Dissertations / Theses: 'Functional discourse grammar'

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Anstey, Mathew Philip. "Towards a functional discourse grammar analysis of Tiberian Hebrew /." [Barton (A.C.T.)] : [M. P. Anstey], 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401376687.

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Zhang, Dongbing. "Negotiating Interpersonal Meaning in Khorchin Mongolian: Discourse and Grammar." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22835.

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This thesis describes the interpersonal discourse semantic and lexicogrammatical systems in Khorchin Mongolian based on conversational data within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). The systems described in this thesis are resources for enacting social relations. They are modelled at the strata of discourse semantics and lexicogrammar. The point of departure of this thesis is interpersonal discourse semantics. Extant descriptions of resources at exchange and move rank (the systems of NEGOTIATION and SPEECH FUNCTION (Martin, 1992)) are expanded to account for the discourse patterns in the Khorchin Mongolian conversational data. The thesis first explores interpersonal resources at the ranks of exchange and move. At exchange rank, it describes the NEGOTIATION system based on patterns of exchange structure. At move rank, it proposes the systems of INTERLOCUTOR POSITIONING and DIALOGIC POSITIONING. INTERLOCUTOR POSITIONING deals with the positioning of interlocutors with respect to their knowledge of the information under negotiation or their responsibility for performing an action. DIALOGIC POSITIONING deals with the positioning of dialogic alternatives in the process of interaction. These discourse semantic systems are then taken as the point of departure for the description of interpersonal systems in lexicogrammar – specifically the major systems of MOOD, PREDICATION, and STANCE. MOOD is concerned with indicative and imperative clauses, PREDICATION with resources realised through the Predicator, and STANCE with the interaction between interpersonal particles and TENSE. This thesis makes two significant contributions. First, it closely examines the relationship between discourse semantic systems at exchange and move rank. The systems developed could potentially be relevant to the description of other languages. Second, it provides a unified account of what has been described under various headings in the traditional descriptions of Khorchin Mongolian, such as clausal syntax, modality, evidentiality, negation and tense. It thus affords an integrated systemic functional description of Khorchin Mongolian interpersonal discourse and grammatical patterns.

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Patpong, Pattama. "A systemic functional interpretation of Thai grammar an exploration of Thai narrative discourse /." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/23285.

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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Linguistics & Psychology, Department of Linguistics, 2006.
Bibliography: p. 742-762.
Systemic functional linguistics as a framework for description -- An overview of the grammar of Thai -- Textual clause grammar: the system of THEME -- Interpersonal clause grammar: the system of MOOD -- Experiential grammar at clause rank: the system of TRANSITIVITY -- Thai narrative register: context, semantics and lexicogrammatical profiles -- Conclusions.
This research is a text-based study of the grammar of standard Thai, based on systemic functional linguistics. It is the first attempt to explore Thai in systemic functional terms, that is with the account of the grammar of Thai being interpreted as resource for making meaning that is part of language as a higher-order semiotic system. This account utilizes a corpus-based methodology and explores extensive evidence from natural narrative texts, specifically fourteen Thai folk tales. This systemic functional interpretation of Thai is also supported by an investigation of other text types (See Chapter 2). The research has both intermediate and long term implications. The description itself will be a resource for the Thai community and it will also contribute to the growing area of linguistic typology based on systemic descriptions. The long term implication of the research is that the description will be used as a model for text-based research into minority languages in Thailand. -- There are two introductory chapters to the study. The first chapter discusses some general issues concerned with systemic functional theory and data used in the development of the description of the grammar of Thai. The second chapter is a preview chapter which provides an overview of the grammar of Thai in terms of three strands of meaning: textual, interpersonal, and the experiential mode of ideational meanings. The systemic functional interpretation is based on an exploration of a number of texts with a wide generic spread (e.g. news reports, topographic texts, encyclopedia, and television interview). -- Chapter 3 to Chapter 7 constitute the main body of the thesis. Chapter 3 deals with the textual metafunction: it explores the THEME system as the enabling resource for the clause grammar for presenting interpersonal and experiential meanings as a flow of information in context. Chapter 4 is concerned with the interpersonal metafunction. It is focused on exploring the MOOD system, that is, the resource of clause grammar for enacting social roles and relationships in an exchange. Chapter 5 is concerned with the experiential mode of the ideational metafunction: it investigates the TRANSITIVITY system, which is the resource of the clause grammar for construing our experience of the world around and inside us. As this thesis is based mainly on narrative discourse, Chapter 6 profiles Thai narratives in terms of context, semantics, and lexicogrammar. Firstly, at the context stratum, the chapter describes the generic structure potential of Thai folk tales. Secondly, the chapter describes the realization of this generic structure by semantic properties. Finally, the chapter is concerned with quantitatively exploring the narratives on the basis of clause-rank systems, at the stratum of lexicogrammar, across the metafunctional spectrum midway up the cline of instantiation. In the final chapter, the study concludes by summarizing the preceding chapters, pointing out research implications and limitations, and suggesting some areas for further studies.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xxxv, 762 ill. +

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Sano, Motoki. "A linguistic exploration of persuasion in written Japanese discourse a systemic functional interpretation /." Access electronically, 2006. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/21.

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Chen, Lily. "The effect of functional role on language choice in newspapers." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1716/.

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Wee, Constance Wei-Ling Languages &amp Linguistics Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "Mobilising action through management email texts: the negotiation of evaluative stance through choices in discourse and grammar." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Languages & Linguistics, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43514.

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This thesis is concerned with explicating the role of language in mobilising action through management emails. Situated within the context of organisational change in a globalised manufacturing business, the project is framed by behavioural observations from management scholars Palmer and Hardy (2000) of mobilisation strategies that utilise linguistic resources since they: (a) involve a sense of obligation or inclination in directives; (b) show how co-operation will produce mutual benefits; (c) construct desired actions as legitimate, beneficial or inevitable; and (d) use past or anticipated meanings, for or against certain actions. Systemic Functional Linguistics is the underlying framework employed to provide a theoretically principled account of the intuitively derived observations from Palmer and Hardy (2000) which are applied to a sample of twenty-seven email texts, through corpus- and text-based analysis. A major finding is that the representation of action is enacted interpersonally through the verbal group. This view complements experientially dominated accounts of the verbal group which focus on the tense system. Further, action is found to be motivated through the negotiation of evaluative stance. By relating the grammar of the verbal group as well as other resources to the discourse semantics of Appraisal, modulation (of obligation or inclination) is found to be enabled by both negative as well as positive judgements of capacity. Specifically, judgements of capacity are re-interpreted as invocations of high obligation as managers seek to mobilise (further) positive performance. The analysis demonstrates that elements in the verbal group (complex) and Appraisal co-opt action through enabling positioning of the writer, in terms of assessing and grading categorical meanings, manipulating interpersonal time, or foregrounding solidarity. A significant contribution to the thesis is an extension of the system of GRADUATION: FOCUS (Hood, 2004a) through the demonstration of how resources of the verbal group negotiate expectations of appearances and achievements. This study has also extended the resources of GRADUATION: FORCE by applying it to the management context. The practical contribution of the study is that these insights may more explicitly inform management training and enable managers to participate more effectively within their community of practice.

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Haun, Julie Anne. "Functional Uses of Language in the Conversational Discourse of a Person with Alzheimer's Disease." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4923.

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Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, is estimated to occur in up to sixteen percent of people between the ages of 75 and 84. Deficits in linguistic skills that effect communication are a hallmark of the disease and have been the primary focus of past Alzheimer's research. Among other deficits, researchers have found that people with Alzheimer's often use indexical expressions without clear referents and convey less information that is relevant to the task they have been asked to perform than healthy subjects. Relatively little research has examined how Alzheimer's subjects use their linguistic knowledge to communicate with others in natural, open-ended interaction. The purpose of the present study was to identify what communication skills remain intact that enable an Alzheimer's subject to maintain conversational fluency despite lexical and pragmatic deficits. The study focused specifically on language skills that play a functional role in facilitating conversation. The data used in this study consisted of eight naturally occurring conversations between the subject and three interlocutors who had a close relationship with the subject. The interactions were recorded in the Alzheimer's wing of the subject's nursing home. The transcribed conversations were analyzed according to three types of functional language drawn from Nattinger and DeCarrico's (1992) work on lexical phrases: (1) conversational maintenance; (2) conversational purpose; and (3) familiar topics. The role played by lexical phrases in facilitating each of these functional categories was also examined. This study found that the subject had an intact knowledge of functional language skills that allowed her to successfully participate in conversation despite serious language deficits. Within the category of conversational maintenance, the subject retained skills necessary to share control in opening and closing conversations as well as nominating and shifting topics and requesting and offering clarification. In the category of conversational purpose, the subject used functional language to signal utterances intended to convey general politeness, gratitude and compliments as well as informing the interlocutor of her attitude in relation to the content of utterances. The study also found that lexical phrases played a central role in facilitating the subject's use of functional language.

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Câmara, Aliana Lopes. "Multifuncionalidade e gramaticalização de Já no português falado culto /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86612.

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Orientador: Roberto Gomes Camacho
Banca: Cláudia Nívea Roncarati de Souza
Banca: Sanderléia Roberta Longhin-Thomazi
Resumo: O trabalho objetiva investigar e descrever o caráter multifuncional da partícula já no português brasileiro falado culto, enfatizando principalmente os níveis e camadas de análise da Gramática Funcional de Dik (1989) e da recente Gramática Funcional do Discurso (HENGEVELD, 1989 e 2004; HENGEVELD & MACKENZIE, no prelo). A hipótese principal é que há vários tipos de já que são distribuídos de acordo com características sintáticas, semânticas e pragmáticas em diferentes níveis e camadas de atuação gramatical. Um desses tipos é o aspectual que dispõe de características similares ao uso de already em inglês e que é analisado como marcador de aspecto inceptivo com diferentes funções semânticas no discurso de acordo com a proposta de Michaelis (1996) para a língua inglesa. A multifuncionalidade de já permite a investigação do item como possuindo características mais ou menos concretas, o que sugere estar envolvido um processo de gramaticalização. Nessa direção, faz-se necessária a aplicação (i) dos princípios gerais de Hopper (1991) e (ii) dos domínios cognitivos de Sweetser (1991), entre outros. Além disso, nossa definição de gramaticalização vai além da tradicional, segundo a qual a gramaticalização é um processo em que um item lexical assume características mais gramaticais, ou um item gramatical se torna ainda mais gramatical. Acrescenta-se aqui, de acordo com Traugott (1995), que, nesse processo, o item pode sofrer um acréscimo de características discursivas, o que leva a entender o Discurso como fazendo parte da gramática da língua. Essa opção teórica coincide com a proposta multifuncional adotada, uma vez que, na GFD, o Discurso constitui um dos níveis de análise dentro da gramática. A amostra lingüística de já foi extraída do córpus mínimo do Projeto Gramática do Português Falado, que advém de dados do Projeto NURC.
Abstract: This study aims at investigating and describing the multifunctional character of the particle já in Standard Spoken Brazilian Portuguese. It mainly emphasizes the levels and layers of analysis from Dik's Functional Grammar (1989) and from the recent Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD, 1989 and 2004; HENGEVELD & MACKENZIE, forthc., in prep.). The main hypothesis is that there are several types of já which are distributed according to syntatic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics in different levels and layers of grammar. Among these types, there is the aspectual, which has characteristics similar to those of the use of already in English and which is analyzed as an inceptive aspect marker with different semantic functions in discourse according to Michaelis' proposal (1996) for the English language. The multifunctionality of já allows us to investigate this item as having more or less concrete characteristics, which suggests the involvement of a grammaticalization process. In this sense, it is necessary to apply: (i) the general principles (HOPPER, 1991) and (ii) the cognitive domains (SWEETSER, 1991), among others. Besides this, our definition of grammaticalization goes beyond the traditional definition, according to it, the grammaticalization is a process in which the lexical item assumes more grammatical characteristics, or a grammatical item becomes even more grammatical. In addition, according to Traugott (1995), the item in this process may show an increase of discursive characteristics, leading to an understanding of Discourse as part of the grammar of the language. This theoretical option is coherent with the multifunctional proposal addopted, since in FDG the Discourse is one of the levels of analysis in the grammar. The linguistic samples of já were taken from the minimum corpus of the Spoken Portuguese Grammar Project, which is built with data of the NURC Project.
Mestre

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Plum, Guenter Arnold. "Text and Contextual Conditioning in Spoken English: A genre approach." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/608.

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This study brings together two approaches to linguistic variation, Hallidayan systemic-functional grammar and Labovian variation theory, and in doing so brings together a functional interpretation of language and its empirical investigation in its social context. The study reports on an empirical investigation of the concept of text. The investigation proceeds on the basis of a corpus of texts gathered in sociolinguistic interviews with fifty adult speakers of Australian English in Sydney. The total corpus accounted for in terms of text type or genre numbers 420 texts of varying length, 125 of which, produced in response to four narrative questions, are investigated in greater detail in respect both of the types of text they constitute as well as of some of their linguistic realisations. These largely narrative-type texts, which represent between two and three hours of spoken English and total approximately 53000 words, are presented in a second volume analysed in terms of their textual or generic structure as well as their realisation at the level of the clause complex. The study explores in some detail models of register and genre developed within systemic-functional linguistics, adopting a genre model developed by J.R. Martin and others working within his model which foregrounds the notion that all aspects of the system(s) involved are related to one another probabilistically. In order to investigate the concept of text in actual discourse under conditions which permit us to become sufficiently confident of our understanding of it to proceed to generalisations about text and its contextual conditioning in spoken discourse, we turn to Labovian methods of sociolinguistic inquiry, i.e. to quantitative methods or methods of quantifying linguistic choice. The study takes the sociolinguistic interview as pioneered by Labov in his study of phonological variation in New York City and develops it for the purpose of investigating textual variation. The question of methodology constitutes a substantial part of the study, contributing in the process to a much greater understanding of the very phenomenon of text in discourse, for example by addressing itself to the question of the feasibility of operationalising a concept of text in the context of spoken discourse. The narrative-type texts investigated in further detail were found to range on a continuum from most experientially-oriented texts such as procedure and recount at one end to the classic narrative of personal experience and anecdote to the increasingly interpersonally-oriented exemplum and observation, both of which become interpretative of the real world in contrast to the straightforwardly representational slant taken on the same experience by the more experientially-oriented texts. The explanation for the generic variation along this continuum must be sought in a system of generic choice which is essentially cultural. A quantitative analysis of clausal theme and clause complex-type relations was carried out, the latter by means of log-linear analysis, in order to investigate their correlation with generic structure. While it was possible to relate the choice of theme to the particular stages of generic structures, clause complex-type relations are chosen too infrequently to be related to stages and were thus related to genres as a whole. We find that while by and large the choice of theme correlates well with different generic stages, it only discriminates between different genres, i.e. generic structures in toto, for those genres which are maximally different. Similarly, investigating the two choices in the principal systems involved in the organisation of the clause complex, i.e. the choice of taxis (parataxis vs. hypotaxis) and the (grammatically independent) choice of logico-semantic relations (expansion vs. projection), we find that both those choices discriminate better between types more distant on a narrative continuum. The log-linear analysis of clause complex-type relations also permitted the investigation of the social characteristics of speakers. We found that the choice of logico-semantic relations correlates with genre and question, while the choice of taxis correlates with a speaker's sex and his membership of some social group (in addition to genre). Parataxis is favoured by men and by members of the group lowest in the social hierarchy. Age on the other hand is not significant in the choice of taxis at all. In other words, since social factors are clearly shown to be significant in the making of abstract grammatical choices where they cannot be explained in terms of the functional organisation of text, we conclude that social factors must be made part of a model of text in order to fully account for its contextual conditioning. The study demonstrates that an understanding of the linguistic properties of discourse requires empirical study and, conversely, that it is possible to study discourse empirically without relaxing the standards of scientific inquiry.

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Plum, Guenter Arnold. "Text and Contextual Conditioning in Spoken English: A genre approach." University of Sydney. Linguistics, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/608.

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This study brings together two approaches to linguistic variation, Hallidayan systemic-functional grammar and Labovian variation theory, and in doing so brings together a functional interpretation of language and its empirical investigation in its social context. The study reports on an empirical investigation of the concept of text. The investigation proceeds on the basis of a corpus of texts gathered in sociolinguistic interviews with fifty adult speakers of Australian English in Sydney. The total corpus accounted for in terms of text type or genre numbers 420 texts of varying length, 125 of which, produced in response to four narrative questions, are investigated in greater detail in respect both of the types of text they constitute as well as of some of their linguistic realisations. These largely narrative-type texts, which represent between two and three hours of spoken English and total approximately 53000 words, are presented in a second volume analysed in terms of their textual or generic structure as well as their realisation at the level of the clause complex. The study explores in some detail models of register and genre developed within systemic-functional linguistics, adopting a genre model developed by J.R. Martin and others working within his model which foregrounds the notion that all aspects of the system(s) involved are related to one another probabilistically. In order to investigate the concept of text in actual discourse under conditions which permit us to become sufficiently confident of our understanding of it to proceed to generalisations about text and its contextual conditioning in spoken discourse, we turn to Labovian methods of sociolinguistic inquiry, i.e. to quantitative methods or methods of quantifying linguistic choice. The study takes the sociolinguistic interview as pioneered by Labov in his study of phonological variation in New York City and develops it for the purpose of investigating textual variation. The question of methodology constitutes a substantial part of the study, contributing in the process to a much greater understanding of the very phenomenon of text in discourse, for example by addressing itself to the question of the feasibility of operationalising a concept of text in the context of spoken discourse. The narrative-type texts investigated in further detail were found to range on a continuum from most experientially-oriented texts such as procedure and recount at one end to the classic narrative of personal experience and anecdote to the increasingly interpersonally-oriented exemplum and observation, both of which become interpretative of the real world in contrast to the straightforwardly representational slant taken on the same experience by the more experientially-oriented texts. The explanation for the generic variation along this continuum must be sought in a system of generic choice which is essentially cultural. A quantitative analysis of clausal theme and clause complex-type relations was carried out, the latter by means of log-linear analysis, in order to investigate their correlation with generic structure. While it was possible to relate the choice of theme to the particular stages of generic structures, clause complex-type relations are chosen too infrequently to be related to stages and were thus related to genres as a whole. We find that while by and large the choice of theme correlates well with different generic stages, it only discriminates between different genres, i.e. generic structures in toto, for those genres which are maximally different. Similarly, investigating the two choices in the principal systems involved in the organisation of the clause complex, i.e. the choice of taxis (parataxis vs. hypotaxis) and the (grammatically independent) choice of logico-semantic relations (expansion vs. projection), we find that both those choices discriminate better between types more distant on a narrative continuum. The log-linear analysis of clause complex-type relations also permitted the investigation of the social characteristics of speakers. We found that the choice of logico-semantic relations correlates with genre and question, while the choice of taxis correlates with a speaker's sex and his membership of some social group (in addition to genre). Parataxis is favoured by men and by members of the group lowest in the social hierarchy. Age on the other hand is not significant in the choice of taxis at all. In other words, since social factors are clearly shown to be significant in the making of abstract grammatical choices where they cannot be explained in terms of the functional organisation of text, we conclude that social factors must be made part of a model of text in order to fully account for its contextual conditioning. The study demonstrates that an understanding of the linguistic properties of discourse requires empirical study and, conversely, that it is possible to study discourse empirically without relaxing the standards of scientific inquiry.

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Sousa, RosÃngela do Socorro Nogueira de. "A aposiÃÃo encapsuladora em artigos de opiniÃo no portuguÃs brasileiro: aspectos formais e funcionais." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=19134.

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nÃo hÃ
Esta pesquisa apresenta uma anÃlise integrada das caracterÃsticas sintÃticas, semÃnticas e pragmÃticas do tradicionalmente chamado aposto de oraÃÃo. A base teÃrica assenta-se nos pressupostos da GramÃtica Discursivo-Funcional (GDF), desenvolvida por Hengeveld & Mackenzie (2008), cuja unidade bÃsica de anÃlise Ã o Ato Discursivo. Para a definiÃÃo e descriÃÃo das funÃÃes discursivas da aposiÃÃo encapsuladora, tomamos como aporte os trabalhos de Quirk et al (1985), Meyer (1992), Nogueira (1999, 2012), Decat (2010) e Hannay; Keizer (2005). Metodologicamente, a pesquisa apresenta um percurso de descriÃÃo que parte das caracterÃsticas formais, anÃlise de frequÃncia com o uso do programa SPSS para um desenho do comportamento prototÃpico dessa estrutura e, por fim, apresenta uma anÃlise qualitativa das funÃÃes discursivas das estruturas em questÃo, baseada em um corpus composto de 108 ocorrÃncias advindas de artigos de opiniÃo publicados na Folha de S. Paulo, entre os anos de 2006 a 2010. Na anÃlise, optamos por descrever formalmente a aposiÃÃo encapsuladora como as relativas sem cabeÃa ou nÃo nucleadas, conforme proposto pela GDF, e determinar o carÃter atributivo dessa estrutura. A estrutura mais frequente Ã aquela composta de pronome demonstrativo + oraÃÃo adjetiva restritiva, encapsulando Estado-de-Coisas. As funÃÃes discursivas assumidas por essas estruturas foram definidas com base na natureza da informaÃÃo que elas acrescentam ao fluxo textual. Assim, definimos as seguintes funÃÃes bÃsicas: AvaliaÃÃo, ExplicaÃÃo, Desdobramento, ConstataÃÃo/RatificaÃÃo, ConclusÃo.
This research presents an integrated analysis of the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the tradition ally called âapposition clauseâ. The theory is based on the assumptions of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), developed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), that basic unit of analysis is the Discourse Act. For the definition and description of the discourse functions of the encapsulated apposition, we take as support the researches of Quirk et al (1985), Meyer (1992), Nogueira (1999, 2012), Decat (2010) e Hannay; Keizer (2005). Methodologically, the research presents a description course that starts from the formal characteristics, frequency analysis with the use of the SPSS program for a design of the prototypical behavior of this structure and, finally, presents a qualitative analysis of the discourse functions of the structures in question based on a corpus composed by 108 occurrences from articles of opinion published in Folha de SÃo Paulo between 2006 to 2010. In the analysis, we chose to describe the encapsulated apposition as the relative headless or non - nucleated such as proposed by FDG and to determine the attributive feature of this structure. The most frequent structure is composed of demonstrative pronouns + restrictive adjective clause, encapsulating State â of - assairs. The discourse functions assumed by these structures were defined based on the na ture of the information they add to the textual flow. Thus, we define the following basic functions: Evaluation, Explanation, Developing, Evidencing / Confirming , Conclusion.

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Nagamura, George Henrique [UNESP]. "Análise funcional dos evidenciais e modalizadores no discurso da autoajuda da saúde." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86550.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nagamura_gh_me_sjrp.pdf: 270601 bytes, checksum: 84fd31cd99d962fe4a2f91092ea6b1d0 (MD5)
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O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar o funcionamento dos evidenciais e modalizadores no discurso da autoajuda, comparando o uso dessas categorias em dois tipos temáticos desse discurso. O primeiro tipo, o qual denominamos autoajuda genérica, refere a obras em que não há uma especificação dos tipos de objetivos que se pretende alcançar com a aplicação dos métodos propostos pela autoajuda. O segundo tipo, denominado autoajuda da saúde, se refere a obras em que o objetivo é a cura e prevenção de doenças. A hipótese de que partimos é a de que a escolha temática irá influenciar na manifestação da modalidade e da evidencialidade, uma vez que essa escolha implica em relações interdiscursivas específicas. Para a análise dessas categorias, utilizamos a abordagem da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), por se tratar de uma abordagem estratificada do enunciado, possibilitando, dessa forma, melhor compreensão dos diversos efeitos de sentido gerados por cada tipo de modalizador e evidencial. Como resultado de nossa análise, vimos que a relação interdiscursiva da autoajuda da saúde com o discurso médico influenciou a escolha dos modalizadores epistêmicos, com a preferência do enunciador da autoajuda da saúde por modalizadores objetivos, manifestando baixo comprometimento com relação à avaliação realizada. A relação com o discurso médico, influenciou também a escolha dos evidenciais, havendo a preferência do enunciador da autoajuda da saúde por evidenciais reportativos, buscando, assim, aparentar maior cientificidade do que o enunciador da autoajuda genérica. Outra diferença no comportamento dos modalizadores se deu nos domínios deôntico e dinâmico, para os quais constatamos uma maior imposição por parte do enunciador da autoajuda genérica
The objective of the present work is to analyze the functioning of evidentials and modalizers in the discourse of Self-help, comparing how these categories are used in two different theme-specified types of the afore mentioned discourse. The first type, denominated Generic Self-help, refers to books in which the type of goals to be attained through self-help is not specified, ranging from financial success to happiness, love, or any other type of goal. The second type, denominated Health Self-help, refers to books in which the sole objective is to cure and prevent diseases. The working hypothesis is that by choosing a certain theme, the interdiscoursive relationships will also be different, resulting in different choices in the use of evidentials and modalizers. In order to analyze these categories, we have adopted the approach of Discoursive Funcional Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), for its stratified view of the utterance allows to capture effectively the various effect senses produced by the different types of modalizers and evidentials. As a result of the analysis, we observed that the relationship with the medical discourse in the Health Self-Help discourse influenced in the use of epistemic modality, with the preference for objective modalizers. Moreover, the medical discourse influenced in the use of evidentials, noticed by the preference in the Health Self-help discourse for reportative evidentials. Also it was noticed the difference in the use of deontic and dynamic modalities, with the preference for more imposing forms in the Generic Self-help. Since the two theme-specified types are from the same discourse, we found also similarities in the use of evidentials and modalizers, the most important one being the compromise with certainty evaluations in opposition to the lack of commitment to uncertainty evaluations

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Fung, Suet-man, and 馮雪雯. "Topic and focus in Cantonese: an OT-LFG account." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38725113.

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Sousa, Rosângela do Socorro Nogueira de. "A aposição encapsuladora em artigos de opinião no português brasileiro: aspectos formais e funcionais." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/22467.

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SOUSA, Rosângela do Socorro Nogueira de. A aposição encapsuladora em artigos de opinião no português. 2016. 180f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2016.
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This research presents an integrated analysis of the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the tradition ally called “apposition clause”. The theory is based on the assumptions of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), developed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), that basic unit of analysis is the Discourse Act. For the definition and description of the discourse functions of the encapsulated apposition, we take as support the researches of Quirk et al (1985), Meyer (1992), Nogueira (1999, 2012), Decat (2010) e Hannay; Keizer (2005). Methodologically, the research presents a description course that starts from the formal characteristics, frequency analysis with the use of the SPSS program for a design of the prototypical behavior of this structure and, finally, presents a qualitative analysis of the discourse functions of the structures in question based on a corpus composed by 108 occurrences from articles of opinion published in Folha de São Paulo between 2006 to 2010. In the analysis, we chose to describe the encapsulated apposition as the relative headless or non - nucleated such as proposed by FDG and to determine the attributive feature of this structure. The most frequent structure is composed of demonstrative pronouns + restrictive adjective clause, encapsulating State – of - assairs. The discourse functions assumed by these structures were defined based on the na ture of the information they add to the textual flow. Thus, we define the following basic functions: Evaluation, Explanation, Developing, Evidencing / Confirming , Conclusion.
Esta pesquisa apresenta uma análise integrada das características sintáticas, semânticas e pragmáticas do tradicionalmente chamado aposto de oração. A base teórica assenta-se nos pressupostos da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF), desenvolvida por Hengeveld & Mackenzie (2008), cuja unidade básica de análise é o Ato Discursivo. Para a definição e descrição das funções discursivas da aposição encapsuladora, tomamos como aporte os trabalhos de Quirk et al (1985), Meyer (1992), Nogueira (1999, 2012), Decat (2010) e Hannay; Keizer (2005). Metodologicamente, a pesquisa apresenta um percurso de descrição que parte das características formais, análise de frequência com o uso do programa SPSS para um desenho do comportamento prototípico dessa estrutura e, por fim, apresenta uma análise qualitativa das funções discursivas das estruturas em questão, baseada em um corpus composto de 108 ocorrências advindas de artigos de opinião publicados na Folha de S. Paulo, entre os anos de 2006 a 2010. Na análise, optamos por descrever formalmente a aposição encapsuladora como as relativas sem cabeça ou não nucleadas, conforme proposto pela GDF, e determinar o caráter atributivo dessa estrutura. A estrutura mais frequente é aquela composta de pronome demonstrativo + oração adjetiva restritiva, encapsulando Estado-de-Coisas. As funções discursivas assumidas por essas estruturas foram definidas com base na natureza da informação que elas acrescentam ao fluxo textual. Assim, definimos as seguintes funções básicas: Avaliação, Explicação, Desdobramento, Constatação/Ratificação, Conclusão.

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15

Spósito, Carolina Cau [UNESP]. "Construções de causa, razão, explicação e motivação na lusofonia: uma abordagem discursivo-funcional." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86558.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este estudo tem como proposta investigar os diferentes tipos de relações causais, tendo como suporte uma teoria funcional, que considera a língua como um instrumento de interação social, cuja forma se adapta às intenções comunicativas do falante, ou seja, a teoria da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF). O objetivo principal é verificar como as diferentes relações causais são expressas na gramática do português, ou seja, como são codificadas nos níveis Morfossintático e/ou Fonológico; o objetivo secundário é verificar o grau de integração da relação causal à oração principal, com base na escala linear de combinação oracional proposta por Hopper e Traugott (1993). Para tanto, foi utilizado como material de trabalho o corpus denominado Português Oral, que consiste em ocorrências reais de uso da língua falada em oito variedades do português. As ocorrências são analisadas considerando-se doze critérios que contemplam os quatro níveis propostos pela GDF. Os resultados mostram que as relações causais se distinguem de acordo coma as camadas propostas pelo modelo teórico: Causa (oracional e sintagmática) constitui um estado-de-coisas que modifica outro estado-de-coisas; Razão constitui um conteúdo proposicional que modifica um estado-de-coisas; e Explicação, por outro lado, é um estado-de-coisas que modifica um conteúdo proposicional, todos no Nível Representacional; já Motivação, pertencente ao Nível Interpessoal, constitui um Ato Discursivo que restringe outro Ato discursivo. Consequentemente, no Nível Morfossintático, Causa e Razão exemplificam casos de Subordinação; Explicação, de Cossubordinação e Motivação, de Coordenação. As distinções semânticas, no entanto, não são codificadas na gramática do português, havendo assim neutralização formal entre Causa, Razão e Explicação...
This study is proposed to investigate the different types of causal relationships, supported by a functional theory, which regards language as an instrument of social interaction, whose shape adapts to the speaker's communicative intentions, ie, the theory of Functional Discursive Grammar (FDG). The main objective is to see how the different causal relations are expressed in the grammar of the Portuguese, that is, how levels are encoded in Morphosyntactic and / or Phonological, the secondary objective is to verify the degree of integration of causal relationship to the main clause, based on linear scale of combining clausal proposed by Hopper and Traugott (1993). Therefore, it was used as working material called the Portuguese Oral corpus, which consists of actual occurrences of use of the language spoken in eight varieties of Portuguese. The events are analyzed considering the twelve criteria that include the four levels proposed by the FDG. The results show that causal relations are distinguished according to the layers proposed by the theoretical model: Cause (clausal and syntagmatic) is a State-of-things that modifies other State-of-things; Reason is a Propositional content that modifies a State-of-things, and Explanation, on the other hand, is a State-of-things that modifies a Propositional content, all in the Representational Level, Motivation as belonging to the Interpersonal Level, is an Discursive Act that restricts other Discursive Act. Consequently, the Morphosyntactic Level, Cause and Reason exemplify cases of Subordination; Explanation of Cossubordinação and Motivation of Coordination. The semantic distinctions, however, are not encoded in the grammar of Portuguese, so there is formal agreement between neutralization Cause, Reason and Explanation on the one hand, they are distinguished, on the other... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Câmara, Aliana Lopes [UNESP]. "Multifuncionalidade e gramaticalização de Já no português falado culto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86612.

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O trabalho objetiva investigar e descrever o caráter multifuncional da partícula já no português brasileiro falado culto, enfatizando principalmente os níveis e camadas de análise da Gramática Funcional de Dik (1989) e da recente Gramática Funcional do Discurso (HENGEVELD, 1989 e 2004; HENGEVELD & MACKENZIE, no prelo). A hipótese principal é que há vários tipos de já que são distribuídos de acordo com características sintáticas, semânticas e pragmáticas em diferentes níveis e camadas de atuação gramatical. Um desses tipos é o aspectual que dispõe de características similares ao uso de already em inglês e que é analisado como marcador de aspecto inceptivo com diferentes funções semânticas no discurso de acordo com a proposta de Michaelis (1996) para a língua inglesa. A multifuncionalidade de já permite a investigação do item como possuindo características mais ou menos concretas, o que sugere estar envolvido um processo de gramaticalização. Nessa direção, faz-se necessária a aplicação (i) dos princípios gerais de Hopper (1991) e (ii) dos domínios cognitivos de Sweetser (1991), entre outros. Além disso, nossa definição de gramaticalização vai além da tradicional, segundo a qual a gramaticalização é um processo em que um item lexical assume características mais gramaticais, ou um item gramatical se torna ainda mais gramatical. Acrescenta-se aqui, de acordo com Traugott (1995), que, nesse processo, o item pode sofrer um acréscimo de características discursivas, o que leva a entender o Discurso como fazendo parte da gramática da língua. Essa opção teórica coincide com a proposta multifuncional adotada, uma vez que, na GFD, o Discurso constitui um dos níveis de análise dentro da gramática. A amostra lingüística de já foi extraída do córpus mínimo do Projeto Gramática do Português Falado, que advém de dados do Projeto NURC.
This study aims at investigating and describing the multifunctional character of the particle já in Standard Spoken Brazilian Portuguese. It mainly emphasizes the levels and layers of analysis from Dik's Functional Grammar (1989) and from the recent Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD, 1989 and 2004; HENGEVELD & MACKENZIE, forthc., in prep.). The main hypothesis is that there are several types of já which are distributed according to syntatic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics in different levels and layers of grammar. Among these types, there is the aspectual, which has characteristics similar to those of the use of already in English and which is analyzed as an inceptive aspect marker with different semantic functions in discourse according to Michaelis' proposal (1996) for the English language. The multifunctionality of já allows us to investigate this item as having more or less concrete characteristics, which suggests the involvement of a grammaticalization process. In this sense, it is necessary to apply: (i) the general principles (HOPPER, 1991) and (ii) the cognitive domains (SWEETSER, 1991), among others. Besides this, our definition of grammaticalization goes beyond the traditional definition, according to it, the grammaticalization is a process in which the lexical item assumes more grammatical characteristics, or a grammatical item becomes even more grammatical. In addition, according to Traugott (1995), the item in this process may show an increase of discursive characteristics, leading to an understanding of Discourse as part of the grammar of the language. This theoretical option is coherent with the multifunctional proposal addopted, since in FDG the Discourse is one of the levels of analysis in the grammar. The linguistic samples of já were taken from the minimum corpus of the Spoken Portuguese Grammar Project, which is built with data of the NURC Project.

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Filetti, Elisandra. "Objetos implícitos no português contemporâneo falado em Goiás: uma abordagem funcional." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4518.

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This paper proposes to examine the Implicit Objects in the Portuguese spoken in Goias, from a functionalist conception of language, based on the work of Hopper and Thompson (1980, 2001); Dik (1989, 1997); Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008); García Velasco and Portero Muñoz (2002), among others. The study of Implicit Objects is supported by the studies that discusses the Transitive phenomenon, as well as research on the Implicit Object behavior in Brazilian Portuguese and in others natural languages. These phenomena come from a pragmatic intention´s speakers that trigger the production and reception of linguistic phenomena, according to the grammatical terms available in a given language. Thus, it is considered that the language system as a whole is guided by pragmatic conditions grammatically organizes the languages. The phenomenon of verbal transitivity is fundamental to the understanding of Implicit Objects, its presents a notion scale, continuous and not categorical, according to which degrees of Transitive also reflect the cognitive salience of knowledge and experiences of the speakers. The selection or not a verbal argument to the object position seems to transcend the limits of a sentence, extending throughout the discursive context. So, we tried to explain how the production of Implicit Objects, as well as the recovery of the sense of the implicit elements, by the speakers, is processed in the grammar of the Brazilian Portuguese. For this, we used the corpus "The Contemporary Portuguese spoken in Goias." The Data on Implicit Objects focus on direct transitive sentences, from which settled the subdivision of Implicit Objects in definite and indefinite. The distribution in these two great classes allowed us to analyze how the referent of these implicit elements can be resumed at the interaction. Furthmore, we developed a discussion about how to Functional Grammar (DIK, 1989, 1997) and the Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld and Mackenzie, 2008) have theoretical support for the analysis of Implicit Objects, from a pragmatic and discoursive orientation of this phenomenon. The Implicit Objects in the Goiás speech are represented by 65.45% Defined Implicit Objects, whose anaphoric reference can be found in the linguistic context, and by 34, 55% of Implicit Objects white noise, to which reference can be deduced by inference or from terms of undefined nature with which the implicit element establishes thematic relationship. Understand how events are motivated discoursive, noting how the degrees of transitivity in larger discursive units that prayer is central to a broader reading of the phenomenon and how their occurrence in the language layers, promotes the interpretation of Implicit Objects as the dialogue strategies of Portuguese spoken in Goias.
Este trabalho propõe-se a analisar os Objetos Implícitos no Português Falado em Goiás, a partir de uma concepção funcionalista de linguagem, fundamentado nos trabalhos de HOPPER e THOMPSON (1980, 2001); DIK (1989, 1997); HENGEVELD e MACKENZIE (2008); GARCÍA VELASCO e PORTERO MUÑOZ (2002), entre outros. O estudo dos Objetos Implícitos apoia-se em trabalhos que discutem o fenômeno de Transitividade, assim como em pesquisas acerca do comportamento de Objetos Implícitos no Português do Brasil e em outras línguas naturais. Esses fenômenos são oriundos de uma intenção pragmática dos falantes, que desencadeiam a produção e recepção dos fenômenos linguísticos, de acordo com as condições gramaticais disponíveis numa dada língua. Assim, considera-se que o sistema linguístico, como um todo, é orientado por condições pragmáticas que organizam gramaticalmente as línguas. O fenômeno da Transitividade verbal é fundamental para o entendimento dos Objetos Implícitos, pois apresenta uma noção escalar, contínua e não categórica, segundo a qual graus de Transitividade refletem também a saliência cognitiva dos conhecimentos e das experiências vivenciadas pelos falantes. A seleção ou não de um argumento verbal para a posição objeto parece transcender os limites oracionais, estendendo-se a todo o contexto discursivo. Assim, procurou-se explicar como a produção de Objetos Implícitos, assim como a recuperação do sentido dessa categoria implícita, por parte dos falantes, é processada na gramática do Português do Brasil. Para isso, foi utilizado o corpus “O Português Contemporâneo Falado em Goiás”. Os dados relativos aos Objetos Implícitos incidem sobre orações transitivas diretas, a partir das quais se estabeleceu a subdivisão dos Objetos Implícitos em definidos e indefinidos. A distribuição nessas duas grandes classes permitiu analisar de que modo o referente desses elementos implícitos pode ser retomado na interação. Além disso, foi desenvolvida uma discussão acerca do modo como a Gramática Funcional (DIK, 1989, 1997) e a Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD e MACKENZIE, 2008) apresentam suporte teórico para a análise dos Objetos Implícitos, a partir de uma orientação pragmático-discursiva desse fenômeno. Os Objetos Implícitos na fala goiana são representados por 65,45% de Objetos Implícitos Definidos, cuja referência anafórica pode ser encontrada no contexto linguístico, e por 34, 55% de Objetos Implícitos Indefinidos, cuja referência pode ser depreendida, mediante inferenciação ou a partir de termos de natureza indefinda com os quais o element implícito estabelece relação temática. Compreender o modo como ocorrências são motivadas discursivamente, observando-se como os graus de Transitividade, em unidades discursivas maiores que a oração, são fundamentais para uma leitura mais ampla do fenômeno e como sua ocorrência nas camadas linguísticas, favorece a interpretação dos Objetos Implícitos como as estratégias de interlocução dos falantes no Português Goiano Falado.

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Pennell, Beverley, of Western Sydney Nepean University, and Faculty of Education. "English K-6 syllabus and support document (1994) : imperilled by politics and paradigm shifts." THESIS_FE_XXX_Pennell_B.xml, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/119.

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English K-6 syllabus and support document (1994) is NSW's 'Clayton's' Primary English syllabus in that it was released in 1994, was 'on hold' and under review in early 1995 then recommended for revision by 1998. This is an extraordinary example of 'the written curriculum' of subject English, a site of intense ideological and pedagogical contestation. The Report produced by the Eltis Committee of Review, Focus on learning : Report of the Review of Outcomes and Profiles in New South Wales Schooling (1995) recommended immediate revision of 2 aspects of the syllabus in particular : firstly, the removal from English K-6 Syllabus of outcome statements from the National Profiles and secondly, the removal of the model of grammar endorsed in the document, 'Functional Grammar'. The history of the paradigm shift from State outcomes in syllabus documents, to the inclusion of National Profiles outcomes statements, forms the first part of this study. The recommendation of the Eltis Report to remove 'Functional Grammar' from the syllabus was politically motivated and had pedagogical implications for all those teachers, professional English educators and scholars who have been in divisive debate for nearly a decade about the broadest aspect of the frame of 'Functional Grammar', namely genre, or 'text type' as it is termed in English K-6 Syllabus. This study also looks at the history of the genre theory debate about teaching students to write and the paradigm shift that led to the inclusion of genre theory in the 1994 syllabus. This study, then, examines the essentially political nature of the school subject, English, in a regional educational context of the State of NSW. By presenting a brief curriculum history of the English K-6 Syllabus and Support Document (1994) it will be seen that a curriculum document can be a focus for power struggles between State and Commonwealth Governments and a site of contestation within the educational communities who are stakeholders in subject English
Master of Education (Hons)

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Nagamura, George Henrique [UNESP]. "A expressão da subjetividade na gramática discursivo-funcional." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143816.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor um conceito operacional de Subjetividade que seja adequado à abordagem da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008, doravante GDF). Para tanto, primeiramente foi realizada uma análise de algumas das principais abordagens linguísticas sobre esse fenômeno, destacando. os pontos em comum entre essas abordagens e suas implicações teóricas, confrontando-as com os princípios da GDF. A partir dessa análise, chegou-se a um conceito provisório de Subjetividade, que distingue dois subtipos: a Subjetividade Inerente, relacionada ao caráter dialógico da linguagem e chamada assim por permear todos os usos da língua; e a Subjetividade Gramatical, relacionada à codificação sistematizada das expressões de atitude do falante e fundada no conceito de performatividade. Com base nesse conceito provisório, foram analisadas possíveis formas de expressão da Subjetividade Gramatical em um córpus constituído pelo banco de dados Iboruna e complementado com ocorrências extraídas da internet. A separação da Subjetividade Inerente da Subjetividade Gramatical permitiu não apenas explicar a inconsistência gerada ao conceber a modalidade como forma de expressão de subjetividade e separá-la em modalidade subjetiva e objetiva, mas também limitar o fenômeno da subjetividade, possibilitando também identificar em quais camadas da estrutura hierárquica suas formas de expressão representando um avanço na compreensão do fenômeno.
The present work aims at proposing an operational concept of Subjectivity suitable for the Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld & Mackenzie, 2008, henceforth FDG) approach. To achieve this goal, firstly, it was conducted an analysis of the main linguistic approaches of the phenomenon was conducted, highlighting the features they share in common and the theoretical implications to FDG. From this analysis, a provisory concept of Subjectivity was proposed, segmenting it in two subtypes: Inherent Subjectivity, related to the dialogical character of language and named as such due to its presence in all uses of language; and Grammatical Subjectivity, related to the systematic codification of the speaker's attitude and based on the concept of performativity. Based on this provisory concept, potential forms of expression of Grammatical Subjectivity were analyzed, in a corpus constituted by the Iboruna database and complemented by occurrences extracted from the internet. The distinction between Inherent Subjectivity and Grammatical Subjectivity allowed not only to explain the inconsistence in conceiving modality as an expression of subjectivity and dividing it in subjective and objective modality, but also allowed to limit the phenomenon of subjectivity, making it possible also to identify the layers in the hierarchical structure of language subjective forms of expression act upon, representing an advance in the comprehension of this phenomenon.

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Amorim, Camila Rodrigues de. "Construções QU-quiera que sea no espanhol sob a perspectiva da gramática discursivo-funcional /." São José do Rio Preto, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182329.

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Orientador: Talita Storti Garcia
Banca: Erotilde Goreti Pezatti
Banca: Michel Gustavo Fontes
Resumo: Este trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar a estrutura QU-quiera que sea, concebida na literatura, ora no rol das orações concessivo-condicionais universais, ora no rol das orações relativas livres. Autores como Leuschner (2007) e Haspelmath e König (1998) diferem as estruturas relativas livres não específicas das concessivo-condicionais universais tendo como base, principalmente, critérios sintáticos, pois, conforme os autores, as primeiras podem exercer função argumental com relação à oração principal, sendo mais dependentes sintaticamente, enquanto as segundas são menos integradas da oração principal. As construções do tipo QU-quiera que sea se constroem em torno de pronomes indefinidos, e tais pronomes atribuem a diferentes entidades linguísticas uma leitura não específica. Analisamos, no espanhol, as estruturas introduzidas pelos gramaticalizados pronomes indefinidos cualquiera, quienquiera, comoquiera e dondequiera. Para tanto, utilizamos como aparato teórico a Gramática DiscursivoFuncional (doravante GDF) de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008) que mostra como as intenções comunicativas do Falante, assim como o contexto, influenciam na forma do enunciado linguístico. Buscamos investigar as motivações pragmáticas e semânticas, conforme os níveis e camadas do modelo, que se revelam nas propriedades morfossintáticas da estrutura QU-quiera que sea. A fim de analisar ocorrências produzidas na modalidade escrita, utilizamos o córpus CREA (Córpus de Referencia del Español Actual),...
Abstract: This research aims to investigate WH-quiera que sea structure, conceived in the literature, well among free relative clauses, well among universal concessiveconditional clauses. Authors such as Leuschner (2007) and Haspelmath and König (1998) differ the non-specific free relative structures of the universal concessiveconditionals based mainly on syntactic criteria, since, according to the authors, the former can establish an argumental function with respect to the main clause, being more syntactically dependent, while the latter are less integrated to the main clause. Constructions of WH quiera que sea type are constructed around indefinite pronouns, and such pronouns attribute a non-specific reading to different linguistic entities. We analyze, in Spanish, the structures introduced by the grammaticalized indefinite pronouns, cualquiera, quienquiera, comoquiera and dondequiera. For that, we use as a theoretical apparatus the Functional Discourse Grammar (hereafter FDG) by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008) that shows how the speaker's communicative intentions, as well as the context, influence the form of the linguistic utterance. We seek to investigate the pragmatic and semantic motivations, according to the levels and layers of the model, which are revealed in the morphosyntactic features of WH-quiera que sea structure. In order to analyze occurrences produced in written modality, we used CREA corpora (Córpus de Referencia del Español Actual), a database available online that ...
Resumen: Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de investigar la estructura QU-quiera que sea, concebida en la literatura, ora en el rol de las oraciones relativas libres, ora en el rol de las oraciones concesivo-condicionales universales. Autores como Leuschner (2007) y Haspelmath y König (1998) difieren las estructuras relativas libres no específicas de las concesivo-condicionales universales basándose principalmente en criterios sintácticos, pues, según los autores, las primeras pueden ejercer función argumental con relación a la oración principal, siendo más dependientes sintácticamente, mientras que las segundas son menos integradas de la oración principal. Las construcciones del tipo QUquiera que sea se construyen alrededor de pronombres indefinidos, y tales pronombres atribuyen a diferentes entidades lingüísticas una lectura no específica. Analizamos, en el español, las estructuras introducidas por los gramaticalizados pronombres indefinidos cualquiera, quienquiera, comoquiera y dondequiera. Para ello, utilizamos como aparato teórico la Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (en adelante GDF) de Hengeveld y Mackenzie (2008) que muestra cómo las intenciones comunicativas del hablante, así como el contexto, influyen en la forma del enunciado lingüístico. Buscamos investigar las motivaciones pragmáticas y semánticas, según los niveles y camadas del modelo, que se revelan en las propiedades morfosintácticas de la estructura QU-quiera que sea. A fin de analizar ocurrencias producidas en la ...
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Silva, Izabel Larissa Lucena. "A expressÃo da evidencialidade no portuguÃs escrito do sÃculo XX no contexto dos gÃneros textuais." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9907.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
O presente estudo investiga, sob a perspectiva funcionalista, a manifestaÃÃo da evidencialidade no portuguÃs escrito do sÃculo XX no contexto de gÃneros textuais. Tendo em vista o suporte teÃrico-metodolÃgico da GramÃtica Discursivo-Funcional (GDF - HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), analisamos a correlaÃÃo entre a expressÃo da evidencialidade e os condicionamentos cognitivos e discursivos originados nos agrupamentos dos gÃneros da ordem do narrar (GON), do relatar (GOR), do argumentar (GOA), do expor (GOE) e do prescrever (GOP). Para isso, utilizamos o COMTELPO (2006) - Corpus MÃnimo de Textos Escritos da LÃngua Portuguesa, de onde selecionamos 400 pÃginas escritas no sÃculo XX em Portugal e no Brasil. Com o auxÃlio do programa computacional SPSS, observamos que a evidencialidade Reportativa Ã mais utilizada nos GOR, nos GOE e nos GOA, assumindo efeitos reportativos distintos, a depender da capacidade de linguagem envolvida no agrupamento. A evidencialidade Inferida ocorre com maior frequÃncia nos GOA, sugerindo que essa estratÃgia evidencial Ã condicionada pela necessidade comunicativa de se chegar a conclusÃes a partir de premissas (dados). A evidencialidade Genericidadade Ã recorrente nos GOA e nos GOE, demonstrando que seu uso Ã motivado pelas aÃÃes de linguagem argumentativa e expositiva. A evidencialidade PercepÃÃo de Evento estÃ relacionada Ã narraÃÃo, no mundo real (GOR) ou no mundo ficcional (GON), de fatos obtidos de forma direta. Os GOP sÃo os que menos favorecem a expressÃo da evidencialidade, apresentada, quase sempre, na forma Reportativa. No NÃvel RetÃrico-Textual, verificamos que a sequÃncia textual determina as escolhas realizadas no plano evidencial. A evidencialidade Reportativa predomina nas sequÃncias explicativa e narrativa. A evidencialidade Inferida e a Genericidade sÃo mais frequentes na sequÃncia argumentativa. A PercepÃÃo de Evento ocorre com maior frequÃncia na sequÃncia narrativa. Nas sequÃncias dialogal e descritiva, predomina a evidencialidade Reportativa. No NÃvel Interpessoal, as unidades evidenciais exercem funÃÃes ligadas Ãs motivaÃÃes pragmÃticas inerentes aos agrupamentos de gÃneros. A funÃÃo retÃrico-textual, relacionada Ã construÃÃo organizacional do texto, Ã mais frequente nos GON, manifestando-se na forma Reportativa e PercepÃÃo de Evento. A funÃÃo pragmÃtica, ligada Ãs necessidades argumentativas do Falante, predomina nos GOA e nos GOR, expressando-se por marcas Inferidas e Reportativas. A funÃÃo informacional, que diz respeito ao conhecimento de mundo do Falante, Ã mais recorrente nos GOE e nos GOP, exteriorizando-se como uma unidade Reportativa ou Genericidade. No NÃvel Representacional, os dados demonstram que, na maioria dos casos, o Falante, ao apresentar a fonte da informaÃÃo, designa, tambÃm, o modo de obtenÃÃo dessa informaÃÃo. No NÃvel MorfossintÃtico, a ExpressÃo LinguÃstica (composta por duas OraÃÃes) e o Sintagma Preposicional constituem os meios mais frequentes de manifestaÃÃo da evidencialidade. Por fim, os dados sugerem que entre as categorias cognitivo-pragmÃticas e a codificaÃÃo da evidencialidade hÃ um alinhamento, refletido na preferÃncia pela ordem direta do enunciado evidencial, representado, na maior parte das ocorrÃncias, por meio de uma ExpressÃo LinguÃstica construÃda pela fonte da informaÃÃo explicitada (lexical ou pronominal), por um verbo de elocuÃÃo de valor axiolÃgico nÃo marcado (marca Reportativa) e pelo conteÃdo asseverado na forma de discurso indireto.
The present study investigates, under the functionalist perspective, the manifestation of evidentiality in 20th century written Portuguese in the context of textual genres. Given the Functional Discourse Grammar theoretical-methodological support (FDG - HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), we analyzed the correlation between the expression of evidentiality and discursive and cognitive conditioning originated from the Narrative genres (NGs), Report genres (RGs), Argumentative genres (AGs), Expository genres (EGs) and Prescription Genres (PGs). For this, we used the Minimum Corpus of Written Texts in Portuguese (2006), in which we selected 400 pages written in the twentieth century in Portugal and Brazil. With the aid of SPSS computer program, we observed that the Report evidentiality is more used in the RGs, in the EGs and in the AGs, assuming different report effects, depending on the capacity of language involved in the group. The Inferred evidentiality occurs more frequently in the AGs, suggesting that this evidential strategy is conditioned by the communicative need to reach conclusions from premises (data). The Genericity evidentiality is recurrent in the AGs and in the EGs, demonstrating that its use is motivated by the actions of expository and argumentative language. The Event Perception evidentiality is related to narration, in the real world (RGs) or the fictional world (NGs), from the facts obtained directly. The PGs are the least favor the expression of evidentiality, presented almost always in the Report form. At a Rhetorical-textual level, we found that the textual sequence determines the choices made in the evidential plan. The Report evidentiality predominates in the explanatory and in the narrative sequences. The Inferred evidentiality and genericity are more frequent argumentative sequences. Perception Event occurs more often in narrative sequence. The Report evidentiality predominates in dialogical and descriptive sequences. At an Interpersonal level, the evidential units perform functions related to pragmatic motivations inherent to groupings of genres. The textual-rhetorical function, related to the organizational construction of the text, is more common in NGs, manifesting itself in the Report and Event Perception form. The pragmatic function, linked to argumentative needs of the speaker, predominates in the AGs and the RGs, expressing itself by Inferred and Report marks. The informational function, which relates to the knowledge of the speakerâs world, is more recurrent in the EGs and the PGs, externalizing as a Report or genericity unit. At a Representational Level, the data show that, in most cases, the speaker, while presenting the information source, means also for obtaining this information. At a Morphosyntactic Level, the Linguistic Expression (composed of two clauses) and the prepositional phrase are the most frequent manifestation of evidentiality. Finally, the data suggest that there is an alignment between the cognitive-pragmatic categories and evidentiality codification, reflected in the preference for direct order from the evidential statement, represented at the occurrences through a constructed Linguistic Expression by an explicit source of information (lexical or pronominal), by an unmarked axiological value verb (Report mark) and the content asserted in the form of indirect speech.

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Spósito, Carolina Cau. "Construções de causa, razão, explicação e motivação na lusofonia : uma abordagem discursivo-funcional /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86558.

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Orientador: Erotilde Goreti Pezatti
Banca: Maria da Conceição Auxiliadora de Paiva
Banca: Marize Mattos Dall'Aglio Hattnher
Resumo: Este estudo tem como proposta investigar os diferentes tipos de relações causais, tendo como suporte uma teoria funcional, que considera a língua como um instrumento de interação social, cuja forma se adapta às intenções comunicativas do falante, ou seja, a teoria da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF). O objetivo principal é verificar como as diferentes relações causais são expressas na gramática do português, ou seja, como são codificadas nos níveis Morfossintático e/ou Fonológico; o objetivo secundário é verificar o grau de integração da relação causal à oração principal, com base na escala linear de combinação oracional proposta por Hopper e Traugott (1993). Para tanto, foi utilizado como material de trabalho o corpus denominado Português Oral, que consiste em ocorrências reais de uso da língua falada em oito variedades do português. As ocorrências são analisadas considerando-se doze critérios que contemplam os quatro níveis propostos pela GDF. Os resultados mostram que as relações causais se distinguem de acordo coma as camadas propostas pelo modelo teórico: Causa (oracional e sintagmática) constitui um estado-de-coisas que modifica outro estado-de-coisas; Razão constitui um conteúdo proposicional que modifica um estado-de-coisas; e Explicação, por outro lado, é um estado-de-coisas que modifica um conteúdo proposicional, todos no Nível Representacional; já Motivação, pertencente ao Nível Interpessoal, constitui um Ato Discursivo que restringe outro Ato discursivo. Consequentemente, no Nível Morfossintático, Causa e Razão exemplificam casos de Subordinação; Explicação, de Cossubordinação e Motivação, de Coordenação. As distinções semânticas, no entanto, não são codificadas na gramática do português, havendo assim neutralização formal entre Causa, Razão e Explicação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study is proposed to investigate the different types of causal relationships, supported by a functional theory, which regards language as an instrument of social interaction, whose shape adapts to the speaker's communicative intentions, ie, the theory of Functional Discursive Grammar (FDG). The main objective is to see how the different causal relations are expressed in the grammar of the Portuguese, that is, how levels are encoded in Morphosyntactic and / or Phonological, the secondary objective is to verify the degree of integration of causal relationship to the main clause, based on linear scale of combining clausal proposed by Hopper and Traugott (1993). Therefore, it was used as working material called the Portuguese Oral corpus, which consists of actual occurrences of use of the language spoken in eight varieties of Portuguese. The events are analyzed considering the twelve criteria that include the four levels proposed by the FDG. The results show that causal relations are distinguished according to the layers proposed by the theoretical model: Cause (clausal and syntagmatic) is a State-of-things that modifies other State-of-things; Reason is a Propositional content that modifies a State-of-things, and Explanation, on the other hand, is a State-of-things that modifies a Propositional content, all in the Representational Level, Motivation as belonging to the Interpersonal Level, is an Discursive Act that restricts other Discursive Act. Consequently, the Morphosyntactic Level, Cause and Reason exemplify cases of Subordination; Explanation of Cossubordinação and Motivation of Coordination. The semantic distinctions, however, are not encoded in the grammar of Portuguese, so there is formal agreement between neutralization Cause, Reason and Explanation on the one hand, they are distinguished, on the other... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Pessoa, Nadja Paulino. "Modalidade deÃntica e discurso midiÃtico: uma anÃlise baseada na GramÃtica Discursivo-Funcional." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5623.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Este trabalho objetiva analisar a modalidade deÃntica no discurso midiÃtico, sob o enfoque funcionalista, buscando integrar, na anÃlise, os componentes sintÃticos, semÃnticos e pragmÃticos, o que pressupÃe o estudo da lÃngua em uso efetivo. Dessa forma, procuramos estabelecer relaÃÃes entre os elementos que compÃem os vÃrios nÃveis com base no modelo proposto por Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), na tentativa de observar e descrever os meios pelos quais se produzem os efeitos de sub/objetividade em relaÃÃo Ã construÃÃo discursiva no rÃdio e na televisÃo. Para isso, utilizamos o corpus REDIP - âRede de DifusÃo Internacional do PortuguÃs: rÃdio, televisÃo e imprensaâ, que foi desenvolvido pelo Instituto de LinguÃstica TeÃrica e Computacional (ILTEC), situado em Portugal. A anÃlise dos dados obtidos em relaÃÃo ao discurso midiÃtico revelou-nos que a instauraÃÃo dos valores deÃnticos se deu, com maior frequÃncia, na mÃdia televisiva, em geral, associados ao tema âopiniÃoâ, identificados como elementos do componente contextual. Dentre os valores deÃnticos, percebemos o predomÃnio da obrigaÃÃo, considerado como o prototÃpico dessa categoria. Em relaÃÃo Ã fonte e ao alvo deÃntico, percebemos uma tendÃncia de uso da fonte do tipo âenunciadorâ e de um alvo âterceiro-ausenteâ. Isso significa dizer que o falante se coloca, explÃcita ou implicitamente, na construÃÃo do seu enunciado, o que confere Ã categoria em questÃo um efeito de subjetividade. Todavia, com relaÃÃo Ã predominÃncia do tipo de alvo âterceiro-ausenteâ, observamos um efeito de distanciamento que cumpre o propÃsito de evitar o confronto com algum agente que poderia ser especificado. Por fim, verificamos que os auxiliares modais foram as formas de expressÃo mais frequentes no corpus e que as formas de expressÃo se relacionam diretamente com o meio de difusÃo. Ao final, estabelecemos uma proposta tipolÃgica que leva em consideraÃÃo a fonte e o alvo deÃntico, tendo em vista o uso (performativo/descritivo) dos modais deÃnticos.
This work aims at analyzing the deontic modality in the media discourse under the functionalist approach, seeking to integrate the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic components in the analysis, which implies the study of language in its effective usage. Thus, we sought to establish relations among the elements which compose the several levels based on the model proposed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), in the attempt to observe and describe the means through which the effects of sub/objectivity in relation to the discursive construction transmitted on the radio and on television are produced. For so, we utilized the corpus REDIP - âPortuguese International Broadcast Network: radio, television and pressâ, which was developed by the Theoretical and Computational Linguistics Institute (ILTEC), situated in Portugal. The analysis of the data obtained in relation to the media discourse revealed that the establishment of the deontic values occurred more frequently on the television media, usually associated to the theme âopinionâ, identified as elements of the contextual component. Among the deontic values, we observed the majority of obligation, as the prototype of this category. In relation to the source and to the deontic target, we noticed a tendency in the usage of the source from the enunciating type and also of a âthird-absentâ target. This means that the speaker puts him/herself, explicitly or implicitly in the construction of its enunciation, which confers the category in issue an effect of subjectivity. However, with respect to the predominance of the type of target "third-absentâ, we noticed a distancing effect that accomplishes the purpose of avoiding confrontation with any agent that could be specified. Finally, we verified that the auxiliary modals were the most frequent expressions in the corpus and that the means of expression are directly related to the type of broadcast. In the end, we established a typological proposal which takes into consideration the deontic source and the target, having in mind the (performative/descriptive) usage of the deontic modals.

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Nagamura, George Henrique. "Análise funcional dos evidenciais e modalizadores no discurso da autoajuda da saúde /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86550.

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Orientador: Marize M. Dall'Aglio-Hattnher
Banca: Flávia Bezerra de Menezes Hirata-Vale
Banca: Anna Flora Brunelli
Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar o funcionamento dos evidenciais e modalizadores no discurso da autoajuda, comparando o uso dessas categorias em dois tipos temáticos desse discurso. O primeiro tipo, o qual denominamos autoajuda genérica, refere a obras em que não há uma especificação dos tipos de objetivos que se pretende alcançar com a aplicação dos métodos propostos pela autoajuda. O segundo tipo, denominado autoajuda da saúde, se refere a obras em que o objetivo é a cura e prevenção de doenças. A hipótese de que partimos é a de que a escolha temática irá influenciar na manifestação da modalidade e da evidencialidade, uma vez que essa escolha implica em relações interdiscursivas específicas. Para a análise dessas categorias, utilizamos a abordagem da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), por se tratar de uma abordagem estratificada do enunciado, possibilitando, dessa forma, melhor compreensão dos diversos efeitos de sentido gerados por cada tipo de modalizador e evidencial. Como resultado de nossa análise, vimos que a relação interdiscursiva da autoajuda da saúde com o discurso médico influenciou a escolha dos modalizadores epistêmicos, com a preferência do enunciador da autoajuda da saúde por modalizadores objetivos, manifestando baixo comprometimento com relação à avaliação realizada. A relação com o discurso médico, influenciou também a escolha dos evidenciais, havendo a preferência do enunciador da autoajuda da saúde por evidenciais reportativos, buscando, assim, aparentar maior cientificidade do que o enunciador da autoajuda genérica. Outra diferença no comportamento dos modalizadores se deu nos domínios deôntico e dinâmico, para os quais constatamos uma maior imposição por parte do enunciador da autoajuda genérica
Abstract: The objective of the present work is to analyze the functioning of evidentials and modalizers in the discourse of Self-help, comparing how these categories are used in two different theme-specified types of the afore mentioned discourse. The first type, denominated Generic Self-help, refers to books in which the type of goals to be attained through self-help is not specified, ranging from financial success to happiness, love, or any other type of goal. The second type, denominated Health Self-help, refers to books in which the sole objective is to cure and prevent diseases. The working hypothesis is that by choosing a certain theme, the interdiscoursive relationships will also be different, resulting in different choices in the use of evidentials and modalizers. In order to analyze these categories, we have adopted the approach of Discoursive Funcional Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), for its stratified view of the utterance allows to capture effectively the various effect senses produced by the different types of modalizers and evidentials. As a result of the analysis, we observed that the relationship with the medical discourse in the Health Self-Help discourse influenced in the use of epistemic modality, with the preference for objective modalizers. Moreover, the medical discourse influenced in the use of evidentials, noticed by the preference in the Health Self-help discourse for reportative evidentials. Also it was noticed the difference in the use of deontic and dynamic modalities, with the preference for more imposing forms in the Generic Self-help. Since the two theme-specified types are from the same discourse, we found also similarities in the use of evidentials and modalizers, the most important one being the compromise with certainty evaluations in opposition to the lack of commitment to uncertainty evaluations
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Stenström, Evelina. "Gymnasievalet - en marknadsinriktad kamp om eleverna? : En kritisk diskursanalys av fyra gymnasieskolors webbtexter." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-21776.

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Syftet med denna uppsats är att ta reda på hur gymnasieskolors webbtexter kan förstås i förhållande till diskurs. För att undersöka detta utgår jag från Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys och den systemisk-funktionella grammatiken (SFG). Jag undersöker fyra webbtexter som beskriver fyra olika gymnasieskolor – två privata och två kommunala skolor. Uppsatsens ansats är språkvetenskaplig. Stor vikt läggs därför vid den systemisk-funktionella grammatiken. Jag utgår från den interpersonella analysens språkhandlingar, modusmetaforer och modalitet. Texternas första- och andradeltagare analyseras även separat liksom texternas tilltal. Analysresultaten visar att alla fyra texter bär drag av marknadsföringsdiskurs. Detta realiseras bland annat av direkt du-tilltal och en rad erbjudanden till läsaren. Vissa erbjudanden uttrycks explicit i form av varor. Andra erbjudanden, som kunskap och utveckling, är mer abstrakta. Analysen visar också att texterna bär spår av bland annat elitistisk diskurs. Detta realiseras bland annat genom modalitetsmarkörer, modusmetaforer och placeringen av förstadeltagaren i olika satskomplex. Genom att använda diskurser utanför den traditionella utbildningsdiskursen visar skolornas webbtexter en förändring i samhället. Marknaden har flyttat in verksamheter som tidigare tillhört den offentliga sektorn. Detta skapar en ny relation mellan skolan och eleverna. Genom att element från marknadsföringsdiskursen har lånats in i skolans värld konstrueras eleven till en konsument av utbildning.

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Murphy, Carol Marjorie. ""We are the maths people, aren't we?" : young children's talk in learning mathematics." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/13857.

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The research for this doctoral study focused on children’s learning in mathematics and its relationship with independent pupil-pupil talk. In particular the interest was in how younger lower attaining children (aged 6-7) exchanged meaning as they talked together within a mathematical task. The data for the doctoral study had been gathered as part of the Talking Counts Project which I directed with colleagues at the University of Exeter. The project developed an intervention to encourage exploratory talk in mathematics with younger lower attaining children. Video material and transcripts of the mathematics lessons from nine classrooms that were part of the TC Project were used as the data set for the doctoral study. The focus of the analysis was on the independent pupil-pupil talk from one pre intervention session and one post intervention session from these nine classrooms. In using an existing data base, analysis was carried out in more depth and from a new perspective. A Vygotskyan sociocultural approach was maintained but analysis of the learning in the doctoral study was refocused in line with theories of situated meaning in discourse and with theories of the emergence of mathematical objects. Hence my examination of the children’s learning for the doctoral study went beyond the original research carried out in the TC Project. Within an interpretivist paradigm the methods of analysis related to the functional use of the children’s language. Interpretations were made of the children’s speech acts and their use of functional grammar. This enabled a study of both social and emotional aspects of shared intentionality as well as personal, social and cultural constructs of mathematical objects. The findings suggested that, where the talk was productive, the children were using deixis in sharing intentions and that this use could be related to the exchange of meaning and objectifying deixis.

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Crepaldi, Clara Lacerda. "Partículas Adversativas do grego antigo: ἀλλἀ, ἀτἀρ, μέντοι e καίτοι em Eurípides." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8143/tde-08112018-100547/.

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A tese visa a uma descrição das partículas gregas ἀλλἀ, ἀτἀρ, μέντοι e καίτοι em Eurípides. De viés funcionalista, tal estudo busca entender os usos de cada partícula na macroestrutura do discurso, suas funções e contextos, e sobretudo o modo como essas partículas articulam e organizam a estrutura do discurso. Para tanto, o estudo realiza análises qualitativas de todas as ocorrências das referidas partículas no corpus e as compara a descrições anteriores. Dois parâmetros principais de análise são empregados: a posição que cada partícula ocupa na estrutura do discurso e o tipo de contraste que ela designa. Como principais referências, consideram-se: o trabalho pioneiro de J. D. Denniston (Greek Particles) e a Gramática Discursivo-Funcional de Hengeveld & Mackenzie.
This dissertation aims to describe the usage of the Greek particles ἀλλἀ, ἀτἀρ, μέντοι and καίτοι in Euripides. Adopting a functionalist perspective, it explores: the uses of each particle within the discourse macrostructure; their functions and their contexts of occurrence; and the way they help to articulate and organize discourse structure. In keeping with this goal, this study performs qualitative analyses of all occurrences of the aforementioned particles in the selected corpus and compares them with earlier descriptions. Two main parameters of analysis are employed: the position that each particle takes in the discourse structure, and the type of contrast that it designates. The main references for this dissertation are the groundbreaking work of J.D. Denniston (Greek Particles) and the Functional Discourse Grammar developed by Hengeveld & Mackenzie.

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Fontes, Michel Gustavo [UNESP]. "A distinção léxico-gramática na Gramática Discursivo-Funcional: uma proposta de implementação." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148543.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Esta tese, ao investigar a distinção léxico-gramática no âmbito do modelo da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (doravante GDF), de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), objetiva reunir, num diálogo entre os princípios da gramaticalização e os da GDF, mecanismos que permitam uma abordagem, dentro desse modelo, da gradualidade entre léxico e gramática. Encaram-se, assim, duas frentes de investigação: (i) caracterizar a multifuncionalidade de ainda no português, e (ii) descrever a natureza composicional, a funcionalidade comunicativa e o estatuto categorial das formas perifrásticas com ainda, no caso ainda assim, ainda bem, ainda mais e ainda que. Em relação a (i), dois mecanismos se mostram pertinentes para a descrição dos diferentes usos de ainda: (a) a determinação das diferentes relações de escopo que ainda pode instaurar a depender de seu uso; e (b) a avaliação dos diferentes estatutos categoriais de ainda enquanto primitivo da formulação. Esta tese distingue, então, quatro usos de ainda, que se dispõem ao longo de um contínuo entre léxico e gramática e que evidenciam um processo de gramaticalização, que, à luz da GDF (cf. HENGEVELD, no prelo; DALL’AGLIO-HATTNHER; HENGEVELD, 2016), caracteriza-se por uma mudança de conteúdo e por uma mudança formal. Em relação a (ii), esta tese defende que as formas perifrásticas com ainda ocupam diferentes posições no cline de lexicalidade/gramaticalidade (cf. BRINTON; TRAUGOTT, 2005). Isso aponta para dois processos de mudança linguística envolvidos em sua emergência, lexicalização e gramaticalização, que, à luz da GDF, implicam não só um aumento nas relações de escopo ou uma mudança categorial, mas também um percurso do tipo relação núcleo-dependente > primitivo, que dá conta da representação do processo de fixação na emergência dessas formas via lexicalização ou gramaticalização.
This study investigates the lexical-grammatical distinction in Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). Our point of departure is the interface between grammaticalization principles and the FDG model that allows representing the gradience between Lexicon and Grammar within this model. This requires a twofold analysis: (i) one that accounts for the multi-functions of ainda in Portuguese; and (ii) another one that describes the compositional nature, the functions, and the categorial status of derived forms of ainda, such as ainda assim, ainda bem, ainda mais e ainda que. In relation to (i), two mechanisms are relevant for the description of the different uses of ainda: (a) the determination of the different scope relations that ainda may obtain, and (b) the evaluation of ainda’s different categorial status as a primitive of formulation. Therefore, this thesis distinguishes four different uses of ainda, which are arranged in a continuum between Lexicon and Grammar and reveal that a grammaticalization process in a FDG approach is characterized by contentive and formal change (cf. Hengeveld, approved for publication; Dall’Aglio-Hattnher; Hengeveld, 2016). Regarding (ii), this study argues that the derived forms of ainda occupy different positions within the lexicality/grammaticality cline (cf. Brinton; Traugott, 2005). This shows that there are two processes of linguistic change responsible for their emergence: lexicalization and grammaticalization. From a FDG standpoint, both processes imply not only an increase in their scope relations or a categorial change, but also predict a path from a nucleus-dependent relation to a primitive, as a way of representing the fixing process in the appearance of periphrastic forms by lexicalization or grammaticalization.

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Silva, Izabel Larissa Lucena. "A expressão da evidencialidade no português escrito do século XX no contexto dos gêneros textuais." www.teses.ufc.br, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/8248.

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SILVA, Izabel Larissa Lucena. A expressão da evidencialidade no português escrito do século XX no contexto dos gêneros textuais. 2013. 224f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2013.
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The present study investigates, under the functionalist perspective, the manifestation of evidentiality in 20th century written Portuguese in the context of textual genres. Given the Functional Discourse Grammar theoretical-methodological support (FDG - HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), we analyzed the correlation between the expression of evidentiality and discursive and cognitive conditioning originated from the Narrative genres (NGs), Report genres (RGs), Argumentative genres (AGs), Expository genres (EGs) and Prescription Genres (PGs). For this, we used the Minimum Corpus of Written Texts in Portuguese (2006), in which we selected 400 pages written in the twentieth century in Portugal and Brazil. With the aid of SPSS computer program, we observed that the Report evidentiality is more used in the RGs, in the EGs and in the AGs, assuming different report effects, depending on the capacity of language involved in the group. The Inferred evidentiality occurs more frequently in the AGs, suggesting that this evidential strategy is conditioned by the communicative need to reach conclusions from premises (data). The Genericity evidentiality is recurrent in the AGs and in the EGs, demonstrating that its use is motivated by the actions of expository and argumentative language. The Event Perception evidentiality is related to narration, in the real world (RGs) or the fictional world (NGs), from the facts obtained directly. The PGs are the least favor the expression of evidentiality, presented almost always in the Report form. At a Rhetorical-textual level, we found that the textual sequence determines the choices made in the evidential plan. The Report evidentiality predominates in the explanatory and in the narrative sequences. The Inferred evidentiality and genericity are more frequent argumentative sequences. Perception Event occurs more often in narrative sequence. The Report evidentiality predominates in dialogical and descriptive sequences. At an Interpersonal level, the evidential units perform functions related to pragmatic motivations inherent to groupings of genres. The textual-rhetorical function, related to the organizational construction of the text, is more common in NGs, manifesting itself in the Report and Event Perception form. The pragmatic function, linked to argumentative needs of the speaker, predominates in the AGs and the RGs, expressing itself by Inferred and Report marks. The informational function, which relates to the knowledge of the speaker’s world, is more recurrent in the EGs and the PGs, externalizing as a Report or genericity unit. At a Representational Level, the data show that, in most cases, the speaker, while presenting the information source, means also for obtaining this information. At a Morphosyntactic Level, the Linguistic Expression (composed of two clauses) and the prepositional phrase are the most frequent manifestation of evidentiality. Finally, the data suggest that there is an alignment between the cognitive-pragmatic categories and evidentiality codification, reflected in the preference for direct order from the evidential statement, represented at the occurrences through a constructed Linguistic Expression by an explicit source of information (lexical or pronominal), by an unmarked axiological value verb (Report mark) and the content asserted in the form of indirect speech.
O presente estudo investiga, sob a perspectiva funcionalista, a manifestação da evidencialidade no português escrito do século XX no contexto de gêneros textuais. Tendo em vista o suporte teórico-metodológico da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF - HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), analisamos a correlação entre a expressão da evidencialidade e os condicionamentos cognitivos e discursivos originados nos agrupamentos dos gêneros da ordem do narrar (GON), do relatar (GOR), do argumentar (GOA), do expor (GOE) e do prescrever (GOP). Para isso, utilizamos o COMTELPO (2006) - Corpus Mínimo de Textos Escritos da Língua Portuguesa, de onde selecionamos 400 páginas escritas no século XX em Portugal e no Brasil. Com o auxílio do programa computacional SPSS, observamos que a evidencialidade Reportativa é mais utilizada nos GOR, nos GOE e nos GOA, assumindo efeitos reportativos distintos, a depender da capacidade de linguagem envolvida no agrupamento. A evidencialidade Inferida ocorre com maior frequência nos GOA, sugerindo que essa estratégia evidencial é condicionada pela necessidade comunicativa de se chegar a conclusões a partir de premissas (dados). A evidencialidade Genericidadade é recorrente nos GOA e nos GOE, demonstrando que seu uso é motivado pelas ações de linguagem argumentativa e expositiva. A evidencialidade Percepção de Evento está relacionada à narração, no mundo real (GOR) ou no mundo ficcional (GON), de fatos obtidos de forma direta. Os GOP são os que menos favorecem a expressão da evidencialidade, apresentada, quase sempre, na forma Reportativa. No Nível Retórico-Textual, verificamos que a sequência textual determina as escolhas realizadas no plano evidencial. A evidencialidade Reportativa predomina nas sequências explicativa e narrativa. A evidencialidade Inferida e a Genericidade são mais frequentes na sequência argumentativa. A Percepção de Evento ocorre com maior frequência na sequência narrativa. Nas sequências dialogal e descritiva, predomina a evidencialidade Reportativa. No Nível Interpessoal, as unidades evidenciais exercem funções ligadas às motivações pragmáticas inerentes aos agrupamentos de gêneros. A função retórico-textual, relacionada à construção organizacional do texto, é mais frequente nos GON, manifestando-se na forma Reportativa e Percepção de Evento. A função pragmática, ligada às necessidades argumentativas do Falante, predomina nos GOA e nos GOR, expressando-se por marcas Inferidas e Reportativas. A função informacional, que diz respeito ao conhecimento de mundo do Falante, é mais recorrente nos GOE e nos GOP, exteriorizando-se como uma unidade Reportativa ou Genericidade. No Nível Representacional, os dados demonstram que, na maioria dos casos, o Falante, ao apresentar a fonte da informação, designa, também, o modo de obtenção dessa informação. No Nível Morfossintático, a Expressão Linguística (composta por duas Orações) e o Sintagma Preposicional constituem os meios mais frequentes de manifestação da evidencialidade. Por fim, os dados sugerem que entre as categorias cognitivo-pragmáticas e a codificação da evidencialidade há um alinhamento, refletido na preferência pela ordem direta do enunciado evidencial, representado, na maior parte das ocorrências, por meio de uma Expressão Linguística construída pela fonte da informação explicitada (lexical ou pronominal), por um verbo de elocução de valor axiológico não marcado (marca Reportativa) e pelo conteúdo asseverado na forma de discurso indireto.

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Poulsen, Christine. "Gender in secondary students' creative writing: Changes in representation over time." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/118187/2/Christine%20Poulsen%20Thesis.pdf.

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This research investigates how school students have used language to represent gender in a corpus of over 250,000 words of creative writing at one site, from 1961 to 2015. Using tools from linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, the research finds that popular assertions of the progress of gender reform tell an incomplete story of how femininities and masculinities are represented. While females are undoubtedly more visible in recent texts, the underlying grammatical structures employed by student writings in this corpus represent females as less active and less purposefully influential than their counterparts in previous decades.

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Castineira, Benítez Teresa Aurora. "Exploring political, institutional and professional discourses in Mexico: a critical, multimodal approach." Australia : Macquarie University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/70422.

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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Linguistics, 2009.
Bibliography: p. 210-223.
General introduction -- A multimodal analysis of the 2006 Mexican presidential campaign billboards -- Study 2: Discourses of obligation and prohibition within an institutional setting -- Study 3: Gatekeeping practices at the LEMO: a multimodal analysis -- General conculsions.
This is a thesis composed of three studies linked by a common critical multimodal approach to the analysis of the data. Fairclough's (1992, 1995) three-dimensional framework was drawn on in order to explore the social practice, discursive practice and text dimensions of the discourses in question. The first two studies focus on printed texts in Mexican Spanish, whereas the third study addresses spoken interaction in English with occasional code switching to Spanish. -- Study 1: A Multimodal Analysis of the 2006 Mexican Presidential Campaign Billboards - This is a joint study (with my colleague Michael Witten and approved by my supervisor and the Department of Linguistics at Macquarie) which analyzes the political discourse of the multimodal and multisemiotic texts that the three major political parties involved in the 2006 Mexican presidential elections produced and extensively distributed through the medium of public billboards. We investigate how these parties express their particular ideologies, construct and convey social identities and relationships, and construct relations of power between themselves and the readers/viewers of these texts, through the medium of billboards. As indicated in the preamble, the methodological framework addresses these issues drawing on Fairclough's (1992, 1995) three-dimensional model of analysis while employing a variety of qualitative techniques, tools, and approaches. -- Study 2: Discourses of obligation and prohibition within an institutional setting - Following the theme of multimodal critical discourse analysis, this study examines the institutionalized discourses of obligation and prohibition at the Library of the Language Faculty (LEMO)*of a public university in Mexico. Six different texts pertaining to various genres ranging from a protocol to notices were examined. Multiple qualitative methodologies and tools such as those drawn from ethnography, critical discourse analysis, and systemic functional linguistics are utilized in the analysis of the data. Power relations between the institution and the library users are examined as well as the conditions of text production and reception, the latter through an ethnographic component. An emphasis is placed on the linguistic text. -- Study 3: Gatekeeping practices at the LEMO - This study investigates one of the gatekeeping practices at the Language Faculty of a public university in Mexico (see above). The particular practice concerned consists of the professional examinations (vivas) that students have to take in order to obtain their degrees of 'Licenciatura en Lenguas Modernas' (BEd in Modern Languages) in the English Teaching section of the university. This study focuses on the professional discourse(s) utilized by both candidates and examiners by means of analyzing the texts of four recorded professional examinations. This study chiefly draws on Goffman's (1959) dramaturgical concepts of 'frontstage' and 'backstage', where the analysis of the frontstage work addresses the Question-and-Answer section of the examinations, and the analysis of the backstage work addresses the subsequent deliberations among the examiners concerning the performance of the candidates. Multiple qualitative methodologies and tools are again drawn upon, such as ethnographic analysis, interactional sociolinguistics and critical discourse analysis. (* Facultad de Lenguas)
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xii, 233 p. : ill. (some col.)

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Kapp-Barboza, Aline Maria Miguel [UNESP]. "Usos do verbo saber e a expressão da evidencialidade no português brasileiro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151978.

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Considerando que a ideia de conhecimento prevê uma acessibilidade entre objetos linguísticos e cognitivos que só ganha sentido mediante a noção de uso, já que o conhecimento não ocorre fora de experiências significativas do sujeito com as referências do mundo ou das ações simbólicas humanas, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o verbo saber como um verbo de múltiplas funções no português do Brasil, buscando confirmar a hipótese de que ele pode ser considerado forma de expressão da evidencialidade lexical. Basicamente classificado como verbo de cognição, o verbo saber apresenta outras funcionalidades, como o uso modal epistêmico, em que se avalia o (des)comprometimento do sujeito com relação à proposição que ele apresenta, e o uso modal facultativo, em que se avalia a capacidade em realizar um estado-de-coisas. Verifica-se também um uso evidencial reportativo de domínio comum desse predicado, por meio do qual uma informação é apresentada como um conhecimento compartilhado entre falante e ouvinte. Além desses usos, nossa hipótese geral é a de que o verbo saber serve também à expressão da evidencialidade inferencial e dedutiva, respeitando a hierarquia dos evidenciais proposta por Hengeveld e Hattnher (2015). Assim, tomando como embasamento teórico-metodológico a Gramática DiscursivoFuncional, investigamos os domínios pragmático-semânticos e morfossintáticos que envolvem a multifuncionalidade desse verbo. A aceitação desse aparato teórico direciona para a escolha de um corpus que considere usos reais da língua, aqui representados pelo Banco de Dados Iboruna, pelo Corpus do Português e por ocorrências retiradas da internet. Para analisar os diferentes usos desse verbo, recorre-se à organização em camadas, e seus diferentes níveis hierárquicos de análise, proposta pela Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008, p.13). As análises confirmaram a existência de dois outros usos evidenciais do verbo saber ainda não descritos na literatura: inferencial e dedutivo. Além disso, esta pesquisa traz também como contribuição a distinção entre conhecimento e informação no que se refere às ocorrências com esse verbo. Demonstramos, portanto, ao longo desta investigação, que o verbo saber serve à expressão da evidencialidade lexical em português brasileiro, e, com isso, identificamos sete contextos de uso: cognitivo, informativo, modal epistêmico, modal facultativo, evidencial reportativo, evidencial inferencial e evidencial dedutivo.
Considering that the idea of knowledge provides an accessibility between linguistic and cognitive objects that is only meaningful through the notion of use, since the knowledge does not occur outside the significant experiences of the subject with the references from the world or from the human symbolic actions, the aim of this study is to describe the verb saber as a multiple functional verb in Brazilian Portuguese, seeking to confirm the hypothesis that it can be considered a form of expression of lexical evidentiality. Basically classified as a cognition verb, the verb saber presents other functionalities, such as the epistemic modality, in which the subject's commitment to the proposition he or she presents is evaluated; and the facultative modality, in which the ability of a participant to engage in the state-of-affairs is evaluated. There is also a reportative evidential use of the common knowledge of this predicate, in which the information is presented as shared knowledge between the speaker and the listener. Besides these uses, our hypothesis is that the verb saber can be also used to convey inferential and deductive evidentiality, observing the evidentials hierarchy proposed by Hengeveld and Hattnher (2015). Thus, based on the Functional Discourse Grammar theoretical-methodological approach we investigate the pragmatic-semantic and morphosyntactic domains involving the multifunctionality of this verb. The acceptance of this theoretical approach leads to the choice of a corpus which considers real uses of the language, represented here by Iboruna Database, Corpus do Português and by occurrences taken from the internet. In order to analyze the different uses of this verb, it is used the layered organization, and its different hierarchical levels of analysis, proposed by the Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008, p.13). In this hierarchical context, the different semantic expressions of the verb saber are classified. The analysis confirmed the existence of two other evidential uses of the verb saber not yet described in the literature: inferential and deductive. In addition, this research also contributes to the distinction between knowledge and information regarding occurrences with this verb. We demonstrate, therefore, throughout the investigation, that the verb saber expresses lexical evidentiality in Brazilian Portuguese, and, hence, we identify seven contexts of use: cognitive, informative, epistemic modality, facultative modality, reportative evidentiality, inferencial evidentiality and deductive evidentiality.

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Vendrame, Valéria. "Os verbos ver, ouvir e sentir e a expressão da evidencialidade em língua portuguesa /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100108.

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Orientador: Marize Mattos Dall'Aglio Hattnher
Banca: Kees Hengeveld
Banca: Rosane de Andrade Berlinck
Banca: Sebastião Carlos Leite Gonçalves
Banca: Sandra Denise Gasparini Bastos
Resumo: A evidencialidade corresponde à explicitação da fonte da informação contida em um enunciado. Em muitas línguas, ela é codificada por meios gramaticais que indicam se a informação transmitida foi obtida de maneira direta, por meio de percepção sensorial, ou de maneira indireta, por meio de um relato ou uma inferência. Apesar de existir um grande número de trabalhos que tratam da evidencialidade gramatical, poucos são os estudos que consideram a evidencialidade expressa lexicalmente. A presente pesquisa surge como uma proposta de descrição da evidencialidade lexical expressa por meio de verbos de percepção em língua portuguesa. Mais especificamente, busca-se investigar quais são os tipos de contextos sintático-semânticos em que os verbos de percepção ver, ouvir e sentir têm valor evidencial e quais sentidos evidenciais estão relacionados com cada contexto. A teoria que embasa este estudo é a da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF), um modelo de gramática que "procura entender como unidades linguísticas são estruturadas em termos da realidade que elas descrevem e das intenções comunicativas com as quais elas são produzidas, e molda isso em uma implementação dinâmica da gramática" (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008, p.2). Dentro da GDF, a evidencialidade é descrita em termos de níveis ou camadas de acordo com as características semântico-pragmáticas e morfossintáticas que a estrutura evidencial apresenta. O material de análise desta pesquisa é composto por amostras do português brasileiro falado e escrito. A partir da análise dos dados, foi possível identificar quatro tipos evidenciais codificados pelos verbos analisados: evidencialidade reportativa, expressa pelos verbos ver e ouvir, evidencialidade inferida, deduzida e direta, esses três tipos codificados pelos verbos ver, ouvir e sentir. Uma vez que um mesmo verbo pode codificar diferentes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Evidentiality is understood as the marking of the source of evidence a speaker has for his/her statement. In many languages, it is expressed by grammatical means that indicate whether the information was obtained in a direct way, via sensorial perception, or in an indirect way, via report or inference. Although there are many studies on grammatical evidentiality, only a few take lexical evidentiality into account. This research aims at describing lexical evidentiality expressed by perception verbs in Portuguese by investigating the verbs ver (to see), ouvir (to hear) and sentir (to feel) in order to find out the evidential meanings related to them and the syntactic and semantic contexts in which they occur. The theoretical background of accounting perception verbs here rests on Functional Discourse-Grammar (FDG), a model of grammar which "aims to understand how linguistic units are structured in terms of the world they describe and the communicative intentions with which they are produced, and models this in a dynamic implementation" (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008, p.2). Within FDG, evidentiality is described in terms of levels and layers according to the semantic, pragmatic and morphosyntactic features the evidential structure presents. The data analyzed here comprise samples of spoken and written Brazilian Portuguese. The results show that the three verbs are used to express four types of evidentiality: reportative evidentiality, expressed by ver and ouvir, inferential, deductive and direct evidentiality, all these three kinds expressed by ver, ouvir and sentir. Taking into account that the same verb may be used with different types of evidentiality, a number of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects were considered in the description of each type. FDG model was very useful in the approach to the phenomenon under study. The syntactic description of the data showed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Fonseca, Ana Silvina Ferreira. "As estratégias evidenciais no material didático impresso para EaD." www.teses.ufc.br, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/8230.

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FONSECA, Ana Silvina Ferreira. As estratégias evidenciais no material didático impresso para EaD. 2013. 221f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2013.
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The present study is an investigation that aims to discuss the evidential strategies identified in their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic- discursive in printed courseware for higher education courses in the distance mode, with the aim of evaluating the indications of the sources of ensured content. The corpus was composed of eight books, chosen according to the Table of Knowledge Areas (CNPq), distributed as follows: four in the large Area of Humanities ( Education, Anthropology, Psychology and Philosophy) and four in the large Area of Linguistics, Letters and Arts ( Portuguese Language, Linguistics II, History of Visual Arts I, Theatre Lab I). Whereas the interest of this study is the communicative competence of speakers involved in the teaching-learning process, was used as the theoretical functionalism Language, specifically Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), developed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). As a result of the analysis, we find, among others, the following: the evidential strategies in printed courseware for higher education students in distance mode have syntactic, semantic and pragmatic-discursive indicate as font type and how to type evidentially predominant, respectively, and a third person defined evidentially reportative, showing a gap of authors in relation to the contents, considering the use of so-called" argument from authority" in theoretical texts; evidentially that the inferred types and genericity occur but are not frequent, and the type of event perception was not found, since the contents in this type of writing are more conceptual, that is, assume a more abstract nature and that, on the access mode, there is a predominance of reports of 2nd hand, which is not surprising, since they were predominantly from evidentially reportative and source type third person set, the linguistic marks of accession of enunciating the source indicated in relation to a particular content reported in this material occur in insignificant, however, when used constitute the source of qualifying adjectives, verbs and others, such as adverbs and argumentative operators, the producer of textbooks analyzed prefers not to show any kind of rebuttal/out the source of the information, which is not frequent co-occurrence of linguistic strategies of epistemic modality evidential strategy used in the source of the ensured content and when used produce a low commitment, the verb is the medium most used language to express evidentiality, there was a predominance ante position by brand evidential the source and content, the source type annunciator is on, most often, the evidentiality inferred as the source type defined third person is linked most commonly to evidentiality reportative and sources of the type common domain and third person undefined bind, more commonly, the evidentiality generality, that the types and genericity evidential reportative promoting effect of low commitment, while the inferred type is linked most commonly to an average commitment; membership mark that serves to indicate a greater commitment producer in relation to textual content asserted, that when the source is the utterer, the effect is of a medium commitment, considering that the producer of printed courseware for DL uses the first person plural, as in so-called " plural of modesty, "that when the source is indefinite third person there is a balance between the medium and low commitment, that the use of the third person defined source indicates, in general, a low textual commitment of the producer, and that means are related, most commonly, low commitment.
O presente estudo é uma investigação que tem como objetivo discutir as estratégias evidenciais identificadas em seus aspectos sintáticos, semânticos e pragmático-discursivos no material didático impresso para cursos superiores da modalidade a distância, com o objetivo de avaliar as indicações das fontes dos conteúdos asseverados. O corpus foi constituído de oito livros, escolhidos conforme Tabela de Áreas do Conhecimento (CNPQ), distribuídos da seguinte forma: quatro da grande área Ciências Humanas (Educação, Antropologia, Psicologia e Filosofia) e quatro da grande área Linguística, Letras e Artes (Língua Portuguesa, Linguística II, História das Artes Visuais I, Laboratório de Teatro I). Considerando que o interesse deste estudo é a competência comunicativa dos falantes envolvidos no processo ensino-aprendizagem, foi utilizado como aporte teórico o Funcionalismo Linguístico, mais especificamente a Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF), desenvolvida por Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008). Como resultado da análise, verificamos, entre outros, os seguintes aspectos: que as estratégias evidenciais no material didático impresso para cursos superiores da modalidade a distância apresentam aspectos sintáticos, semânticos e pragmático-discursivos que indicam como tipo de fonte e como tipo de evidencialidade predominantes, respectivamente, uma terceira pessoa definida e evidencialidade reportativa, demonstrando um distanciamento dos autores em relação aos conteúdos, tendo em vista o uso do chamado “argumento de autoridade” no embasamento teórico dos textos; que a evidencialidade dos tipos inferida e genericidade ocorrem, mas não são frequentes e o tipo percepção de evento não foi encontrado, uma vez que os conteúdos apresentados nesse tipo de produção textual são mais conceituais, isto é, assumem uma natureza mais abstrata; que, quanto ao modo de acesso, há uma predominância do relato de 2ª mão, o que não nos surpreende, uma vez que foram predominantes a evidencialidade reportativa e a fonte do tipo terceira pessoa definida; que as marcas linguísticas de adesão do enunciador à fonte indicada em relação a um determinado conteúdo reportado nesse material ocorrem de forma pouco significativa, porém, quando utilizadas, constituem-se de adjetivos qualificativos da fonte, verbos e outros, como advérbios e operadores argumentativos; que o produtor do material didático analisado prefere não demonstrar algum tipo de refutação/afastamento à fonte da informação; que não é frequente a coocorrência de estratégias linguísticas da modalidade epistêmica na estratégia evidencial usada na indicação da fonte dos conteúdos asseverados, mas, quando utilizadas produzem um baixo comprometimento; que o verbo é o meio linguístico mais usado para manifestar a evidencialidade; que houve uma predominância pela anteposição da marca evidencial à fonte e ao conteúdo; que a fonte do tipo enunciador está ligada, mais frequentemente, à evidencialidade inferida, enquanto a fonte do tipo terceira pessoa definida está ligada, mais comumente, à evidencialidade reportativa e as fontes do tipo domínio comum e terceira pessoa indefinida se ligam, mais comumente, à evidencialidade genericidade; que os tipos evidenciais reportativa e genericidade promovem efeito de baixo comprometimento, enquanto o tipo inferida está ligada, mais comumente, a um médio comprometimento; que a marca de adesão serve para indicar um maior comprometimento do produtor textual em relação ao conteúdo asseverado; que, quando a fonte é o enunciador, o efeito é de um médio comprometimento, tendo em vista que o produtor de material didático impresso para EaD utiliza a primeira pessoa do plural, tal como no chamado “plural de modéstia”; que, quando a fonte é de terceira pessoa indefinida, há um equilíbrio entre o médio e baixo comprometimento; que o uso da fonte terceira pessoa definida indica, em geral, um baixo comprometimento do produtor textual; e que os meios estão relacionados, mais comumente, ao baixo comprometimento.

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Paula, Danytiele Cristina Fernandes de. "Transparência e opacidade nas línguas indígenas da família Naduhup /." São José do Rio Preto, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190713.

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Orientador: Erotilde Goreti Pezatti
Resumo: A proposta principal deste trabalho foi investigar as relações de transparência e opacidade nas línguas indígenas da família Naduhup por meio de distintos fenômenos, como aposição, referência cruzada, acordo oracional etc., tomados como parâmetros para o estudo da transparência sob o aparato teórico da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, desenvolvida por Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008). Dessa forma, não apenas se assume uma perspectiva funcional, mas também uma nova abordagem desse fenômeno a partir do escopo da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, que, graças à sua organização descendente de camadas, permite a definição da transparência considerando o alinhamento entre e dentro dos níveis de análise da teoria, o que representa uma inovação do conceito – tradicionalmente concebido como a relação entre forma e significado. A hipótese fundamental do trabalho é a de que as línguas de uma mesma família compartilham traços transparentes e/ou opacos de tal modo que se pode definir as características linguísticas fundamentais de uma família com base nesse compartilhamento. Desse modo, o objetivo geral consiste em averiguar como ocorre o compartilhamento dos traços de transparência/opacidade nas línguas da família Naduhup. Para tanto, utilizamos como corpus de análise quatro línguas indígenas – dâw, hup, yuhup e nadëb – descritas em gramáticas e teses constituindo uma amostra representativa da família Naduhup. As análises das línguas foram realizadas a partir dos critérios de opacidade definidos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The main purpose of this research was to investigate the relations of transparency and opacity in the Naduhup family's native languages through different phenomena, such as apposition, cross-reference, clause agreement, etc., taken as parameters for the study of transparency under the grammar theoretical apparatus of Functional Discourse Grammar, developed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). Thus, not only is a functional perspective assumed, but also a new approach to this phenomenon from the scope of Functional Discourse Grammar, which, thanks to its descending layer organization, allows the definition of transparency considering the alignment between and within the levels of theory analysis, which represents a concept innovation - traditionally conceived as the relationship between form and meaning. The fundamental hypothesis of the paper is that the languages of the same family share transparent and/or opaque features such that the fundamental linguistic characteristics of a family can be defined based on this sharing. Thus, the overall objective is to ascertain how sharing of transparency/opacity traces occurs in the Naduhup family languages. For this, we used as corpus of analysis four indigenous languages - dâw, hup, yuhup and nadëb - described in grammars and theses constituting a representative sample of the Naduhup family. Language analyzes were performed using the opacity criteria defined in Hengeveld (2011), Leufkens (2015) and Hengeveld and Leufkens (2018), in ord... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Mokhathi-Mbhele, Masechaba Mahloli M. L. "Independent clause Sesotho personal names as texts in context: a systemic functional linguistics approach." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3348.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
This study sought to examine independent clause Sesotho personal names as authentic social discourse using the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory. It sought to analyze their structure and map them to social functions to demonstrate that they are enacted messages in socio-cultural context of Basotho. It used a form-meaning approach to interpret Sesotho names in socio-cultural contexts of use (cf. Halliday 1994, 2001, Eggins, 1996, 2004 and Martin & Rose 2007) as an alternative to the current formalist approach to onomastica interpretation. The SFL analysis was compared and contrasted mainly with the formalist syntactic specific and semantic specific analyses currently in use by Guma, Sesotho Academy and subsequent authors of Sesotho grammar and other linguists. The purpose of displaying these names as texts in social context enfolded the intent to reflect a systemic interface of lexico-grammar and social activity. The study used the clause-text-culture paradigm to explore Sesotho names as texts or semantic units. The idea was to access their ‘meanings beyond the clause’ (Martin & Rose 2007). Data was collected from national examinations pass lists, admission and employment roll lists from Public, Private, Tertiary, Orphanage institutions. Other data was identified in Telephone directories and Media. The purely linguistic lexico-grammatic analysis of the structure of names was supplemented by interview data from real interpretations from families, owners and senior citizens who have social and cultural knowledge of the meanings of some names. The study has established that Sesotho personal names can present as an independent clause feature. Sesotho personal names can also be described as lexico-grammatical properties and are meaningful in social contexts. They are used to exchange information as statements, demands and commands, and as questions and as exclamations. This means that these names can be categorized according to Halliday’s Mood types which make them function as declaratives, imperatives, interrogatives and exclamatives depending on the awarder’s evaluation. The study also finds that in negotiating attitudes, modality is highly incorporated. The study concludes that Sesotho names conform to the logical structures of the nominal group and the verbal group and these groups reciprocate in use. The verbal group is the core constituent in these names and it serves as a foundation for the nominal and verbal groups particularly because they function as reciprocating propositions. This includes the names with the sub-modification features. This extends the formalist description of Sesotho independent clause in that the identified sub-modifications which are opague and taken for granted by formalist analysts of Sesotho, are explicated as essential elements embedded in the formmeaning relation in SFL. The main contribution is that this is the only study on SFL and onomastica. There is no study that has been conducted using SFL to describe African names. It presents that Sesotho personal names are texts that have been negotiated in socio-cultural contexts. It provides a major departure from most studies that have used the Chomskian formulations or other sociolinguistic theories to describe the naming systems. It displays the art and importance of language use based on experience and culture in the naming system. The study also contributes to fields such as education, history, and others. Lastly, the study has established a new relation of onomastica and SFL theory and onomastica can now be added to the areas “being recognized as providing a very useful descriptive and interpretive framework for viewing language as a strategic, meaning-making resource.” (Eggins 1996:1).

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Vendrame, Valéria [UNESP]. "Os verbos ver, ouvir e sentir e a expressão da evidencialidade em língua portuguesa." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100108.

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A evidencialidade corresponde à explicitação da fonte da informação contida em um enunciado. Em muitas línguas, ela é codificada por meios gramaticais que indicam se a informação transmitida foi obtida de maneira direta, por meio de percepção sensorial, ou de maneira indireta, por meio de um relato ou uma inferência. Apesar de existir um grande número de trabalhos que tratam da evidencialidade gramatical, poucos são os estudos que consideram a evidencialidade expressa lexicalmente. A presente pesquisa surge como uma proposta de descrição da evidencialidade lexical expressa por meio de verbos de percepção em língua portuguesa. Mais especificamente, busca-se investigar quais são os tipos de contextos sintático-semânticos em que os verbos de percepção ver, ouvir e sentir têm valor evidencial e quais sentidos evidenciais estão relacionados com cada contexto. A teoria que embasa este estudo é a da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF), um modelo de gramática que “procura entender como unidades linguísticas são estruturadas em termos da realidade que elas descrevem e das intenções comunicativas com as quais elas são produzidas, e molda isso em uma implementação dinâmica da gramática” (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008, p.2). Dentro da GDF, a evidencialidade é descrita em termos de níveis ou camadas de acordo com as características semântico-pragmáticas e morfossintáticas que a estrutura evidencial apresenta. O material de análise desta pesquisa é composto por amostras do português brasileiro falado e escrito. A partir da análise dos dados, foi possível identificar quatro tipos evidenciais codificados pelos verbos analisados: evidencialidade reportativa, expressa pelos verbos ver e ouvir, evidencialidade inferida, deduzida e direta, esses três tipos codificados pelos verbos ver, ouvir e sentir. Uma vez que um mesmo verbo pode codificar diferentes...
Evidentiality is understood as the marking of the source of evidence a speaker has for his/her statement. In many languages, it is expressed by grammatical means that indicate whether the information was obtained in a direct way, via sensorial perception, or in an indirect way, via report or inference. Although there are many studies on grammatical evidentiality, only a few take lexical evidentiality into account. This research aims at describing lexical evidentiality expressed by perception verbs in Portuguese by investigating the verbs ver (to see), ouvir (to hear) and sentir (to feel) in order to find out the evidential meanings related to them and the syntactic and semantic contexts in which they occur. The theoretical background of accounting perception verbs here rests on Functional Discourse-Grammar (FDG), a model of grammar which “aims to understand how linguistic units are structured in terms of the world they describe and the communicative intentions with which they are produced, and models this in a dynamic implementation” (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008, p.2). Within FDG, evidentiality is described in terms of levels and layers according to the semantic, pragmatic and morphosyntactic features the evidential structure presents. The data analyzed here comprise samples of spoken and written Brazilian Portuguese. The results show that the three verbs are used to express four types of evidentiality: reportative evidentiality, expressed by ver and ouvir, inferential, deductive and direct evidentiality, all these three kinds expressed by ver, ouvir and sentir. Taking into account that the same verb may be used with different types of evidentiality, a number of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects were considered in the description of each type. FDG model was very useful in the approach to the phenomenon under study. The syntactic description of the data showed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Silva, Izabel Larissa Lucena. "A expressÃo da evidencialidade no discurso polÃtico: uma anÃlise da oratÃria polÃtica da AssemblÃia Legislativa do CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2584.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a expressÃo da evidencialidade e sua relaÃÃo com os graus de comprometimento dos oradores com os conteÃdos enunciados na construÃÃo da argumentaÃÃo no discurso polÃtico. Para tal fim, analisamos trinta discursos (subdivididos em dois grupos temÃticos: 1Â grupo â a vinda da Refinaria de PetrÃleo para o CearÃ; 2Â grupo â a TransposiÃÃo do Rio SÃo Francisco), proferidos no Pequeno Expediente de SessÃes OrdinÃrias na AssemblÃia Legislativa do Estado do CearÃ, durante o perÃodo de 2005 e 2006. A evidencialidade Ã analisada, neste trabalho, quanto aos aspectos sintÃticos (meio lingÃÃstico, posiÃÃo no enunciado), semÃnticos (tipo de fonte, estratÃgia de veiculaÃÃo da informaÃÃo no enunciado, o que estÃ diretamente relacionado ao modo como o enunciador deseja demonstrar que obteve a informaÃÃo por ele apresentada) e pragmÃticos (graus de comprometimento do polÃtico com o conteÃdo do seu discurso, imagens por ele suscitadas no processo argumentativo, papÃis discursivos assumidos pelos itens evidenciais). Sustentamos a hipÃtese de que fatores de ordem conceptual, interacional e contextual, como os propÃsitos enunciativos do polÃtico, as condiÃÃes de produÃÃo e a imagem que esse polÃtico deseja construir de si ante o auditÃrio, condicionam a manifestaÃÃo da evidencialidade, o tipo de qualificaÃÃo evidencial, bem como os efeitos de sentido de (des)comprometimento do polÃtico com o seu discurso. Adotamos, principalmente, a base teÃrica funcionalista, em que o usuÃrio assume papel central na investigaÃÃo; a descriÃÃo lingÃÃstica inclui, portanto, referÃncia ao falante, ao ouvinte e a seus papÃis e estatutos definidos na interaÃÃo verbal (DIK, 1989). Os resultados obtidos revelam que, na construÃÃo da argumentaÃÃo no discurso polÃtico, predomina o uso de marcas evidenciais do tipo relatado de fonte definida, comprovando que o polÃtico prefere nÃo se comprometer com a informaÃÃo reportada, assegurando ao interlocutor a possibilidade de avaliar por si sÃ a validade da informaÃÃo, de acordo com a qualidade da fonte expressa. Com relaÃÃo Ãs marcas evidenciais que assumimos como atinentes ao eixo do enunciador (experienciais, inferenciais e subjetivas), verificamos que, embora em menor quantidade, constituem estratÃgias importantes na construÃÃo de imagens legitimadoras da aÃÃo polÃtica, jÃ que o enunciador se mostra como alguÃm convicto de suas idÃias e projetos. Quanto aos aspectos morfossintÃticos da evidencialidade, observamos que o verbo Ã o meio de expressÃo mais freqÃente dessa categoria, ocupando, majoritariamente, a posiÃÃo intercalada (entre a fonte e o conteÃdo enunciado).
The present research aims at investigating the expression of evidentiality and its relation to the degrees of public speakerâs commitment with the contents uttered in political speech argumentationâs construction. Thirty speeches, subdivided in two thematic groups: 1) the arrival of a petrol refinery in the state of CearÃ; and 2) the transposition of SÃo Francisco River, and delivered in the Small Expedient of Ordinary Sessions in the State legislature of CearÃ, from 2005 to 2006, consisted the corpus of analysis. In this work, evidentiality analysis is concerned with the syntactic aspects (linguistic contexts, position in the statement), semantic (type of source, strategy of informationâs dissemination in the statement, what is directly related to the way as the speaker desires to demonstrate that he got the information presented by himself) and pragmatic (degrees of commitment of the politician with the content of his speech, elicited images in the argumentative process, discursive roles assumed by the items of evidence). We support the hypothesis that factors of conceptual, interacional and contextual order, as the communicative intentions of the politician, the conditions of production and the image that this politician desires to construct of himself before the audience, condition the evidentiality manifestation, the type of evidential qualification, as well as the (lack of) commitmentâs effects of meaning from the politician with his speech. We adopted, mainly, the functionalist theoretical basis, in which the user assumes a central role in the inquiry; the linguistic description includes, therefore, reference to the speaker, to the listener and to their roles and statutes defined in the verbal interaction (DIK, 1989). The results reveal that, in political speech argumentationâs construction, the use of evidences marks from the cited defined type of source prevails, proving that the politician prefers not to commit himself to the reported information, assuring to the interlocutor this responsibility to evaluate the validity of the information, in accordance with the quality of the expressed source. With regard to the evidential marks that we assume as referents of the speakerâs axis (inferential and subjective experiences), we verify that, although in lesser amount, they constitute important strategies in the construction of political actionâs legitimating images, since the speaker shows confidence in his ideas and projects. Concerning the morphosyntatic aspects of the evidentiality, we observe that the verb is the way of more frequent expression of this category, occupying, mainly, the intercalated position (between the source and the declared content).

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Fonseca, Ana Silvina Ferreira. "As estratÃgias evidenciais no material didÃtico impresso para EaD." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11413.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O presente estudo Ã uma investigaÃÃo que tem como objetivo discutir as estratÃgias evidenciais identificadas em seus aspectos sintÃticos, semÃnticos e pragmÃtico-discursivos no material didÃtico impresso para cursos superiores da modalidade a distÃncia, com o objetivo de avaliar as indicaÃÃes das fontes dos conteÃdos asseverados. O corpus foi constituÃdo de oito livros, escolhidos conforme Tabela de Ãreas do Conhecimento (CNPQ), distribuÃdos da seguinte forma: quatro da grande Ãrea CiÃncias Humanas (EducaÃÃo, Antropologia, Psicologia e Filosofia) e quatro da grande Ãrea LinguÃstica, Letras e Artes (LÃngua Portuguesa, LinguÃstica II, HistÃria das Artes Visuais I, LaboratÃrio de Teatro I). Considerando que o interesse deste estudo Ã a competÃncia comunicativa dos falantes envolvidos no processo ensino-aprendizagem, foi utilizado como aporte teÃrico o Funcionalismo LinguÃstico, mais especificamente a GramÃtica Discursivo-Funcional (GDF), desenvolvida por Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008). Como resultado da anÃlise, verificamos, entre outros, os seguintes aspectos: que as estratÃgias evidenciais no material didÃtico impresso para cursos superiores da modalidade a distÃncia apresentam aspectos sintÃticos, semÃnticos e pragmÃtico-discursivos que indicam como tipo de fonte e como tipo de evidencialidade predominantes, respectivamente, uma terceira pessoa definida e evidencialidade reportativa, demonstrando um distanciamento dos autores em relaÃÃo aos conteÃdos, tendo em vista o uso do chamado âargumento de autoridadeâ no embasamento teÃrico dos textos; que a evidencialidade dos tipos inferida e genericidade ocorrem, mas nÃo sÃo frequentes e o tipo percepÃÃo de evento nÃo foi encontrado, uma vez que os conteÃdos apresentados nesse tipo de produÃÃo textual sÃo mais conceituais, isto Ã, assumem uma natureza mais abstrata; que, quanto ao modo de acesso, hÃ uma predominÃncia do relato de 2Â mÃo, o que nÃo nos surpreende, uma vez que foram predominantes a evidencialidade reportativa e a fonte do tipo terceira pessoa definida; que as marcas linguÃsticas de adesÃo do enunciador Ã fonte indicada em relaÃÃo a um determinado conteÃdo reportado nesse material ocorrem de forma pouco significativa, porÃm, quando utilizadas, constituem-se de adjetivos qualificativos da fonte, verbos e outros, como advÃrbios e operadores argumentativos; que o produtor do material didÃtico analisado prefere nÃo demonstrar algum tipo de refutaÃÃo/afastamento Ã fonte da informaÃÃo; que nÃo Ã frequente a coocorrÃncia de estratÃgias linguÃsticas da modalidade epistÃmica na estratÃgia evidencial usada na indicaÃÃo da fonte dos conteÃdos asseverados, mas, quando utilizadas produzem um baixo comprometimento; que o verbo Ã o meio linguÃstico mais usado para manifestar a evidencialidade; que houve uma predominÃncia pela anteposiÃÃo da marca evidencial Ã fonte e ao conteÃdo; que a fonte do tipo enunciador estÃ ligada, mais frequentemente, Ã evidencialidade inferida, enquanto a fonte do tipo terceira pessoa definida estÃ ligada, mais comumente, Ã evidencialidade reportativa e as fontes do tipo domÃnio comum e terceira pessoa indefinida se ligam, mais comumente, Ã evidencialidade genericidade; que os tipos evidenciais reportativa e genericidade promovem efeito de baixo comprometimento, enquanto o tipo inferida estÃ ligada, mais comumente, a um mÃdio comprometimento; que a marca de adesÃo serve para indicar um maior comprometimento do produtor textual em relaÃÃo ao conteÃdo asseverado; que, quando a fonte Ã o enunciador, o efeito Ã de um mÃdio comprometimento, tendo em vista que o produtor de material didÃtico impresso para EaD utiliza a primeira pessoa do plural, tal como no chamado âplural de modÃstiaâ; que, quando a fonte Ã de terceira pessoa indefinida, hÃ um equilÃbrio entre o mÃdio e baixo comprometimento; que o uso da fonte terceira pessoa definida indica, em geral, um baixo comprometimento do produtor textual; e que os meios estÃo relacionados, mais comumente, ao baixo comprometimento.
The present study is an investigation that aims to discuss the evidential strategies identified in their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic- discursive in printed courseware for higher education courses in the distance mode, with the aim of evaluating the indications of the sources of ensured content. The corpus was composed of eight books, chosen according to the Table of Knowledge Areas (CNPq), distributed as follows: four in the large Area of Humanities ( Education, Anthropology, Psychology and Philosophy) and four in the large Area of Linguistics, Letters and Arts ( Portuguese Language, Linguistics II, History of Visual Arts I, Theatre Lab I). Whereas the interest of this study is the communicative competence of speakers involved in the teaching-learning process, was used as the theoretical functionalism Language, specifically Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), developed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). As a result of the analysis, we find, among others, the following: the evidential strategies in printed courseware for higher education students in distance mode have syntactic, semantic and pragmatic-discursive indicate as font type and how to type evidentially predominant, respectively, and a third person defined evidentially reportative, showing a gap of authors in relation to the contents, considering the use of so-called" argument from authority" in theoretical texts; evidentially that the inferred types and genericity occur but are not frequent, and the type of event perception was not found, since the contents in this type of writing are more conceptual, that is, assume a more abstract nature and that, on the access mode, there is a predominance of reports of 2nd hand, which is not surprising, since they were predominantly from evidentially reportative and source type third person set, the linguistic marks of accession of enunciating the source indicated in relation to a particular content reported in this material occur in insignificant, however, when used constitute the source of qualifying adjectives, verbs and others, such as adverbs and argumentative operators, the producer of textbooks analyzed prefers not to show any kind of rebuttal/out the source of the information, which is not frequent co-occurrence of linguistic strategies of epistemic modality evidential strategy used in the source of the ensured content and when used produce a low commitment, the verb is the medium most used language to express evidentiality, there was a predominance ante position by brand evidential the source and content, the source type annunciator is on, most often, the evidentiality inferred as the source type defined third person is linked most commonly to evidentiality reportative and sources of the type common domain and third person undefined bind, more commonly, the evidentiality generality, that the types and genericity evidential reportative promoting effect of low commitment, while the inferred type is linked most commonly to an average commitment; membership mark that serves to indicate a greater commitment producer in relation to textual content asserted, that when the source is the utterer, the effect is of a medium commitment, considering that the producer of printed courseware for DL uses the first person plural, as in so-called " plural of modesty, "that when the source is indefinite third person there is a balance between the medium and low commitment, that the use of the third person defined source indicates, in general, a low textual commitment of the producer, and that means are related, most commonly, low commitment.

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Paso, E. (Eija). "Työkyky merkitsee:työkyvyn merkityksen ja maailman rakentuminen lehtiteksteissä." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514283789.

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Abstract This study examines how meanings are constructed in newspaper texts. The focus is on the meanings of particular words which are being used when referring to people's ability to work. Besides the lexical choices, this study demonstrates the discourses which are activated when writing about the topic. The approach taken is linguistically oriented and based on both critical discourse analysis and systemic-functional grammar. In this framework, language is seen as a resource for making meaning. Furthermore, a particular interest is taken in the relation between language, power and sociocultural practices. The data consists of 126 texts published in 1999–2000 in Helsingin Sanomat, the largest broadsheet newspaper in Finland. The analysis deals with discourse on working ability in general with special focus on five case studies. The most common discourses are classified as follows: 1) In discourse on expertise, many texts are related to power and knowledge which is needed when evaluating someone's ability to work. The sources who have special knowledge have regular access to the discourse. 2) In discourse on cases where working ability diminishes, the process is usually caused by health problems, aging or problems related to work. 3) In discourse on improving and maintaining one's working ability, the most common means and methods seem to be rehabilitation and workplace health promotion as well as development of work. 4) Attitudes towards working are discussed in discourse on work. It includes various negative aspects, such as unemployment, marginalisation, burn out and rapid changes at work. 5) In discourse on pension benefit, many controversial issues arise about who has the right to have a pension, if our system should be reformed, and about how to keep people working longer. Central participants in this data are experts: research workers, consultants, doctors and other professionals working in health care and rehabilitation as well as politicians. Participant relations are usually based on institutional roles and an expert-client relationship, such as doctors and patients, employers and workers, officials and applicants. The clients are often represented in a passive role as targets of institutional action or sometimes even victims of action with difficulties in getting work or pension. The discourse related to working ability can be seen as a battlefield of contradictory views, for instance, on traditional ways of dealing with problems (e.g. medication, physical rehabilitation, physical training) and other ideas on promoting well-being (e.g. innovations at workplace, educational courses). Power struggles can also be seen in arguments about the most reliable judge to decide if someone is able to work or not. On the one hand, working ability is connected to health and other personal qualities, and on the other hand to rapid change in the nature of work. In sum, working ability is seen as an entity which changes. It belongs to expert knowledge. It is a target of institutional actions and a domain of development. Working ability is portrayed as a matter of attitude towards working and also as a political and economic issue. This study contributes to ways in which a significant social phenomenon can be approached from a linguistic aspect, and it gives an idea how media texts may affect the ways of speaking about contemporary issues. The meaning, derived from this data, is constructed in a cultural and social context which is particularly Finnish. The discourse shows continuity with the texts produced in earlier centuries, and it is still changing. Thus, working ability can be replaced with work-related well-being
Tiivistelmä Tutkimus käsittelee merkitysten rakentumista lehtiteksteissä. Tutkimus kohdistuu erityisesti sellaisten sanojen merkityksiin, joilla viitataan työkykyyn. Leksikaaliset valintojen lisäksi valotetaan diskursseja, jotka aktivoituvat aiheesta kirjoitettaessa. Kielitieteellinen lähestymistapa perustuu kriittiseen diskurssianalyysiin ja systeemis-funktionaaliseen kieliteoriaan. Tässä kehyksessä kieli nähdään resurssina, jolla tuotetaan merkityksiä. Lisäksi kiinnostus kohdistuu kielen, vallan ja sosiokulttuuristen käytänteiden suhteeseen. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu 126 tekstistä, jotka on julkaistu vuosina 1999 ja 2000 Helsingin Sanomissa, Suomen laajalevikkisimmässä sanomalehdessä. Analyysi käsittelee yleisesti työkykydiskursseja ja keskittyy lisäksi viiteen tapaustutkimukseen. Yleisimmin teksteissä aktivoituvat seuraavat diskurssit: 1) Asiantuntijuusdiskurssissa monet tekstit kytkevät työkyvyn valtaan ja tietoon, jota tarvitaan työkyvyn arvioinnissa. Lähteet, joilla on erikoistietoa, pääsevät säännöllisesti osallistumaan diskurssiin. 2) Työkyvyn alenemisdiskurssissa tavallisimpina aiheuttajina näyttäytyvät sairaus, ikä ja työhön liittyvät ongelmat. 3) Työkyvyn edistämisdiskurssissa keinoina mainitaan yleisimmin kuntoutus ja työkykyä ylläpitävä toiminta ja myös työnteon kehittäminen. 4) Työn diskurssissa aktivoituu puhe työasenteista. Työkyvyn maailmaan liitetään monia kielteisiä aspekteja, kuten työttömyys, syrjäytyminen, työuupumus ja työn nopea muuttuminen. 5) Eläkediskurssissa esillä ovat monet kiistanalaiset kysymykset siitä, kenellä on oikeus saada eläkettä, pitäisikö järjestelmää uudistaa ja miten ihmiset saataisiin pysymään pitempään työelämässä. Keskeisiä osanottajia näiden lehtitekstien maailmassa ovat asiantuntijat: tutkijat, konsultit, lääkärit ja muut terveydenhuollon ja kuntoutuksen ammattilaiset kuten myös poliitikot. Osallistujien suhteet perustuvat yleensä institutionaalisiin rooleihin ja asiantuntijan ja asiakkaan suhteeseen, esimerkiksi lääkäreiden ja potilaiden, työnantajien ja työntekijöiden sekä virkailijoiden ja asiakkaiden suhteeseen. Asiakkaat esitetään usein passiivisina institutionaalisen toiminnan kohteina tai toisinaan jopa toiminnan uhreina, joilla on vaikeuksia saada työtä, eläkettä tai muita tukia. Työkykydiskurssi näyttäytyy ristiriitaisten näkemysten taistelukenttänä. Kiistat kirjoittuvat teksteihin, joissa kiistellään esimerkiksi työkyvyn edistämisen perinteisistä keinoista (esim. lääkehoidosta, fyysisestä kuntoutuksesta, kuntoilusta) ja muista hyvinvoinnin kohentamisideoista (esim. uudistuksista työpaikalla, koulutuksesta). Valtataistelu näyttäytyy myös kiistoissa siitä, kuka on luotettavin päättämään, onko henkilö työkykyinen vai työkyvytön. Yhtäältä työkyky kytkeytyy terveyteen ja muihin yksilöllisiin ominaisuuksiin ja toisaalta työelämän nopeaan muuttumiseen. Työkyky-ilmauksille kirjoittuu monia merkityksiä. Työkyky on muuttuva olio, ja se kuuluu asiantuntijoiden tietoon. Se on institutionaalisen toiminnan kohde ja kehittämiskohde. Työkyky näyttäytyy asennekysymyksenä ja myös poliittisena ja taloudellisena kysymyksenä. Tutkimus tarjoaa näkemyksen siitä, miten yhteiskunnallisesti merkittävää ilmiötä voi lähestyä kielitieteen keinoin, ja osoittaa, miten mediatekstit ohjailevat tapoja puhua ajan ilmiöistä. Työkyvyn merkitys rakentuu kulttuurisessa ja sosiaalisessa kontekstissa, joka näyttäytyy tässä aineistossa erityisen suomalaisena. Diskurssi on jatkumoa aiempien vuosisatojen teksteille, ja se on yhä muuttuvaa. Työkyvyn rinnalla voidaankin puhua työhyvinvoinnista

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Simões, José da Silva. "Sintaticização, discursivização e semanticização das orações de gerúndio no português brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-04102007-140928/.

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Este trabalho insere-se nos recentes estudos sobre a história do português brasileiro e tem por objetivo demonstrar os estágios de mudança das orações de gerúndio. Foram recolhidas ocorrências dos séculos XVIII, XIX e XX em tipologia textual diferenciada, organizada por critérios associados à teoria das Tradições Discursivas, e analisadas qualitativa e quantitativamente. Defende-se aqui a adoção do modelo sociocognitivista de Análise Multissistêmica da Língua (Castilho 2006), que prevê que os itens da língua atuam de maneira multilinear e dinâmica, sendo suas propriedades ativadas, reativadas e desativadas nos quatro subsistemas concomitantemente. Neste trabalho concentro-me nos processos de sintaticização, discursivização e semanticização do gerúndio no português brasileiro. Defende-se que é possível descrever os processos de mudança das orações de gerúndio no português brasileiro a partir da análise isolada dos subsistemas da Gramática, do Discurso e da Semântica. Nos capítulos de análise, faz-se uma descrição qualitativa das ocorrências que leva em conta também a quantificação dos dados.
The present work pertains to the recent studies on the History of Brazilian Portuguese and aims at presenting the change stages of gerund clauses. Based on qualitative and quantitative analysis, the data were selected from diverse textual typology, which was organized following the criteria associated with the Discourse Traditions Theory (Diskurstraditionen). I adopt the Multissystemic approach to language (Castilho 2006), which envisages that the linguistic items occur in a multilinear and dynamic way, so that its features are activated, reactivated and deactivated simultaneously. I focus on the grammaticalization, semantization and discoursivization processes of the gerund clauses in Brazilian Portuguese. I assume that it is quite feasible to describe the change processes of gerund independently of the Grammar, Semantics and Discourse subsystems of language. In the analysis chapters, I describe the data in a qualitative way, but I also take into account the quantitative results.

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Pereira, Danielle Toledo. "Escolhas temáticas no discurso de guias de turismo e monitores de museus no Brasil e na Espanha." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13886.

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This research, part of the DIRECT Project (LAEL/PUC-SP), aims at analyzing the characteristics of city tour and museum guides in two different sociocultural contexts: Brazil and Spain. In this way, it investigates the cultural context and the situational context of the corpora of this study. The theory focuses on Systemic Functional Grammar (Halliday, 1994). Although this grammar offers various elements that could also reveal characteristics in the discourse of these professionals, Theme was chosen because it makes possible the study of the organization of the message, the point of departure the speaker selects for grounding what he is going to say (Halliday (1994: 34). Besides, it is possible to compare how two different languages and cultures organize their message. This research has three goals: (1) to identify similarities and differences in the discourse of city tour and museum guides; (2) to identify similarities and differences in the discourse of Brazilian and Spanish city tour and museum guides; (3) to establish if there is one or two genres according to the general structure of the discourses and to Thematic options. Thus, this study is composed of 04 corpora: one of visits to two Brazilian museums; one of visits to two Spanish museums; one of two city tours in Brazil; one of two city tours in Spain. The visits were recorded in cassette tapes and transcribed. The theory about genre follows the ideas of Hasan (1989), Swales (1990), Bathia (1993), Fries (1995), Eggins & Martin (1997) and Ramm (2000). The Theme was studied through the ideas of Halliday (1994), Eggins (1994), Berry (1995), Thompson (1996), Barbara & Gouveia (2001) and Gouveia & Barbara (2001). Results show that city tour and museum guides organize their discourse in a very similar way and that there are some idiosyncratic differences, what is expected as the study deals with two sociocultural contexts
Esta pesquisa, parte do Projeto DIRECT (LAEL/PUC-SP), tem o objetivo de analisar as características do discurso de guias de turismo e monitores de museus em dois contextos sócio-culturais diferentes: Brasil e Espanha. Investiga-se, portanto, o contexto de cultura e o contexto de situação que envolvem os corpora aqui tratados. A base teórica do trabalho está na Gramática Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday, 1994). Embora esta gramática ofereça vários elementos que também poderiam ressaltar características no discurso dos guias e monitores, escolheu-se o Tema por permitir que se estude a organização da mensagem, o ponto de partida que o produtor do texto, aqui o guia e o monitor, seleciona para embasar o que vai dizer. Além disso, é possível fazer uma comparação na forma como essa organização do discurso é feita em duas línguas e culturas diversas. A análise tem três objetivos: (1) identificar as semelhanças e diferenças do discurso de guias de turismo e monitores de museus; (2) identificar as semelhanças e diferenças do discurso de guias e monitores brasileiros e espanhóis; (3) estabelecer, através da análise da estrutura geral dos discursos e das escolhas Temáticas, se há um ou dois gêneros. Para tanto, a pesquisa está composta por 04 corpora: um de visitas realizadas a dois museus brasileiros; um de visitas realizadas a dois museus espanhóis; um de dois city tours realizados no Brasil; um de dois city tours realizados na Espanha. A coleta dos dados foi feita através de gravação das visitas em fita cassete e sua posterior transcrição. A teoria sobre gênero segue as idéias de Hasan (1989), Swales (1990), Bathia (1993), Fries (1995), Eggins & Martin (1997) e Ramm (2000), e a de Tema, Halliday (1994), Eggins (1994), Berry (1995), Thompson (1996), Barbara e Gouveia (2001) e Gouveia e Barbara (2001). Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que os guias e monitores organizam seu discurso de forma muito semelhante e que as diferenças entre o Brasil e a Espanha são poucas e idiossincráticas, já que são contextos sócio-culturais e línguas diferentes

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Pessoa, Nadja Paulino. "Modalidade deôntica e discurso midiático: uma análise baseada na Gramática Discursivo-Funcional." www.teses.ufc.br, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/6097.

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PESSOA, Nadja Paulino. Modalidade deôntica e discurso midiático: uma análise baseada na gramática discursivo-funcional. 2011. 224 f. Tese (Doutorado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2011.
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This work aims at analyzing the deontic modality in the media discourse under the functionalist approach, seeking to integrate the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic components in the analysis, which implies the study of language in its effective usage. Thus, we sought to establish relations among the elements which compose the several levels based on the model proposed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), in the attempt to observe and describe the means through which the effects of sub/objectivity in relation to the discursive construction transmitted on the radio and on television are produced. For so, we utilized the corpus REDIP - “Portuguese International Broadcast Network: radio, television and press”, which was developed by the Theoretical and Computational Linguistics Institute (ILTEC), situated in Portugal. The analysis of the data obtained in relation to the media discourse revealed that the establishment of the deontic values occurred more frequently on the television media, usually associated to the theme “opinion”, identified as elements of the contextual component. Among the deontic values, we observed the majority of obligation, as the prototype of this category. In relation to the source and to the deontic target, we noticed a tendency in the usage of the source from the enunciating type and also of a “third-absent” target. This means that the speaker puts him/herself, explicitly or implicitly in the construction of its enunciation, which confers the category in issue an effect of subjectivity. However, with respect to the predominance of the type of target "third-absent”, we noticed a distancing effect that accomplishes the purpose of avoiding confrontation with any agent that could be specified. Finally, we verified that the auxiliary modals were the most frequent expressions in the corpus and that the means of expression are directly related to the type of broadcast. In the end, we established a typological proposal which takes into consideration the deontic source and the target, having in mind the (performative/descriptive) usage of the deontic modals.
Este trabalho objetiva analisar a modalidade deôntica no discurso midiático, sob o enfoque funcionalista, buscando integrar, na análise, os componentes sintáticos, semânticos e pragmáticos, o que pressupõe o estudo da língua em uso efetivo. Dessa forma, procuramos estabelecer relações entre os elementos que compõem os vários níveis com base no modelo proposto por Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), na tentativa de observar e descrever os meios pelos quais se produzem os efeitos de sub/objetividade em relação à construção discursiva no rádio e na televisão. Para isso, utilizamos o corpus REDIP - “Rede de Difusão Internacional do Português: rádio, televisão e imprensa”, que foi desenvolvido pelo Instituto de Linguística Teórica e Computacional (ILTEC), situado em Portugal. A análise dos dados obtidos em relação ao discurso midiático revelou-nos que a instauração dos valores deônticos se deu, com maior frequência, na mídia televisiva, em geral, associados ao tema “opinião”, identificados como elementos do componente contextual. Dentre os valores deônticos, percebemos o predomínio da obrigação, considerado como o prototípico dessa categoria. Em relação à fonte e ao alvo deôntico, percebemos uma tendência de uso da fonte do tipo “enunciador” e de um alvo “terceiro-ausente”. Isso significa dizer que o falante se coloca, explícita ou implicitamente, na construção do seu enunciado, o que confere à categoria em questão um efeito de subjetividade. Todavia, com relação à predominância do tipo de alvo “terceiro-ausente”, observamos um efeito de distanciamento que cumpre o propósito de evitar o confronto com algum agente que poderia ser especificado. Por fim, verificamos que os auxiliares modais foram as formas de expressão mais frequentes no corpus e que as formas de expressão se relacionam diretamente com o meio de difusão. Ao final, estabelecemos uma proposta tipológica que leva em consideração a fonte e o alvo deôntico, tendo em vista o uso (performativo/descritivo) dos modais deônticos.

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Oliveira, AndrÃ Silva. "Modalidade volitiva em lÃngua espanhola nos discursos do Papa Francisco em viagem apostÃlica." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2017. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=20152.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O objetivo desta pesquisa Ã analisar e descrever a manifestaÃÃo da modalidade volitiva em lÃngua espanhola nos discursos do Papa Francisco em viagem apostÃlica, tendo em vista a relaÃÃo entre a FormulaÃÃo (NÃvel Interpessoal e NÃvel Representacional), a CodificaÃÃo (NÃvel MorfossintÃtico) e o Componente Contextual. Conforme a GramÃtica Discursivo-Funcional (GDF) e partindo do pressuposto de que a modalidade volitiva estÃ relacionada ao que Ã (in)desejÃvel (HENGEVELD e MACKENZIE, 2008), postulamos que o NÃvel MorfossintÃtico codifica diferentemente a modalidade volitiva, tendo em vista os elementos do NÃvel Interpessoal, do NÃvel Representacional e do Componente Contextual. Para isso, constituÃmos um corpus com 13 discursos proferidos pelo Papa Francisco em quatro viagens apostÃlicas realizadas entre os anos de 2015 e 2016 aos Estados Unidos, a Cuba, Ã AmÃrica do Sul (Equador, BolÃvia e Paraguai) e ao MÃxico. A anÃlise quantitativo-qualitativa dos dados obtidos com o auxÃlio do SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) em relaÃÃo Ã modalidade volitiva revelou-nos que o Papa Francisco prefere modalizar, volitivamente, para o Ouvinte 1 (chefes de estados, altas autoridades e sociedade civil) em ambientes polÃticos e, em ambientes religiosos, para o Ouvinte 2 (bispos, sacerdotes e fiÃis catÃlicos). Verificamos que o Sumo PontÃfice costuma construir-se como fonte de tipo Enunciador nos seus discursos, preferindo ilocuÃÃes declarativas e optativas para a instauraÃÃo dos valores semÃnticos de desideraÃÃo, optaÃÃo e intenÃÃo, majoritariamente, sobre o alvo de tipo DomÃnio Comum; utilizando-se de auxiliares modais, verbos plenos e construÃÃes volitivas e empregando, preferencialmente, o presente do indicativo. Constatamos ainda que as categorias de anÃlise relativas ao NÃvel MorfossintÃtico se relacionavam tanto com as categorias de anÃlise referentes ao NÃvel Representacional, como Ãs do NÃvel Interpessoal e do Componente Contextual, atestando, dessa forma, a nossa hipÃtese primÃria. Por fim, apresentamos as nossas dificuldades na anÃlise e descriÃÃo da modalidade volitiva, haja vista que ela pode se apresentar de forma âatÃpicaâ (sem o emprego de modalizadores) por meio do contexto ou de oraÃÃes finais; alÃm de dissertamos sobre as marcas de polidez e cortesia empregadas por meio de verbos volitivos, mas sem que configurassem como expressÃo da voliÃÃo, bem como os casos de aspectualidade do verbo pleno querer.
The main goal of this research is to analyze and describe the manifestation of the volitive modality in Spanish language in the discourses of Pope Francis on apostolic journey, considering the relationship between Formulation (Interpersonal Level and Representational Level), Codification (Morphosyntactic Level) and the contextual component. According to the Discursive-Functional Grammar (FDG) and assuming that the volitive modality is related to what is (in)desirable (HENGEVELD and MACKENZIE, 2008), we postulate that the Morphosyntactic Level encodes the volitive modality differently, considering the elements of the Interpersonal Level, the Representational Level and the Contextual Component. To this end, we have constituted a corpus of 13 speeches given by Pope Francis in four apostolic journeys between the years 2015 and 2016 to the United States, Cuba, South America (Ecuador, Bolivia and Paraguay) and Mexico. The quantitative-qualitative analysis of the data obtained with the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) in relation to the volitive modality revealed to us that Pope Francis prefers to modify, volitively, to Listener 1 (heads of states, high authorities and society civilian) in political settings and in religious settings for Listener 2 (bishops, priests and Catholic people). We find that the Supreme Pontiff usually builds himself as an Enunciator type source in his discourses, preferring declarative and optional illocutions for the establishment of semantic values of desideration, willness and intention, mostly on the Common Domain type target; using modal auxiliaries, full verbs, and volitive constructions, and preferably employing the present indicative. We also found that the categories of analysis related to the Morphosyntactic Level were related both to the categories of analysis related to the Representational Level, as well as to the Interpersonal Level and the Contextual Component, thus attesting to our primary hypothesis. Finally, we present our difficulties on the analysis and description of the volitive modality, since it can present itself in an "atypical" way (without the use of modalizers) through the context or final clauses; in addition to discussing the marks of politeness and courtesy employed by means of volitive verbs, but without configuring them as an expression of volition, as well as the cases of aspectuality of the full verb will

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Almeida, Fabíola Ap Sartin Dutra Parreira. "Os recursos léxico-gramaticais de atitude no discurso de dois professores universitários." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13970.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This research is one of the many that belong to a project called DIRECT from the LAEL- PUC-SP Program. Its main objective is to investigate the lexicogrammar resources of the Attitude subsystem in classroom speeches of two university teachers. The participants were chosen after an informal interview with the students of the Law and Language courses where they were asked about who they considered the best teachers. Their preference was compared to the result of an institutional evaluation, which confirmed their choice. The context of this research is a university located in the west-central region of Brazil. Investigating the attitude subsystem, which belongs to the Appraisal system, realized in the spoken discourse of two teachers, this study aims to bring contributions to applied linguistic researches, especially from the point of discourse analyses based on the systemic functional grammar. Therefore, it uses the Halliday (1978,1985/1994); Martin (1992); Eggins (1994); Thompson (1996); Eggins and Slade, (1997); Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) studies. In addition, more specifically on the studies about Appraisal - Martin (2000); Martin e Rose (2003/2007); Martin e White (2005); White (2004). The data were taken from classroom and interview recordings of the two teachers. The Eggins and Slade (1997) suggestions for methodological procedures was adopted for the data analyses such as the identification of the lexical grammar elements which realized the attitude in discourse, the classification of those elements by the attitude type and their interpretation under the attitude concepts. The data showed that the attitude which was realized by the attributes, epithets and processes in the teacher s discourse were used in order to get a solidarity response from the students about the teacher s theoretical and methodological behavior in the classroom. This research reviewed that the attitude analysis can be helpful for the understanding of interpersonal meanings, so when expressing opinions and evaluations about emotions, people s behavior and about things, objects and processes, the speaker/reader intends to get a solidarity response from the listener/reader. The comprehension of such attitudes contributes for the communication between the members of a community
Esta pesquisa, inserida no contexto mais amplo do Projeto DIRECT (LAELPUC- SP) tem como objetivo investigar os recursos léxico-gramaticais do subsistema de Atitude nas falas de sala de aula de dois professores na universidade. Os participantes foram selecionados por meio de uma entrevista informal com os alunos dos cursos para saber quais professores eles consideravam os melhores. Para se confirmar a preferência dos universitários, a avaliação institucional da universidade foi levada em consideração. O contexto da pesquisa é uma universidade do centro-oeste brasileiro. Ao se investigar o subsistema de atitude que faz parte do sistema de avaliatividade realizado no discurso falado de dois professores, este estudo almeja trazer contribuições para a pesquisa qualitativa na área da Lingüística Aplicada, principalmente a partir da análise do discurso de base sistêmico-funcional. Para tanto lança mão dos estudos de Halliday (1978,1985/1994); Martin (1992); Eggins (1994); Thompson (1996) Eggins e Slade, (1997); Halliday e Matthiessen (2004). E, mais especificamente nos estudos sobre Avaliatividade (Appraisal) - Martin (2000); Martin e Rose (2003/2007); Martin e White (2005); White (2004). Os dados foram coletados através de aulas e entrevistas áudio - tape gravadas com os dois professores. Para a análise dos dados, adotou-se a proposta de Eggins e Slade (1997) que consta na identificação dos elementos léxico-gramaticais utilizados para realizar a atitude no discurso, classificação desses elementos por tipo de atitude e sua interpretação à luz do subsistema de atitude. Os dados apontaram que a atitude foi realizada pelos atributos, epítetos e processos utilizados pelos professores com o intuito de obter uma resposta de solidariedade por parte dos alunos no que tange ao seu comportamento teórico e metodológico em sala de aula. A pesquisa revelou que a análise de atitude pode ser de grande utilidade para a compreensão dos significados interpessoais, pois ao expressar as opiniões e avaliações sobre os sentimentos, comportamentos das pessoas, coisas, objetos e processos, o falante/escritor tem a intenção de obter uma resposta de solidariedade por parte do ouvinte/leitor. Assim, a compreensão dessa atitudes contribui para facilitar a comunicação entre os membros de uma comunidade

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Parra, Beatriz Goaveia Garcia [UNESP]. "Uma investigação discursivo-funcional das orações concessivas introduzidas por aunque em dados do espanhol peninsular." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136190.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O presente trabalho investiga as propriedades pragmáticas e semânticas das orações concessivas introduzidas pela conjunção aunque e verifica se e como tais propriedades determinam a estrutura morfossintática dessas orações. Para tanto, descrevemos à luz da teoria da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), as orações concessivas iniciadas por aunque encontradas em textos orais e escritos do espanhol peninsular atual produzidos em contextos reais de comunicação. O córpus utilizado inclui as entrevistas semidirigidas das cidades de Alcalá de Henares, Granada, Madri e Valência, pertencentes ao projeto PRESEEA, como representantes da modalidade falada, e uma coletânea de editoriais publicados em meio on-line pelo jornal espanhol El País, como representante da modalidade escrita. Os fatores que nos guiaram na descrição e análise das orações introduzidas por aunque foram: (i) a camada da oração concessiva, considerando o modelo teórico da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional; (ii) a factualidade; (iii) a pressuposição; (iv) o modo verbal; (v) a referência temporal expressos pela concessiva; e (vi) a posição por ela ocupada, tendo por base o verbo da oração principal. Não compõem o objeto de estudo desta pesquisa as ocorrências sintagmáticas ou não-finitas iniciadas por aunque, visto que essas construções não permitem a descrição de alguns aspectos morfossintáticos, tais como a conjugação modo-temporal, de interesse para este trabalho. Como este estudo volta-se para o uso concessivo de aunque, também foram desconsideradas as ocorrências adversativas e as de condição mínima introduzidas por essa conjunção. Os resultados da análise comprovam a atuação das orações concessivas introduzidas por aunque na camada do Conteúdo Proposicional, pertencente ao Nível Representacional, e nas camadas do Ato Discursivo e do Movimento, pertencentes ao Nível Interpessoal, como já havia sido verificado por Garcia (2010) e por Garcia e Pezatti (2013) em orações concessivas do português. Além disso, observamos que a factualidade e a pressuposição da oração concessiva influenciam em sua codificação modo-temporal, e que todos esses fatores (factualidade, pressuposição, modo verbal e referência temporal) juntamente com a posição, correspondem a estratégias linguísticas condicionadas pela função que a oração introduzida por aunque desempenha. Outro fator semântico que pode determinar o modo verbal da oração concessiva é o grau de compromisso do falante com a verdade da proposição expressa. Além dos aspectos do uso linguístico que fazem parte do domínio da gramática propriamente dita, consideramos também o gênero textual.
The present study investigates the pragmatic and semantic properties of concessive clauses introduced by the aunque conjunction and seeks to find out if and how these properties determine the morphosyntactic structure of these clauses. In order to accomplish this goal, we use the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld & Mackenzie 2008) for the description of concessive clauses introduced by aunque found in written and oral texts in current Peninsular Spanish, which were produced in actual communication contexts. The corpus includes the semi-structured interviews from the PRESEEA Project, conducted in the cities of Alcalá de Henares, Granada, Madrid and Valencia, representing the oral mode, and a collection of editorials published on-line by the Spanish newspaper El País, representing the written mode. The factors which guided the description and analysis of clauses introduced by aunque were: (i) the layer of the concessive clause, according to the theoretical model of Functional Discourse Grammar; (ii) factuality; (iii) presupposition; (iv) verbal mood; (v) temporal reference expressed by the concessive; and (vi) the position occupied by the clause, considering the verb in the main clause. Phrasal or non-finite occurrences initiated by aunque were not considered objects of this study, since these constructions do not allow for the description of some morphosyntactic aspects, such as the mood-tense inflection, which is one of the factors to be taken into account, as stated before. As the present study concerns the concessive use of aunque, occurrences with this conjunction expressing adversative and minimal condition meanings were not taken into account either. The results of our analysis show that concessive clauses introduced by aunque operate at the layer of the Propositional Content, in the Representational Level, and at the Move and Discourse Act layers, in the Interpersonal Level, in the same way as do the concessive clauses in Portuguese, as described by Garcia (2010) and Garcia and Pezatti (2013). Furthermore, we observed that factuality and presupposition of concessive clauses influence their mood-tense codification, and that all these factors (factuality, presupposition, verbal mood and temporal reference), along with the position of the clause, correspond to linguistic strategies conditioned by the function performed by the clause introduce by aunque. An additional semantic factor that can influence the mood of the verb in the concessive clause is the speaker’s evaluation of the truth of the propositional content. Apart from the aspects of language use that belong to grammar proper, we will also consider the genre of the text.
El presente estudio investiga las propiedades pragmáticas y semánticas de las oraciones concesivas introducidas por la conjunción aunque y analiza si y cómo estas propiedades determinan la estructura morfosintáctica de estas oraciones. Para alcanzar nuestros objetivos, describimos, en base a la teoría de la Gramática Discursivo-Funcional de Hengeveld y Mackenzie (2008), las oraciones concesivas iniciadas por aunque encontradas en un corpus de textos orales y escritos del español peninsular actual producidos en contextos reales de comunicación. El corpus utilizado incluye las entrevistas sociolingüísticas de las ciudades de Alcalá de Henares, Granada, Madrid y Valencia, pertenecientes al proyecto PRESEEA, como representantes de la modalidad hablada, y una colección de editoriales publicados en línea por el periódico español El País, como representante de la modalidad escrita. Los siguientes factores guiaron la descripción y el análisis de las oraciones introducidas por aunque: (i) el estrato de la oración concesiva, considerando el modelo teórico de la Gramática DiscursivoFuncional; (ii) la factualidad; (iii) la presuposición; (iv) el modo verbal, (v) la referencia temporal expresados; y (vi) la posición que ocupan respecto al verbo de la oración principal. No forman parte del objeto de estudio las ocurrencias no finitas iniciadas por aunque, puesto que estas construcciones no permiten describir algunos aspectos morfosintácticos, como la conjugación modo-temporal, relevantes para este trabajo. Como este estudio trata el uso concesivo de aunque, tampoco consideramos las ocurrencias adversativas ni las de condición mínima introducidas por esta conjunción. Los resultados de nuestro análisis señalan la existencia de oraciones introducidas por aunque en el estrato del Contenido Proposicional, perteneciente al Nivel Representacional, y en los estratos del Acto Discursivo y del Movimiento, pertenecientes al Nivel Interpersonal, tal como queda descrita por Garcia (2010) y Garcia y Pezatti (2013) en las oraciones concesivas del portugués. Observamos además que la factualidad y la presuposición de la oración concesiva influyen en su codificación modotemporal, y que todos estos factores (factualidad, presuposición, modo verbal y referencia temporal), junto con su posición, configuran las estrategias lingüísticas condicionadas por la función que la oración introducida por aunque expresa. Otro factor semántico que puede determinar el modo verbal en la oración concesiva es el grado de compromiso del hablante con la verdad de la proposición. Aparte de los aspectos del uso lingüístico que forman parte del dominio de la gramática propiamente dicha, consideramos también el tipo de género textual.

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Parra-Araujo, Beatriz Goaveia Garcia. "A trajetória de gramaticalização dos juntores concessivos "aunque", "a pesar de (que)" e "por mucho (que)" no espanhol peninsular /." São José do Rio Preto, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192449.

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Orientador: Sandra Denise Gasparini Bastos
Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva apresentar uma trajetória de gramaticalização para os juntores concessivos "aunque", "a pesar de (que)" e "por mucho (que)", adotando como aparato teórico os estudos em gramaticalização (TRAUGOTT, 1997; BYBEE, 2003, 2006; HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 2003, entre outros) e o modelo da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (GDF), de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008). Na análise sincrônica realizada por Parra (2016) sob a perspectiva da GDF, a autora observa que o juntor "aunque" pode marcar uma relação concessiva em três camadas distintas no espanhol peninsular atual: na do Conteúdo Proposicional, pertencente ao Nível Representacional, e nas camadas do Ato Discursivo e do Movimento, localizadas no Nível Interpessoal. A partir desse resultado, levantamos a hipótese de que, quando analisados diacronicamente, os usos de "aunque" podem revelar uma trajetória de gramaticalização que parte de um uso semântico para usos pragmáticos, e de que tal trajetória pode corresponder a um processo comum sofrido pelos juntores concessivos dessa língua. Assim, selecionamos para este estudo, além do juntor "aunque", os juntores "a pesar de (que)" e "por mucho (que)", por serem, dentre os juntores apontados por Flamenco García (1999), os que se mostraram mais frequentes nos dados e por advirem de origens distintas, tendo em vista as fontes para o desenvolvimento de juntores concessivos apontadas por König (1994). O universo de investigação desta pesquisa reúne ocorrências dos três juntores na fase ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This paper aims to present a path of grammaticalization for the concessive connectives "aunque", "a pesar de (que)" and "por mucho (que)" adopting as a theoretical apparatus the studies on grammaticalization (TRAUGOTT, 1997; BYBEE, 2003, 2006; HOPPER; TRAUGOTT, 2003, among others) and the model of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG), by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008). In the synchronic analysis performed by Parra (2016) from the perspective of the FDG, the author notes that the connective "aunque" can mark a concessive relationship in three distinct layers in the current Peninsular Spanish: that of Propositional Content, belonging to the Representational Level, and the layers of the Move and Discourse Act, located at the Interpersonal Level. From this result, we hypothesize that, when analyzed diachronically, the uses of "aunque" may reveal a grammaticalization trajectory that starts from a semantic use for pragmatic uses, and that such trajectory may correspond to a common process suffered by the concessive connectives of that language. Thus, we selected for this study, in addition to the connective "aunque", the connectives "a pesar de (que)" and "por mucho (que)", since they are among the connectives pointed out by Flamenco García (1999), those who had the highest number of occurrences in a previous research, and because they come from different origins, considering the sources for the development of concessive joints pointed out by König (1994). The universe of this resear... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Doyle, Katherine Mary. "Mapping the language of science and science teaching practices : a case study of early childhood school science." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/45941/1/Katherine_Doyle_Thesis.pdf.

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Concerns raised in educational reports about school science in terms of students. outcomes and attitudes, as well as science teaching practices prompted investigation into science learning and teaching practices at the foundational level of school science. Without science content and process knowledge, understanding issues of modern society and active participation in decision-making is difficult. This study contended that a focus on the development of the language of science could enable learners to engage more effectively in learning science and enhance their interest and attitudes towards science. Furthermore, it argued that explicit teaching practices where science language is modelled and scaffolded would facilitate the learning of science by young children at the beginning of their formal schooling. This study aimed to investigate science language development at the foundational level of school science learning in the preparatory-school with students aged five and six years. It focussed on the language of science and science teaching practices in early childhood. In particular, the study focussed on the capacity for young students to engage with and understand science language. Previous research suggests that students have difficulty with the language of science most likely because of the complexities and ambiguities of science language. Furthermore, literature indicates that tensions transpire between traditional science teaching practices and accepted early childhood teaching practices. This contention prompted investigation into means and models of pedagogy for learning foundational science language, knowledge and processes in early childhood. This study was positioned within qualitative assumptions of research and reported via descriptive case study. It was located in a preparatory-school classroom with the class teacher, teacher-aide, and nineteen students aged four and five years who participated with the researcher in the study. Basil Bernstein.s pedagogical theory coupled with Halliday.s Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) framed an examination of science pedagogical practices for early childhood science learning. Students. science learning outcomes were gauged by focussing a Hallydayan lens on their oral and reflective language during 12 science-focussed episodes of teaching. Data were collected throughout the 12 episodes. Data included video and audio-taped science activities, student artefacts, journal and anecdotal records, semi-structured interviews and photographs. Data were analysed according to Bernstein.s visible and invisible pedagogies and performance and competence models. Additionally, Halliday.s SFL provided the resource to examine teacher and student language to determine teacher/student interpersonal relationships as well as specialised science and everyday language used in teacher and student science talk. Their analysis established the socio-linguistic characteristics that promoted science competencies in young children. An analysis of the data identified those teaching practices that facilitate young children.s acquisition of science meanings. Positive indications for modelling science language and science text types to young children have emerged. Teaching within the studied setting diverged from perceived notions of common early childhood practices and the benefits of dynamic shifting pedagogies were validated. Significantly, young students demonstrated use of particular specialised components of school-science language in terms of science language features and vocabulary. As well, their use of language demonstrated the students. knowledge of science concepts, processes and text types. The young students made sense of science phenomena through their incorporation of a variety of science language and text-types in explanations during both teacher-directed and independent situations. The study informs early childhood science practices as well as practices for foundational school science teaching and learning. It has exposed implications for science education policy, curriculum and practices. It supports other findings in relation to the capabilities of young students. The study contributes to Systemic Functional Linguistic theory through the development of a specific resource to determine the technicality of teacher language used in teaching young students. Furthermore, the study contributes to methodology practices relating to Bernsteinian theoretical perspectives and has demonstrated new ways of depicting and reporting teaching practices. It provides an analytical tool which couples Bernsteinian and Hallidayan theoretical perspectives. Ultimately, it defines directions for further research in terms of foundation science language learning, ongoing learning of the language of science and learning science, science teaching and learning practices, specifically in foundational school science, and relationships between home and school science language experiences.

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Pettersson, Theresia. "Stockholms stads tänkeböcker : Funktionell texthistoria 1476-1626." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för svenska och flerspråkighet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142110.

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The aim of this thesis is to shed light on language variation and language change in judicial protocols from the municipal court in Stockholm during the period 1476−1626. These documents provide a unique insight into late medieval and early modern use of written vernacular. The main material consists of 700 courtroom notes from seven different periods of time, a hundred documents from each year: 1476, 1499, 1525, 1550, 1575, 1600, and 1626. The study draws theoretically on functional linguistics; more specifically, it utilizes Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar, Ulf Teleman’s (1985) theoretical model of language change, as well as dialogism. The results are presented in four analytical chapters. In the first of these, the aim is to systemize the somewhat heterogeneous material, and the corpus is divided in two different ways: one due to judicial content (‘categories of matter’), and one due to textual structure (‘discourse levels’). These systemizations also serve as a methodological foundation for the lexicogrammatical analysis in the following chapters. A main result is that multi-party cases over time develop a functional need for new communication strategies, while unilateral cases already from the beginning seem to bear a more deep-rooted textual stability. In addition, there is a significant increase of discourse level 3, representing communicative events outside the courtroom, in multi-party cases found in texts from 1600 and 1626. In the two following chapters, lexicogrammatical resources of ‘personal reference’ and ‘time and tense’ are analysed. The texts realize different patterns of anaphora, where individuation explains much of the variation: texts with high degree of individuation (criminal cases) materialize a high degree of pronouns, whereas texts regarding property issues materialize low individuation with few pronouns and many full NPs. Regarding the use of tense, the past tense is the most common tense. Still, the study shows an diachronic increase in the use of present tense. The last analytical chapter examines the use of three lexical features: judicial pronouns; word pairs; and nominalizations. The results show that judicial pronouns and word pairs typically occur in registrations matters; nominalizations occur throughout the genre. In the last chapter, the results and implications of the thesis are summated and discussed. The results point towards a pragmatic use of the written language. Although the lexicogrammatical resources are the same during the period, the usages vary. Hence, linguistic variation and change are highly motivated by an intercommunion of contextual factors such as a more solid administrative literacy, a changing litigation, and an increase of legal demands for linguistic precision and documentation. It is argued that the language variety in the genre can be understood as instantiations of different registers.

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Westin, Daniel. "Varsågod, här är din drömman! : Bilden av ideal manlighet i Veckorevyn: en ideationell analys och kritisk diskursanalys." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30341.

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The purpose of this essay is to examine the ideal image of masculinity in the monthly Swedish women magazine Veckorevyn, nr.2 2016. The intention is to explore how Veckorevyn’s own policy correspond to the construction of the ideal image of masculinity. The analysed material contains three texts from the same number of copy: two texts of which explicitly refers to masculinity and one text describing the feminist-policy of the magazine. The magazines feminist-policy is about the magazines work of changing sexist attitudes towards young women. The essay refers to a social constructivist perspective in defining gender and language. The method used is based upon Michael Halliday’s social semiotic approach SFG, systemic functional grammar, when analysing the text material, as well as Faircloughs critical discourse analysis. The results of the text analysis indicate that the image of masculinity presented in the magazine is closely connected to stereotypical ideas of men as sexually confident and independent. The analysed material contains a high level of material and relational processes, constructing a concrete, predefined and less negotiable image of masculinity towards the reader. The critical discourse analysis shows a high frequency of different discourses co-existing in the texts linked to the magazines ideal reader of young women: commercial/consumer-discourse (such as advertisements), health-discourse and men-women-discourse – all of which are closely linked to desire and consumption. These desire-discourses fail to relate to the magazines own feminist-policy, describing both men and women as stereotypically linked to sexuality and desire. The result of the critical discourse analysis indicates that the different discourses of the magazines own anti-sexist policy co-exist and collides with a sexist and stereotypical commercial/consumer-based discourse. These results adhere to previous research of Veckorevyn by Anja Hirdman (2001). The indications contribute in defining the Veckorevyn-magazine targeted to young women as a complex, contradictive and multi-discursive platform of ideas and values. According to Litosseliti (2006:121), the presence of the magazines own feminist-policy also risks producing new forms of sexism due to the magazines contradictive and stereotypical discourses.
Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka den ideala bilden av manlighet i det svenska kvinnomagasinet Veckorevyn. Vidare undersöks hur Veckorevyns egna kravställande policy överensstämmer med konstruktionen av den ideala bilden av manlighet. Det analyserade materialet innehållet tre texter från samma upplaga av Veckorevyn nummer 2, 2016. Två texter som explicit refererar till manlighet och en text som beskriver Veckorevyns egna feministiska policy. Veckorevyns feministiska policy handlar om tidningens arbete mot skeva könsroller och att förändra sexistiska attityder gentemot unga kvinnor. Uppsatsen bygger på ett socialkonstruktivistisk perspektiv i definitionen av genus och språk. Metoden bygger på Michael Hallidays sociala lingvistiska angreppssätt SFG, systemisk-funktionell grammatik, i analysen av textmaterialet samt Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys. Resultatet av textanalysen indikerar att bilden av manlighet som presenteras i Veckorevyn är nära förknippat med stereotypa idéer av män som sexuellt självsäkra och självständiga. Det analyserade materialet innehåller en hög andel materiella och relationella processer, vilket konstruerar en konkret, fördefinierad och mindre förhandlingsbar bild gentemot läsaren. Den kritiska diskursanalysen visar en hög frekvens av olika diskurser som samexisterar i texterna kopplade till tidningens läsarideal av unga kvinnor: kommersiell/konsument-diskurser (t.ex. reklam), hälso- och förbättringsdiskurser and män-kvinno-diskurser. Alla diskurser är nära sammanlänkade med begär och konsumtion. Dessa begärs-diskurser misslyckas med att relatera till Veckorevyns egna kravställande feministiska policy. Policyn undermineras i det analyserade materialet då både män och kvinnor länkas till stereotypa drag av sexualitet och begär. Detta ligger även i linje med tidigare forskning av Anja Hirdman (2001:257). Resultaten av den kritiska diskursanalysen indikerar att diskurserna av Veckorevyns egna anti-sexism- och feministiska policy kolliderar med en stereotyp kommersiell- och konsumentbaserad begärsdiskurs. Dessa resultat relaterar även till tidigare forskning av Veckorevyn av Anja Hirdman (2001). Sammantaget bidrar dessa indikationer till att ge en bild av Veckorevyns textproduktion riktat mot ett läsarideal av unga kvinnor som komplex, motsägelsefull och multidiskursiv plattform av idéer och värderingar. I likhet med Litosseliti (2006:121), kan Veckorevyns egna feministiska policy, som en del av en postfeministisk diskurs, bidra till att producera nya former av sexism med anledning av Veckorevyns motstridiga och stereotypa diskurser.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Functional discourse grammar'

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