Academic literature on the topic 'Functional grammar'

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Journal articles on the topic "Functional grammar"

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Prideaux, Gary D., and Anna Siewierska. "Functional Grammar." Language 70, no. 1 (March 1994): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416747.

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Wedekind, Jürgen, and Ronald M. Kaplan. "Tractable Lexical-Functional Grammar." Computational Linguistics 46, no. 3 (November 2020): 515–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00384.

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The formalism for Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) was introduced in the 1980s as one of the first constraint-based grammatical formalisms for natural language. It has led to substantial contributions to the linguistic literature and to the construction of large-scale descriptions of particular languages. Investigations of its mathematical properties have shown that, without further restrictions, the recognition, emptiness, and generation problems are undecidable, and that they are intractable in the worst case even with commonly applied restrictions. However, grammars of real languages appear not to invoke the full expressive power of the formalism, as indicated by the fact that algorithms and implementations for recognition and generation have been developed that run—even for broad-coverage grammars—in typically polynomial time. This article formalizes some restrictions on the notation and its interpretation that are compatible with conventions and principles that have been implicit or informally stated in linguistic theory. We show that LFG grammars that respect these restrictions, while still suitable for the description of natural languages, are equivalent to linear context-free rewriting systems and allow for tractable computation.
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Liu, Danqing. "When cognitive grammar meets functional grammar." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1, no. 1 (September 5, 2014): 136–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.1.1.05liu.

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This paper points out that certain frequently used terms in linguistic literature, such as“prominent/salient” and “background/ground”, are in fact interpreted differently or even contrarily in Functional Grammar and Cognitive Grammar. The paper attributes their diversified interpretations to the fundamental differences between these two linguistic schools in terms of paradigm and methodology, i.e. to focus on communicative activities of speech and discourse rules or on cognitive abilities and rules. The paper claims that “prominence” as a concept in cognitive grammar mainly relates to the speaker’s concerns, and can be more specifically reworded as topicality or accessibility since it, while conflicting with the focus-stress pattern, mostly conforms to the syntactic hierarchy of syntactic functions and the accessibility hierarchy of NPs, with the case being that the higher position an element occupies in the syntactic hierarchy the more prominent it is cognitively; “prominence” in Functional Grammar, however, mainly relates to the communicative function and the information status of the relevant elements, which thus can be more specifically reworded as focus or focusing, and it mostly conforms to the focus-stress pattern but conflicts with the syntactic hierarchy, with the case being that the more deeply an element is syntactically embedded the more prominent it is functionally. Some controversial opinions about emphasized elements in certain Chinese constructions might arise from the diversified interpretations of the relevant terms. On this basis, the paper further discusses certain problems existing in the ‘figure-background’ theory in cognitive grammar.
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Su, Hang, and Naixing Wei. "“I’m really sorry about what I said”." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 28, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 439–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.17005.su.

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Abstract This paper extends the concept of local grammar to speech act studies, focusing specifically on apologising in English. It aims primarily to demonstrate the usefulness of a local grammar approach to account for speech acts and ultimately to contribute to the on-going development of corpus pragmatics. Apology expressions in a corpus of scripted TV conversations are first automatically extracted and then manually examined in order to make sure that all remaining instances have the illocutionary force of apologising and thus qualify for further analysis. The subsequent local grammar analyses facilitate the establishment of a local grammar of apology, comprising 14 local grammar patterns. The analyses show that it is promising to develop a set of local grammars to account more adequately for speech acts in general. The relationship between local grammars, functional grammars, and general grammars is further discussed, which suggests that local grammars can be an alternative approach to functional-pragmatic studies of language and discourse. Directions for future research are outlined; and implications and applications are briefly discussed.
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Napoli, Donna Jo, and George M. Horn. "Lexical-Functional Grammar." Language 61, no. 1 (March 1985): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/413425.

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Atiyah, Anwar Turki. "The Morphosyntactic level in Functional Discourse Grammar." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 04 (February 29, 2020): 1419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i4/pr201112.

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WILMES, THOMAS. "FUNCTIONAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS VIEWED AS GRAMMARS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 02, no. 01 (March 1991): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054191000030.

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Functional production systems, which have been represented so far as a unification of functional and logic programming, are reviewed as a highly compact grammar concept, generalizing two-level, definite clause, macro, and attribute grammars.
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Hengeveld, Kees, and J. Lachlan Mackenzie. "Grammar and context in Functional Discourse Grammar." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.24.2.02hen.

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This article presents a proposal for the organization of the Contextual Component in Functional Discourse Grammar. A guiding principle in this proposal is that, given the fact that Functional Discourse Grammar is a theory of grammar, the Contextual Component should provide the information that is necessary for a proper functioning of the grammar rather than aim at an exhaustive specification of all the information that plays a role in interpreting linguistic expressions. The Contextual Component contains situational and discursive information and is organized in different strata that correspond to the interpersonal, representational, morphosyntactic, and phonological levels of representation within the grammar. The contextual representations make use of the same formalizations as the corresponding linguistic representations, thus allowing for direct exchange of information between the Grammatical and the Contextual Components. Thus exchange of information is handled by an interface called the contextualizer. The article illustrates the functioning of this model by analyzing the role of contextual information with respect to three grammatical phenomena in three different languages: Unexpressed arguments in Turkish, English too, and answers to yes/no questions in European Portuguese.
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GARCÍA VELASCO, Daniel. "Modularity and derivation in Functional Discourse Grammar." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 33, no. 1 (March 2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-445079408678625808.

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ABSTRACT Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) is a typologically-based theory of language structure which is organized in levels, layers and components. In this paper, I will claim that FDG is modular in Sadock’s sense, as it presents four independent levels of representation with their own linguistic primitives each. For modular grammars, the relation between the different levels (more technically, the nature of the interfaces) is a central issue. It will be shown that FDG is a top-down grammar which follows two basic principles in its dynamic implementation: Depth-first and Maximal depth. Together with external constraints, these principles conspire to create linguistic representations which are psychologically adequate and which allow levels to be circumvented if necessary, thus simplifying representations and creating mismatches among them.
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Butler, Christopher S. "Focusing on focus: A comparison of Functional Grammar, Role and Reference Grammar and Systemic Functional Grammar." Language Sciences 27, no. 6 (November 2005): 585–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2005.07.004.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Functional grammar"

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LEAL, RICARDO AUGUSTO BOITEUX MENDES. "GRAMMAR MODEL-BASED FUNCTIONAL TEST." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12322@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
O teste funcional de software é um desafio enfrentado há muito tempo por desenvolvedores. A complexidade crescente de sistemas computacionais torna esse desafio ainda maior. Uma tendência apontada como possível solução deste problema é o uso de teste baseado em modelos. Inspirada neste paradigma, esta dissertação retrata uma pesquisa sobre o uso de gramáticas como modelos de teste funcional. Modelos gramaticais podem capturar conceitos e comportamentos de um sistema e de seu ambiente usando um nível de abstração de acordo com o objetivo de teste. Eles também podem ser aplicados para descrever casos de teste funcional e guiar a execução de casos de teste gerados num sistema em teste. O resultado desta execução, representado na forma de um veredicto, revela a conformidade do sistema com seus requisitos e especificações. Para explorar o potencial dos modelos gramaticais, este trabalho definiu uma maneira sistemática de gerar e executar massas de teste. Esta solução permitiu a programação de diferentes estratégias de teste. Ela também facilitou a adaptação dos testes a mudanças de requisitos e promoveu o reuso dos testes existentes. Como efeito colateral deste estudo, um processo de teste funcional foi desenvolvido e a arquitetura de apoio aqui introduzida pode ser reutilizada ou estendida por futuras soluções de teste funcional.
Software functional test is a challenge faced by developers for a long time. The growing complexity of computing systems turns this challenge even greater. Model-based testing is a trend pointed out by the academia and the industry as a possible solution to this matter. Inspired by this paradigm, this dissertation depicts a research made on the use of grammars as functional test models. Grammar models can capture concepts and behaviors of a system and its environment at a level of abstraction according to the test goal. They also can be applied to describe functional test cases and guide the execution of the generated test cases against a system under test. The result of this execution, represented as a verdict, reveals the system conformity with its requirements and specifications. In order to explore grammar models potential, this work defined a systematic way to generate and execute a mass of tests. This solution allowed the implementation of different test strategies. It also assisted test adjustment to requirements change and promoted existing tests reuse. As a side-effect of this study, a functional test process was developed and the supporting architecture introduced here may be reused or extended by future functional test solutions.
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李逸薇 and Yat-mei Lee. "Complement functions in Cantonese: a lexical-functional grammar approach." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31226267.

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Lee, Yat-mei. "Complement functions in Cantonese : a lexical-functional grammar approach /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?

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Nguyen, Tam. "A Grammar of Bih." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12996.

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Bih is a Chamic (Austronesian) language spoken by approximately 500 people in the Southern highlands of Vietnam. This dissertation is the first descriptive grammar of the language, based on extensive fieldwork and community-based language documentation in Vietnam and written from a functional/typological perspective. The analysis in this work is supported with illustrations drawn mainly from texts, with examples from elicitation when needed as well. In phonology, Bih is the only mainland Chamic language to have retained all four Proto-Chamic presyllablic vowels. As a result, Bih is the only Chamic language having only primary clusters inherited from Proto-Chamic and lacks the secondary clusters created by a reduction of an original disyllable form in Proto-Chamic, which occur in other languages of the family. In addition to the vowels, Bih retains only six out of thirteen Proto-Chamic presyllable consonants, but it retains all main syllable consonants from Proto-Chamic. In addition, all voiced "aspirated" consonants in Proto-Chamic become voiceless in Bih. This phonological change is common throughout coastal Chamic and it is also shared among Bih and other two highland Chamic languages, Chru and Northern Roglai, but not with Ede. In morphological terms, Bih is an isolating language. Words are mostly monosyllabic, although there are a number of disyllable or trisyllable words with the fossilized prefixes pa- or ma- or both. Without inflection on verbs, like other mainland Southeast Asian languages, Bih includes a set of particles functioning as grammatical markers. In fact, many Bih words function as either a full lexical verb or particle depending on their syntactic behaviors. The fundamental mechanisms of Bih syntax are clause-chaining and verb serialization. Most grammatical forms develop from serial verb source constructions. Another feature of great areal typological interest is the topic and focus distinction system of Bih, which, in combination with word order alternations, indicates the discourse status of a referent: whether it is new and/or important in the discourse, or the speaker's evaluation of whether or not a referent is accessible to the mind of the hearer, or whether it contradicts a presupposition or expectation on the part of the hearer or of people in general. Bih has a very interesting obviative-like system, which uses one third person pronoun form to refer to the character whose point of view is being represented and another for all other third persons.
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Lam, Shi-Ching Olivia. "Object functions and the syntax of double object constructions in lexical functional grammar." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f2fce4eb-2f01-4fad-8c65-b95dee2ec4d9.

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It has long been observed that, in a double object constructions (DOC), the two objects exhibit different syntactic behaviour. In Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), these two objects are characterized as two distinct grammatical functions. The object that syntactically patterns with the monotransitive object is the unrestricted object OBJ. The one that does not is the restricted object OBJθ. The goals of this dissertation are to investigate the syntax of DOCs, and to explore the two object functions in LFG. When thinking about DOCs, the verb that almost invariably comes to mind is GIVE. This verb, however, may not be as prototypical as is commonly assumed. In Cantonese, it is the only verb whose objects are in an anomalous order, with the object that bears the theme role preceding the object which expresses the recipient role. Cantonese as a language does not uniformly have the direct (theme) object preceding the indirect (recipient) object. Other than the difference in their linear order, the objects in the GIVE-construction pattern with those in all other DOCs in the language. In some languages, there is a possibility of having more objects than is required by the underived form of a verb. An additional object can be licensed by the affixation of an applicative morpheme to the verb root. The syntax of the objects in an applicative construction is directly related to the type of semantic role that is applied. This has posed challenges for previous accounts of applicative constructions, as a change in the morphological structure of a verb is accompanied by a change in its argument structure. A new proposal is offered to account for this. A study of the syntax of DOCs involves much more than merely acknowledging the presence of two object functions in the construction. The morphology of the verb, the semantic roles that are required by the verb and the linear order of the arguments that express these roles are all relevant. Assuming various parallel but inter-related levels of representation, the theory of LFG has the suitable tools to take all these into consideration. Reference can be made straight-forwardly to the information at the different levels of representation, including the a-structure, the c-structure, the f-structure and the m-structure.
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Tong, Wun-sing, and 唐煥星. "The application of systemic functional grammar in Chinesepractical compositions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31963225.

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Anstey, Mathew Philip. "Towards a functional discourse grammar analysis of Tiberian Hebrew /." [Barton (A.C.T.)] : [M. P. Anstey], 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401376687.

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Chatsiou, Aikaterini (Kakia). "A Lexical Functional Grammar approach to modern Greek relative clauses." Thesis, University of Essex, 2010. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20558/.

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This thesis presents an account of the properties of Relative Clauses in Modern Greek, with particular focus on the distribution of the resumption and gap relativization strategies. For the most part relative clauses have been regarded in the literature as a type of Long Distance dependencies with unique properties. This thesis looks at the properties of three types of relative clauses in Modern Greek (restrictive, non-restrictive and free relative clauses). Working in the framework of Lexical Functional Grammar, we present an overview of the most important properties of Modern Greek Relative Clauses focusing on the distribution of the gap and resumption strategies in these constructions. We propose an analysis of Relative Clauses that brings forward the similarities of the three types of Relatives while at the same time manages to account for their dissimilarities, and it is shown that such constructions can be accommodated in LFG quite straightforwardly. The thesis also presents a computational implementation of the analysis using XLE (Xerox Linguistics Environment) a platform for testing and writing LFG grammars.
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Bögel, Tina [Verfasser]. "The Syntax-Prosody Interface in Lexical Functional Grammar / Tina Bögel." Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1129599108/34.

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Carretero, García Paloma. "A lexical functional grammar account of Spanish weak dative pronominals." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/19951/.

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This thesis is concerned with Spanish weak dative pronominals. Similar elements-generally labelled as clitics- in many languages have been focus of much research in Linguistics. The present study, however, abstracts away from classic approaches that had the external form of clitics as their main focus and provides description and analysis of very specific uses of dative pronominal items, namely when they appear on ditransitive constructions, with psychological predicates or in a configuration where they are not lexically specified in the valency of the verb, the so-called non-selected datives. The analysis of the dative in ditransitive constructions is twofold. We claim that the distribution of the dative in such configurations has semantic and syntactic implications. The presence of the dative pronoun is becoming grammaticalised and provides an entailment of affectedness. In instances of clitic doubling where we have both the pronoun and a noun phrase, we are treating the pronoun as the element that the predicate subcategorises for and the noun phrase is linked to it through information structure. This analysis is quite innovative as it ensures both elements are linked but they retain syntactic independence, in contrast with their treatment in previous approaches. With psychological predicates, we are concerned with what the status of the dative marked argument is; as previous approaches have contradictory views of it as subject or object. We analyse this dative with the tools provided by Lexical Mapping Theory and disagree with previous accounts by proposing an analysis of this dative as OBJɵ. With regards to non-selected datives in Spanish, they have not been widely discussed in the literature. We describe the different types and propose a finer grouping based on their ability to be treated as derived arguments. We sketch an analysis that adds a dative argument to the valency of a predicate through a lexical operation.
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Books on the topic "Functional grammar"

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Siewierska, Anne. Functional grammar. London: Routledge, 1991.

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Siewierska, Anna. Functional grammar. London: Routledge, 1991.

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Siewierska, Anna. Functional grammar. London: Routledge, 1991.

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Engberg-Pedersen, Elisabeth, Lisbeth Falster Jakobsen, and Lone Schack Rasmussen, eds. Function and Expression in Functional Grammar. Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110872620.

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1952-, Engberg-Pedersen Elisabeth, Jakobsen Lisbeth Falster 1939-, Rasmussen Lone Schack, and International Conference on Functional Grammar (4th : 1990 : University of Copenhagen), eds. Function and expression in functional grammar. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994.

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Dalrymple, Mary. Lexical functional grammar. San Diego: Academic Press, 2001.

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Hannay, Mike, and Elseline Vester, eds. Working with Functional Grammar. Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110859904.

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Hannay, Mike, and A. Machtelt Bolkestein, eds. Functional Grammar and Verbal Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.44.

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Dik, Simon C., and John Connolly, eds. Functional Grammar and the Computer. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110871685.

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Anstey, Matthew P., and J. Lachlan Mackenzie, eds. Crucial Readings in Functional Grammar. Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110901191.

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Book chapters on the topic "Functional grammar"

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Knain, Erik. "Functional Grammar." In Scientific Literacy for Participation, 25–57. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-896-1_2.

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Mackenzie, J. Lachlan. "Functional grammar." In Handbook of Pragmatics, 286–93. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.m.fun1.

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Mackenzie, J. Lachlan. "Functional grammar." In Handbook of Pragmatics, 625–33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.m2.fun1.

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Halliday, M. A. K. "On Grammar and Grammatics." In Functional Descriptions, 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.121.03hal.

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Dik, Simon C. "7. Functional Grammar." In Linguistic Theory and Grammatical Description, 247. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.75.09dik.

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Kuiper, Koenraad, and Jacqui Nokes. "Systemic Functional Grammar." In Theories of Syntax: Concepts and Case Studies, 65–86. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-38242-9_4.

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Kuiper, Koenraad, and Jacqui Nokes. "Lexical Functional Grammar." In Theories of Syntax: Concepts and Case Studies, 125–75. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-38242-9_6.

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Larsen-Freeman, Diane. "6. Functional grammar." In Language Learning & Language Teaching, 115–33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lllt.12.08lar.

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Keizer, Evelien, and Hella Olbertz. "Functional Discourse Grammar." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 2–15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.205.01kei.

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Hannay, Mike, and Kees Hengeveld. "Functional discourse grammar." In Handbook of Pragmatics, 1–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hop.13.fun4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Functional grammar"

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Barbuta, Ion. "Principles of Functional Grammar." In Conferinta stiintifica nationala "Lecturi în memoriam acad. Silviu Berejan", Ediția 6. “Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu” Institute of Romanian Philology, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52505/lecturi.2023.06.04.

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Unlike traditional grammar which focuses primarily or even exclusively on linguistic forms and structures rather than their use in communication, functional grammar is centered on meaning and function. This type of grammar privileges the study of the communicative functions of the language, following the analysis of each language unit through the prism of meaning and the function performed by it in the communication process. The method of functional-semantic fields is applied to the study and description of language facts, which involves examining the units of different levels of the language by grouping them based on their common function. The principles of the description from a functional perspective of the grammatical structure of the language presuppose the operation of clear distinctions in the case of examining the semantic structure of words and their classification. At the same time, a correlation of the semantic structure of the words with their morphosyntactic behavior is required.
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Hai, Le Manh, and Phan Thi Tuoi. "Vietnamese Lexical Functional Grammar." In 2009 International Conference on Knowledge and Systems Engineering (KSE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/kse.2009.45.

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McKeown, Kathleen R., and Cecile L. Paris. "Functional unification grammar revisited." In the 25th annual meeting. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/981175.981189.

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Engelberg, Klaus-Jürgen. "Lexical Functional Grammar in speech recognition." In the 12th conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/991635.991670.

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Kaplan, Ronald M., and John T. Maxwell. "Constituent coordination in Lexical-Functional Grammar." In the 12th conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/991635.991696.

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Rounds, William C., and Alexis Manaster-Ramer. "A logical version of functional grammar." In the 25th annual meeting. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/981175.981188.

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Kasper, Robert T. "Conditional descriptions in Functional Unification Grammar." In the 26th annual meeting. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/982023.982052.

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Fedorova, L. "TOWARDS THE PROBLEM OF FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF THE RESIAN LITERARY MICROLANGUAGE." In Actual issues of Slavic grammar and lexis. LCC MAKS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m4119.978-5-317-07174-5/217-226.

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The article discusses the functional varieties of the literary Resian micro-language - a Slavic idiom on the territory of Italy, which is one of the threatened languages. The book-religious, folk-colloquial, book-artistic varieties are distinguished by the spheres of their use. Currently, along with the existence of dialect written variants, the introduction of standard spelling is taking place, which has not yet been fixed. The Resians maintain their identity in opposition to the influence of Slovene as a language of literary norm.
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Agarwal, Manish, and Jonathan Cagan. "Shape Grammars and Their Languages: A Methodology for Product Design and Product Representation." In ASME 1997 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc97/dtm-3867.

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Abstract This paper argues that shape grammars and the languages they define are an ideal means to generate and represent products where basic functionality can be decomposed into discrete processes, forms can be created to fulfill those functional processes, and variation in those forms differentiates between competitive products. A shape grammar for the design of coffee makers is highlighted and used to illustrate how an infinite set of a class of products can be articulated through a concise shape grammar. Novel coffee makers and coffee makers in the market today are generated from the grammar.
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Abbas, Qaiser, and Ahsan Nabi Khan. "Lexical functional grammar for Urdu modal verbs." In 2009 International Conference on Emerging Technologies (ICET). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icet.2009.5353212.

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Reports on the topic "Functional grammar"

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Aiyar, Yamini, Vincy Davis, Gokulnath Govindan, and Taanya Kapoor. Rewriting the Grammar of the Education System: Delhi’s Education Reform (A Tale of Creative Resistance and Creative Disruption). Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-misc_2021/01.

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The study was not designed to undertake an evaluation of the success or failure of reform. Nor was it specifically about the desirability or defects of the policy reform choices. It took these reform choices and the policy context as a given. It is important to note that the Delhi reforms had its share of criticisms (Kumar, 2016; Rampal, 2016). However, our goal was not to comment on whether these were the “right” reforms or have their appropriateness measured in terms of their technical capability. This study sought to understand the pathways through which policy formulations, designed and promoted by committed leaders (the sound and functional head of the flailing state), transmit their ideas and how these are understood, resisted, and adopted on the ground. In essence, this is a study that sought to illuminate the multifaceted challenges of introducing change and transition in low-capacity settings. Its focus was on documenting the process of implementing reforms and the dynamics of resistance, distortion, and acceptance of reform efforts on the ground. The provocative claim that this report makes is that the success and failure, and eventual institutionalisation, of reforms depend fundamentally on how the frontline of the system understands, interprets, and adapts to reform efforts. This, we shall argue, holds the key to upending the status quo of “pilot” burial grounds that characterise many education reform efforts in India. Reforms are never implemented in a vacuum. They inevitably intersect with the belief systems, cultures, values, and norms that shape the education ecosystem. The dynamics of this interaction, the frictions it creates, and reformers’ ability to negotiate these frictions are what ultimately shape outcomes. In the ultimate analysis, we argue that reforming deeply entrenched education systems (and, more broadly, public service delivery systems) is not merely a matter of political will and technical solutions (although both are critical). It is about identifying the points of reform friction in the ecosystem and experimenting with different ways of negotiating these. The narrative presented here does not have any clear answers for what needs to be done right. Instead, it seeks to make visible the intricacies and potential levers of change that tend to be ignored in the rush to “evaluate” reforms and declare success and failure. Moving beyond success to understand the dynamics of change and resistance is the primary contribution of this study.
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Buitrago García, Hilda Clarena, and Gloria Inés Lindo Ocampo. Instructional Design of the Level 2 English Course for the Virtual Modality. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.64.

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This didactic planning, which starts from the characterization of the instructional design of the English level 2 course of the Open Lingua Program, is an improvement proposal focused on teaching this course online. In this context, the course planning, divided in three specific stages, involved several steps. First, the functions of the tutor were defined based on the postulates of some authors. After that, the expected learning evidences were reviewed and edited considering the linguistic competences the students are expected to achieve during the course. Next, some didactic activities are designed to provide the students with the grammar and vocabulary content they need to achieve the learning objectives. Finally, the different technological tools used before, during and after to communicate with students, teaching classes, clarify doubts, give feedback, and generate content, among other functions, are described. Undoubtedly, teaching and learning English as foreign language can greatly improve if adequate technologies and didactic strategies are used when providing online instruction.
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BAGIYAN, A., and A. VARTANOV. SYSTEMS ACQUISITION IN MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION: THE CASE OF AXIOLOGICALLY CHARGED LEXIS. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-13-4-3-48-61.

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The process of mastering, systematizing and automatizing systems language skills occupies a key place in the theory and practice of teaching foreign languages and cultures. Following the main trends of modern applied linguistics in the field of multilingual research, we hypothesize the advisability of using the lexical approach in mastering the entire complex of systems skills (grammar, vocabulary, phonology, functions, discourse) in students receiving multilingual education at higher educational institutions. In order to theoretically substantiate the hypothesis, the authors carry out structural, semantic, and phonological analysis of the main lexical units (collocations). After this, linguodidactic analysis of students’ hypothetical problems and, as a result, problems related to the teaching of relevant linguistic and axiological features is carried out. At the final stage of the paper, a list of possible outcomes from the indicated linguistic and methodological problematic situations is given. This article is the first in the cycle of linguodidactic studies of the features of learning and teaching systems language skills in a multilingual educational space.
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Buitrago García, Hilda Clarena, and Gloria Inés Lindo Ocampo. Instructional Design of the Level 3 English Course for the Virtual Modality. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.62.

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This didactic plan, which starts from the characterization of the instructional design of the English level 3 course of the Open Lingua Program, is an improvement proposal focused on teaching this course online. In this context, the course planning, divided into three specific stages, involved several steps. First, the role of the teacher and students in the process of learning and teaching is very important, and it was defined based on the postulates of some authors. After that, the expected learning evidence was reviewed and edited considering the linguistic competences the students are expected to achieve during the course. Next, some didactic activities are designed to provide the students with the grammar and vocabulary content they need to achieve the learning objectives. Finally, the different technological tools used before, during and after to communicate with students, teach classes, clarify doubts, give feedback, and generate content, among other functions, are described. Undoubtedly, teaching, and learning English as foreign language can greatly improve if adequate technologies and didactic strategies are used when providing online instruction.
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Carney, Stephanie M., Michael D. Hylland, William R. Lund, and Robert Ressetar. Guide for the Preparation of Reports for the Utah Geological Survey, Fourth Edition. Utah Geological Survey, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/c-137.

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Throughout its history, the Utah Geological Survey (UGS) has strived to produce reports of the highest technical and editorial quality. To achieve that end and establish the basis for a certain degree of uniformity among the various publication series of the UGS, the first edition of the Guide for the Preparation of Reports for the Utah Geological Survey (the Guide) was published as UGS Circular 85 in 1992. The Guide was updated, revised, and published as a second edition (Miscellaneous Publication 03-7) and third edition (Circular 105) in 2003 and 2012, respectively. This fourth edition of the Guide retains much of the original text of the previous editions but incorporates revisions and additional text to address moving the technical review process into the digital age. Hardcopy review was not feasible during the COVID-19 pandemic and new review procedures regarding digital documents have since been adopted. Additionally, in 2021 the Data Management Program was created to address the increase in web applications and therefore the Website section has been substantially revised. Appendix B, Disclaimers for Use in UGS Publications, has also been revised by consolidating disclaimers having similar text and function, reducing the number from 11 to 7 disclaimers. Finally, various minor revisions reflect the ongoing evolution of English grammar and style.
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