Academic literature on the topic 'Funcţii cardinale'

Tumor, calor, rubor, and dolor describe four cardinal signs of inflammation. The fifth—functio laesa, or loss of function—was promulgated by Rudolf Virchow, who, in the 19th century, also noted an intricate link between inflammation and cancer. However, the role of cancer inflammation in driving loss of therapeutic efficacy has only recently been fully appreciated, as a result of molecular and immunohistochemical approaches applied in clinical medicine and the availability of novel agents for modulating inflammation. This review focuses on clinical evidence from solid malignancies that have shaped our view of how the immune system regulates cancer development, progression, and response to treatment. Understanding the multifaceted relationship between inflammation and patient outcomes has the potential to advance prognostic tools and uncover therapeutic opportunities for improving clinical outcomes.

The land snails of the family Amphibulimidae occurring within northwestern South America are critically examined and notes on their distribution are given. The total number of taxa discussed is 61 (7 Dryptus, 54 Plekocheilus); of these, four Colombian Dryptus and 32 Plekocheilus species are included. The following new species are described: Plekocheilus (P.) bigener, P. (P.) incognitus, Plekocheilus (Eurytus) camaritagua, P. (E.) labiosus, and P. (E.) paraguas. The following nominal taxa are now synonymized: Plekocheilus (P.) speciosus (Pfeiffer, 1854) = P. (P.) plectostylus (Pfeiffer, 1848); Plekocheilus (Eurytus) couturesi Ancey, 1900 = P. (P.) glandiformis (Lea, 1838); Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) latilabris (Pfeiffer, 1855) = P. (A.) succineoides (Petit de la Saussaye, 1840); Plekocheilus (Eurytus) virgatus (Pilsbry, 1935) = P. (E.) mabillei (Crosse, 1867) = P. (E.) pulicarius (Reeve, 1848). Also, Simpulopsis fulguratus Miller, 1878 is now considered a junior subjective synonym of Simpulopsis (Eudioptus) citrinovitrea (Moricand, 1836). For the following species, precise localities are given for the first time: Dryptus stuebeli (Martens, 1885), Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) cathcartiae (Reeve, 1848), P. (E.) cardinalis (Pfeiffer, 1853), P. (Eurytus) episcopalis auriformis (Da Costa, 1904), P. (E.) episcopalis corticosus (Sowerby, 1895), and P. (E.) lynciculus (Deville & Huppé, 1850). Newly recorded for the Colombian malacofauna are the following taxa: Plekocheilus (P.) couturesi (Ancey, 1900), P. (Eurytus) piperitus (Sowerby I, 1837). The following taxa are excluded from the Colombian fauna: Dryptus funckii (Nyst, 1843), Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) veranyi (Pfeiffer, 1848), Plekocheilus (Eurytus) jimenezi (Hidalgo, 1872).

Lucrarea prezintă corespondentele din matematica excentrică ale funcţiilor cardinale şi integrale din matematica centrică, sau matematica ordinară, funcţii centrice prezentate şi în introducerea lucrării, deoarece sunt prea puţin cunoscute, deşi sunt utilizate pe larg în fizica ondulatorie.

La práctica profesional pedagógica confirma que en no pocas ocasiones, los docentes se enfrentan a disyuntivas en relación con la manera en que han de formular los objetivos para las diferentes formas en que se organizan los procesos que forman parte de su desempeño profesional, particularmente el de enseñanza-aprendizaje, como uno de los elementos cardinales de la función docente- metodológica. En este trabajo se exponen los resultados de un estudio bibliográfico acerca de la estructura y formulación del objetivo como componente didáctico, tanto de autores nacionales como del contexto internacional, así como de las inferencias derivadas de dicho estudio.

Inflammation and immunity, like all other normal reactions of the body, are meant to preserve or restore health. They can nonetheless cause a range of uncomfortable symptoms. Inflammation is such a complicated process that one would have a hard time reaching a consensus on its definition. Historically, inflammation was one of the earliest recognized and defined diseases. Two thousand years ago, Roman physician and encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 B.C.–50 A.D., not to be confused with Celsius, the unit for temperature) described the four cardinal signs of inflammation: calor (warmth), dolor (pain), tumor (swelling), and rubor (redness). The fifth element of inflammation, functio laesi (loss of function or movement), was noted later. Classic inflammatory diseases include rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease, an inflammatory bowel disease. However, evidence is mounting that inflammation is implicated in many diseases that are not normally considered inflammatory. For instance, when arterial plaques become inflamed they can burst open, prompting a myriad of heart diseases. Inflammatory bowel conditions greatly increase the risk of colon tumors. Even diabetes has been associated with a number of inflammatory compounds. It was hard to define what inflammation was, but finding a remedy was even more challenging. Aspirin, available in 1880, represented possibly the first really effective treatment for inflammation, whereas cortisone and other corticosteroids were not available for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis until the early 1950s. Louis Pasteur stated, “Dans les champs de l’observation, le hazard ne favorise que les esprit préparés” [In the field of experimentation, chance favors the prepared mind]. Like numerous cases in drug discovery, Philip S. Hench’s discovery of cortisone for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis illustrates Pasteur’s point. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by pain, swelling, and subsequent destruction of joints. Until the late 1940s, there was no viable treatment, and, understandably, pessimism prevailed in medical society about its prognosis. Even William Osler, one of the greatest physicians, said “When an arthritic patient walks in the front door, I want to run out the back door!” The situation did not change much until Hench discovered a “miracle drug” in 1949.