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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Functional categories

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Academic literature on the topic 'Functional categories'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Functional categories"

1

Meisel, Jürgen M. "Functional categories." Language 86, no. 4 (2010): 975–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2010.0031.

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Reznik, M. "Functional Categories in Agrammatism." Brain and Language 50, no. 1 (July 1995): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.1995.1042.

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Lumsden, John S. "Functional Categories in the Lexicon." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 37, no. 2 (June 1992): 219–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100021964.

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Stowell (1981) demonstrates that nominal phrases in VP or PP are subject to certain constraints which are not pertinent in the domain of NP or AP. Nominal phrases in VP or PP are obligatory and they must be realized in a position which is adjacent to the head of the phrase (i.e., in a phrase marker; “V° NP” or “P° NP”). In contrast, nominal phrases in NP or AP are optional and do not have to be adjacent to the head. There is a systematic exception to this generalization in the lexically determined class of nouns known as Bare NP adverbs (cf. Larson 1985). Nominal phrases headed by one of this class of nouns appear optionally in VP and they are not required to be adjacent to the verb.

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Guilfoyle, Eithne, and Máire Noonan. "Functional Categories and Language Acquisition." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 37, no. 2 (June 1992): 241–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100021976.

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Many theorists (e.g., Hyams 1987; Pinker 1984) working in the framework of generative grammar have assumed the “Continuity Hypothesis”. Under this view language acquisition is made up of a series of continuous stages. The child moves from one stage to another, and at each stage the grammar posited by the child is determined by Universal Grammar (UG). The motivation for the movement from one stage to another comes from a trigger in the language environment which causes the child to restructure her grammar, and so move on to the next stage. The Continuity Hypothesis has provided an explanation for the acquisition of many linguistic structures; however, in many instances it has been difficult to explain exactly which data in the language environment act as a trigger, and why they have an effect on the child’s grammar.

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Rizzi, Luigi, and Guglielmo Cinque. "Functional Categories and Syntactic Theory." Annual Review of Linguistics 2, no. 1 (January 14, 2016): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011415-040827.

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Zobl, Helmut, and Juana Liceras. "Functional Categories and Acquisition Orders." Language Learning 44, no. 1 (March 1994): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01452.x.

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Prosmans, Fabienne. "Derived categories for functional analysis." Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences 36, no. 1 (2000): 19–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2977/prims/1195143226.

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Saeed, Feras. "Functional Categories in the Arabic DP." Macrolinguistics 6, no. 8 (June 30, 2018): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26478/ja2018.6.8.5.

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Strausov, Viktor Nikitovich, Svetlana Konstantinovna Strausova, and Anastasiya Vadimovna Frolova. "FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC CATEGORIES OF NATAL SUPERSTITIONS." Philological Sciences. Issues of Theory and Practice, no. 9 (September 2019): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2019.9.33.

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HOSAKA, YASUHITO. "NOTES ON FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES IN GERMAN." ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 26, no. 2 (2009): 460–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.9793/elsj.26.2_460.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Functional categories"

1

Rowley, Irenie. "Acquiring functional categories : infl. and comp. revisited." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397358.

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Galasso, Joseph. "The acquisition of functional categories : a case study." Thesis, University of Essex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284603.

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Yusuf, Mukhtar Abdulkadir. "Aspects of the morphosyntax of functional categories in Hausa." Thesis, University of Essex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280705.

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Wakabayashi, Shigenori. "The acquisition of functional categories by learners of English." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266304.

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Barry, William T. Wright Fred A. Nobel Andrew B. "Resampling-based tests of functional categories in gene expression studies." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,693.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health." Discipline: Biostatistics; Department/School: Public Health.

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Tsimpli, Ianthi-Maria. "Functional categories and maturation : the prefunctional stage of language acquisition." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295630.

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Serratrice, Ludovica. "The emergence of functional categories in bilingual first language acquisition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17548.

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This thesis is a case study on the emergence of functional categories in bilingual first language acquisition. The investigation focuses on the transition from one-word to multiword utterances and the shaping of functional projections of Determiner, Agreement and Tense and their associated formal features. The empirical basis of this work is a corpus of thirty-nine videorecorded observations of Carlo, an English-Italian bilingual child, during free-play sessions with an adult. Data was collected separately for English and Italian for a period of fifteen months from when the child was 1;10 until he was 3;1, and was then transcribed in CHAT format. Four interrelated lines of enquiry inform the analysis presented here. The principal research question concerns the acquisitional strategies adopted by C. in these early stages of development in the two languages. A bilingual child is the closest one can get to a perfect matched pair where a number of variables such as socio-cognitive development, socio-economic status, parents' education, etc. are eliminated, and the two main variables to be investigated are the child's two input languages. This is an ideal situation in which the respective roles of general acquisitional strategies and language particular ones can be teased apart. An analysis of the emergence of the morphosyntactic correlates of Determiner, Agreement and Tense categories in English and Italian reveals a discrepancy between the two languages in the age of acquisition, rate of acquisition and in the language-specific strategies the child adopts. The observation of a significant difference in C.'s acquisitional strategies in English and Italian leads us to the second and third research questions: the way in which the emergence of functional categories differs between the two languages, and the reasons why this should be the case. The most obvious difference is the extent to which morphological correlates of functional categories emerge in the child's speech. In Italian, verbal and nominal morphology emerges earlier than in English and, at least in the nominal system, there is evidence that an Agreement category is part of the child's grammar. In English, verbal morphology is virtually non-existent by the end of the period of observation, and there is no substantial evidence that either Agreement or Tense are realised. Lexically-specific, item-based learning plays a substantial role in both languages, but in Italian there is some evidence that a number of grammatical contrasts are becoming productive by age 3;0, albeit some of them are still limited to a small number of lexical items. Two reasons were identified for the observed differences in the emergence of Determiner, Agreement and Tense in English and Italian: a typological reason, and an environmental reason. The former concerns the richness of Italian morphology, where grammatical contrasts are transparently marked both on nominal and verbal paradigms, as opposed to the relative poverty of English morphology where such contrasts correlate less obviously ans systematically with morphophonological markers. The latter reason concerns the very different input conditions in which C. is exposed to Italian and English: Italian is the home language spoken to him by his family and his babsysitters, while he is addressed in English by the staff at the nursery where one adult is in charge of several children and cannot engage in the one-to-one interaction which is typical of the dyadic situation in which C. finds himself at home. The differences observed in the lead-lag pattern between C.'s Italian and his English also provide sufficient evidence to address the fourth research question concerning the separate developement of the two languages. The analysis of the data did not reveal any systematic interferences from one language to the other. On the contrary there is evidence that C. is sensitive to the different morphosyntactic cues of his two input languages, and that he can treat the two as independent, self-contained problem spaces.

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Aljenaie, Khawla. "The emergence of tense and agreement in Kuwaiti Arabic children." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269652.

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Arabatzi, Marina. "The production deficit in agrammatic aphasia : a neurolinguistic perspective." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269729.

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Moss, Siobhan. "The acquisition of English functional categories by native speakers of Inuktitut /." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69632.

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Several current studies in language acquisition have focussed on the emergence of functional categories in first and second languages. The properties of functional categories can be exhibited through movement, inflections, case marking and the use of functional elements such as determiners and complementizers.
This pilot study investigated the English second language of two groups of Inuktitut speaking schoolchildren at the beginning of the school year to see whether the properties of functional categories in English emerged in the same way as they do for first language speakers. While some of the Kindergarten children showed no access to these properties, others showed partial or complete access to them. Those children who had been in school one year demonstrated access to all of the properties under investigation. The results are discussed with respect to future research methodologies and studies of acquisition.

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Books on the topic "Functional categories"

1

Muysken, Pieter. Functional categories. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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den Dikken, Marcel, and Christina Tortora, eds. The Function of Function Words and Functional Categories. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.78.

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Xu, Ding. Functional categories in Mandarin Chinese. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics, 1997.

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Functional categories and parametric variation. London: Routledge, 1991.

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The rise of functional categories. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 1993.

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Anderssen, Merete. The acquisition of functional categories. Oslo: Novus Press, 1996.

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Dimroth, Christine, and Peter Jordens, eds. Functional Categories in Learner Language. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110216172.

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Roo, Esterella Maria de. Agrammatic grammar: Functional categories in agrammatic speech. The Hague: Thesus, 1999.

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Netter, Klaus. Functional categories in an HPSG for German. Saarbrücken: German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, 1996.

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Holmberg, Anders, and Urpo Nikanne, eds. Case and Other Functional Categories in Finnish Syntax. Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110902600.

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Book chapters on the topic "Functional categories"

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Herschensohn, Julia. "L2 functional categories." In Language Learning & Language Teaching, 103–29. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lllt.16.09her.

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Poplack, Shana. "Categories of grammar and categories of speech." In Studies in Functional and Structural Linguistics, 7–34. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sfsl.76.02pop.

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Rouveret, Alain. "Functional Categories and Agreement *." In Aspects of Grammatical Architecture, 23–51. New York : Routledge, [2017] | Series: Routledge leading linguists: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315112497-2.

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Leška, Oldřich. "Morphological categories." In The Prague School of Structural and Functional Linguistics, 73–121. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/llsee.41.04les.

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Radford, Andrew. "Phrase Structure and Functional Categories." In The Handbook of Child Language, 483–507. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/b.9780631203124.1996.00020.x.

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Platzack, Christer. "Functional Categories and Early Swedish." In Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics, 63–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2803-2_3.

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Poole, Geoffrey. "X′-Theory and Functional Categories." In Syntactic Theory, 61–87. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-34531-7_3.

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Tracy, Rosemarie, and Dieter Thoma. "Convergence on finite V2 clauses in L1, bilingual L1 and early L2 acquisition." In Functional Categories in Learner Language, 1–44. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110216172.1.

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Dimroth, Christine. "Stepping stones and stumbling blocks. Why negation accelerates and additive particles delay the acquisition of finiteness in German." In Functional Categories in Learner Language, 135–68. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110216172.135.

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Schimke, Sarah. "Does finiteness mark assertion? A picture selection study with native speakers and adult learners of German." In Functional Categories in Learner Language, 169–202. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110216172.169.

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Conference papers on the topic "Functional categories"

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Bernardy, Jean-Philippe, and Arnaud Spiwack. "Evaluating linear functions to symmetric monoidal categories." In ICFP '21: 26th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3471874.3472980.

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Kitamura, Yoshinobu, Sunao Takafuji, and Riichiro Mizoguchi. "Towards a Reference Ontology for Functional Knowledge Interoperability." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35373.

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Functionality is one of the key aspects of artifact models for design. A function of a device, however, can be captured in different ways in different domains or by different model-authors. Much research on functions has been conducted in the areas of engineering design, functional representation and philosophy, although there are several definitions and notions of functions. We view conceptualization of function is multiplicative in nature: different functions can be captured simultaneously from an objective behavior of an artifact under different teleological contexts of users/designers, or from different viewpoints (perspectives) of a model-author. Such differences become problematic for sharing functional knowledge among engineers. In this article, we attempt to clarify the differences of such perspectives for capturing functions on the basis of the ontological engineering. On the basis of a generalized model of the standard input-output model in the well-known systematic design methodology, we show descriptive categorization of some upper-level types (classes) of functions with references to some definitions of functions in the literature. Such upper-level ontological categories of functions are intended to be used as a reference ontology for functional knowledge interoperability. One of the two usages here is to convert functional models between different functional taxonomies. A functional term in a taxonomy is (ideally) categorized into a generic type defined in the reference ontology. It is widely recognized in the literature that such an upper-level ontology helps automatic “mapping discovery” which is to find similarities between two ontologies and determine which concepts represent similar notion. The reference ontology of function might have such an effect. Another usage of the reference ontology is to integrate fault knowledge into functional knowledge and automatic transformation of FMEA sheets. The designer can describe an integrated model of both functional knowledge and fault knowledge. Based on ontology mappings, automatic transformations of FMEA sheets can be realized. In this article, we discuss the detail of the definitions of the upper-level categories of functions ontologically. Then, we give an overview of usages and effects of the upper-level categories as a reference ontology for functional knowledge interoperability.

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Ma, Hongcheng. "The Syntactical Realization Mode of Sentence-Level Functional Categories in Irish." In 2015 2nd International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Intercultural Communication (ICELAIC-15). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icelaic-15.2016.75.

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Jeltsch, Wolfgang. "Temporal logic with "Until", functional reactive programming with processes, and concrete process categories." In the 7th workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2428116.2428128.

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"Functional Semantic Categories for Art History Text - Human Labeling and Preliminary Machine Learning." In International Workshop on Metadata Mining for Image Understanding. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0002340300130022.

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Greene, Michelle R., and Bruce C. Hansen. "From Pixels to Scene Categories: Unique and Early Contributions of Functional and Visual Features." In 2018 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience. Brentwood, Tennessee, USA: Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2018.1144-0.

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Nagel, Jacquelyn K. S., Robert B. Stone, and Daniel A. McAdams. "Exploring the Use of Category and Scale to Scope a Biological Functional Model." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28873.

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The natural world provides numerous cases for analogy and inspiration in engineering design. Biological organisms, phenomena and strategies, herein referred to as biological systems, are, in essence, living engineered systems. These living systems provide insight into sustainable and adaptable design and offer engineers billions of years of valuable experience, which can be used to inspire engineering innovation. This research presents a general method for functionally representing biological systems through systematic design techniques, affording conceptualization of biologically-inspired, engineering designs. Functional representation and abstraction techniques are utilized to translate biological systems into an engineering context. Thus, the biological system information is accessible to engineering designers with varying biological knowledge, but a common understanding of engineering design methods. Functional modeling is typically driven by customer needs or product re-designs; however, these cannot be applied to biological systems. Thus, we propose the use of biological category and scale to guide the design process. Mimicry categories and scales, in addition to answering a design question, aid the designer with defining boundaries or scope when developing a biological functional model. Biological category assists with framing the information in the right perspective, where as, biological scale deals with how much detail is required for an adequate representation of the biological system to utilize the information with a chosen engineering design method. In our case, the engineering design method is function-based design. Choosing a category serves to refine the boundary, but, like scale, its consideration might prompt the designer to consider the same biological system in a new and unique way leading to new ideas. General guidelines for modeling biological systems at varying scales and categories are given, along with two modeling examples.

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Darbinyan, H. V. "Function and Mechanism Formalization in Task Based Conceptual Design Method." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-90006.

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Mechanism and function formalization problem is touched in a novel task based conceptual mechanical design method. The general concept and a specific application of this method were reported in earlier publications. Direct dependence between the function and mechanism, identical synthesis tools for various stages of design and for various mechanical objects are the features making the suggested method advantageously different from existing concept design approaches. The core idea of suggested conceptual design method is the direct relation between challenged function and the mechanical entity which is in charge of implementing the requested function. The existing task based conceptual design methods are not satisfying the designer’s needs for scope of application, universality of design means, visualization and formalization of both mechanical and functional fields. Formalization of functions and mechanisms is an important design tool that will facilitate synthesis, analyzes, visualization and archiving (data base creating) processes of mechanical development. Further progress in unveiling the resources of the suggested design method is mostly based on development of formalization means for both categories of functions and mechanisms. The current study is unveiling newly developed function and mechanism description language that is helping to formalize both mechanical and functional categories facilitating their involvement in design process and making the description of a new product’s mechanical development easy and understandable. Function formalization in conjunction with mechanism formalization allows to formulate precisely the design task and concentrate the designer’s attention on solution of a single task strictly arranged in the hierarchical function tree of all involved tasks and functions.

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Abbott, Daniel, and Katie Grantham Lough. "Comparing Component Functional Template Modeling Experimental Results in an Undergraduate Level Engineering Design Course." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49349.

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Component functional templates are a foundational tool, for the functional modeling method, that novice users can implement to develop functional modeling skills and produce better results by not requiring the modeler to have extensive background knowledge in the method. The templates provide common function layouts of ordinary electromechanical components that are based on historic data collected from design information on a wide range of consumer products. A previous experiment has been performed on a sophomore level design class to assess the change in quality between functional modeling results with and without the use of component functional templates. To address further evaluation of the usefulness the templates, another experiment was performed on multiple sections of an undergraduate engineering design course, controlling the amount of time that the students are exposed to the templates, in order to eliminate any extended exposure biases in the models using the templates. Quality and accuracy of the resulting models were gauged using a metric consisting of function structure, number of functions, flow representation through a chain, and product representation (the same metric used in the previous experiment). The results show that the students using the component functional templates consistently made fewer mistakes in their models in all categories than those that did not use them and thus, produced better models in terms of quality and accuracy.

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Narayanan, V., X. Lu, and S. Hanagud. "Shock-Induced Chemical Reactions in Multi-Functional Structural Energetic Intermetallic Nanocomposite Mixtures." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81636.

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Shock induced chemical reactions of intermetallics or mixtures of metal and metal-oxides are also used to synthesize new materials with unique phases and microstructures. These materials are also of significant interest to the energetics community because of the significant amount of heat energy released during chemical reactions when subjected to shock and/or thermal loading. Binary energetic materials are classified into two categories— metal/metal oxides and intermetallics. When these materials are synthesized at a nano level with binders and other structural reinforcements, the strength of the resulting mixture increases. Thus, these materials can be used as dual-functional binary energetic structural materials. In this paper, we study the shock-induced chemical reactions of intermetallic mixtures of nickel and aluminum of varying volume fractions of the constituents. The chemical reaction between nickel and aluminum produces different products based on the volume fraction of the starting nickel and aluminum. These chemical reactions along with the transition state are modeled at the continuum level. In this paper, the intermetallic mixture is impact loaded and the subsequent shock process and associated irreversible processes such as void collapse and chemical reactions are modeled in the framework of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Extended irreversible thermodynamics (EIT) is used to describe the fluxes in this system and account for the associated irreversible processes. Numerical simulations of the intermetallic mixture are carried out using finite difference schemes.

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Reports on the topic "Functional categories"

1

Kuhn, Douglas B. The Assignment of Knowledge Test Items to Functional and Cognitive Categories. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada195156.

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Murdick, Dewey, James Dunham, and Jennifer Melot. AI Definitions Affect Policymaking. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200004.

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The task of artificial intelligence policymaking is complex and challenging, made all the more difficult by such a rapidly evolving technology. In order to address the security and economic implications of AI, policymakers must be able to viably define, categorize and assess AI research and technology. In this issue brief, CSET puts forward a functional definition of AI, based on three core principles, that significantly outperforms methods developed over the last decade.

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Bao, Jieyi, Xiaoqiang Hu, Cheng Peng, Yi Jiang, Shuo Li, and Tommy Nantung. Truck Traffic and Load Spectra of Indiana Roadways for the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317227.

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The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) has been employed for pavement design by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) since 2009 and has generated efficient pavement designs with a lower cost. It has been demonstrated that the success of MEPDG implementation depends largely on a high level of accuracy associated with the information supplied as design inputs. Vehicular traffic loading is one of the key factors that may cause not only pavement structural failures, such as fatigue cracking and rutting, but also functional surface distresses, including friction and smoothness. In particular, truck load spectra play a critical role in all aspects of the pavement structure design. Inaccurate traffic information will yield an incorrect estimate of pavement thickness, which can either make the pavement fail prematurely in the case of under-designed thickness or increase construction cost in the case of over-designed thickness. The primary objective of this study was to update the traffic design input module, and thus to improve the current INDOT pavement design procedures. Efforts were made to reclassify truck traffic categories to accurately account for the specific axle load spectra on two-lane roads with low truck traffic and interstate routes with very high truck traffic. The traffic input module was updated with the most recent data to better reflect the axle load spectra for pavement design. Vehicle platoons were analyzed to better understand the truck traffic characteristics. The unclassified vehicles by traffic recording devices were examined and analyzed to identify possible causes of the inaccurate data collection. Bus traffic in the Indiana urban areas was investigated to provide additional information for highway engineers with respect to city streets as well as highway sections passing through urban areas. New equivalent single axle load (ESAL) values were determined based on the updated traffic data. In addition, a truck traffic data repository and visualization model and a TABLEAU interactive visualization dashboard model were developed for easy access, view, storage, and analysis of MEPDG related traffic data.

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Piercy, Candice, Safra Altman, Todd Swannack, Carra Carrillo, Emily Russ, and John Winkelman. Expert elicitation workshop for planning wetland and reef natural and nature-based features (NNBF) futures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41665.

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This special report discusses the outcomes of a September 2019 workshop intended to identify barriers to the consideration and implementation of natural and nature-based features (NNBF) in US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) civil works projects. A total of 23 participants representing seven USACE districts, the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), and the University of California–Santa Cruz met at USACE’s South Atlantic Division Headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, to discuss how to facilitate the implementation of NNBF into USACE project planning for wetlands and reefs using six categories: (1) site characterization, (2) engineering and design analysis, (3) life-cycle analysis, (4) economic analysis, (5) construction analysis, (6) and operation and maintenance (and monitoring). The workshop identified seven future directions in wetland and reef NNBF research and development: • Synthesize existing literature and analysis of existing projects to better define failure modes. • Determine trigger points that lead to loss of feature function. • Identify performance factors with respect to coastal storm risk management (CSRM) performance as well as ecological performance. • Focus additional research into cobenefits of NNBF. • Quantify the economic life-cycle costs of a project. • Improve technology transfer with regards to NNBF research and topics.

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Heymsfield, Ernie, and Jeb Tingle. State of the practice in pavement structural design/analysis codes relevant to airfield pavement design. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40542.

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An airfield pavement structure is designed to support aircraft live loads for a specified pavement design life. Computer codes are available to assist the engineer in designing an airfield pavement structure. Pavement structural design is generally a function of five criteria: the pavement structural configuration, materials, the applied loading, ambient conditions, and how pavement failure is defined. The two typical types of pavement structures, rigid and flexible, provide load support in fundamentally different ways and develop different stress distributions at the pavement – base interface. Airfield pavement structural design is unique due to the large concentrated dynamic loads that a pavement structure endures to support aircraft movements. Aircraft live loads that accompany aircraft movements are characterized in terms of the load magnitude, load area (tire-pavement contact surface), aircraft speed, movement frequency, landing gear configuration, and wheel coverage. The typical methods used for pavement structural design can be categorized into three approaches: empirical methods, analytical (closed-form) solutions, and numerical (finite element analysis) approaches. This article examines computational approaches used for airfield pavement structural design to summarize the state-of-the-practice and to identify opportunities for future advancements. United States and non-U.S. airfield pavement structural codes are reviewed in this article considering their computational methodology and intrinsic qualities.

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McDonagh, Marian S., Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Benjamin Morasco, Devan Kansagara, and Roger Chou. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: May 2021 Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccerplantpain3.

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Overview This is the third quarterly progress report for an ongoing living systematic review on cannabis and other plant-based treatments for chronic pain. The first progress report was published in January 2021 and the second in March 2021. The draft systematic review was available for public comment from May 19 through June 15, 2021, on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Effective Health Care website. The systematic review synthesizes evidence on the benefits and harms of plant-based compounds (PBCs), such as cannabinoids and kratom, used to treat chronic pain, addressing concerns about severe adverse effects, abuse, misuse, dependence, and addiction. The purpose of this progress report is to describe the cumulative literature identified thus far. This report will be periodically updated with new studies as they are published and identified, culminating in an annual systematic review that provides a synthesis of the accumulated evidence. Main Points In patients with chronic (mainly neuropathic) pain with short-term treatment (4 weeks to <6 months): • Studies of cannabis-related products were grouped based on their tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) ratio using the following categories: high THC to CBD, comparable THC to CBD, and low THC to CBD. • Comparable THC to CBD ratio oral spray is probably associated with small improvements in pain severity and may be associated with small improvements in function. There was no effect in pain interference or serious adverse events. There may be a large increased risk of dizziness and sedation, and a moderate increased risk of nausea. • Synthetic THC (high THC to CBD) may be associated with moderate improvement in pain severity and increased risk of sedation, and large increased risk of nausea. Synthetic THC is probably associated with a large increased risk of dizziness. • Extracted whole-plant high THC to CBD ratio products may be associated with large increases in risk of withdrawal due to adverse events and dizziness. • Evidence on whole-plant cannabis, low THC to CBD ratio products (topical CBD), other cannabinoids (cannabidivarin), and comparisons with other active interventions was insufficient to draw conclusions. • Other key adverse event outcomes (psychosis, cannabis use disorder, cognitive deficits) and outcomes on the impact on opioid use were not reported. • No evidence on other plant-based compounds, such as kratom, met criteria for this review.

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