Relevant bibliographies by topics / Functional integrity of the kidney

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Functional integrity of the kidney'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Functional integrity of the kidney"

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Chaabane, Wassim, Françoise Praddaude, Marie Buleon, et al. "Renal functional decline and glomerulotubular injury are arrested but not restored by release of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 304, no. 4 (2013): F432—F439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00425.2012.

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Murine unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), a major model of progressive kidney disease, causes loss of proximal tubular mass and formation of atubular glomeruli. Adult C57BL/6 mice underwent a sham operation or reversible UUO under anesthesia. In group 1, kidneys were harvested after 7 days. In group 2, the obstruction was released after 7 days, and a physiological study of both kidneys was performed 30 days later. Renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine protein, and albumin excretion were measured after ligation of either the left or right ureter. Glomerular volume (periodic acid-Schiff), glomerulotubular integrity and proximal tubular mass ( Lotus tetragonolobus lectin), and interstitial collagen (Sirius red) were measured by histomorphometry. Obstructed kidney weight was reduced by 15% at 7 days but was not different from sham after a 30-day recovery. Glomerular volume and proximal tubular area of the obstructed kidney were reduced by 55% at 7 days, but normalized after 30 days. Interstitial collagen deposition increased 2.4-fold after 7 days of UUO and normalized after release. However, GFR and RBF were reduced by 40% and urine albumin/protein ratio was increased 2.8-fold 30 days after release of UUO. This was associated with a 50% reduction in glomerulotubular integrity despite a 30-day recovery ( P < 0.05 for all data). We conclude that release of 7-day UUO can arrest progression but does not restore normal function of the postobstructed kidney. Although the remaining intact nephrons have hypertrophied, glomerular injury is revealed by albuminuria. These results suggest that glomerulotubular injury should become the primary target of slowing progressive kidney disease.
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Figliuzzi, Marina, Barbara Bonandrini, and Andrea Remuzzi. "Decellularized Kidney Matrix as Functional Material for whole Organ Tissue Engineering." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 15, no. 4 (2017): e326-e333. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jabfm.5000393.

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Renal transplantation is currently the most effective treatment for end-stage renal disease, which represents one of the major current public health problems. However, the number of available donor kidneys is drastically insufficient to meet the demand, causing prolonged waiting lists. For this reason, tissue engineering offers great potential to increase the pool of donated organs for kidney transplantation, by way of seeding cells on supporting scaffolding material. Biological scaffolds are prepared by removing cellular components from the donor organs using a decellularization process with detergents, enzymes or other cell lysing solutions. Extracellular matrix which makes up the scaffold is critical to directing the cell attachment and to creating a suitable environment for cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Researchers are now studying whole intact scaffolds produced from the kidneys of animals or humans without adversely affecting extracellular matrix, biological activity and mechanical integrity. The process of recellularization includes cell seeding strategies and the choice of the cell source to repopulate the scaffold. This is the most difficult phase, due to the complexity of the kidney. Indeed, no studies have provided sufficient results of complete renal scaffold repopulation and differentiation. This review summarizes the research that has been conducted to obtain decellularized kidney scaffolds and to repopulate the scaffolds, evaluating the best cell sources, the cell seeding methods and the cell differentiation in kidney scaffolds.
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Kellerman, P. S., R. A. Clark, C. A. Hoilien, S. L. Linas, and B. A. Molitoris. "Role of microfilaments in maintenance of proximal tubule structural and functional integrity." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 259, no. 2 (1990): F279—F285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1990.259.2.f279.

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To determine the selective effect of microfilament disruption on both cellular structure and function, microfilament-specific doses of cytochalasin D (10 microM) were used in an isolated perfused kidney system. Structurally, cytochalasin D resulted in extensive disruption of the apical surface with blebbing, vacuolization, and patchy loss and fusion of microvilli. Functionally, cytochalasin D resulted in an initial decrease in glomerular filtration rate (300.8 +/- 29.9 vs. 541.6 +/- 51 microliters.min-1.g-1, P less than 0.05) with subsequent stabilization throughout the duration of the perfusion. In contrast, the tubular reabsorption of sodium decreased significantly in a linear fashion from 97.1 +/- 0.7 to 64.3 +/- 7.0% over the duration of the perfusion. Similarly, the tubular reabsorption of lithium decreased linearly from 74.8 +/- 2.6%, before the addition of cytochalasin, to 33.6 +/- 6.8% by the end of the perfusion. Correlation of the decrements in percent tubular reabsorption of sodium and lithium for individual kidneys was 0.87 (P less than 0.01), suggesting the effect of microfilament disruption on tubular reabsorption of sodium was localized primarily to the proximal tubule. Because ischemic injury is characterized by time-dependent structural alterations in the apical membrane of proximal tubule cells, we set out to determine whether microfilament disruption occurs during ischemic acute renal failure. Utilizing indirect immunofluorescence with an anti-actin antibody, control kidneys demonstrated intact circumferential apical immunofluorescence representing brush-border and terminal web actin staining. Fifteen minutes of ischemia resulted in multiple large gaps in the terminal web, and 50 min of ischemia caused diffuse redistribution of actin immunofluorescence throughout the cytoplasm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Lovisa, Sara, Eliot Fletcher-Sananikone, Hikaru Sugimoto, et al. "Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition compromises vascular integrity to induce Myc-mediated metabolic reprogramming in kidney fibrosis." Science Signaling 13, no. 635 (2020): eaaz2597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aaz2597.

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Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a cellular transdifferentiation program in which endothelial cells partially lose their endothelial identity and acquire mesenchymal-like features. Renal capillary endothelial cells can undergo EndMT in association with persistent damage of the renal parenchyma. The functional consequence(s) of EndMT in kidney fibrosis remains unexplored. Here, we studied the effect of Twist or Snail deficiency in endothelial cells on EndMT in kidney fibrosis. Conditional deletion of Twist1 (which encodes Twist) or Snai1 (which encodes Snail) in VE-cadherin+ or Tie1+ endothelial cells inhibited the emergence of EndMT and improved kidney fibrosis in two different kidney injury/fibrosis mouse models. Suppression of EndMT limited peritubular vascular leakage, reduced tissue hypoxia, and preserved tubular epithelial health and function. Hypoxia, which was exacerbated by EndMT, resulted in increased Myc abundance in tubular epithelial cells, enhanced glycolysis, and suppression of fatty acid oxidation. Pharmacological suppression or epithelial-specific genetic ablation of Myc in tubular epithelial cells ameliorated fibrosis and restored renal parenchymal function and metabolic homeostasis. Together, these findings demonstrate a functional role for EndMT in the response to kidney capillary endothelial injury and highlight the contribution of endothelial-epithelial cross-talk in the development of kidney fibrosis with a potential for therapeutic intervention.
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Weidenbusch, Marc, Severin Rodler, and Hans-Joachim Anders. "Interleukin-22 in kidney injury and regeneration." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 308, no. 10 (2015): F1041—F1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00005.2015.

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Interleukins have become well-known regulators of innate and adaptive immunity-related tissue inflammation. Recently, IL-22 has gained a lot of interest for its unique functions in maintaining and regaining epithelial integrity. IL-22 is exclusively secreted by different immune cell subsets, while IL-22 receptors are mainly expressed by epithelial cells. As the kidney is largely an epithelial organ, the functional role of IL-22 in the kidney deserves to be explored in detail. Here, we briefly summarize the key features of IL-22 biology and review the available data on its expression and functional roles in kidney injury and kidney regeneration. Furthermore, we provide suggestions on how to explore this evolving field in the future.
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Martinez-Maldonado, M., J. M. Lopez-Novoa, E. Fernandez-Repollet, C. Baldizon, S. Opava-Stitzer, and J. E. Benabe. "Functional studies in experimental renal cortical necrosis in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 257, no. 6 (1989): F925—F936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.257.6.f925.

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Necrosis of the outer two-thirds of the cortex (CN) was induced with boiling water in the left kidney of rats. Two days afterward, morphological damage was shown to be limited to the superficial cortex; deep nephron population was well-preserved. Glucose reabsorption under basal and glucose loading conditions, and extraction of p-aminohippurate, used as indices of proximal tubule integrity, were normal in control and experimental kidneys 48 h after cortical necrosis. Basal fractional water and electrolyte excretion did not differ between control and experimental kidneys. Calculated mean single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and plasma flow for superficial (SupGFR and SupNPF) and juxtamedullary nephrons (JMGFR and JMPF) were similar to those obtained by micropuncture and Hanssen's technique for SupGFR, and for JMGFR by Hanssen's. Volume expansion led to a 27% increase in calculated SupGFR, but no change in JMGFR. The JMPF increased by 81%, whereas SupNPF increased by only 23%, suggesting that, in this model, GFR of deep nephrons may be independent of plasma flow. The results indicate that deep nephrons retain their functional integrity 48 h after cortical necrosis. After volume expansion fractional excretion of sodium was greater, and fractional water reabsorption less, in CN than in control kidneys. Thus handling of sodium and water by superficial and deep nephrons under basal conditions was similar, but reabsorptive capacity for deep nephrons of CN was lower during volume expansion. The present studies suggest that deep nephrons can maintain relatively normal function in cortical necrosis.
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Herath, Sanjeeva, Amy Y. M. Au, Kylie M. Taylor, Natasha Kapoor-Kaushik, Zoltán H. Endre, and Jonathan H. Erlich. "Long-Term Functional and Structural Renoprotection After Experimental Acute Kidney Injury in Subclinical Chronic Kidney Disease In Vivo." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 10 (2025): 4616. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104616.

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Subclinical chronic kidney disease (sCKD) predisposes one to acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Reduced kidney functional reserve (KFR) detects sCKD in preclinical studies and predicts AKI after cardiac surgery. We evaluated renal protection in a rat model of kidney injury where ischaemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) was induced after sCKD. Dual treatment boosting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by nicotinamide riboside (NR) combined with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQR1 protected the KFR and reduced structural kidney damage, including markers of vascular integrity and the relative blood volume (rBV). The dual treatment upregulated Sirt1 and Nrf2, increased the nuclear localisation of the mitochondrial biogenesis regulator PGC-1α and the mitochondrial protein marker COX4, and upregulated the antioxidant gene NOQ1. These observations suggest mitochondrial protection and modulation of the cellular redox state provided long-term structural and functional protection against kidney injury superimposed on background sCKD.
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LeNoble, L. M., R. W. Lappe, M. J. Brody, H. A. Struyker Boudier, and J. F. Smits. "Selective efferent chemical sympathectomy of rat kidneys." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 249, no. 4 (1985): R496—R501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1985.249.4.r496.

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Surgical denervation of kidneys results in interruption of both afferent and efferent renal nerves. We attempted selective efferent renal denervation in rats by slow infusions of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right renal artery. Integrity of efferent renal nerves was assessed by chemical and physiological methods and by measuring responses of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) to intrarenal (ir) infusion of bradykinin in conscious rats. Results were compared with those in surgically denervated and ir saline-infused rats. Surgical denervation of left kidney reduced renal norepinephrine (NE) to 58 and 14% of control levels at 1 and 7 days, respectively, after surgery. Increase in left renal resistance during posterior hypothalamus (PH) stimulation was only 70 +/- 28% (n = 5) compared with 289 +/- 69% (n = 6) in control animals. Response in opposite kidney was unchanged. Although 0.1 mg 6-OHDA ir caused considerable reduction of NE levels in both kidneys, responses to PH stimulation were unchanged. 6-OHDA (1 mg) reduced NE levels in infused and control kidney and atria. Functional evidence for denervation was only obtained in the kidney infused with 6-OHDA. Responses of MAP and HR to ir bradykinin were unchanged 7 days after 1 mg 6-OHDA. The data suggest that ir 6-OHDA results in functional efferent sympathectomy without affecting afferent renal nerves.
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You, Y., D. J. Hirsch, and N. S. Morgunov. "Functional integrity of proximal tubule cells: effects of temperature and preservation solutions." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 3, no. 12 (1993): 1900–1912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v3121900.

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Electrophysiologic and morphologic changes during cooling and perfusion with preservation solutions in isolated perfused proximal straight tubules from Swiss white mice were investigated. In standard Ringer-substrate solution, cooling from 37 degrees C to 22 and 4 degrees C depolarized both transepithelial potential and basolateral cell membrane potential. Basolateral k+ transference number and cell membrane conductances were also significantly reduced. An increase in intracellular Na+ activity was observed only during cooling from 37 to 4 degrees C. No cell swelling was detected when tubules were perfused with Ringer-substrate solution at all three temperatures up to 1 h. Perfusion with Euro-Collins' (EC) solution at 37 degrees C resulted in rapid cell swelling, associated with rapid deterioration of transepithelial potential. Substitution of glucose with mannitol abolished the damaging effect of EC solution at 37 degrees C. EC perfusion at 22 degrees C also led to cell swelling and deterioration of transepithelial potential, but after a 10-min delay. In comparison, perfusion with University of Wisconsin (UW) solution at 22 or 37 degrees C had no effect on cell volume. Less damage to transepithelial potential was observed after the UW perfusion. It was concluded that EC solution is more damaging than UW solution to kidney tubules at 22 and 37 degrees C. The presence of EC solution in the renal interstitium during the rewarming phase may contribute significantly to reperfusion injuries in kidney transplantation.
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Bhati, Yogendra, Biswaranjan Mohanty, and Manashree Mane. "Research on Whole Organ Decellularization Protocols for Kidney Transplantation and Vascular Integrity Evaluation." Seminars in Medical Writing and Education 2 (December 30, 2023): 144. https://doi.org/10.56294/mw2023144.

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The shortage of donor kidneys highlights the need for innovative approaches to transplantation. Whole-organ decellularization creates acellular scaffolds suitable for recellularization with recipient-derived cells, reducing the risk of immune rejection. A key challenge is preserving vascular integrity during decellularization to ensure organ functionality. This aims to compare three decellularization protocols, detergent-based, enzyme-based, and a combined approach, for their effectiveness in maintaining vascular integrity (VI), ECM retention, and perfusion capacity. Additionally, factors influencing VI are analyzed using statistical techniques. Kidneys were processed using the three protocols. VI was measured using parameters such as ECM retention percentage, vascular leakage rates, and perfusion capacity. Pearson correlation analysis determined correlations between parameters such as decellularization time and vascular outcomes. One-way ANOVA contrasted protocol performance, and logistic regression determined predictors of preservation of VI. There were significant differences in ECM retention between protocols. The detergent-based process showed superior ECM retention and reduced vascular leakage compared to other processes. Logistic regression found decellularization time and solution concentration were important predictors of vascular preservation. The detergent-based protocol better maintained VI and ECM retention, thus holding potential for future clinical use in kidney transplantation. Additional optimization might further improve scaffold quality and functional results.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Functional integrity of the kidney"

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Bao, Minxi. "Structural and functional integrity of energy-efficiency glazing units." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5289/.

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Windows are the least insulated components in the modern buildings envelopes. The energy-efficiency glazing units have been developed and used to reduce the heat loss from windows. As a type of most common glass product, insulating glass units (IGUs) have been widely adopted in the residential and commercial buildings. A type of new design of glazing units, vacuum glazing units (VGUs), has also been developed to further enhance the insulation performance. Research on the structural/durability behaviours of such new insulating glazing units is relatively limited, although the structural behaviours and safety of monolithic or laminated glass panels have been abundantly studied. This thesis intends to fill in this gap by performing thorough assessments on the structural performance of IGUs and VGUs under various environmental actions.
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Maurer, Johannes [Verfasser]. "Chronic kidney disease induces systemic microvascular functional impairment / Johannes Maurer." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1179779525/34.

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Xing, Yiming. "Functional studies of Wt1 in sex determination and kidney development." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399106.

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Garugu, Rajesh K. "Functional MRI of rat kidney using BOLD & ASL techniques." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3963.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 80 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-68).
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Riipinenn, Miira P. "Assessing the functional integrity of upland streams using leaf litter breakdown." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436208.

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Button, Norman Francis. "An investigation of the clinical manifestations of the disturbances of corneal metabolic processes during contact lens wear." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377548.

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Stokesberry, Susan Anne. "Functional effects of temperature on pancreatic beta-cell insulin secretion and integrity." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422895.

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John, Stephen G. "The cardiovascular and functional consequences of chronic kidney disease in older people." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594588.

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Chronic kidney disease is common, affecting up to 25% of the elderly population. CKD is associated with both increased morbidity and mortality. The mainstay of treatment is blood pressure control. Whilst hypertension guidelines exist, there is significant concern amongst many practicing clinicians about their applicability to the older person. This concern is primarily due to falls risk. Falls are a significant problem in this age-group with a serious impact on those who fall, their families and the wider health economy. Whilst falls risk is multi-factoral, medication load (especially antihypertensives) is both significant and modifiable. The aim of this thesis is therefore to explore the risk-benefit relationship between blood pressure control, antihypertensive therapy and falls in older people with CKD. This was performed via an interlinked collection of clinical trials, culminating in an interventional drug trial. Traditionally such trials have focused on the effect of a drug (or combination of therapeutic agents), whereas we examined the effect of the therapeutic strategy of blood pressure control itself, as well as the effects of therapy beyond blood pressure itself. Our key results are: • Impairment of autonomic nervous system function can predict mortality in CKD, independent of other significant predictors. • Autonomic function is highly modifiable even in patients established on dialysis, and that these can be affected by factors such as PD fluid composition. • Body composition is highly variable over time in CKD. This is seen both in those on dialysis, and in pre-dialysis patients. • Antihypertensive therapy is associated with an acute reduction in circulating endotoxaemia. Whilst the long-term effect of this alteration is unknown, endotoxaemia is known to be associated with poor outcomes in many disease populations similar to CKD. • Antihypertensive therapy causes significant acute improvement in many markers of cardiovascular health in a cohort of older people with CKD (and non-CKD controls). Other effects of goal-directed AHT are also described, including changes to bone mineral biochemistry. • Antihypertensive therapy causes sustained improvement in many markers of cardiovascular health over a 12 month period in older people. Non-cardiovascular changes are also seen, some sustained from the original acute AHT use, whilst others regress towards baseline values. Falls remain relatively rare, and appear non-cardiovascular in origin. Cardiovascular disease in CKD is complex, and BP control remains a key component of its management. The data presented herein suggest that older people with CKD may benefit from aggressive risk reduction with AHT, just as young people do, and it is not appropriate to significantly modify this approach as a response to increased age alone.
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Antoniv, A. A. "Kidneys functional status in patients with chronic kidney disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis." Thesis, БДМУ, 2020. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18082.

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Dudka, Ya A. "Influence of the pineal hormone on the functional state of the kidney." Thesis, БДМУ, 2022. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/19364.

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Books on the topic "Functional integrity of the kidney"

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Höper, J. Influence of local oxygen deficiency on function and integrity of liver, kidney, and heart. G. Fischer, 1991.

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Griffiths, Brian. Manufacturing surface technology: Surface integrity & functional performance. Penton Press, 2001.

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Griffiths, Brian. Manufacturing surface technology: Surface integrity & functional performance. Taylor & Francis, 2001.

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1948-, Prigent Alain, Piepsz Amy, and International Scientific Committee of Radionuclides in Nephrourology., eds. Functional imaging in nephro-urology. Taylor & Francis, 2006.

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Clarke, Jacqueline. The cytochrome P450 - dependent - minced function oxidases and the functional integrity of the pancreatic B-cell. The Author], 1997.

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J, Simms Lynn, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Experience report: The use of functional flows to provide an alternate perspective for IV & V. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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J, Simms Lynn, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Experience report: The use of functional flows to provide an alternate perspective for IV & V. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Bel'zeckiy, Anatoliy. Marketing: ontological foundations of the general theory of markets. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1958353.

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In the monograph, on the basis of a qualitatively new concept of organized market integrity, an attempt is made to build an ontology of the general theory of markets. Ontology is defined by a system of basic concepts and categories, around which conceptual structures are formed, forming abstract models designed to reflect the essential properties&#x0D; and patterns of the structure, functioning, behavior and development of the market in interrelation and interaction with the external environment. The structure of scientific knowledge is fixed in the form of hypotheses of organized market integrity and functional isomorphism of market structures, as well as the principle of balance of economic interests of the main market participants.&#x0D; For economists, methodologists, specialists in the field of forecasting and market research of various nature, organizers of production and management, teachers and students of management schools, graduate students and students of economic and humanitarian profiles interested in the theoretical foundations and apparatus of an integrated approach to market research.
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Hoper, Jens. Influence of Local Oxygen Deficiency on Function and Integrity of Liver, Kidney, and Heart. Gustav Fischer, 1991.

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The Influence of Local Oxygen Deficiency on the Function and Integrity of the Liver, Kidney, and Heart. Gustav Fischer Verlag GmbH & Co KG, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Functional integrity of the kidney"

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Pavelka, Margit, and Jürgen Roth. "Amyloidosis of Kidney." In Functional Ultrastructure. Springer Vienna, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-99390-3_147.

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Waters, Aoife. "Functional Development of the Nephron." In Pediatric Kidney Disease. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52972-0_9.

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Waters, Aoife. "Functional Development of the Nephron." In Pediatric Kidney Disease. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11665-0_6.

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Hauptmanns, Ulrich. "Functional Safety (Safety Integrity Levels)." In Process and Plant Safety. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61484-6_11.

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Hauptmanns, Ulrich. "Functional Safety (Safety Integrity Levels)." In Process and Plant Safety. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40954-7_11.

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Grenier, Nicolas. "Functional Imaging of the Kidney." In Radiological Imaging of the Kidney. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54047-9_34.

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Kaissling, B., and J. Dørup. "Functional Anatomy of the Kidney." In Diuretics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79565-7_1.

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Grenier, Nicolas. "Functional Imaging of the Kidney." In Radiological Imaging of the Kidney. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87597-0_34.

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Gallardo, Pedro A., and Carlos P. Vio. "Functional Anatomy of the Kidney." In Renal Physiology and Hydrosaline Metabolism. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10256-1_2.

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Pavelka, Margit, and Jürgen Roth. "Intercalated Cells of Kidney: Important Regulators of Acid-Base Balance." In Functional Ultrastructure. Springer Vienna, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-99390-3_106.

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Conference papers on the topic "Functional integrity of the kidney"

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Karunatilaka, Dilukshan, Fern Nee Tan, Mohammad Shahrir Tamrin, and Sze Geat Pang. "Functional Validation on Complex Power Integrity Network Design." In 2024 IEEE 40th International Electronics Manufacturing Technology (IEMT). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iemt61324.2024.10875135.

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N, Anil, Neel Gala, G. Venkat Kishore, and John Arul. "SHAKTI Dual Lockstep Microprocessor: Ensuring Functional Integrity for Robust Computing." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Communications (InC4). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inc460750.2024.10649322.

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Jaekel, B. W. "EMC and Functional Safety - Comments on Compatibility, Immunity and Safety Integrity Levels." In 2006_EMC-Europe_Barcelona. IEEE, 2006. https://doi.org/10.23919/emc.2006.10813098.

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Lee, Bongjoon, Michael Trebisovsky, and John Timmerman. "Dispensible multi-functional EMI gap filler for ADAS applications." In 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Signal & Power Integrity (EMC+SIPI). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emcsipi49824.2024.10705535.

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Merchant, Fatima, William Holmes, and Mehmet Toner. "Poloxamer 188 Enhances Functional Recovery of Lethally Heat Shocked Fibroblasts." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-1329.

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Abstract Surfactant molecules, specifically triblock polymers such as Poloxamer 188 (P-188) have been shown to restore cell membrane integrity. The objective of this study was to develop functional and morphological assays to determine whether treatment with P-188 after heat shock enhances the recovery of lethally damaged cells. Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) were heated in suspension and cell recovery after heat shock was assessed using a functional assay based on the contraction of fibroblasts populated collagen lattices (FPCLs). Experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of various concentrations of P-188 on cell recovery after heat shock, and to determine the influence of P-188 on cells subjected to varying degrees of heat stress. Further, the cytoskeletal morphology was determined via confocal microscopy of the fluorescently labeled (Rhodamine Phalloidan) filamentous actin network. Our results indicate that treatment with low concentrations of P-188 after heat shock is effective in ameliorating both the morphological integrity and contractile function of cells for a threshold of thermal stress (45°C for 20–60 minutes). The beneficial influence of P-188 on heat shocked cells coupled with the applicability of FPCL as a reasonable in vitro model for wound healing make these results promising for clinical application.
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Vestre, Principal engineers Helge I., and Kjell Arild Anfinsen. "Development of a Regulatory Framework for Material Selection Corrosion Management and Pipeline Integrity Monitoring." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03157.

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Abstract The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) started the development of a regulatory framework for different petroleum activities immediately after its establishment in 1972. The majority of the technical regulations developed in the folowing 10-15 years were written by NPD’s own employees in close cooperation with the workers- and employers- associations in what is described as the “tripartite cooperation”. In some areas internationally developed standards and norms, which could be referenced, were available. However, in other areas the specific environmental aspects relating to operation in the North Sea had to be incorporated in new technical guidelines. The New Petroleum Legislation in 1985 introduced functional and goal setting requirements for the first time. In the early nineties, the Minishy of Petroleum and Energy took an initiative towards the large operating companies on the Norwegian Continental Shelf to develop common technical specifications, incorporating best practice for the relevant geographical area, and referencing internationally accepted standards like ISO, the so-called “NORSOK initiative”. This development allowed NPD, in 1998, to issue new regulations, where several of the previously developed technical guidelines were substituted by references to national and international standards. The philosophy of utilizing globally available standards and norms has been taken even further in the extensive redevelopment of the entire Norwegian petroleum regulation that came into force January 2002. A change from internal development to participation in national and international standardisation organisations has resulted in a renewed focus on knowledge management within NPD.
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Mackenzie, Cameron D., Catherine Rowley-Williams, Clive L. H. Wilson, et al. "A Novel and Rapid System to Analyze Brines for the Optimum Functional Dose of Corrosion Inhibitor." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11071.

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Abstract Surfactant corrosion inhibitors are globally applied to upstream production systems in large quantities using batch or continuous treatments. Dosing levels are calculated based on available historical information, spot-testing and territorial or corporate guidelines. These predictions, if incorrect, can lead to critical losses in integrity or problematic emulsions in downstream processing. A number of previous reports have identified that the optimum chemical dose occurs at the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) where surfactant aggregates form in the bulk solution. Within this framework, we have developed a new in-situ technique that may be used to detect micelles which are indicative of such optimum dose. Micelle detection can be applied independently of chemical composition and without knowledge of such. The link between micelle presence and optimum dose is conserved with varying environmental conditions. Therefore, this technique has potential to be widely applied and provide valuable information which can complement existing surveillance data. In this paper, this hypothesis will be reviewed and supporting experimental results of the fluorescence-based analysis will be presented. Finally, the current status of the development program will be discussed, the focus of which is translating this rapid and simple test from lab to field.
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Kundu, Anirban, Eun-Young Kho, Sandeep B. Shelar, et al. "Abstract 4483: Functional implications ofPRDM16loss in kidney cancer." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-4483.

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Firat, Merve, Melda Saglam, Ebru Calik-Kutukcu, et al. "Effect of functional inspiratory muscle training in chronic kidney disease." In ERS Congress 2024 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2024.pa4129.

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Gaikar, Rohini, Fatemeh Zabihollahy, Nadia Farrag, Mohamed Elfaal, Nicola Schieda, and Eranga Ukwatta. "Transfer learning based fully automated kidney segmentation on MR images." In Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging, edited by Barjor S. Gimi and Andrzej Krol. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2607526.

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Reports on the topic "Functional integrity of the kidney"

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Abrahim, Salma, Alexandra P. Steele, Jennifer Voth, Joan C. Krepinsky, Matthew B. Lanktree, and Thomas J. Hawke. Whole body resistance training on functional outcomes of patients with stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease: A protocol for a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2024.5.0083.

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Truong, Vuong, James Chafouleas, Thomas Mosdal, Sophia Bragdon, Megan Bishop, and Jay Clausen. Thermography conversion for optimal noise reduction. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/49414.

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Computer vision applications in terms of raw thermal radiance are limited by byte size. Normalizing the raw imagery reduces functional complexities that could otherwise aide a computer processing algorithm. This work explores a method to normalize 16-bit signed integer (I16) into unsigned 8-bit (U8) while maintaining the integrity of the correlation coefficients between the raw data sets and the environmental parameters that affects thermal anomaly detectability.
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Cao, Siyang, Yihao Wei, Huihui Xu, et al. Crosstalk between Ferroptosis and Chondrocytes in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review of in-vivo and in-vitro Studies. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.3.0044.

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Review question / Objective: For the sake of better apprehending the nexus between ferroptosis and chondrocytes in osteoarthritis (OA), proffering novel insights and opening-up new orientation for in-depth research in both pre-clinical and clinical settings, it is warranted to initiate one rigorous and robust systematic review (SR) based upon up-to-date in-vivo and in-vitro research advances on this topic. To the best our knowledge, no SRs concerning ferroptosis and chondrocytes in OA have been published thus far. Condition being studied: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, which menaces 7% of the human population globally. With the aged tendency of population and higher rates of obesity, the incidence of OA is anticipated to proliferate, which will entail a mounting impact and major challenges for global health care and each country’s public health systems unavoidably. In virtue of the onset of OA is mighty knotty, its etiology and underlying molecular mechanisms have not been expressly expounded. However, the salient role that cartilage degeneration acts in the progression of OA has been widely acknowledged. Chondrocytes are consequential for the safeguard of cartilage homeostasis and the functional integrity of the articular cartilage. Once the homeostatic equilibrium of the extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and degradation is smashed, OA comes up.
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Wang, Zhen, Christina Y. Y. Chen, Jane W. Njeru, et al. Evidence Map on Home- and Community-Based Services and Person-Centered Care for Older Adults. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2024. https://doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb49.

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Background. People who receive home- and community-based services (HCBS) have diverse and unique needs that can be met with these services aiming to support their independence. Purpose. To map the existing literature on HCBS in terms of interventions, populations, outcomes, person-centeredness, and relevant quality measures, and identify research gaps for older adults. Methods. A comprehensive literature search of multiple databases including Medline, Embase, and Scopus was conducted up to December 7, 2023, and complemented with grey literature search and feedback from Key Informants. Eligible studies evaluated HCBS interventions in adults aged 60 years or older with a functional limitation requiring assistance with activities of daily living. Findings. We identified 27 primary studies, 25 systematic reviews, and 29 quality measures. The most common types of interventions evaluated in HCBS studies involved optimization of person-centered planning, nonpharmacological approaches for dementia care, physical rehabilitation, collaborative care models, home-based palliative care programs, home healthcare via telehealth, self-directed home care, geriatric resources for practical support at home, interdisciplinary care coordination for high-risk conditions and delivery of specific services. Populations studied in HCBS studies included those with functional disability, cognitive impairment, high-risk or frail conditions, and people with specific conditions, most commonly Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, or end-stage kidney disease. Person-centered planning and self-direction of HCBS services were not explicitly described in most of the primary studies, and very few of these studies focused on addressing health-related social needs, whereas the majority had primary outcomes that can be considered medical or clinical. Numerous quality measures exist for HCBS. Some of them are validated, address multiple person-centered domains, and can apply across various conditions and populations. Key challenges in the literature on HCBS include lack of randomized trials, inadequate descriptions of interventions to determine person-centeredness, and limited information on facilitators and barriers. Because of the variability in how person-centeredness is operationalized in HCBS interventions, Key Informants reinforced the need to evaluate person-centered outcomes as a quality indicator of HCBS interventions. Key Informants also highlighted workforce challenges in recruiting, retaining, and training personnel delivering HCBS. Conclusion. This evidence map summarizes the HCBS literature in terms of interventions, populations, outcomes, and relevant quality measures for older adults and older adults with disabilities.
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Wideman, Jr., Robert F., Nicholas B. Anthony, Avigdor Cahaner, Alan Shlosberg, Michel Bellaiche, and William B. Roush. Integrated Approach to Evaluating Inherited Predictors of Resistance to Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome (Ascites) in Fast Growing Broiler Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575287.bard.

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Background PHS (pulmonary hypertension syndrome, ascites syndrome) is a serious cause of loss in the broiler industry, and is a prime example of an undesirable side effect of successful genetic development that may be deleteriously manifested by factors in the environment of growing broilers. Basically, continuous and pinpointed selection for rapid growth in broilers has led to higher oxygen demand and consequently to more frequent manifestation of an inherent potential cardiopulmonary incapability to sufficiently oxygenate the arterial blood. The multifaceted causes and modifiers of PHS make research into finding solutions to the syndrome a complex and multi threaded challenge. This research used several directions to better understand the development of PHS and to probe possible means of achieving a goal of monitoring and increasing resistance to the syndrome. Research Objectives (1) To evaluate the growth dynamics of individuals within breeding stocks and their correlation with individual susceptibility or resistance to PHS; (2) To compile data on diagnostic indices found in this work to be predictive for PHS, during exposure to experimental protocols known to trigger PHS; (3) To conduct detailed physiological evaluations of cardiopulmonary function in broilers; (4) To compile data on growth dynamics and other diagnostic indices in existing lines selected for susceptibility or resistance to PHS; (5) To integrate growth dynamics and other diagnostic data within appropriate statistical procedures to provide geneticists with predictive indices that characterize resistance or susceptibility to PHS. Revisions In the first year, the US team acquired the costly Peckode weigh platform / individual bird I.D. system that was to provide the continuous (several times each day), automated weighing of birds, for a comprehensive monitoring of growth dynamics. However, data generated were found to be inaccurate and irreproducible, so making its use implausible. Henceforth, weighing was manual, this highly labor intensive work precluding some of the original objectives of using such a strategy of growth dynamics in selection procedures involving thousands of birds. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements 1. Healthy broilers were found to have greater oscillations in growth velocity and acceleration than PHS susceptible birds. This proved the scientific validity of our original hypothesis that such differences occur. 2. Growth rate in the first week is higher in PHS-susceptible than in PHS-resistant chicks. Artificial neural network accurately distinguished differences between the two groups based on growth patterns in this period. 3. In the US, the unilateral pulmonary occlusion technique was used in collaboration with a major broiler breeding company to create a commercial broiler line that is highly resistant to PHS induced by fast growth and low ambient temperatures. 4. In Israel, lines were obtained by genetic selection on PHS mortality after cold exposure in a dam-line population comprising of 85 sire families. The wide range of PHS incidence per family (0-50%), high heritability (about 0.6), and the results in cold challenged progeny, suggested a highly effective and relatively easy means for selection for PHS resistance 5. The best minimally-invasive diagnostic indices for prediction of PHS resistance were found to be oximetry, hematocrit values, heart rate and electrocardiographic (ECG) lead II waves. Some differences in results were found between the US and Israeli teams, probably reflecting genetic differences in the broiler strains used in the two countries. For instance the US team found the S wave amplitude to predict PHS susceptibility well, whereas the Israeli team found the P wave amplitude to be a better valid predictor. 6. Comprehensive physiological studies further increased knowledge on the development of PHS cardiopulmonary characteristics of pre-ascitic birds, pulmonary arterial wedge pressures, hypotension/kidney response, pulmonary hemodynamic responses to vasoactive mediators were all examined in depth. Implications, scientific and agricultural Substantial progress has been made in understanding the genetic and environmental factors involved in PHS, and their interaction. The two teams each successfully developed different selection programs, by surgical means and by divergent selection under cold challenge. Monitoring of the progress and success of the programs was done be using the in-depth estimations that this research engendered on the reliability and value of non-invasive predictive parameters. These findings helped corroborate the validity of practical means to improve PHT resistance by research-based programs of selection.
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Lers, Amnon, and Pamela J. Green. Analysis of Small RNAs Associated with Plant Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593393.bard.

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Senescence is an agriculturally significant process due to its negative impact to crop yield and postharvest quality. The genetic regulatory systems controlling senescence induction and progress respond to both developmental and environmental stress signals and involve numerous gene expression changes. Knowledge about the key molecular factors which control senescence is very limited. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNAs which typically function by guiding cleavage of target messenger RNAs. They have been shown to play major roles in a variety of plant processes including development, responses to environmental stresses, and senescence. The long-term goal of this work is to elucidate roles of small RNAs associated with plant senescence. The hypothesis underlying this research is that miRNA-mediated regulation makes important contributions to the senescence process in plants. Specific, original research objectives included: 1) Profiling of small RNAs from senescing plants; 2) Data Analysis and public access via a user-friendly web interface; 3) Validation of senescence-associated miRNAs and target RNAs; 4) Development of transgenic plants for functional analysis of miRNAs in Arabidopsis. Major revisions made in the research compared to the original work plan included 1) Exclusion of the planned work with tomato as recommended by the BARD review panel; 2) Performing miRNA study also in senescing Arabidopsis siliques, in addition to senescing leaves. To identify senescenceregulation of miRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana, eight small RNA libraries were constructed and sequenced at four different stages of development and senescence from both leaves and siliques, resulting in more than 200 million genome-matched sequences. Parallel Analysis of RNA Ends (PARE) libraries, which enable the large-scale examination of miRNA-guided cleavage products, were also constructed and sequenced, resulting in over 750 million genome-matched sequences. These massive datasets lead to the identification of new miRNAs, as well as new regulation of known miRNAs and their target genes during senescence, many of which have established roles in nutrient responsiveness and cell structural integrity. In keeping with remobilization of nutrients thought to occur during senescence, many miRNAs and targets had opposite expression pattern changes between leaf and silique tissues during the progression of senescence. Taken together, these findings highlight the integral role that miRNAs may play in the remobilization of resources and alteration of cellular structure that is known to occur in senescence. Experiments were initiated for functional analysis of specific senescence-associated miRNAs and respective target genes. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated in which miR408, found in this study to be significantly induced in leaf senescence, was over-expressed either constitutively or under a senescence-specific promoter. These plants are currently being characterized for any altered phenotypes. In addition T-DNA knock out mutants for various target genes identified in this research are being analyzed. This work provides insights about specific miRNAs that contribute to leaf and silique senescence. The knowledge generated may suggest new strategies to monitor and alter the progression of senescence in crops for agricultural improvement.
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Burak, Leonid Ch, and Nataliya L. Ovsyannikova. Modern methods of storage and packaging of garden strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) (review). Contemporary horticulture, 2024. https://doi.org/10.12731/2312-6701-266171.

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Postharvest treatment of garden strawberries and the development of effective storage methods are crucial to increase the shelf life and preserve its quality until consumption. Although some reviews on certain treatment technologies have been published, we have not found studies that considered and compared common and advanced methods of storing garden strawberries. Therefore, the goal of this study is to review modern postharvest methods of strawberry storage (Fragaria × ananassa Duch). The review includes reports published in English and Russian in 2014—2024. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Elibrary and Google Scholar databases were used to search by keywords. 50 scientific publications have been studied. In the first part of our study, the metabolic and biochemistry processes that underlie the ripening process of strawberries are considered, the factors that cause spoilage of strawberry berries are analyzed, and modern methods of strawberry treatment are presented. The preservation of garden strawberries using radiation, light or heat treatment can prevent the development of microorganisms and increase the resistance of berries to diseases. However, these methods can have a negative impact on the nutritional value, color and taste of berries over time. Cold storage is the most commonly used method of storing garden strawberries after harvest throughout the supply chain. In addition to cold storage, post-harvest treatment methods, including thermal, cold plasma and chemical treatments, have been carefully studied and individually applied to further increase of the strawberry shelf life. These treatments help to prevent fungal infection, activate the metabolic protection system and improve the structural integrity of strawberry berries, thereby maintaining their quality over time, especially during cold storage. In addition to treatment methods, storage in a modified atmosphere, the application of active packaging and functional coatings have been recognized as effective ways to preserve the quality of berries and effectively prevent spoilage after harvest. In addition, the combined use of two or more of these methods has proven to be the most effective for improving the shelf life of garden strawberries. The analysis of the antifungal effectiveness of modern storage methods, study of the synergy between different methods and the development of solutions based on biopolymers represent a key path for future research.
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Eldar, Avigdor, and Donald L. Evans. Streptococcus iniae Infections in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Toward the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575286.bard.

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In Israel and in the U.S., Streptococcus iniae is responsible for considerable losses in various fish species. Poor understanding of its virulence factors and limited know-how-to of vaccine formulation and administration are the main reasons for the limited efficacy of vaccines. Our strategy was that in order to Improve control measures, both aspects should be equally addressed. Our proposal included the following objectives: (i) construction of host-pathogen interaction models; (ii) characterization of virulence factors and immunodominant antigens, with assessment of their relative importance in terms of protection and (iii) genetic identification of virulence factors and genes, with evaluation of the protective effect of recombinant proteins. We have shown that two different serotypes are involved. Their capsular polysaccharides (CPS) were characterized, and proved to play an important role in immune evasion and in other consequences of the infection. This is an innovative finding in fish bacteriology and resembles what, in other fields, has become apparent in the recent years: S. iniae alters surface antigens. By so doing, the pathogen escapes immune destruction. Immunological assays (agar-gel immunodiffusion and antibody titers) confirmed that only limited cross recognition between the two types occurs and that capsular polysaccharides are immunodominant. Vaccination with purified CPS (as an acellular vaccine) results in protection. In vitro and ex-vivo models have allowed us to unravel additional insights of the host-pathogen interactions. S. iniae 173 (type II) produced DNA fragmentation of TMB-8 cells characteristic of cellular necrosis; the same isolate also prevented the development of apoptosis in NCC. This was determined by finding reduced expression of phosphotidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane leaflet of NCC. NCC treated with this isolate had very high levels of cellular necrosis compared to all other isolates. This cellular pathology was confirmed by observing reduced DNA laddering in these same treated cells. Transmission EM also showed characteristic necrotic cellular changes in treated cells. To determine if the (in vitro) PCD/apoptosis protective effects of #173 correlated with any in vivo activity, tilapia were injected IV with #173 and #164 (an Israeli type I strain). Following injection, purified NCC were tested (in vitro) for cytotoxicity against HL-60 target cells. Four significant observations were made : (i) fish injected with #173 had 100-400% increased cytotoxicity compared to #164 (ii) in vivo activation occurred within 5 minutes of injection; (iii) activation occurred only within the peripheral blood compartment; and (iv) the isolate that protected NCC from apoptosis in vitro caused in vivo activation of cytotoxicity. The levels of in vivo cytotoxicity responses are associated with certain pathogens (pathogen associated molecular patterns/PAMP) and with the tissue of origin of NCC. NCC from different tissue (i.e. PBL, anterior kidney, spleen) exist in different states of differentiation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed the "adaptation" of the bacterium to the vaccinated environment, suggesting a "Darwinian-like" evolution of any bacterium. Due to the selective pressure which has occurred in the vaccinated environment, type II strains, able to evade the protective response elicited by the vaccine, have evolved from type I strains. The increased virulence through the appropriation of a novel antigenic composition conforms with pathogenic mechanisms described for other streptococci. Vaccine efficacy was improved: water-in-oil formulations were found effective in inducing protection that lasted for a period of (at least) 6 months. Protection was evaluated by functional tests - the protective effect, and immunological parameters - elicitation of T- and B-cells proliferation. Vaccinated fish were found to be resistant to the disease for (at least) six months; protection was accompanied by activation of the cellular and the humoral branches.
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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.

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The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In this guide for States, we present a framework to reconfigure relations between these core commitments by assessing the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. We aim in particular to provide an evidence base and analytical frame for States to better grasp key legal and policy issues related to upholding respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. We do so because the lack of knowledge regarding interpretation and implementation of counterterrorism resolutions matters for the coherence, integrity, and comprehensiveness of humanitarian policymaking and protection of the humanitarian imperative. In addition to analyzing foundational concerns and evaluating discernible behaviors and attitudes, we identify avenues that States may take to help achieve pro-humanitarian objectives. We also endeavor to help disseminate indications of, and catalyze, States’ legally relevant positions and practices on these issues. In section 1, we introduce the guide’s impetus, objectives, target audience, and structure. We also describe the methods that we relied on and articulate definitions for key terms. In section 2, we introduce key legal actors, sources of law, and the notion of international legal responsibility, as well as the relations between international and national law. Notably, Security Council resolutions require incorporation into national law in order to become effective and enforceable by internal administrative and judicial authorities. In section 3, we explain international legal rules relevant to advancing the humanitarian imperative and upholding respect for principled humanitarian action, and we sketch the corresponding roles of humanitarian policies, programs, and donor practices. International humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to ensure — for people who are not, or are no longer, actively participating in hostilities and whose needs are unmet — certain essential supplies, as well as medical care and attention for the wounded and sick. States have also developed and implemented a range of humanitarian policy frameworks to administer principled humanitarian action effectively. Further, States may rely on a number of channels to hold other international actors to account for safeguarding the humanitarian imperative. In section 4, we set out key theoretical and doctrinal elements related to accepting and carrying out the Security Council’s decisions. Decisions of the Security Council may contain (binding) obligations, (non-binding) recommendations, or a combination of the two. UN members are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions. Member States retain considerable interpretive latitude to implement counterterrorism resolutions. With respect to advancing the humanitarian imperative, we argue that IHL should represent a legal floor for interpreting the Security Council’s decisions and recommendations. In section 5, we describe relevant conduct of the Security Council and States. Under the Resolution 1267 (1999), Resolution 1989 (2011), and Resolution 2253 (2015) line of resolutions, the Security Council has established targeted sanctions as counterterrorism measures. Under the Resolution 1373 (2001) line of resolutions, the Security Council has adopted quasi-“legislative” requirements for how States must counter terrorism in their national systems. Implementation of these sets of resolutions may adversely affect principled humanitarian action in several ways. Meanwhile, for its part, the Security Council has sought to restrict the margin of appreciation of States to determine how to implement these decisions. Yet international law does not demand that these resolutions be interpreted and implemented at the national level by elevating security rationales over policy preferences for principled humanitarian action. Indeed, not least where other fields of international law, such as IHL, may be implicated, States retain significant discretion to interpret and implement these counterterrorism decisions in a manner that advances the humanitarian imperative. States have espoused a range of views on the intersections between safeguarding principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. Some voice robust support for such action in relation to counterterrorism contexts. A handful call for a “balancing” of the concerns. And some frame respect for the humanitarian imperative in terms of not contradicting counterterrorism objectives. In terms of measures, we identify five categories of potentially relevant national counterterrorism approaches: measures to prevent and suppress support to the people and entities involved in terrorist acts; actions to implement targeted sanctions; measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism; measures to prohibit or restrict terrorism-related travel; and measures that criminalize or impede medical care. Further, through a number of “control dials” that we detect, States calibrate the functional relations between respect for principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. The bulk of the identified counterterrorism measures and related “control dials” suggests that, to date, States have by and large not prioritized advancing respect for the humanitarian imperative at the national level. Finally, in section 6, we conclude by enumerating core questions that a State may answer to help formulate and instantiate its values, policy commitments, and legal positions to secure respect for principled humanitarian action in relation to counterterrorism contexts.
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