campo. Como fruto de ello se diseña una nueva metodología de control estratégico de gestión para ayudar a los directivos de empresa a gestionar la función de formación desde un nuevo enfoque, es decir, considerándola como un centro de beneficios.

Esta metodología global se divide en tres modelos:

- Modelo de análisis de costes de la formación que se basa en las conclusiones del trabajo de campo que se ha mencionado.
- Modelo de análisis de la rentabilidad de la formación que se basa tanto en las conclusiones del mentado trabajo de campo como en las aportaciones de conocidos autores en la materia. El modelo amplía y da una visión más aplicada de esas aportaciones, aportando proceso a las mismas.
- Modelo de cuadro de mando operativo para el departamento de formación que se nutre básicamente de los dos modelos anteriores.




DOCTORAL THESIS.
.
INITIAL HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE THESIS.
The investigation starts with the hypothesis that large corporations with headquarters in Catalonia do not carry out economical management information procedures (neither cost analysis nos profitability analysis) in the training department due to:
- The lack of methodologies for that purpose.
- The cost and complexity of carrying out that control.
- The background formation, basically in human sciences, that most of the training responsibles in those corporations hold.
Main objectives for the thesis are the verification of the initial hypothesis and the generation of flexible and simple models that might facilitate economical management information control in the training area of large corporations.

METHODOLOGY EMPLOYED.
In order to verify those hypothesis and to generate the above mentioned models, the methodology employed in the research follows the following steps:
1) Previous bibliographical investigation of the theoretical framework of reference.
2) Design of the testing population that would allow the field investigation to reveal the state of the art.
3) Design and elaboration of the questionnaire that permits the adequate collection of information.
4) Collection of information, statistical processing of the data and analysis.
5) Verification of the initial hypothesis.
6) Construction of the application models based on the results of the previous phases of the investigation.
7) Submission of the models to the opinion of several companies and experts and pilot application of the same in a especific company.
8) Construction of the final models and final conclusions.
The field research allows us to positively contrast practically all the different hypothesis that were initially stated at the beginning of the investigation.

OBJECTIVES REACHED BY THE INVESTIGATION.
The thesis starts with a theoretical analysis of the best practices in the analysed companies and of the state of the art and launches some hypothesis that will be checked during the investigation process.
As a result of this job a new strategic management information system methodology is designed, that helps executives to manage the training department of a corporation from a different perspective, being it finally considered as a profit center.
This global methodology is divided into three models:
- Cost analysis in corporate training that is based in the conclusions of the field research previously mentioned.
- Profitability analisys in corporate training that is also based on the conclusions of the field research and in the contributions of well known authors in the matter. The new model gives a more applied vision to those authors' contributions and adds a real operative process to most of the old models.
- Operating balance scorecard for the training department that is basically nourished by the two previous models.

There had been a number of researches that investigated on the security market without transaction costs. The focus of this research is in the area that when the security market with transaction costs is fair and in such fair market how one chooses a suitable portfolio to optimize the financial goal. The research approach adopted in this thesis includes linear algebra and elementary probability. The thesis provides evidence that we can maximize expected utility function to achieve our goal (maximize expected return under certain risk tolerance). The main conclusions drawn from this study are under certain conditions the security market is arbitrage-free, and we can always find an optimal portfolio maximizing certain expected utility function.
M.S.
Masters
Mathematics
Sciences
Mathematical Science

Protein synthesis is a complex process performed by sophisticated cellular particles known as ribosomes. Although RNA constitutes the major structural and functional component, ribosomes from all kingdoms contain an extensive array of proteins with largely undefined functional roles. The work presented in this thesis addresses ribosomal complexity using mutants of Salmonella typhimurium to examine the physiological effects of ribosomal protein (r-protein) removal and orthologous replacement on bacterial fitness and ribosome function. The results of paper I demonstrate that removal of small subunit protein S20 conferred two independent translation initiation defects: (i) a significant reduction in the rate and extent of mRNA binding and (ii) a drastic decrease in the yield of 70S complexes caused by an impairment in subunit association. The topographical location of S20 in mature 30S subunits suggests that these perturbations are the result of improper orientation of helix 44 of the 16S rRNA when S20 is absent. In paper II we show that the major functional impairment associated with loss of large subunit protein L1 manifested as an increase in free ribosomal subunits at the expense of translationally active 70S particles. Furthermore, the formation of free ribosomal subunits was imbalanced suggesting that L1 is required to suppress degradation or promote formation of 30S subunits. Compensatory evolution revealed that mutations in other large subunit proteins mitigate the cost of L1 removal, in one case seemingly via an increase in 70S complex formation. As shown in paper III, the large fitness costs associated with complete removal of r-proteins is in contrast to the generally mild costs of orthologous protein replacement, even in the absence of a high degree of homology to the native protein. This clearly demonstrates the robustness and plasticity of the ribosome and protein synthesis in general and it also implies that functional constraints are highly conserved between these proteins. The findings of paper III also allowed us to examine the barriers that constrain horizontal gene transfer and we find that increased gene dosage of the sub-optimal heterologous protein may be an initial response to stabilize deleterious transfer events. Overall the results highlight the requirement of r-proteins for the maintenance of ribosomal structural integrity.

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Com as mudanças ocorridas no mercado econômico do Brasil e do Mundo, as empresas buscaram novas estratégias de gestão que garantissem a sua continuidade no mercado de forma competitiva. A terceirização surgiu como alternativa concreta ao atingimento dos intentos organizacionais. Ao descentralizar as atividades, os processos de terceirização procuraram obter redução dos custos, focalização na atividade fim e aumento de produtividade. Se inicialmente apenas as atividades de apoio foram terceirizadas, com o tempo esta prática foi se expandindo para diversas outras áreas, inclusive ligadas à atividade-fim da empresa, tal como a manutenção. Utilizando como instrumental teórico aspectos ligados a terceirização, as teorias de Economia dos Custos de Transação, isomorfismo organizacional e modismo gerencial, este trabalho analisa a terceirização das atividades de manutenção e os modelos de contratos existentes. Por se tratar de um estudo de caso, foi avaliado o processo de terceirização da Caraíba Metais, onde diversas atividades são terceirizadas, mas, em 2004, foi iniciado um processo de reintegração vertical de algumas destas atividades, o que apresenta um indício de insatisfação com a prática da terceirização nesta empresa. Como complementação, foi analisado, também, como ocorreu a implantação deste recuo da terceirização das atividades de manutenção, e comparado este processo com o utilizado na implantação da terceirização. O estudo da reintegração das atividades de manutenção industrial foi iniciado com a apresentação do papel da manutenção no processo produtivo e do impacto desta atividade nos custos de transação. O estudo empírico permitiu que se concluísse que o insucesso do processo de terceirização decorreu da falta de planejamento, da busca apenas pela redução imediata de custo, do alto custo da transação e da estrutura inadequada de contrato adotada pela empresa. O resultado obtido indica também que no recuo da terceirização, a busca por um retorno em curto prazo, pode estar induzindo a empresa a alguns erros semelhantes aos cometidos anteriormente.
Salvador

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O setor de telecomunicações passou por significativas transformações estruturais, inovações tecnológicas e mudanças nos processos regulatórios nas últimas décadas, em nível mundial. No Brasil, a telefonia móvel, pós-privatizações, seguiu a mesma tendência, desenvolvendo uma complexa estrutura oligopolista. Inicialmente, com a abertura do mercado, foi adotada uma estrutura na qual a competição se dava entre operadoras de Banda A e B. Num segundo momento, com o cumprimento das metas de universalização, previstas pelo novo modelo de telecomunicações brasileiro, a concorrência entre as operadoras foi intensificada, com a entrada das operadoras de Banda D e E. Dadas as mudanças ocorridas na estrutura de mercado do setor de telefonia brasileiro, no período pós-privatizações, este estudo teve por objetivo verificar se as operadoras de telefonia móvel brasileiras estavam usufruindo de economias de escala através da análise da função de custo polinomial e das curvas de custos. A pesquisa foi de natureza aplicada do
The telecommunication sector has been through significant structural transformations, technological innovations and changes in the regulatory processes, worldwide over the last decades. In Brazil, the mobile telephony, after-privatizations, followed the same trend, developing a complex oligopolistic structure. Initially, with the opening of the market, was adopted a structure in which the competition took place between A and B Bands operators. The second moment, with the achievement of the universalization targets, predictable by the new Brazilian telecommunications model, the competition between the operators was intensified, with the entrance of D and E Bands operators. Thus, with all the changes in the market structure of the Brazilian telephony sector, in the after-privatizations phase, this study aims to verify if the Brazilian operators of mobile telephony were usufructing economies of scale, through the analysis of the polynomial cost function and of cost curves. The research was of applied nature of

Rectal cancer is a common malignancy treated with surgical resection and curative intent in the majority of cases. One treatment option is low anterior resection (LAR) with preserved bowel continuity, often involving the formation of a temporary defunctioning stoma (DS). The general aim of this thesis was to improve understanding of the role of DS in rectal cancer surgery with regard to timing of stoma reversal and development of anastomotic leakage (AL), impact on long-term anorectal function (AF), as well as aspects of cost-effectiveness. Study I addressed the timing of stoma reversal following LAR. We found that 19% of reversed patients were reversed within 4 months of LAR, while 81% of reversals were delayed. In 58% of delayed reversals the delay was due to low priority on surgical waiting lists. Studies II-IV were based on 234 patients randomized to receive a DS or no DS following LAR. Study II compared patients with AL following LAR diagnosed during the initial hospital stay (early leakage, EL) with patients diagnosed after hospital discharge (late leakage, LL). LL was more common in females, and originated more frequently from the transverse stapler line. EL was more common in males, and originated more frequently from the circular stapler line. Study III assessed AF 5 years after LAR with regard to whether patients initially had a DS or no DS. We found no difference in AF between the two randomized groups. When comparing with a 1-year follow-up in the same patient cohort, there were no further changes in AF over time. Study III assessed necessary healthcare resources and cost within 5 years of LAR, depending on whether patients initially had a DS or no DS. The overall cost analysis revealed a higher cost for patients randomized to DS, regardless of the cost-savings associated with a reduced frequency of anastomotic leakage.

Divers radars sont développés pour des besoins d’aide à la conduite automobile de sécurité mais aussi de confort. Ils ont pour but de détecter la présence d’obstacles routiers afin d’éviter d’éventuelles collisions. La demande actuelle en termes de capteurs radars pour l’automobile connaît une croissance importante et les technologies employées doivent garantir de bonnes performances dans un environnement dégradé par les signaux interférents des autres utilisateurs. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au développement d’un système radar performant en tout lieu et en particulier dans un contexte multi-utilisateurs. A ce propos, nous proposons de nouvelles formes d’ondes qui se basent sur la combinaison des codes fréquentiels de Costas et d’autres techniques de compression d’impulsion en exploitant les signaux de Costas modifiés. La conception adoptée permet, grâce à la diversité introduite, de synthétiser un nombre important de formes d’ondes. Nous avons, ensuite, exploité deux approches d’estimation des paramètres des cibles. La première, plutôt classique, se base sur le traitement Doppler dans un train d’impulsions cohérent. La deuxième, récente dans le domaine automobile, se base sur la technique dite de « Compressed Sensing ». Une adaptation de ces algorithmes pour les signaux proposés a été discutée dans des environnements bruités et multi-cibles. L’ensemble de ces travaux contribue à explorer de nouvelles formes d’ondes, autres que celles utilisées dans les radars actuels et à proposer un traitement innovant en réception, adapté aux radars en général et à l’automobile en particulier
Several driver assistance radars are developed for security and comfort requirements. Their goal is among others to detect the presence of obstacles for collision avoidance. The current demand in terms of automotive radar sensors experience a significant growth and the technologies being employed must ensure good performances especially in an environment degraded by interfering signals of other users. In this thesis, we are interested in developing a radar system which is effective in all situations especially in a multi-user context. For this purpose, we propose novel radar waveforms based on the combination of frequency hopping Costas codes and other pulse compression techniques, using modified Costas signals. The design approach allows to synthesize a significant number of waveforms, thanks to the high diversity introduced. Afterwards, we have exploited two estimation of target parameters approaches. The first one, quite classic, is based on Doppler processing in a coherent pulse train. The second one, recent in the automotive field , is based on the Compressed sensing techniques. An adaptation of these algorithms to proposed signals is discussed in noisy and multi-target environments. All these works contribute in one hand to explore novel radar waveforms, complement to those currently used in automotive radars and in another hand to propose an innovative processing at the receiver level, suited to radar applications in general and automotive ones in particular

[EN] The thesis presented below has been developed in Development program, Sustainability and Ecodesign in the Department of Engineering of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. It consists of two experimental investigations that try to answer and justify the need for a different selection metología protective packaging solutions, taking into account the functional variable (critical to contemplate the alternative in the analysis), the environmental variable and the economic variable. At present the selection of the different possibilities for the protection packaging of a product, takes place in the best of cases, according to any of the above variables, independently, regardless of the set of three. As a result, appear overpacked products, where the cost of packaging and the environmental impact associated with it are unnecessary or packaging in which packaging has been minimized so that the possibility of protecting the product from damage along its cycle storage and distribution is important, resulting in product losses and even image / customers. Each of the three variables to consider in the methodology developed in this thesis, is determined by methods and / or scientific / technical tools in order to add value to the new methodology. In this regard note that in the first experiment a comparison of different methods and / or techniques existing at present are performed to determine the buffering capacity of a material (functional variable), so that the user methodology selection optimizes time and costs in the characterization of materials. The second experiment is the proposal itself of the selection methodology applied to a case, in order to make a tutorial of your application, where the functional variable becomes a key requirement to enable the selection between different functionally optimized damping possibilities, based on the environmental and economic variable. These two variables are determined using tools and / or methods known in the case of environmental variable (ACV) and as developed as in the case of the economic variable (cost model), covering the major costs associated with the cycle damping life, as in life-cycle assessment associated environmental impacts are estimated at each stage of their life cycle. Noted that the determination of the functional variable in the second experiment is determined by a device developed by ITENE following the ASTM D 1596 standard, but in the improved design, in order to reduce test times and increase the reliability and repeatability of results . Ultimately functional variable is the initial to be met by alternatives to compare later, so in this thesis has been given an important role in the two experiments to study not only in characterizing the material, but in the method of design requirement used. The objectives and hypotheses of this thesis have been developed in two investigations that aim to generate new knowledge in the design and development of optimized damping systems, improve methods and equipment available for the characterization of materials buffer, and the development of methodologies for selecting the most appropriate blocking protection for a product, addressing not only the functionality but taking into account economic and environmental criteria. All this in order for blocking selected protection for a particular product and distribution cycle, besides being optimized, is the most economical and resulting in the least possible environmental impact.
[ES] La tesis que a continuación se presenta, ha sido desarrollada en el programa Desarrollo, Sostenibilidad y Ecodiseño perteneciente al Departamento de Proyectos de Ingeniería de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Consta de dos investigaciones experimentales que tratan de dar respuesta y justificar la necesidad de una metología de selección de diferentes soluciones de embalaje de protección, teniendo en cuenta la variable funcional (crítica para poder contemplar la alternativa dentro del análisis), la variable medioambiental y la variable económica. En la actualidad la selección de las diferentes posibilidades de embalaje para la protección de un producto, se realiza en el mejor de los casos, en función de alguna de las variables anteriores, de forma independiente, sin tener en cuenta el conjunto de las tres. Como consecuencia, aparecen productos sobreembalados, donde el coste del embalaje y el impacto ambiental asociado al mismo son innecesarios o embalajes en los que se ha minimizado tanto el embalaje de protección que la posibilidad de que el producto sufra daños a lo largo de su ciclo de almacenamiento y distribución es importante, originándose pérdidas de producto e incluso de imagen/clientes. Cada una de las tres variables a tener en cuenta en la metodología desarrollada en esta tesis, se determina a partir de métodos y/o herramientas científico/técnicas con el fin de aportar valor añadido a la nueva metodología. En este sentido destacar que en el primero de los experimentos se realizó una comparativa de los diferentes métodos y/o técnicas existentes en la actualidad para determinar la capacidad de amortiguamiento de un material (variable funcional), de forma que el usuario de la metodología de selección pueda optimizar tiempos y costes en la caracterización de los materiales. La segunda experimentación es la propuesta en sí de la metodología de selección, aplicada a un caso práctico, con el fin de poder realizar un tutorial de su aplicación, donde la variable funcional se convierte en un requerimiento clave para poder realizar la selección entre las diferentes posibilidades de amortiguamiento funcionalmente optimizadas, en base a la variable medioambiental y económica. Estas dos variables se determinan mediante herramientas y/o métodos ya conocidos, en el caso de la variable medioambiental (ACV) y desarrollados a medida como en el caso de la variable económica (modelo de costes), que abarca los principales costes asociados al ciclo de vida del amortiguamiento, al igual que en análisis de ciclo de vida se estiman los impactos ambientales asociados a cada una de las etapas de su ciclo de vida. Destacar que la determinación de la variable funcional en la segunda experimentación se determina mediante un equipo desarrollado por ITENE siguiendo la norma ASTM D 1596, pero mejorado en el diseño, con el fin de reducir tiempos de ensayo y aumentar la fiabilidad y repetibilidad de los resultados. En definitiva la variable funcional es el requerimiento inicial a cumplir por las alternativas a comparar posteriormente, por ello en esta tesis se le ha dado un peso importante en las dos experimentaciones a su estudio no sólo en la caracterización del material sino en el método de diseño utilizado. Los objetivos e hipótesis de la tesis, han sido desarrollados en 2 investigaciones que pretenden generar un nuevo conocimiento en cuanto al diseño y desarrollo de sistemas de amortiguamiento optimizados mejorar los métodos, y maquinaria disponible para la caracterización de los materiales de amortiguamiento, y el desarrollo de metodologías para la selección más idónea del bloqueo de protección para un producto, atendiendo no sólo a la funcionalidad sino teniendo en cuenta criterios económicos y medioambientales. Todo ello con el fin de que el bloqueo de protección seleccionado para un producto y ciclo de distribución concreto, además de estar optimizado, sea el más económ
[CAT] La tesis que a continuació es presenta, ha sigut desenvolupada en el programa Desenvolupament, Sostenibilitat i Ecodiseño pertanyent al Departament de Projectes d'Enginyeria de la Universitat Politècnica de València. Consta de dos investigacions experimentals que tracten de donar resposta i justificar la necessitat d'una metología de selecció de diferents solucions d'embalatge de protecció, tenint en compte la variable funcional (crítica per a poder contemplar l'alternativa dins de l'anàlisi), la variable mediambiental i la variable econòmica. En l'actualitat la selecció de les diferents possibilitats d'embalatge per a la protecció d'un producte, es realitza en el millor dels casos, en funció d'alguna de les variables anteriors, de forma independent, sense tindre en compte el conjunt de les tres. Com a conseqüència, apareixen productes sobreembalats, on el cost de l'embalatge i l'impacte ambiental associat al mateix són innecessaris o embalatges en els que s'ha minimitzat tant l'embalatge de protecció que la possibilitat deque el producte patisca danys al llarg del seu cicle d'emmagatzemament i distribució és important, originant-se pèrdues de producte i inclús d'imagen/clients. Cada una de les tres variables a tindre en compte en la metodologia desenvolupada en esta tesis, es determina a partir de mètodes y/o ferramentes científico/técnicas a fi d'aportar valor afegit a la nova metodologia. En este sentit destacar que en el primer dels experiments es va realitzar una comparativa dels diferents mètodes y/o tècniques existents en l'actualitat per a determinar la capacitat d'amortiment d'un material (variable funcional), de manera que l'usuari de la metodologia de selecció puga optimitzar temps i costos en la caracterització dels materials. La segona experimentació és la proposta en si de la metodologia de selecció, aplicada a un cas pràctic, a fi de poder realitzar un tutorial de la seua aplicació, on la variable funcional es convertix en un requeriment clau per a poder realitzar la selecció entre les diferents possibilitats d'amortiment funcionalment optimitzades, basant-se en la variable mediambiental i econòmica. Estes dos variables es determinen per mitjà de ferramentes y/o mètodes ja coneguts, en el cas de la variable mediambiental (ACV) i desenvolupades a mesura com en el cas de la variable econòmica (model de costos) , que comprén els principals costos associats al cicle de vida de l'amortiment, igual que en anàlisi de cicle de vida s'estimen els impactes ambientals associats a cada una de les etapes del seu cicle de vida. Destacar que la determinació de la variable funcional en la segona experimentació, es determina per mitjà d'un equip desenvolupat per ITENE seguint la norma ASTM D 1596, però millorat en el disseny, a fi de reduir temps d'assaig i augmentar la fiabilitat i repetibilidad dels resultats. En definitiva la variable funcional és el requeriment inicial a complir per les alternatives a comparar posteriorment, per això en esta tesis se li ha donat un pes important en les dos experimentacions al seu estudi no sols en la caracterització del material sinó en el mètode de disseny utilitzat. Els objectius i hipòtesis de la present tesis doctoral, han sigut desenvolupats en 2 investigacions que pretenen generar un nou coneixement quant al disseny i desenvolupament de sistemes d'amortiment optimitzats milloran els mètodes, i maquinària disponible per a la caracterització dels materials d'amortiment, i el desenvolupament de metodologies per a la selecció més idònia del bloqueig de protecció per a un producte, atenent no sols a la funcionalitat sinó tenint en compte criteris econòmics i mediambientals. Tot això a fi que el bloqueig de protecció seleccionat per a un producte i cicle de distribució concret, a més d'estar optimitzat, siga el més econòmic i que origine el menor impacte mediambiental posible.
Navarro Javierre, PI. (2016). Metodologías para el diseño y selección de embalajes de amortiguamiento optimizados, en función de su comportamiento funcional, económico y medioambiental [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63150
TESIS

Work-related disorders due to biomechanical exposures have been subject to extensive research. Studies addressing these exposures have, however, paid limited attention to an efficient use of resources in exposure assessment. The present thesis investigates cost-efficient procedures for assessment of work-related biomechanical exposures, i.e. procedures aiming at a proper balance between statistical and economic performance. Paper I is a systematic review of tools used in literature providing cost-efficient data collection designs. Two main approaches were identified in nine publications, i.e. comparing cost efficiency among alternative data collection designs, and optimizing resource allocation between different stages of data collection, e.g. subjects and samples within subjects. The studies presented, in general, simplified analyses, in particular with respect to economics. Paper II compared the cost-efficiency of four video-based techniques for assessing upper arm postures. The comparison was based both on a comprehensive model of cost and error and additionally on two simplified models. Labour costs were a dominant factor in the cost efficiency comparison. Measurement bias and costs other than labour cost influenced the rank and economic evaluation of the assessment techniques. Paper III compared the cost efficiency of different combinations of direct and indirect methods for exposure assessments. Although a combination of methods could significantly reduce the total cost of obtaining a desired level of precision, the total cost was, in the investigated scenario, lowest when only direct measurements were performed. However, when the total number of measurements was fixed, a combination was the most cost efficient choice. In Paper IV, demand functions were derived for a four-stage measurement strategy with the focus of either minimizing the cost for a required precision, or maximizing the precision for a predetermined budget. The paper presents algorithms for identifying optimal values of measurement inputs at all four stages, adjusted to integers, as necessary for practical application. In summary, the thesis shows that it is important to address all sources of costs and errors associated with alternative measurement designs in any particular study, and that an optimal determination of samples at different stages can be identified in several cases not previously addressed in the literature.

This Master’s thesis is concerned with analysis of production function and analysis of Break Even Point in the company called XY s.r.o. On the basis of BEP analysis in relation with production function I will compose the improvement suggestion of economic situation in the company. Implementation of whole the improvement suggestion will take effect in expansion of profit of the company.

The embryo in grasses, at grain maturity, comprises the embryonic axis and the scutellum. The scutellum is supposed to be the single cotyledon in the monocotyledoneus embryos and is attached to the embryo axis in the scutelar node. The embryo has the highest concentration of lipid and lipid soluble vitamins in cereal grains. The embryo in grasses, at grain maturity, comprises the embryonic axis and the scutellum. The scutellum is supposed to be the single cotyledon in the monocotyledoneus embryos and is attached to the embryo axis in the scutelar node. The embryo has the highest concentration of lipid and lipid soluble vitamins in cereal grains. The embryonic axis originates the root, leaves and stem of the new plant. In the mature seed, the embryo axis is formed by the primary root, protected by the coleorhiza, and the stem tip with five or six short internodes and leaf primordia which, as a whole, form the plumule that is surrounded by the coleoptile. The name scutellum (small shield, in latin) derives from its shield-like shape and it liesbetween the embryonic axis and endosperm. Dissected scutellum constitutes 11% or the kernel mass, and about 90% of the embryo. During germination, scutellar epithelial cells suffer an elongation that increases the contact surface between the endosperm and the scutellum and facilitates the transport of the nutrients from the endosperm to the embryo. Scutellar cell elongation is inhibited by ABA and salicylic acid, basic and acid pH and high concentrations of sorbitol. Exogenous gibberellins stimulate elongation, but a reduction in gibberellin synthesis or perception does not inhibit it. Elongation is inhibited by sucrose, but not glucose. Transcription and translation inhibitors reduce scutellar cell elongation, indicating that transcription and translation are necessary for the elongation process. Scutellar epithelium cells play specific roles during germination different to parenchymal cells. So, we expect some differences in the gene expression pattern of this tissue. That’s why we construct a cDNA library using RNA extracted from scutellar epithelial cells 1 day after imbibition and selected them using array hybridization comparing the mRNA accumulated in epithelial cells with the mRNA accumulated in the other scutellar tissues. We identified 30 genes up-regulated in the epithelium. A high proportion of these genes are involved in metabolic processes, the production of energy or in the transport of peptides into the embryo. The roles of 43% of these genes remains undetermined, 27% of them are involved in metabolic processes, 13% in protein synthesis or processing and 7% in cell structure. One of the identified genes from the macroarrays is a peptide transporter: ZmPTR1. It encodes a non-characterized maize peptide transporter protein which has 587 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 64.52 kDa. This maize transporter is predominantly expressed in the scutellar epithelium during germination. ZmPTR1 is also expressed to a less extent in the radicle and the hypocotyl. ZmPTR1 is located in the tonoplast and has high sequence similarity with tonoplast di- and tripeptide transporters AtPTR2, AtPTR4 and AtPTR6 from Arabidopsis thaliana. ZmPTR1 is able to transport at least Ala-Ala dipeptide across the membrane and could have a role in the intracellular transport of di- and tripeptides. Seed germination is a complex process that requires cell division, expansion and differentiation. It involves the activation of many metabolic pathways and signal transduction processes, which require a great quantity of energy and stored materials which are provided by seed reserves (oil, storage proteins and starch) and the synthesis and/or activation of many proteins. Plant seeds store triacylglycerols (TAGs) into oil bodies (OBs), specialized organelles which serve as an energy reserve during germination and post-germinative growth. Protein composition analysis of oil bodies from maize embryos during germination identified, in addition to the previously characterized OB-associated proteins, other proteins of diverse function: an embryonic protein DC-8, a globulin 2, 4 proteins with enzymatic activity (protein disulfide isomerase, xylose isomerase, strictosidine synthase and precursor and ATP synthase beta chain), a protein similar to karyopherin- beta-3 (Kap) and a stress induced membrane pore protein involved in membrane transport. Quantitative subproteomic analysis of germinating related changes in the oil bodies of maize scutellum between dry seeds and 2 dai seeds allowed the identification of new proteins interacting with oil bodies in dry seeds or in germinating seeds. In dry seeds: oleosins, cupins, disulfide isomerases, a nucleoside phosphate kinase, a class IV heat shock protein, an embryonic protein DC-8, a 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 and a rubber elongation factor protein. In germinating seeds: oleosins, mitochondrial protein Tim17, prohibitin-2 and a manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD).
ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIÓN DEL ESCUTELO DE MAÍZ DURANTE LAS PRIMERAS ETAPAS DE LA GERMINACIÓN Durante la germinación, las células epiteliales del escutelo sufren una elongación que aumenta la superficie de contacto entre el endospermo y el embrión y facilita el transporte de los nutrientes del endospermo al embrión. La elongación de las células del escutelo es inhibida por ABA y ácido salicílico, pH básico y ácido y altas concentraciones de sorbitol. Las giberelinas exógenas estimulan la elongación, pero una reducción en la síntesis de giberelinas o percepción no la inhiben. La elongación es inhibida por la sacarosa, pero no la glucosa. Los inhibidores de la transcripción y traducción reducen el alargamiento de las células escutelares, lo que indica que la transcripción y la traducción son necesarias para el proceso de alargamiento. Se identificaron 30 genes que muestran una expresión diferencial significativa en las células epiteliales del escutelo de un día después de la imbibición. Las funciones de un 43% de estos genes no se conoce, el 27% de ellos están involucrados en los procesos metabólicos, el 13% en la síntesis o la transformación de proteínas y el 7% en la estructura celular. ZmPTR1 codifica un transportador de maíz péptido no ha sido previamente caracterizado, se expresa predominantemente en el epitelio escutelar durante la germinación. ZmPTR1 se expresa también en menor medida en la radícula y del hipocotilo. La proteína ZmPTR1 se localiza en el tonoplasto y es homóloga a las otras proteínas transportadoras de di-y tripéptidos AtPTR2, AtPTR4 y AtPTR6 de Arabidopsis thaliana. ZmPTR1 es capaz de transportar al menos el dipéptido Ala-Ala. El análisis proteómico de las proteínas asociadas a los cuerpos lipídicos en escutelo de maíz durante la germinación ha permitido la identificación de, además de proteínas previamente caracterizadas asociadas OB, otras proteínas de funciones diversas. El Análisis cuantitativo subproteómico de los cambios relacionados con los cuerpos lipídicos en el escutelo de maíz entre semillas secas y semillas 2 dias después de la germinación permitieron la identificación de nuevas proteínas que interactúan con los cuerpos lipídicos en las semillas secas o en la germinación de las semillas.

The diploma thesis is focused on the use of technical innovation as a tool for increasing competitiveness of the wire saw for cutting silicon. In the paper are described theoretical bases for solving of product innovation. Based on market analysis, customer feedback and the results of functional analysis, in the diploma thesis are proposed innovations, which should contribute to increase competitiveness of the product on the global market.

O trabalho tem por objetivo à análise jurídica do plano de recuperação e suas consequências práticas, questionando até que ponto o objetivo de um acordo imposto será alcançado, tendo em vista os diferentes interesses em jogo. A primeira parte é dedicada ao exame das disciplinas da recuperação, traçando um histórico evolutivo deste instrumento a partir da concordata. Neste ponto, são apresentadas as teorias quanto a sua natureza jurídica. A segunda parte, por sua vez, aponta breves considerações de como o direito alienígena disciplina a recuperação. Na terceira parte, o trabalho analisa a recuperação como jogo estratégico, pois existem riscos inerentes a sua execução. Isso porque, do ponto de vista econômico, o plano de recuperação, por ser contrato incompleto, impõe riscos, por portar variáveis não previstas, como por exemplo, a mudança de política econômica ou a crise financeira mundial. Assim sendo, o trabalho analisa as possibilidades de renegociação dos termos do plano, bem como as soluções que podem ser usadas quando da incompletude. Neste sentido, analisa os mecanismos da arbitragem, da governança coorporativa e da cláusula hardship, além dos princípios da boa-fé objetiva, função social do contrato, função social da empresa e teoria da imprevisão. Como a recuperação judicial e extrajudicial representam meios de reestruturação que beneficiam a coletividade de interessados: estando de um lado o devedor que pretende obter prazos para o cumprimento de suas obrigações; de outro lado os credores que visualizam uma forma de obter seus créditos, ainda existem outros (credores) que poderão discordar da proposta. Para sanar esta possibilidade (do credor buscar a solução individual de seus interesses em contraposição àqueles coletivos dos credores) a Lei 11.101/05 criou a modalidade impositiva, na qual se impõe aos dissidentes o acordo dos que aderiram voluntariamente. Por este motivo, há divergências quanto a natureza jurídica do plano de recuperação. Neste sentido, a quarta parte do trabalho traz considerações quanto a natureza jurídica dos planos de recuperação judicial e extrajudicial.
The aim of this work is assess the legal analysis of a judicial recovery plan and its practical consequences, questioning to what extent the objective of an agreement will be reached if come into force, given the different interests at stake. The first part deals with the consideration of the disciplines of recovery, tracing the evolutionary history of this instrument from a point of concordata. At this point, theories as to their legal nature are presented. The second part, in turn, brings brief considerations of how the foreign laws discipline the recovery. In the third part, the paper examines the recovery as a strategic game, since there are risks inherent in its execution. From an economic point of view, these risks arise from an incomplete contract carrying unforeseen variables, for instance, the change in the economic policy as well as the world wide financial crisis. So, the paper analyzes the possibilities of renegotiating the terms of the plan, as well as solutions that can be used when the incompleteness. In this sense, analyzing the mechanisms of arbitration, corporate governance and the hardship clause, in addition to the principles of objective good faith, the contract´s social function, the company\'s social function and theory of unpredictability. As the judicial and extrajudicial´s recovery represents means of restructuring, which benefits the collective of the people involved: on one side the debtor who wishes to obtain deadlines for compliance with its obligations, on the other side creditors who see a way to get their credits back, and also there are others (creditors) who may disagree with the proposal. To address this possibility (the creditor seeking the solution of his individual interests as opposed to those collective interests of creditors) Law 11.101/05 created the imposing form, which is imposed on dissidents, the agreement of those who joined voluntarily. For this reason, there are differences of opinion about the legal nature of the recovery plan. In this sense, the fourth part of the work brings the legal considerations in plans and extra-judicial recovery.

Falls and their consequences among older people are a serious medical and public health problem. Identifying individuals at risk of falling is therefore a major concern. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate measurement tools of balance control and their predictive value when screening for fall risk in physically dependent individuals ≥65 years old living in residential care facilities, and physically independent individuals ≥75 years old living in the community. Following baseline assessments falls were monitored during six months in physically dependent individuals based on staff reports, and during one year in physically independent individuals based on self reports. In physically dependent individuals test-retest reliability of the Timed Up&Go test (TUG) was established in relation to cognitive impairment. Absolute reliability measures exposed substantial day-to-day variability in mobility performance at an individual level despite excellent relative reliability (ICC 1.1 >0.90) regardless of cognitive function (MMSE ≥10). Fifty-three percent of the participants fell at least once during follow-up. Staff judgement of their residents’ fall risk had the best prognostic value for ruling in a fall risk in individuals judged with ‘high risk’ (positive Likelihood ratio, LR+ 2.8). Timed, and subjective rating of fall risk (modified Get Up&Go test, GUG-m) were useful for ruling out a high fall risk in individuals with TUG scores <15 seconds (negative LR, LR- 0.1) and GUG-m scores of ‘no fall risk’ (LR- 0.4), however few participants achieved such scores. In physically independent individuals balance control was challenged by dual-task performances. Subsequent dual-task costs in gait (DTC), i.e. the difference between single walking and walking with a simultaneous second task, were registered using an electronic mat. Forty-eight percent of the participants fell at least once during follow-up. A small prognostic guidance for ruling in a high fall risk was found for DTC in mean step width of ≤3.7 mm with a manual task (LR+ 2.3), and a small guidance for ruling out a high fall risk with DTC in mean step width of ≤3.6 mm with a cognitive task (LR- 0.5). In cross-sectional evaluations DTC related to an increased fall risk were associated with: sub-maximal physical performance stance scores (Odds Ratio, OR, 3.2 to 3.8), lower self-reported balance confidence (OR 2.6), higher activity avoidance (OR 2.1), mobility disability (OR 4.0), and cautious walking out-door (OR 3.0). However, these other measures of physical function failed to provide any guidance to fall risk in this population of seemingly able older persons. In conclusion – Fall risk assessments may guide clinicians in two directions, either in ruling in or in ruling out a high fall risk. A single cut-off score, however, does not necessarily give guidance in both directions. Staff experienced knowledge is superior to a single assessment of mobility performance for ruling in a high fall risk. Clinicians need to consider the day-to-day variability in mobility when interpreting the TUG score of a physically dependent individual. DTC of gait can, depending on the type of secondary task, indicate a functional limitation related to an increased fall risk or a flexible capacity related to a decreased fall risk. DTC in mean step width seems to be a valid measure of balance control in physically independent older people and may be a valuable part of the physical examination of balance and gait when screening for fall risk as other measures of balance control may fail to provide any guidance of fall risk in this population.

Une des particularités du marché des compagnies aériennes est la grande divergence des prix des billets pour les mêmes vol. Cela reflète principalement l'incapacité des entreprises à modifier facilement les volumes de production et/ou à les stocker. Le développement et l'utilisation des modèles de "yield management" (modèles d'attribution des sièges) ont été centrés sur les compagnies aériennes proposant différents types de tarifs pour un même vol. L'objectif de cette thèse est de construire un certain nombre de modèles économiques pour expliquer la dispersion des prix sur le marché du transport aérien à partir de différents points de vue. Dans le chapitre 3, je crée un modèle de prix direct qui explique comment différentes caractéristiques du produit et du consommateur influencent le niveau de prix. Le chapitre 4 est consacré aux différences de niveau de prix du point de vue de la concurrence. Dans un jeu stratégique où les entreprises se font concurrence, ! 'ensemble de stratégies rationalisables pour chaque joueur implique toutes les meilleures réponses aux décisions des autres. Ce chapitre propose un test empirique de l'existence de l'équilibre de Nash unique dans un oligopole de Cournot. Dans le chapitre 5, je traite le marché des passagers aériens comme un marché différenciant les produits et applique un modèle logit multinomial pour calculer les élasticités-prix. Le modèle logit (mettant particulièrement l'accent sur l'hétérogénéité des consommateurs) estime de quelle manière les différentes caractéristiques du produit influencent les parts de marché
Nowadays one of peculiarities of the liberalized airline market is a huge divergence of ticket prices for the same flights. Mostly it reflects the companies' being unable to easily change the volumes of production or/and store them. The development and use of the yield management models (seat allocation models) have centered on airlines offering a variety of different types of fares for travel on the same flight. The goal of this dissertation is to construct a number of economic models to explain the price dispersion on the airline market from the different points of view. In Part 3, I create a direct price mode! which explains how different product and consumer characteristics influence the price level. It is shown how different attributes like the moment of ticket reservation, ticket class, weekday of the departure and number of coupons define the price and how it corresponds to the consumer characteristics (gender, income, age, etc.). Part 4 is devoted to the differences of the price level from the competition point of view. In a strategic game where firms compete against each other the set of rationalizable strategies for each player entails ail the best responses to the others' decisions. This chapter proposes an empirical test of the existence of the unique Nash equilibrium in a Cournot oligopoly. In Part 5 I treat an airline passenger market as a market with the product differentiation and apply a multinomial logit model to calculate price elasticities. The logit model (with a special focus on the consumers heterogeneity) estimates how the different product characteristics influence the market shares

This thesis deals with the optimization of the structural design of large technology compounds. The main emphasis is placed on the participation of available optimization instruments in the design of supporting structures of these constructions. The introductory part is primarily focused on the optimization itself. In this part are further specified also used optimization methods, computational finite element method, implemented code checks and calculation of cost of construction. The main part is dedicated to application of optimization procedure for the design of steel supporting structure of the auxiliary technological object of thermal power plant. The objective criterium shall then constitute the total cost of construction works along with operating costs. For the solution is used Scia Engineer software together with optimization module Scia Engineer Optimization Toolbox. The whole analysis is presented comprehensively from the description of computational model to results evaluation. The attention is paid to the optimization task settings, technical solution of optimization, optimization methods deployment and during the calculation process (especially to the development of objective function values and desing constraints during the optimization solution).

Theory: - Controlling - its function and structure - Costs Analytical part: - Cost variance tracking and evaluation of its monthly prediction - Proposal of best practices for cost variance prediction done on monthly basis

A pesquisa proposta pretende esclarecer os pontos obscuros e controvertidos do artigo 1228, 4 e 5 do Código Civil, tendo por finalidade a busca da efetividade de tal dispositivo legal, que possui, na sua essência, o reconhecimento do direito fundamental de moradia e, ainda, tutela o direito ao trabalho. O dispositivo em questão rompe com o paradigma da posse como mera sentinela avançada do direito de propriedade e reconhece a defesa da posse autônoma exercida por aqueles que realmente cumprem com a sua função social. A partir do preenchimento dos requisitos previstos na lei, concede-se a legitimação da posse aos possuidores e, com o pagamento da indenização ao proprietário, converte-se a posse em direito de propriedade. Dessa forma, o instituto visa não apenas à regularização fundiária de áreas urbanas ou rurais, mas, principalmente, à efetividade dos direitos fundamentais de moradia e trabalho, que dão substância ao principio norteador de qualquer sociedade civilizada: o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. Assim sendo, na busca pela efetividade do dispositivo, o estudo tem ainda como finalidade desenvolver a natureza jurídica específica do instituto, reconhecendo-o como um modo autônomo de aquisição onerosa do direito de propriedade, não se equiparando a formas de desapropriação ou de usucapião do direito de propriedade.
The proposed research aims to clarify the obscure and controversial points presented in the article 1228, 4 and 5 of the Civil Code, aiming at the effectiveness of this legal device which has at its core the acknowledgment of the fundamental right to housing and even guards the right to work. The device in question breaks the paradigm of possession as a mere advanced outpost of law of property and recognizes the defense of autonomous possession made by those who actually fulfill their social role. After the fulfillment of the requirements foreseen by law, it is granted the legitimacy of the possession to the possessors, and as compensation, pay the possession to the proprietor is turned into ownership right. Thus, the institute aims not only the regularization of urban and rural areas, but mostly the effectiveness of the fundamental rights of dwelling and work, which strengthen the mainstream principle of any civilized society, that is, the principle of human dignity. Thus, in the pursuit of the effectiveness of the advice, the study also aims to develop the specific legal nature of the institute, recognizing it as an autonomous way of costly acquisition of property law, not being equated with ways of dispossession or prescription of real property right.

In Anbetracht des Kompromisses zwischen der Erzielung des höchsten Gewinns und der geringsten Umweltbelastung ist ein tiefes Verständnis der ökonomischen Folgen der Stickstoff (N) Düngung erforderlich. Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit liefert umfassende Einblicke in (i) die Auswirkungen des standortspezifischen N-Managements (SSNM) auf die Rentabilität und Risikominderung, (ii) die Auswirkungen von Unsicherheiten und Risikoeinflüssen auf optimale N-Düngergaben und (iii) das Potenzial und die Kosten der Vermeidung von Treibhausgas (THG) Emissionen durch N-Düngereduktion. Ein Modellierungsansatz wurde entwickelt, um die Wirkung von Ertrag und Proteingehalt, Wirtschafts- und Risikoauswirkungen sowie THG-Emissionen auf die N-Düngung zu simulieren. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen, dass SSNM die Wirtschaftlichkeit verbessert, indem es eine höhere Weizenqualität und damit Preisprämien erzielt. SSNM reduziert das Risiko, die Backqualität nicht zu erreichen, und es gibt keine wesentlichen Nachteile beim Verlustrisikomanagement im Vergleich zum einheitlichen Management. Preisprämien für eine höhere Weizenqualität bieten Anreize für höhere N-Düngergaben. Prämien verflachen die Gewinnfunktion weiter, was unzureichende Argumente für eine Absenkung des N-Inputs aus der Wirtschaftlichkeitssicht liefert, selbst bei einer hohen Risikoaversion der Landwirte. Eine moderate Reduzierung der mineralischen N-Düngung kann die THG-Emissionen bei moderaten Opportunitätskosten mindern. Die THG-Vermeidung durch N-Düngereduktion in einer bestimmten Region kann unter Berücksichtigung kultur- und ertragszonenspezifischer Ertragswirkungen optimiert werden. Insgesamt liefert diese Arbeit wichtige Erkenntnisse über die Chancen und Nachteile der Anpassung der N-Düngergaben. Darüber hinaus leistet sie einen direkten Beitrag zur Identifizierung von kosten- und risikoeffizienten N-Managementoptionen und bildet die Grundlage für effektive politische Ansätze zur THG-Vermeidung durch selektive N-Düngereduktion.
Considering the tradeoff between achieving the highest profit and causing the lowest environmental impact, there is a need for a profound understanding of the economic consequences of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application. The present doctoral research provides comprehensive insights into (i) effects of site-specific N management (SSNM) on profitability and risk mitigation; (ii) impacts of uncertainties and risk implications on optimal N fertilizer rates; and (iii) potential and costs of mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by N fertilizer reduction. A modelling approach was developed to simulate the response of yield, protein, economic and risk implications, and GHG emissions to N fertilizer application. Findings of the thesis show that SSNM improves profitability by achieving higher grain quality, thus, price premiums. SSNM reduces the risk of not reaching the baking grain quality and poses no considerable disadvantage on downside risk management compared to uniform management. Price premiums for higher wheat quality provide incentives for higher N input rates. Premiums further flatten the profit function, giving insufficient arguments for lowering N input from a farm profitability perspective, even in presence of high risk aversion of farmers. Moderate reduction of mineral N fertilizer can mitigate GHG emissions at moderate opportunity costs. GHG mitigation by N fertilizer reduction in a given region can be optimized considering crop and yield-zone-specific yield responses. Overall, this thesis provides important insights on chances and drawbacks of adjusting N fertilizer rates. Moreover, it makes a direct contribution in identifying cost- and risk-efficient N management options and provides a basis for effective policy approaches to reduce GHG emissions by selective N fertilizer reduction.

碩士
輔仁大學
經濟學研究所
95
The research in the stationary of money demand function is an important theme for discussion. However, most of literature focus the samples on developed countries or some organization for economy. With the strength of Asian economy rising sharply, we are interested in the stability of money demand function in Asia. Most monetary literature think that transaction costs is very small so that we can ignore it. Nevertheless, if we ignore the importance of transaction costs, the monetary authority can’t enforce their monetary policies successfully. In this paper, I employ the test procedures of Johansen（1988）、Kao（1999）and Pedroni（1999）cointegration approach to exam whether the money demand function is stable after taking into account the existence of transaction costs. The evidence shows that transaction costs is more important for M1 than that for M2 in the stability of money demand function. Therefore, we suggest that the monetary authority must take account of transaction costs which make money demand function stable so as to implement their policies smoothly.

This dissertation investigates the possibility to find a portfolio investment strategy that could fit the peculiarities of the options. Because of the distribution of the returns of the options, the high transaction cost, and the short time-period sample available the most common investment strategies are not well suited. With an out of the sample exercise, in this dissertation has been proved that implementing an asset allocation strategy, exploiting a power utility function, could be a solution to overcome those problems related to investing with options. In this out of the sample exercise are considered European options with one-month maturity, and the portfolio strategy obtained a positive Sharpe ratio of 1.03 and positive skewness. The results are mainly explained by the exploitation of options mispricing, but also with exposure to leverage, captured by Beta, and market, as shown by the descriptive regressions, and exposure to volatility captured by Vega.
Esta dissertação visa explorar a possibilidade de encontrar uma estratégia de investimento que possa ser adequada às diversas peculiaridades das opções. Devido à distribuição dos seus retornos, os elevados custos de transação e à curta amostra de tempo disponível, as estratégias de investimento mais comuns não se adequam. Assim, através de um exercício out-of-sample, foi provado que a implementação de uma estratégia de alocação de ativos, com a exploração uma função de utilidade, poderá ser uma solução para superar os problemas previamente mencionados. Nesta amostra foram utilizadas opções européias, com vencimento de um mês, onde a estratégia obteve um Sharpe Ratio positivo de 1,03 e enviesamento positivo. Estes resultados são explicados principalmente pela exploração de falhas nos preços das opções, mas também pela exposição à alavancagem, capturada por Beta, e pelo mercado, como mostrado pelas regressões descritivas, e pela exposição à volatilidade, capturada por Vega.

Σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι η τεχνοοικονομική σύγκριση των δυο αρχιτεκτονικών, ADSL και οπτικών δικτύων και η εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων για τα σχετικά κόστη και δυνατότητες που αφορούν τις αρχιτεκτονικές αυτές. Οι τελευταίες τεχνολογίες καθώς και οι αυξημένες απαιτήσεις σε χωρητικότητα και ταχύτητα, οδήγησαν σε λύσεις που συνδυάζουν διαφορετικά είδη τεχνολογιών, κυρίως υβριδικές τεχνολογίες, που προσφέρουν τεράστιες δυνατότητες με περιορισμένο κόστος ανά bit. Για τις απαιτήσεις της εποχής η τεχνολογία FTTx (Fiber To The x) και οι διάφορες παραλλαγές της, αποτελούν πολύ υποσχόμενες τεχνολογίες πρόσβασης που προσφέρονται ως βάσεις για τη δημιουργία μεγάλων και αξιόπιστων δικτύων που μπορούν να εξυπηρετήσουν μεγάλο αριθμό πελατών. Ωστόσο, οι πλέον υποσχόμενες τεχνολογίες είναι οι τεχνολογίες FTTx, οι οποίες υλοποιούνται αποκλειστικά με οπτικές ίνες. Όπως θα δούμε σε ήδη υπαρκτά δίκτυα, τα δίκτυα αναμορφώνονται και εξελίσσονται από παλαιότερες τεχνολογίες, αναβαθμίζονται σταδιακά, χωρίς να σημαίνει ότι οι παλαιότερη τεχνολογία μένει σε αχρηστία αμέσως μετά τις αναβαθμίσεις. Γίνονται αναφορές σε περιπτωσιολογικές μελέτες που πρέπει να γίνουν ώστε να είναι όσο το δυνατό πιο εύχρηστο και προσπελάσιμο ένα δίκτυο ενός μητροπολιτικού κέντρου. Η εργασία αυτή ολοκληρώνεται με συναρτήσεις κόστους, για την ολοκλήρωση ενός τέτοιου δικτύου, που εξάγονται υλοποιούνται με χρήση του εργαλείου Matlab.
The primary objective of this work is the techno economic comparison between ADSL and optic fiber networks, the export of conclusions on the relative costs and the capabilities that concern these architectures. The secondary objective is understanding the process of constructing an optical fiber nework. The latest technologic improvements as well as the increased requirements in speed and capacity, lead to solutions that combine different technologies types mainly hybrid technologies, which offer enormous possibilities with limited cost per bit. For present day requirements FTTx (Fiber the The x) can serve a large share of customers as base for creating bigger and more reliable networks. However, this promising technology is exclusively for only optical fiber based FTTx. As it will be shown through examples of already founded networks, they can be reformed and evolved from older technologies, can be progressively upgraded to mach the bandwidth and user capacity of future networks Case studies are performed in order to determine the best case of optical network that should satisfy consumers and telecommuters. This thesis is completed with the research of total cost functions which are imported in Matlab. The cost reports are exported and compared in the form of graphic cost charts.

This thesis deals with problems of cost and profitability of farms producing the selected crop and livestock commodities. For the structure of the work is divided into 3 parts - theoretical part and practical part of the methodology. The theoretical part is devoted to the use of cost and production functions and the degree of cost-effectiveness. Complementing the analysis of systems of indicators, which is defined logarithmic metoda.V practical part of the theoretical findings are applied to a set of 76 farms, which are divided according to production areas in the period 2006 - 2010.