Journal articles: 'Functional inorganic nanoparticles'

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Reijnders, L. "Safe Functional Modified CuO Nanoparticles?" Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (2023): 3425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063425.

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CuO nanoparticles produced by methods from inorganic chemistry and physics are applied as biocides and applications thereof in solar stills, solar collectors, catalysis, sensing and diesel fuels have been proposed. Such CuO nanoparticles are hazardous due to the release of Cu ions and the induced generation of reactive oxygen species after uptake by organisms. Nanoparticle hazard may be reduced by surface modification (coating or capping) and doping which reduces the release of Cu ions and the generation of reactive oxygen species. None of the published safe-by-design modifications of CuO nanoparticles that will be discussed here have been proven safe (no risk). By targeting the release of Cu ions and the generation of reactive oxygen species by CuO nanoparticles, safe(r)-by-design studies target properties that underly the biocidal functionality of CuO nanoparticles. Other functionalities of CuO nanoparticles may also be impacted. There is a case for complementing safe(r)-by-design studies by investigating the impact of the modifications studied on CuO nanoparticle functionality.

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Deepa, K., M. Leo Edward, A. Shalini, and V. Jaisankar. "Preparation of Inorganic Composites of Chitosan/magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle for Antibacterial Activity." Journal of ISAS 2, no. 2 (2023): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.59143/isas.jisas.2.2.kcna4459.

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Natural polymer based nanocomposites have received attention in research due their biocompatible nature and their versatile application in medical field. In the current investigation, we report the synthesize of chitosan /magnesium oxide nanoparticle (CS/MgO) composite material. The prepared sample was characterized by analytical methods such as FTIR, XRD and HRSEM.The antibacterial activity of the CS/MgO composite was evaluated. FT-IR spectral results showed the CS/MgO composite has distinctive functional groups. HR SEM images revealed that the formation of well dispersed MgO nanoparticles in CS and it is observed that the MgO nanoparticles are embedded between the functional moieties present in the chitosan which shows the good interaction between chitosan and MgO nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of the composite was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It is observed that the CS/MgO composite material showed comparatively higher inhibition against E. coli than S.aureus

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Niemeyer, Christof M. "Functional Hybrid Devices of Proteins and Inorganic Nanoparticles." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 42, no. 47 (2003): 5796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200301703.

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Roig-Sanchez, Soledad, Erik Jungstedt, Irene Anton-Sales, et al. "Nanocellulose films with multiple functional nanoparticles in confined spatial distribution." Nanoscale Horizons 4, no. 3 (2019): 634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nh00310f.

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Zentel, Rudolf. "Polymer Coated Semiconducting Nanoparticles for Hybrid Materials." Inorganics 8, no. 3 (2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics8030020.

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This paper reviews synthetic concepts for the functionalization of various inorganic nanoparticles with a shell consisting of organic polymers and possible applications of the resulting hybrid materials. A polymer coating can make inorganic nanoparticles soluble in many solvents as individual particles and not only do low molar mass solvents become suitable, but also polymers as a solid matrix. In the case of shape anisotropic particles (e.g., rods) a spontaneous self-organization (parallel orientation) of the nanoparticles can be achieved, because of the formation of lyotropic liquid crystalline phases. They offer the possibility to orient the shape of anisotropic nanoparticles macroscopically in external electric fields. At least, such hybrid materials allow semiconducting inorganic nanoparticles to be dispersed in functional polymer matrices, like films of semiconducting polymers. Thereby, the inorganic nanoparticles can be electrically connected and addressed by the polymer matrix. This allows LEDs to be prepared with highly fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles (quantum dots) as chromophores. Recent works have aimed to further improve these fascinating light emitting materials.

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Kong, Linlin, Xinyi Jin, Dapeng Hu, Leyun Feng, Dong Chen, and Hanying Li. "Functional delivery vehicle of organic nanoparticles in inorganic crystals." Chinese Chemical Letters 30, no. 12 (2019): 2351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.08.007.

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Lee, Jun Hyup. "Design of Highly Adhesive and Water-Resistant UV/Heat Dual-Curable Epoxy–Acrylate Composite for Narrow Bezel Display Based on Reactive Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles." Polymers 12, no. 10 (2020): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102178.

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To attain the narrow bezel characteristic of information displays, functional sealing composite materials should possess high adhesion strength and water barrier performance due to their narrow line widths. In this study, highly adhesive UV/heat dual-curable epoxy–acrylate composites with outstanding water-resistant performance have been proposed using photoreactive organic–inorganic hybrid nanoparticles that can react with an acrylate resin, creating a crosslinked nanoparticle network within the sealing composite. The hybrid nanoparticles consisted of reactive methacrylate groups as a shell and an inorganic core of silica or aluminum oxide, and were facilely synthesized through sol–gel reaction and chemisorption process. The curing characteristics, adhesive strength, and moisture permeability of the proposed sealing composite have been compared to those of a conventional epoxy–acrylate composite containing inorganic silica particles. The composites including hybrid nanoparticles exhibited high UV and heat curing ratios owing to the numerous methacrylate groups on the nanoparticle surface and high compatibility with organic resins. Moreover, the proposed sealing composite showed high adhesion strength and extremely low water permeability due to the creation of densely photocrosslinked network with matrix resins. In addition, the sealing composite exhibited excellent narrow dispensing width as well as relatively low viscosity, suggesting the potential application in narrow bezel display.

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Dash, Kshirod Kumar, Pinky Deka, Sneh Punia Bangar, Vandana Chaudhary, Monica Trif, and Alexandru Rusu. "Applications of Inorganic Nanoparticles in Food Packaging: A Comprehensive Review." Polymers 14, no. 3 (2022): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030521.

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Nanoparticles (NPs) have acquired significance in technological breakthroughs due to their unique properties, such as size, shape, chemical composition, physiochemical stability, crystal structure, and larger surface area. There is a huge demand for packaging materials that can keep food fresher for extended periods of time. The incorporation of nanoscale fillers in the polymer matrix would assists in the alleviation of packaging material challenges while also improving functional qualities. Increased barrier properties, thermal properties like melting point and glass transition temperatures, and changed functionalities like surface wettability and hydrophobicity are all features of these polymers containing nanocomposites. Inorganic nanoparticles also have the potential to reduce the growth of bacteria within the packaging. By incorporating nano-sized components into biopolymer-based packaging materials, waste material generated during the packaging process may be reduced. The different inorganic nanoparticles such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, silver, and gold are the most preferred inorganic nanoparticles used in food packaging. Food systems can benefit from using these packaging materials and improve physicochemical and functional properties. The compatibility of inorganic nanoparticles and their various forms with different polymers make them excellent components for package fortification. This review article describes the various aspects of developing and applying inorganic nanoparticles in food packaging. This study provides diverse uses of metals and metal oxides nanoparticles in food packaging films for the development of improved packaging films that can extend the shelf life of food products. These packaging solutions containing nanoparticles would effectively preserve, protect, and maintain the quality of the food material.

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Bellotto, Ottavia, Maria C. Cringoli, Siglinda Perathoner, Paolo Fornasiero, and Silvia Marchesan. "Peptide Gelators to Template Inorganic Nanoparticle Formation." Gels 7, no. 1 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7010014.

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The use of peptides to template inorganic nanoparticle formation has attracted great interest as a green route to advance structures with innovative physicochemical properties for a variety of applications that range from biomedicine and sensing, to catalysis. In particular, short-peptide gelators offer the advantage of providing dynamic supramolecular environments for the templating effect on the formation of inorganic nanoparticles directly in the resulting gels, and ideally without using further reductants or chemical reagents. This mini-review describes the recent progress in the field to outline future research directions towards dynamic functional materials that exploit the synergy between supramolecular chemistry, nanoscience, and the interface between organic and inorganic components for advanced performance.

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Arai, Kosuke, Satoshi Murata, Taifeng Wang, et al. "Adsorption of Biomineralization Protein Mms6 on Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (2022): 5554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105554.

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Biomineralization is an elaborate process that controls the deposition of inorganic materials in living organisms with the aid of associated proteins. Magnetotactic bacteria mineralize magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with finely tuned morphologies in their cells. Mms6, a magnetosome membrane specific (Mms) protein isolated from the surfaces of bacterial magnetite nanoparticles, plays an important role in regulating the magnetite crystal morphology. Although the binding ability of Mms6 to magnetite nanoparticles has been speculated, the interactions between Mms6 and magnetite crystals have not been elucidated thus far. Here, we show a direct adsorption ability of Mms6 on magnetite nanoparticles in vitro. An adsorption isotherm indicates that Mms6 has a high adsorption affinity (Kd = 9.52 µM) to magnetite nanoparticles. In addition, Mms6 also demonstrated adsorption on other inorganic nanoparticles such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and hydroxyapatite. Therefore, Mms6 can potentially be utilized for the bioconjugation of functional proteins to inorganic material surfaces to modulate inorganic nanoparticles for biomedical and medicinal applications.

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Ignjatovic, Nenad, Smilja Markovic, Dragana Jugovic, and Dragan Uskokovic. "Molecular designing of nanoparticles and functional materials." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 82, no. 6 (2017): 607–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc1612070011i.

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The interdisciplinary research team implemented the program titled ?Molecular designing of nanoparticles with controlled morphological and physicochemical characteristics and functional materials based on them? (MODENAFUNA), between 2011 and 2016, gaining new knowledge significant to the further improvement of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies. It gathered under its umbrella six main interrelated topics pertaining to the design and control of morphological and physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and functional material based on them using new methods of synthesis and processing: 1) inorganic nanoparticles, 2) cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, 3) functional ceramics with improved electrical and optical properties, 4) full density nanostructured calcium phosphate and functionally-graded materials, 5) nano-calcium phosphate in bone tissue engineering and 6) biodegradable micro- and nano-particles for the controlled delivery of medicaments.

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Pinkerton, Nathalie M., Khadidja Hadri, Baptiste Amouroux, et al. "Quench ionic flash nano precipitation as a simple and tunable approach to decouple growth and functionalization for the one-step synthesis of functional LnPO4-based nanoparticles in water." Chemical Communications 54, no. 68 (2018): 9438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc04163f.

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O’Brien, Matthew N., Matthew R. Jones, and Chad A. Mirkin. "The nature and implications of uniformity in the hierarchical organization of nanomaterials." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 42 (2016): 11717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605289113.

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In this Perspective, we present a framework that defines how to understand and control material structure across length scales with inorganic nanoparticles. Three length scales, frequently discussed separately, are unified under the topic of hierarchical organization: atoms arranged into crystalline nanoparticles, ligands arranged on nanoparticle surfaces, and nanoparticles arranged into crystalline superlattices. Through this lens, we outline one potential pathway toward perfect colloidal matter that emphasizes the concept of uniformity. Uniformity is of both practical and functional importance, necessary to increase structural sophistication and realize the promise of nanostructured materials. Thus, we define the nature of nonuniformity at each length scale as a means to guide ongoing research efforts and highlight potential problems in the field.

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Nocchetti, Morena, Michela Piccinini, Antonio Scafuri, Alessandro Di Michele, and Valeria Ambrogi. "Silanised Fluoride Hydrotalcites as Functional and Multicomponent Fillers for Dental Composites." Biomimetics 10, no. 6 (2025): 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10060398.

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Acrylic resin composites with a high filler loading, consisting of a fluoride-containing hydrotalcite incorporated into silica nanoparticles, were prepared. The filler was obtained by a multi-step process. First, ZnAl hydrotalcite in fluoride form (HTlc/F) was functionalised with tetraethoxysilane to form Si-O-M bonds (M = Al or Zn) with the brucitic layers. The ethoxysilane groups exposed on the layers were used as nucleation seeds for silica nanoparticles. The composite, named SiO2@HTlc/F, was then functionalised with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl methacrylate groups and used as a filler for acrylic resins. The methacrylate groups on the surface of the inorganic composite participated in the polymerisation process of the resin by minimising the phase separation between inorganic and polymer through the formation of chemical bonds at the polymer–inorganic interface. The filler in the resin increases the degree of polymerisation, bringing it to values very close to 100%. Finally, preliminary studies on the release of fluoride anions showed that they are released slowly over time.

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Burdușel, Alexandra-Cristina, Oana Gherasim, Ecaterina Andronescu, Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu, and Anton Ficai. "Inorganic Nanoparticles in Bone Healing Applications." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 4 (2022): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040770.

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Modern biomedicine aims to develop integrated solutions that use medical, biotechnological, materials science, and engineering concepts to create functional alternatives for the specific, selective, and accurate management of medical conditions. In the particular case of tissue engineering, designing a model that simulates all tissue qualities and fulfills all tissue requirements is a continuous challenge in the field of bone regeneration. The therapeutic protocols used for bone healing applications are limited by the hierarchical nature and extensive vascularization of osseous tissue, especially in large bone lesions. In this regard, nanotechnology paves the way for a new era in bone treatment, repair and regeneration, by enabling the fabrication of complex nanostructures that are similar to those found in the natural bone and which exhibit multifunctional bioactivity. This review aims to lay out the tremendous outcomes of using inorganic nanoparticles in bone healing applications, including bone repair and regeneration, and modern therapeutic strategies for bone-related pathologies.

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Xu, Bingjie, Langfei Yang, Wei Pan, et al. "Anchoring silver nanoparticles on nanofibers by thermal bonding to construct functional surface." Biointerphases 17, no. 6 (2022): 061005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0002206.

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Generally, the anchoring of inorganic nanoparticles onto the surface of fibers faces the problem of poor stability, which limits the wide application of nanoparticle functionalized fibers. Herein, nanofibers with shell-core structures were constructed by coaxial electrospinning of two polymers with different melting points (Tm). Polyglycolic acid (PGA, Tm = 225 °C) was employed as the core layer, while polycaprolactone (PCL, Tm = 60 °C) was used as the shell layer. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were electrosprayed on the nanofibers and the shell layer (PCL) was heated and melted to bond the AgNPs, thus realizing a stable AgNP-composited nanofiber for the construction of antibacterial functional surface. By regulating the shell-core flow ratio and the condition for heat treatment, the appropriate thickness of the shell layer was obtained with a flow ratio of 3:1 (PCL:PGA). The optimal composite structure was constructed when the thermal bonding was taken under 80 °C for 5 min. Furthermore, it was found that the composite nanofibers prepared by thermal bonding had better hydrophilicity, mechanical property, and AgNPs bonding stability, and their antibacterial rate against Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) reached over 97%. Overall, a facile and universal method for the preparation of nanoparticle-anchored nanofibers was established in this study. The robust nanoparticle-composited nanofibers are promising for applications in optoelectronic devices, electrode materials, and so on.

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Wu, Yanheng, Wenyi Gu, Li Li, Chen Chen, and Zhi Xu. "Enhancing PD-1 Gene Silence in T Lymphocytes by Comparing the Delivery Performance of Two Inorganic Nanoparticle Platforms." Nanomaterials 9, no. 2 (2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020159.

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Suitable carriers are crucial to RNAi applications for cancer genotherapy and T-cell immunotherapy. In this research, we selected two extensively-investigated biocompatible inorganic nanoparticle carriers, i.e., layered double hydroxide (LDH) and lipid-coated calcium phosphate (LCP) and then compared their efficacy for siRNA delivery in T cells, in order to understand which carrier is more efficient in delivering functional programmed cell death protein 1 siRNA (PD-1 siRNA) to suspended T lymphocytes. Both LDH and LCP nanoparticles quickly delivered gene segment to mouse T cell lines (EL4), while the LCP nanoparticles exhibited more cellular uptake and higher PD-1 gene silence efficiency. We further demonstrated that LCP nanoparticles successfully reduced the expression of PD-1 in human ex vivo tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Thus, LCP nanoparticles can be used as a better nano-carrier for gene therapy in lymphocytes, especially in regards to TIL-related cancer immunotherapy.

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Ge, Xuemei, Zhaoxin Cao, and Lanling Chu. "The Antioxidant Effect of the Metal and Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles." Antioxidants 11, no. 4 (2022): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040791.

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Inorganic nanoparticles, such as CeO3, TiO2 and Fe3O4 could be served as a platform for their excellent performance in antioxidant effect. They may offer the feasibility to be further developed for their smaller and controllable sizes, flexibility to be modified, relative low toxicity as well as ease of preparation. In this work, the recent progress of these nanoparticles were illustrated, and the antioxidant mechanism of the inorganic nanoparticles were introduced, which mainly included antioxidant enzyme-mimetic activity and antioxidant ROS/RNS scavenging activity. The antioxidant effects and the applications of several nanoparticles, such as CeO3, Fe3O4, TiO2 and Se, are summarized in this paper. The potential toxicity of these nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo was well studied for the further applications. Future directions of how to utilize these inorganic nanoparticles to be further applied in some fields, such as medicine, cosmetic and functional food additives were also investigated in this paper.

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Sperling, R. A., and W. J. Parak. "Surface modification, functionalization and bioconjugation of colloidal inorganic nanoparticles." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1915 (2010): 1333–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0273.

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Inorganic colloidal nanoparticles are very small, nanoscale objects with inorganic cores that are dispersed in a solvent. Depending on the material they consist of, nanoparticles can possess a number of different properties such as high electron density and strong optical absorption (e.g. metal particles, in particular Au), photoluminescence in the form of fluorescence (semiconductor quantum dots, e.g. CdSe or CdTe) or phosphorescence (doped oxide materials, e.g. Y 2 O 3 ), or magnetic moment (e.g. iron oxide or cobalt nanoparticles). Prerequisite for every possible application is the proper surface functionalization of such nanoparticles, which determines their interaction with the environment. These interactions ultimately affect the colloidal stability of the particles, and may yield to a controlled assembly or to the delivery of nanoparticles to a target, e.g. by appropriate functional molecules on the particle surface. This work aims to review different strategies of surface modification and functionalization of inorganic colloidal nanoparticles with a special focus on the material systems gold and semiconductor nanoparticles, such as CdSe/ZnS. However, the discussed strategies are often of general nature and apply in the same way to nanoparticles of other materials.

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Giner-Casares, Juan J., and Javier Reguera. "Directed self-assembly of inorganic nanoparticles at air/liquid interfaces." Nanoscale 8, no. 37 (2016): 16589–95. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NR05054A.

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Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) appear as the forefront functional structure in nanotechnology. The preparation of functional materials based on inorganic NPs requires their assembly onto well-defined structures. Within this context, self-assembly at air-liquid interfaces is probably the best candidate for a universal procedure for active materials composed of assembled NPs. The detailed in situ mechanism of the lateral self-assembly and vertical organization of NPs at air-liquid interfaces is still unknown despite its extended use. The most common and promising methods for addressing this open issue are reviewed herein. The self-assembled films can be used in situ or further be transferred to solid substrates as the main constituents of novel functional materials. Plasmonic NPs at interfaces are highly interesting, given the broad range of applications of the plasmonic field, and will be discussed more in detail.

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Doustkhah, Esmail, Sadegh Rostamnia, Nao Tsunoji, et al. "Templated synthesis of atomically-thin Ag nanocrystal catalysts in the interstitial space of a layered silicate." Chemical Communications 54, no. 35 (2018): 4402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc00275d.

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Dzyazko, Yuliya, Ludmila Ponomarova, Yurii Volfkovich, et al. "Influence of Zirconium Hydrophosphate Nanoparticles on Porous Structure and Sorption Capacity of the Composites Based on Ion Exchange Resin." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 10, no. 3 (2016): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.03.329.

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Evolution of swelling of gel-like strongly acidic resin and organic-inorganic composites based on this ion-exchanger was investigated. Non-aggregated nanoparticles of zirconium hydrophosphate were found to provide size invariability of the polymer pores, which contain functional groups (up to 20 nm), the nanoparticle aggregates squeeze these pores (down to 3 nm). Owing to this, the nanocomposite shows higher break-through capacity during removal of Ni2+ from water, than the sample modified only with aggregates.

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Chen, Lijuan, Xiaohui Guo, Yuanfang Luo, Zhixin Jia, Yongjun Chen, and Demin Jia. "Inorganic and Organic Hybrid Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Crosslinkers for Rubber Vulcanization with High-Filler Rubber Interaction." Polymers 10, no. 10 (2018): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101138.

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Improving the interfacial interaction between rubber and silica nanoparticles, and simultaneously reducing free sulfur and preventing migration and volatilization of a rubber vulcanizing agent, commercial sulfur compound aliphatic ether polysulfide (VA-7) was chemically attached to the silica surface to obtain a functionalized nanoparticle (silica-s-VA7). Functional nanoparticles can not only effectively crosslink rubber without sulfur as a novel vulcanizator, but are also evenly dispersed in the rubber matrix and improve the dispersion of the remaining pristine silica as an interfacial compatibilizer. In addition, the thicker immobilized polymer layer and prominent crosslinking density of SBR nanocomposites simultaneously demonstrate that the novel vulcanizing agent silica-s-VA7 gives rise to significant improvement on the rubber–filler interfacial adhesion on account of the covalent linkages of organic and inorganic interfaces between elastomer and nanofillers. We envisage that this strategy may provide a new avenue to implement high-efficiency design for a multifunctional rubber-vulcanizing agent through an organic and inorganic hybridization mechanism.

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Zhao, Qinfu, Xinqian Liu, Stephen Veldhuis, and Igor Zhitomirsky. "Versatile Strategy for Electrophoretic Deposition of Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Metal Oxide Nanocomposites." Materials 14, no. 24 (2021): 7902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247902.

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Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is an advanced functional polymer which exhibits excellent chemical and thermal stability, and good mechanical, piezoelectric and ferroelectic properties. This work opens a new strategy for the fabrication of nanocomposites, combining the functional properties of PVDF and advanced inorganic nanomaterials. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) has been developed for the fabrication of films containing PVDF and nanoparticles of TiO2, MnO2 and NiFe2O4. An important finding was the feasibility of EPD of electrically neutral PVDF and inorganic nanoparticles using caffeic acid (CA) and catechol violet (CV) as co-dispersants. The experiments revealed strong adsorption of CA and CV on PVDF and inorganic nanoparticles, which involved different mechanisms and facilitated particle dispersion, charging and deposition. The analysis of the deposition yield data, chemical structure of the dispersants and the microstructure and composition of the films provided an insight into the adsorption and dispersion mechanisms and the influence of deposition conditions on the deposition rate, film microstructure and composition. PVDF films provided the corrosion protection of stainless steel. Overcoming the limitations of other techniques, this investigation demonstrates a conceptually new approach for the fabrication of PVDF-NiFe2O4 films, which showed superparamagnetic properties. The approach developed in this investigation offers versatile strategies for the EPD of advanced organic-inorganic nanocomposites.

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Shirmardi Shaghasemi, B., E. S. Dehghani, E. M. Benetti, and E. Reimhult. "Host–guest driven ligand replacement on monodisperse inorganic nanoparticles." Nanoscale 9, no. 26 (2017): 8925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr02199b.

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We demonstrate that crown ether-assisted ligand replacement on Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NPs using halide salts leads to quantitative stripping of an existing stabilizer shell with unprecedented (complete) efficiency; this allows subsequent re-grafting of functional ligands at maximal surface density.

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Rajeshkumar, S., M. Vanaja, and Arunachalam Kalirajan. "Degradation of Toxic Dye Using Phytomediated Copper Nanoparticles and Its Free-Radical Scavenging Potential and Antimicrobial Activity against Environmental Pathogens." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2021 (December 3, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1222908.

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The present investigation deals with the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles in an ecofriendly manner using leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata. Green-synthesized copper nanoparticles were studied for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and catalytic activity. The leaves were powdered and extracted with water and added to copper sulphate solution. The reduction of copper ions to nanoparticles was preliminarily identified by the color change of the reaction mixture. The synthesized nanoparticle was characterized by using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at a different wavelength with different time intervals. Functional groups available on the surface of the nanoparticle were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Surface roughness was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed six distinct intense peaks indicating the crystalline nature of synthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) demonstrated polydispersed nanoparticles formed in the reaction process. The antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles was evaluated by an agar well diffusion assay against pathogenic bacteria. The antioxidant activity showed the excellent reduction of DPPH free radicals by nanoparticles. These results confirmed that copper nanoparticles serve as an alternative therapeutic agent over conventional drugs. Moreover, copper nanoparticles were also used to study the effect on the dye degradation process of methyl red and eosin dyes. Copper nanoparticles effectively remove the dyes with high efficiency up to 92% and 95% of methyl red and eosin dye, respectively.

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Xu, Hui, Yuci Xu, Xinchang Pang, et al. "A general route to nanocrystal kebabs periodically assembled on stretched flexible polymer shish." Science Advances 1, no. 2 (2015): e1500025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500025.

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Assembling nanoparticles into one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures with precisely controlled size and shape renders the exploration of new properties and construction of 1D miniaturized devices possible. The physical properties of such nanostructures depend heavily on the size, chemical composition, and surface chemistry of nanoparticle constituents, as well as the close proximity of adjacent nanoparticles within the 1D nanostructure. Chemical synthesis provides an intriguing alternative means of creating 1D nanostructures composed of self-assembled nanoparticles in terms of material diversity, size controllability, shape regularity, and low-cost production. However, this is an area where progress has been slower. We report an unconventional yet general strategy to craft an exciting variety of 1D nanonecklace-like nanostructures comprising uniform functional nanodiscs periodically assembled along a stretched flexible polymer chain by capitalizing on judiciously designed amphiphilic worm-like diblock copolymers as nanoreactors. These nanostructures can be regarded as organic-inorganic shish-kebabs, in which nanodisc kebabs are periodically situated on a stretched polymer shish. Simulations based on self-consistent field theory reveal that the formation of organic-inorganic shish-kebabs is guided by the self-assembled elongated star-like diblock copolymer constituents constrained on the highly stretched polymer chain.

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Jiang, Cong-cong, Yan-ke Cao, Gui-yong Xiao, Rui-fu Zhu, and Yu-peng Lu. "A review on the application of inorganic nanoparticles in chemical surface coatings on metallic substrates." RSC Advances 7, no. 13 (2017): 7531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra25841g.

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Nanocomposite coatings obtained by the controlled addition of inorganic nanoparticles into the treatment baths not only improve the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, but also enhance the functional properties.

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Jańczewski, Dominik, Nikodem Tomczak, Shuhua Liu, Ming-Yong Han, and G. Julius Vancso. "Covalent assembly of functional inorganic nanoparticles by “click” chemistry in water." Chemical Communications 46, no. 19 (2010): 3253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b921848c.

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Li, Yu Lin, and Bin Huan Sun. "Nano-Delivery Materials: Review of Development and Application in Drug/Gene Transport." Key Engineering Materials 803 (May 2019): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.803.158.

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As the nanotechnology rapidly develops, the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology to build nanoparticles with biological functionalization has brought new opportunities for the development and application of biomedical diagnosis. Many new non-viral drug/gene vectors were constructed by using nanoparticles as drug/gene carriers, especially by making conventional inorganic materials into nanoparticles and performing functional modifications. In this paper, the physical and chemical properties, preparation methods and application in drug/gene transport of several nanomaterials including mesoporous silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, dendrimers, graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes are reviewed respectively. At the same time, the merit and dismerit of different nanocarriers and their application scenarios are compared. It has been found that the excellent biocompatibility and large specific surface area of inorganic nanomaterials have great potential for drug/gene delivery. Although there are many bottlenecks and challenges for nanomaterials to settle during drug delivery development and industrial production, the improvement of inorganic nanomaterials and the development of new nanocarriers can promote the wider progress of nanocarriers in drug/gene transport.

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Pota, Giulio, Virginia Venezia, Giuseppe Vitiello, et al. "Tuning Functional Behavior of Humic Acids through Interactions with Stöber Silica Nanoparticles." Polymers 12, no. 4 (2020): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040982.

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Humic acids (HA) exhibit fascinating multifunctional features, yet degradation phenomena as well as poor stability in aqueous environments strongly limit their use. Inorganic nanoparticles are emerging as a powerful interface for the development of robust HA bio-hybrid materials with enhanced chemical stability and tunable properties. Hybrid organic-inorganic SiO2/HA nanostructures were synthesized via an in-situ sol-gel route, exploiting both physical entrapment and chemical coupling. The latter was achieved through amide bond formation between carboxyl groups of HA and the amino group of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), as confirmed by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Monodisperse hybrid nanoparticles about 90 nm in diameter were obtained in both cases, yet Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy highlighted the different supramolecular organization of HA. The altered HA conformation was reflected in different antioxidant properties of the conjugated nanoparticles that, however, resulted in being higher than for pure HA. Our findings proved the key role of both components in defining the morphology of the final system, as well as the efficacy of the ceramic component in templating the HA supramolecular organization and consequently tuning their functional features, thus defining a green strategy for bio-waste valorization.

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Orbay, Sinem, Ozgur Kocaturk, Rana Sanyal, and Amitav Sanyal. "Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Coated Inorganic Nanoparticles: Fabrication and Biomedical Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (2022): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091464.

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Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) continue to gain increasing attention as functional materials due to their unique characteristics such as higher stability, simple preparation, robustness, better binding capacity, and low cost. In particular, MIP-coated inorganic nanoparticles have emerged as a promising platform for various biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery to bioimaging. The integration of MIPs with inorganic nanomaterials such as silica (SiO2), iron oxide (Fe3O4), gold (Au), silver (Ag), and quantum dots (QDs) combines several attributes from both components to yield highly multifunctional materials. These materials with a multicomponent hierarchical structure composed of an inorganic core and an imprinted polymer shell exhibit enhanced properties and new functionalities. This review aims to provide a general overview of key recent advances in the fabrication of MIPs-coated inorganic nanoparticles and highlight their biomedical applications, including drug delivery, biosensor, bioimaging, and bioseparation.

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Tom, Jessica, Kohji Ohno, and Sébastien Perrier. "Surface-initiated SET living radical polymerisation for the synthesis of silica–polymer core–shell nanoparticles." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 39 (2016): 6075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py01290f.

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We report the use of surface-initiated single-electron transfer living radical polymerisation (SI SET-LRP) to prepare inorganic–organic core–shell nanoparticles with functional grafted chains of high molecular weight.

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Rajan, Jose, Panikar Sathyaseelan Archana, Anh Le Viet, et al. "Functional Films of Polymer-Nanocomposites by Electrospinning for Advanced Electronics, Clean Energy Conversion, and Storage." Advanced Materials Research 545 (July 2012): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.545.21.

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An approach for making functional films of polymer – nanocomposites under the framework of nanotechnology is presented. In this methodology, nanowires of an inorganic functional material are dispersed in a functional polymeric medium and the resultant solution is developed into solid films by electrospinning technique. The final structure is a nanofibrous film – each nanofiber contains a percolating network of inorganic nanowires. The nanowires reduce the percolation threshold compared to those nanoparticles and maintain the flexibility and/or light weight of the polymers and nanomaterials. This methodology has been tested for a number of material architectures for electronic and energy devices.

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Yoon, Joonsik, Ji Hyun Lee, Jun Bae Lee, and Jun Hyup Lee. "Highly Scattering Hierarchical Porous Polymer Microspheres with a High-Refractive Index Inorganic Surface for a Soft-Focus Effect." Polymers 12, no. 10 (2020): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102418.

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Functional light scattering materials have received considerable attention in various fields including cosmetics and optics. However, a conventional approach based on optically active inorganic materials requires considerable synthetic effort and complicated dispersion processes for special refractive materials. Here, we report a simple and effective fabrication strategy for highly scattering hierarchical porous polymer microspheres with a high-refractive index inorganic surface that mitigates the disadvantages of inorganic materials, producing organic-inorganic hybrid particles with an excellent soft-focus effect. Hierarchical organic-inorganic hybrid particles were synthesized using the simple physical mixing of porous poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microparticles with different pore sizes and regularities as the organic core and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with different particle sizes as the inorganic shell. The polar noncovalent interactions between polar PMMA microspheres and the polar surface of TiO2 nanoparticles could induce the hierarchical core-shell structure of hybrid particles. The synthesized hybrid particles had increased diffuse reflectance properties of up to 160% compared with single inorganic particles. In addition, the light scattering efficiency and soft-focus effect could be increased further, depending on the size of the TiO2 nanoparticles and the pore characteristics of the PMMA microspheres. The proposed study can provide a facile and versatile way to improve the light scattering performance for potential cosmetics.

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Luo, Jian Hui, Yuan Yang Li, Ping Mei Wang, et al. "A Facial Route for Preparation of Hydrophobic Nano-Silica Modified by Silane Coupling Agents." Key Engineering Materials 727 (January 2017): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.727.353.

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Nano-silica was prepared using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as precursor by sol-gel technology based on stÖber method. These silica nanoparticals were further modified with silane coupling agents, i.e., Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS), dimethoxydiphenylsilane (DMMPS), to introduce organic functional groups on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles. The Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that these silane coupling agents were anchored on the surface of silica particles. And the obtained organic–inorganic hybrid SiO2 particles showed an improvement in hydrophobicity, which can effectively inhibit these silica particles from aggregating.

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Nirwan, Viraj P., Tomasz Kowalczyk, Julia Bar, Matej Buzgo, Eva Filová, and Amir Fahmi. "Advances in Electrospun Hybrid Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications." Nanomaterials 12, no. 11 (2022): 1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12111829.

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Electrospun hybrid nanofibers, based on functional agents immobilized in polymeric matrix, possess a unique combination of collective properties. These are beneficial for a wide range of applications, which include theranostics, filtration, catalysis, and tissue engineering, among others. The combination of functional agents in a nanofiber matrix offer accessibility to multifunctional nanocompartments with significantly improved mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties, along with better biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review summarizes recent work performed for the fabrication, characterization, and optimization of different hybrid nanofibers containing varieties of functional agents, such as laser ablated inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), which include, for instance, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and titanium nitride nanoparticles (TiNPs), perovskites, drugs, growth factors, and smart, inorganic polymers. Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers such as chitosan, cellulose, and polycaprolactone are very promising macromolecules as a nanofiber matrix for immobilizing such functional agents. The assimilation of such polymeric matrices with functional agents that possess wide varieties of characteristics require a modified approach towards electrospinning techniques such as coelectrospinning and template spinning. Additional focus within this review is devoted to the state of the art for the implementations of these approaches as viable options for the achievement of multifunctional hybrid nanofibers. Finally, recent advances and challenges, in particular, mass fabrication and prospects of hybrid nanofibers for tissue engineering and biomedical applications have been summarized.

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Babu, Balaashwin, Samantha Archer Stoltz, Agastya Mittal, et al. "Inorganic Nanoparticles as Radiosensitizers for Cancer Treatment." Nanomaterials 13, no. 21 (2023): 2873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13212873.

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Nanotechnology has expanded what can be achieved in our approach to cancer treatment. The ability to produce and engineer functional nanoparticle formulations to elicit higher incidences of tumor cell radiolysis has resulted in substantial improvements in cancer cell eradication while also permitting multi-modal biomedical functionalities. These radiosensitive nanomaterials utilize material characteristics, such as radio-blocking/absorbing high-Z atomic number elements, to mediate localized effects from therapeutic irradiation. These materials thereby allow subsequent scattered or emitted radiation to produce direct (e.g., damage to genetic materials) or indirect (e.g., protein oxidation, reactive oxygen species formation) damage to tumor cells. Using nanomaterials that activate under certain physiologic conditions, such as the tumor microenvironment, can selectively target tumor cells. These characteristics, combined with biological interactions that can target the tumor environment, allow for localized radio-sensitization while mitigating damage to healthy cells. This review explores the various nanomaterial formulations utilized in cancer radiosensitivity research. Emphasis on inorganic nanomaterials showcases the specific material characteristics that enable higher incidences of radiation while ensuring localized cancer targeting based on tumor microenvironment activation. The aim of this review is to guide future research in cancer radiosensitization using nanomaterial formulations and to detail common approaches to its treatment, as well as their relations to commonly implemented radiotherapy techniques.

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Hu, Xinhao, Zhan Li, Zhen Yang, et al. "Fabrication of Functional Polycatechol Nanoparticles." ACS Macro Letters 11, no. 2 (2022): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00729.

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Armel, Vanessa, Orawan Winther-Jensen, Meng Zhang, and Bjorn Winther-Jensen. "Electrochemical Reactivity on Conducting Polymer Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.489.

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Embedding macromolecules and active centers such as inorganic nanoparticles into conducting polymers (CPs) has been an ongoing challenge due to the normally harsh conditions required during chemical or electrochemical polymerization that limits the selection of the functional molecules to be incorporated. By developing alternative approaches for incorporating various organic and inorganic materials into CPs it has been possible to obtain efficient charge transfer within the alloys. In this report, two facile techniques are discussed for obtaining such composites: 1) In-situ polymerisation of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in the presence of non-conducting polymers and 2) electrochemical deposition in-organic nanoparticles inside PEDOT.

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Li, Li, Souvik Chakrabarty, Jing Jiang, Ben Zhang, Christopher Ober, and Emmanuel P. Giannelis. "Solubility studies of inorganic–organic hybrid nanoparticle photoresists with different surface functional groups." Nanoscale 8, no. 3 (2016): 1338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr07334k.

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The solubility behavior of Hf and Zr based hybrid nanoparticles with different surface ligands in different concentrations of photoacid generator as potential EUV photoresists was investigated in detail.

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Shen, Jie, Muhammad Shafiq, Ming Ma, and Hangrong Chen. "Synthesis and Surface Engineering of Inorganic Nanomaterials Based on Microfluidic Technology." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (2020): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061177.

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The controlled synthesis and surface engineering of inorganic nanomaterials hold great promise for the design of functional nanoparticles for a variety of applications, such as drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, and catalysis. However, owing to the inadequate and unstable mass/heat transfer, conventional bulk synthesis methods often result in the poor uniformity of nanoparticles, in terms of microstructure, morphology, and physicochemical properties. Microfluidic technologies with advantageous features, such as precise fluid control and rapid microscale mixing, have gathered the widespread attention of the research community for the fabrication and engineering of nanomaterials, which effectively overcome the aforementioned shortcomings of conventional bench methods. This review summarizes the latest research progress in the microfluidic fabrication of different types of inorganic nanomaterials, including silica, metal, metal oxides, metal organic frameworks, and quantum dots. In addition, the surface modification strategies of nonporous and porous inorganic nanoparticles based on microfluidic method are also introduced. We also provide the readers with an insight on the red blocks and prospects of microfluidic approaches, for designing the next generation of inorganic nanomaterials.

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Patzke, Greta R., Ying Zhou, Franziska Conrad, and Emmanuel F.C. Chimamkpam. "From Functional Nanostructured Oxides to Composite Materials." Zeitschrift für Anorganische Chemie 634, no. 11 (2008): 2068. https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.200870120.

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Our current research activities are focused on the targeted synthesis of functional oxide-based nanomaterials [1]. BIMOVOx-Oxides: Bi2O3 and its compounds with MoW Wand V-oxides have proven a particularly rich source for new materials [2]. However, their transformation into nanomaterials still remains a major preparative challenge. Thus, we have established a straightforward , one-step hydrothermal procedure that gives access to both α-and β-Bi2O3 nanowires. The one-step conversion of commercial bulk Bi2O3 into highly anisotropic rods (Fig. 1) proceeds with K2SO4 as an additive via a solid-solid transformation that can be scaled up to larger quantities [3]. Figure 1 Representative SEM (left) and TEM (right) images of α-Bi2O3 nanowires. Starting from this hydrothermal pathway, we furthermore synthesize nanostructured ternary and higher compounds, e.g. BiVO4 and Bi2WO6. The latter is being investigated as a promising photo-catalyst. Nanostructured spinels: In order to facilitate nanomaterials synthesis even more, we employ state-of-the-art microwave-hydrothermal techniques. They are applied upon the synthesis of nanostructured spinels derived from ZnGa2O4. This important transparent conducting oxide finds application in field emission displays due to its high corrosion resistance. Starting from our one-step microwave-assisted process, we now explore its excellent host facilities for creating doped nanoscale zinc gallates. Composite materials: We combine our synthetic toolbox of nanostructured oxides and polyoxometalates with conducting polymers (e.g. polyaniline) to bring forward new organic-inorganic composite materials. In tandem, we investigate the optoelectronic and magnetic properties of the composites for sensors and energy storage devices. [1] 

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Matijević, Milica, Iva Popović, Milutin Stepić, et al. "Inorganic nanoparticles in biology: drug carriers and auxiliary tools in bioimaging and bioanalytics." Biologica Nyssana 9, no. 1 (2018): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1470841.

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Among various nano-scaled materials composed from a spectrum of chemical compounds, inorganic nanoparticles are very attractive due to their physico-chemical properties, as well as their availability, simplicity, possibility of modifications, stability and biocompatibility. They are, on the one hand, an useful tool in advanced analytical chemistry, in particular for studying of biologically-relevant processes, but also important as functional parts of the systems designed for controlled and targeted delivery of medicaments for treatment of a variety of diseases and for imaging. So far, thousands of compounds and systems have been developed for the above-mentioned purposes, but there are only a few reviews dealing with these topics. The aim of this review is, thus, to summarize recent applications of nano-structured inorganic materials in the field of drug delivery, bioimaging and bioanalytics, and to give a prospective from the standpoint of biology-related applications.

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Kovtareva, Svetlana, Lyazat Kusepova, Gaukhar Tazhkenova, Togzhan Mashan, Karlygash Bazarbaeva, and Eldar Kopishev. "Surface Modification of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Application in Targeted Delivery Systems of Antitumour Drugs." Polymers 16, no. 8 (2024): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16081105.

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The problem of tumour therapy has attracted the attention of many researchers for many decades. One of the promising strategies for the development of new dosage forms to improve oncology treatment efficacy and minimise side effects is the development of nanoparticle-based targeted transport systems for anticancer drugs. Among inorganic nanoparticles, mesoporous silica deserves special attention due to its outstanding surface properties and drug-loading capability. This review analyses the various factors affecting the cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and biocompatibility of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), constituting a key aspect in the development of safe and effective drug delivery systems. Special attention is paid to technological approaches to chemically modifying MSNs to alter their surface properties. The stimuli that regulate drug release from nanoparticles are also discussed, contributing to the effective control of the delivery process in the body. The findings emphasise the importance of modifying MSNs with different surface functional groups, bio-recognisable molecules, and polymers for their potential use in anticancer drug delivery systems.

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Wu, Jin-Long, Xiao-Yan He, Bo-Ya Liu, Meng-Qing Gong, Ren-Xi Zhuo, and Si-Xue Cheng. "Fusion peptide functionalized hybrid nanoparticles for synergistic drug delivery to reverse cancer drug resistance." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 24 (2017): 4697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb00655a.

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Niemeyer, C. M. "Semi-synthetic DNA–protein conjugates: novel tools in analytics and nanobiotechnology." Biochemical Society Transactions 32, no. 1 (2004): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320051.

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This article reports on the syntheses, characterization and applications of semi-synthetic conjugates composed of nucleic acids, proteins and inorganic nanoparticles. For example, self-assembled oligomeric networks consisting of streptavidin and double-stranded DNA are applicable as reagents in immunoassays, model systems for ion-switchable nanoparticle networks as well as nanometer-scaled ‘soft material’ standards for scanning probe microscopy. Covalent conjugates of single-stranded DNA and streptavidin are utilized as biomolecular adapters for the immobilization of biotinylated macromolecules at solid substrates via nucleic acid hybridization. This ‘DNA-directed immobilization’ allows for reversible and site-selective functionalization of solid substrates with metal and semiconductor nanoparticles or, vice versa, for the DNA-directed functionalization of gold nanoparticles with proteins, such as immunoglobulins and enzymes. This approach is applicable for the detection of chip-immobilized antigens. Moreover, covalent DNA–protein conjugates allow for their selective positioning along single-stranded nucleic acids, and thus for the construction of nanometre-scale assemblies composed of proteins and/or nanoclusters. Examples include the fabrication of functional biometallic nanostructures from gold nanoparticles and antibodies, applicable as diagnostic tools in bioanalytics.

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Yonezawa, Tetsu, and Masaki Matsubara. "Surface Design and Functional Prediction of Inorganic Nanoparticles for Electronic Material Applications." Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 55, no. 6 (2018): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4164/sptj.55.325.

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Hao, Nanjing, Yuan Nie, and John X. J. Zhang. "Microfluidic synthesis of functional inorganic micro-/nanoparticles and applications in biomedical engineering." International Materials Reviews 63, no. 8 (2018): 461–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2018.1434452.

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Yoo, Seong Il, Ming Yang, Jeffrey R. Brender, et al. "Inhibition of Amyloid Peptide Fibrillation by Inorganic Nanoparticles: Functional Similarities with Proteins." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50, no. 22 (2011): 5110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201007824.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Functional inorganic nanoparticles'

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