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Journal articles on the topic 'Functional stimuli classes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Berg, Wendy K., David P. Wacker, Jay W. Harding, Jed Ganzer, and Anjali Barretto. "An evaluation of multiple dependent variables across distinct classes of antecedent stimuli pre and post functional communication training." Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention 4, no. 1 (2007): 305–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0100346.

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Jefford, Michael, Max Schnurr, Tracey Toy, et al. "Functional comparison of DCs generated in vivo with Flt3 ligand or in vitro from blood monocytes: differential regulation of function by specific classes of physiologic stimuli." Blood 102, no. 5 (2003): 1753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-12-3854.

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AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) are a family of leukocytes that initiate T- and B-cell immunity against pathogens. Migration of antigen-loaded DCs from sites of infection into draining lymphoid tissues is fundamental to the priming of T-cell immune responses. In humans, the major peripheral blood DC (PBDC) types, CD1c+ DCs and interleukin 3 receptor–positive (IL-3R+) plasmacytoid DCs, are significantly expanded in vivo with the use of Flt3 ligand (FL). DC-like cells can also be generated from monocyte precursors (MoDCs). A detailed comparison of the functional potential of these types of DCs (in

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Digel, I., P. Kayser, and G. M. Artmann. "Molecular Processes in Biological Thermosensation." Journal of Biophysics 2008 (May 12, 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/602870.

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Since thermal gradients are almost everywhere, thermosensation could represent one of the oldest sensory transduction processes that evolved in organisms. There are many examples of temperature changes affecting the physiology of living cells. Almost all classes of biological macromolecules in a cell (nucleic acids, lipids, proteins) can present a target of the temperature-related stimuli. This review discusses some features of different classes of temperature-sensing molecules as well as molecular and biological processes that involve thermosensation. Biochemical, structural, and thermodynami

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Lee, In-Seon, Won-mo Jung, Hi-Joon Park, and Younbyoung Chae. "Spatial Information of Somatosensory Stimuli in the Brain: Multivariate Pattern Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data." Neural Plasticity 2020 (June 29, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8307580.

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Background. Multivoxel pattern analysis has provided new evidence on somatotopic representation in the human brain. However, the effects of stimulus modality (e.g., penetrating needle versus non-penetrating touch) and level of classification (e.g., multiclass versus binary classification) on patterns of brain activity encoding spatial information of body parts have not yet been studied. We hypothesized that performance of brain-based prediction models may vary across the types of stimuli, and neural patterns of voxels in the SI and parietal cortex would significantly contribute to the predicti

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Frank, M. E., S. L. Bieber, and D. V. Smith. "The organization of taste sensibilities in hamster chorda tympani nerve fibers." Journal of General Physiology 91, no. 6 (1988): 861–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.91.6.861.

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Electrophysiological measurements of nerve impulse frequencies were used to explore the organization of taste sensibilities in single fibers of the hamster chorda tympani nerve. Moderately intense taste solutions that are either very similar or easily discriminated were applied to the anterior lingual surface. 40 response profiles or 13 stimulus activation patterns were considered variables and examined with multivariate statistical techniques. Three kinds of response profiles were seen in fibers that varied in their overall sensitivity to taste solutions. One profile (S) showed selectivity fo

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Ferrington, D. G., J. W. Downie, and W. D. Willis. "Primate nucleus gracilis neurons: responses to innocuous and noxious stimuli." Journal of Neurophysiology 59, no. 3 (1988): 886–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.59.3.886.

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1. Recordings were made from 67 neurons in the nucleus gracilis (NG) of anesthetized macaque monkeys. All of the cells were activated antidromically from the ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus of the contralateral thalamus. Stimuli used to activate the cells orthodromically were graded innocuous and noxious mechanical stimuli, including sinusoidal vibration and thermal pulses. 2. The latencies of antidromic action potentials following stimulation in the VPL nucleus were significantly shorter for cells in the caudal compared with the rostral NG. The mean minimum afferent conduction velocit

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Hibberd, Timothy J., Garreth R. Kestell, Melinda A. Kyloh, Simon J. H. Brookes, David A. Wattchow та Nick J. Spencer. "Identification of different functional types of spinal afferent neurons innervating the mouse large intestine using a novel CGRPα transgenic reporter mouse". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 310, № 8 (2016): G561—G573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00462.2015.

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Spinal afferent neurons detect noxious and physiological stimuli in visceral organs. Five functional classes of afferent terminals have been extensively characterized in the colorectum, primarily from axonal recordings. Little is known about the corresponding somata of these classes of afferents, including their morphology, neurochemistry, and electrophysiology. To address this, we made intracellular recordings from somata in L6/S1 dorsal root ganglia and applied intraluminal colonic distensions. A transgenic calcitonin gene-related peptide-α (CGRPα)-mCherry reporter mouse, which enabled rapid

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SHIPP, STEWART, and SEMIR ZEKI. "The functional organization of area V2, I: Specialization across stripes and layers." Visual Neuroscience 19, no. 2 (2002): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523802191164.

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We used qualitative tests to assess the sensitivity of 1043 V2 neurons (predominantly multiunits) in anesthetised macaque monkeys to direction, length, orientation, and color of moving bar stimuli. Spectral sensitivity was additionally tested by noting ON or OFF responses to flashed stimuli of varied size and color. The location of 649 units was identified with respect to cycles of cytochrome oxidase stripes (thick-inter-thin-inter) and cortical layer. We used an initial 8-way stripe classification (4 stripes, and 4 “marginal” zones at interstripes boundaries), and a 9-way layer classification

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Medan, Violeta, Damián Oliva, and Daniel Tomsic. "Characterization of Lobula Giant Neurons Responsive to Visual Stimuli That Elicit Escape Behaviors in the Crab Chasmagnathus." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 4 (2007): 2414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00803.2007.

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In the grapsid crab Chasmagnathus, a visual danger stimulus elicits a strong escape response that diminishes rapidly on stimulus repetition. This behavioral modification can persist for several days as a result of the formation of an associative memory. We have previously shown that a generic group of large motion-sensitive neurons from the lobula of the crab respond to visual stimuli and accurately reflect the escape performance. Additional evidence indicates that these neurons play a key role in visual memory and in the decision to initiate an escape. Although early studies recognized that t

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Bender, David A., Ruiye Ni, and Dennis L. Barbour. "Spontaneous activity is correlated with coding density in primary auditory cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 6 (2016): 2789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00474.2016.

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Sensory neurons across sensory modalities and specific processing areas have diverse levels of spontaneous firing rates (SFRs) in the absence of sensory stimuli. However, the functional significance of this spontaneous activity is not well-understood. Previous studies in the auditory system have demonstrated that different levels of spontaneous activity are correlated with a variety of physiological and anatomic properties, suggesting that neurons with differing SFRs make unique contributions to the encoding of auditory stimuli. Additionally, altered SFRs are a correlate of tinnitus, arising i

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11

Hozan, Mohsen, Jacob Greenwood, Michaela Sullivan, and Steven Barlow. "Classification of Tactile and Motor Velocity-Evoked Hemodynamic Response in Primary Somatosensory and Motor Cortices as Measured by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (2020): 3381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103381.

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Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging technique in studying cerebral hemodynamics; however, consensus on the analysis methods and the clinical applications has yet to be established. In this study, we demonstrate the results of a pilot fNIRS study of cerebral hemodynamic response (HR) evoked by pneumotactile and sensorimotor stimuli on the dominant hand. Our goal is to find the optimal stimulus parameters to maximally evoke HR in the primary somatosensory and motor cortices. We use a pulsatile pneumatic array of 14 tactile cells that were attached to the glabrous surface

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Patzwahl, Dieter R., Johannes M. Zanker, and Eckart O. Altenmüller. "Cortical potentials reflecting motion processing in humans." Visual Neuroscience 11, no. 6 (1994): 1135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800006945.

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AbstractMotion processing is a fundamental task of visual systems, and in the monkey cortical areas can be identified which appear to be functionally specialized for motion processing. The human visual system is expected to be organized in a similar way. A noninvasive method to study the functional organization of the visual cortex is the recording of scalp potentials generated by neural activity of the underlying cortical areas. In the present study, we recorded slow cortical potentials from normal subjects in order to investigate how motion stimuli are processed. Three classes of object moti

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Harris, L. J., and Jeffrey C. Amundson. "Human Classical Conditioning of Visual Compound Stimuli in Paired-Associate Tasks." Perceptual and Motor Skills 87, no. 1 (1998): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.87.1.227.

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College students in introductory psychology participated in four experiments to investigate the salience of color versus figure elements of paired associates. The study also reviewed the process of learning paired associates within the context of first-order simultaneous classical conditioning. In Exp. 1, four separate classes received different treatments concerning the position and type of stimulus element (color of figure) they were instructed to recall. There were seven trials with a 30-min. delay between the sixth and seventh trials. The results indicated that the groups who were required

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CHATTERJEE, SUSMITA, DAVID K. MERWINE, FRANKLIN R. AMTHOR, and NORBERTO M. GRZYWACZ. "Properties of stimulus-dependent synchrony in retinal ganglion cells." Visual Neuroscience 24, no. 6 (2007): 827–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523807070757.

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Neighboring retinal ganglion cells often spike synchronously, but the possible function and mechanism of this synchrony is unclear. Recently, the strength of the fast correlation between ON-OFF directionally selective cells of the rabbit retina was shown to be stimulus dependent. Here, we extend that study, investigating stimulus-dependent correlation among multiple ganglion-cell classes, using multi-electrode recordings. Our results generalized those for directionally selective cells. All cell pairs exhibiting significant spike synchrony did it for an extended edge but rarely for full-field s

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Sántha, Péter, Ildikó Dobos, Gyöngyi Kis, and Gábor Jancsó. "Role of Gangliosides in Peripheral Pain Mechanisms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (2020): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031005.

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Gangliosides are abundantly occurring sialylated glycosphingolipids serving diverse functions in the nervous system. Membrane-localized gangliosides are important components of lipid microdomains (rafts) which determine the distribution of and the interaction among specific membrane proteins. Different classes of gangliosides are expressed in nociceptive primary sensory neurons involved in the transmission of nerve impulses evoked by noxious mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. Gangliosides, in particular GM1, have been shown to participate in the regulation of the function of ion channe

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Das, Sabya Sachi, Priyanshu Bharadwaj, Muhammad Bilal, et al. "Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery, Imaging, and Theragnosis." Polymers 12, no. 6 (2020): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061397.

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In the past few decades, polymeric nanocarriers have been recognized as promising tools and have gained attention from researchers for their potential to efficiently deliver bioactive compounds, including drugs, proteins, genes, nucleic acids, etc., in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Remarkably, these polymeric nanocarriers could be further modified as stimuli-responsive systems based on the mechanism of triggered release, i.e., response to a specific stimulus, either endogenous (pH, enzymes, temperature, redox values, hypoxia, glucose levels) or exogenous (light, magnetism, ultras

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17

Granda, A. M., and J. E. Fulbrook. "Classification of turtle retinal ganglion cells." Journal of Neurophysiology 62, no. 3 (1989): 723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.62.3.723.

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1. Receptive fields of 78 retinal ganglion cells were analyzed for their responses to moving and stationary lights that were presented under a variety of stimulus conditions. All cells were sensitive to moving stimuli, and their receptive fields often comprised excitatory and inhibitory sub-regions. 2. Properties used in the classification included responses to stationary flashed stimuli, receptive-field organization, changes in stimulus wavelength and adaptation, movement velocity, and direction of stimulus movement. Eight functional cell classes were derived: simple, ON-sustained, annular, w

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Chen, Xiaoke, Mariano Gabitto, Yueqing Peng, Nicholas J. P. Ryba, and Charles S. Zuker. "A Gustotopic Map of Taste Qualities in the Mammalian Brain." Science 333, no. 6047 (2011): 1262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1204076.

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The taste system is one of our fundamental senses, responsible for detecting and responding to sweet, bitter, umami, salty, and sour stimuli. In the tongue, the five basic tastes are mediated by separate classes of taste receptor cells each finely tuned to a single taste quality. We explored the logic of taste coding in the brain by examining how sweet, bitter, umami, and salty qualities are represented in the primary taste cortex of mice. We used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to demonstrate topographic segregation in the functional architecture of the gustatory cortex. Each taste quality

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Zhang, H. Q., G. M. Murray, G. T. Coleman, A. B. Turman, S. P. Zhang, and M. J. Rowe. "Functional Characteristics of the Parallel SI- and SII-Projecting Neurons of the Thalamic Ventral Posterior Nucleus in the Marmoset." Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 5 (2001): 1805–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.5.1805.

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The functional organization of the primate somatosensory system at thalamocortical levels has been a matter of controversy, in particular, over the extent to which the primary and secondary somatosensory cortical areas, SI and SII, are organized in parallel or serial neural networks for the processing of tactile information. This issue was investigated for the marmoset monkey by recording from 55 single tactile-sensitive neurons in the lateral division of the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (VPL) with a projection to either SI or SII, identified with the use of the antidromic collisi

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Soni, Neeraj, J. Sebastian Chahda, and John R. Carlson. "Odor coding in the antenna of the tsetse flyGlossina morsitans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 28 (2019): 14300–14308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907075116.

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Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomiasis to humans and livestock across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse are attracted by olfactory cues emanating from their hosts. However, remarkably little is known about the cellular basis of olfaction in tsetse. We have carried out a systematic physiological analysis of theGlossina morsitansantenna. We identify 7 functional classes of olfactory sensilla that respond to human or animal odorants, CO2, sex and alarm pheromones, or other odorants known to attract or repel tsetse. Sensilla differ in their response spectra, show both excitatory and inhibitory res

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Schryver, Hannah M., and Shreesh P. Mysore. "Spatial Dependence of Stimulus Competition in the Avian Nucleus Isthmi Pars Magnocellularis." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 93, no. 2-3 (2019): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500192.

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The nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis (Imc) is a group of specialized inhibitory neurons in the midbrain tegmentum, thought to be conserved across vertebrate classes. Past anatomical work in reptiles has suggested a role for it in stimulus selection, which has been supported by recent studies in avians. Additionally, focal inactivation of Imc neurons is known to abolish all competitive interactions in the optic tectum (OT; SC in mammals), a midbrain sensorimotor hub that is critical for the control of spatial attention, thereby revealing a key role for Imc in stimulus selection. However, the

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Koga, Kohei, Hidemasa Furue, Md Harunor Rashid, Atsushi Takaki, Toshihiko Katafuchi, and Megumu Yoshimura. "Selective Activation of Primary Afferent Fibers Evaluated by Sine-Wave Electrical Stimulation." Molecular Pain 1 (January 1, 2005): 1744–8069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-1-13.

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Transcutaneous sine-wave stimuli at frequencies of 2000, 250 and 5 Hz (Neurometer) are thought to selectively activate Aβ, Aδ and C afferent fibers, respectively. However, there are few reports to test the selectivity of these stimuli at the cellular level. In the present study, we analyzed action potentials (APs) generated by sine-wave stimuli applied to the dorsal root in acutely isolated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) preparations using intracellular recordings. We also measured excitatory synaptic responses evoked by transcutaneous stimuli in substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons of the spina

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Mukae, Naomi, Masato Enari, Hideki Sakahira, et al. "Molecular cloning and characterization of human caspase-activated DNase." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 16 (1998): 9123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.16.9123.

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Caspase-activated DNase (CAD) cleaves chromosomal DNA during apoptosis. Here, we report isolation of two classes of human CAD cDNAs from a human KT-3 leukemic cell cDNA library. One class of cDNA encoded a protein comprising 338 amino acids, which showed a marked similarity to its murine counterpart. In vitro transcription and translation of this cDNA resulted in a functional CAD protein when the protein was synthesized in the presence of its inhibitor (inhibitor of CAD). The other cDNA class contained many deletions, insertions, and point mutations in the sequence corresponding to the coding

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Jacquin, M. F., W. E. Renehan, R. D. Mooney, and R. W. Rhoades. "Structure-function relationships in rat medullary and cervical dorsal horns. I. Trigeminal primary afferents." Journal of Neurophysiology 55, no. 6 (1986): 1153–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.55.6.1153.

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Intracellular recording and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling were used to examine structure-function relationships in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) and rostral cervical dorsal horn. In Nembutal-anesthetized rats, 78 trigeminal (V) primary afferent fibers were physiologically characterized and injected with HRP. Axons were sufficiently well stained to reconstruct all of their collaterals in the MDH. Many also extended into the cervical dorsal horn. Except for four axons, which responded best to noxious stimuli, all responded at short (mean = 0.50 ms) latencies to V ganglion shocks and to

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Preston, Alison R., Aaron M. Bornstein, J. Benjamin Hutchinson, Meghan E. Gaare, Gary H. Glover, and Anthony D. Wagner. "High-resolution fMRI of Content-sensitive Subsequent Memory Responses in Human Medial Temporal Lobe." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 1 (2010): 156–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21195.

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The essential role of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in long-term memory for individual events is well established, yet important questions remain regarding the mnemonic functions of the component structures that constitute the region. Within the hippocampus, recent functional neuroimaging findings suggest that formation of new memories depends on the dentate gyrus and the CA3 field, whereas the contribution of the subiculum may be limited to retrieval. During encoding, it has been further hypothesized that structures within MTL cortex contribute to encoding in a content-sensitive manner, wher

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Surmeier, D. J., C. N. Honda, and W. D. Willis. "Temporal features of the responses of primate spinothalamic neurons to noxious thermal stimulation of hairy and glabrous skin." Journal of Neurophysiology 56, no. 2 (1986): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.56.2.351.

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Extracellular recordings were made from 81 primate spinothalamic (STT) neurons in the L7-S1 segments of the spinal cord. The majority of the sample was recorded from within laminae IV-V. The temporal features of the responses to noxious thermal stimulation of glabrous and hairy skin were studied in an attempt to determine whether natural groupings of STT neurons could be identified on the basis of response time course alone and whether these groups were skin type dependent. The relationship between these groups and those based on static response features (37) was also explored in an attempt to

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Luft, Thomas, Michael Jefford, Petra Luetjens, et al. "Functionally distinct dendritic cell (DC) populations induced by physiologic stimuli: prostaglandin E2 regulates the migratory capacity of specific DC subsets." Blood 100, no. 4 (2002): 1362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2001-12-0360.

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Migration of antigen (Ag)-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) from sites of infection into draining lymphoid tissues is fundamental to the priming of T-cell immune responses. We evaluated monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) and peripheral blood DCs (PBDCs) to respond to proinflammatory mediators, CD40L, and intact bacteria. All classes of stimuli induced DC phenotypic maturation. However, for MoDCs, only prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)–containing stimuli induced migratory-type DCs. Thus, immature MoDCs that encountered proinflammatory cytokines or CD40L or intact bacteria in the presence of PGE2 acquired migratory

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Coleman, G. T., H. Bahramali, H. Q. Zhang, and M. J. Rowe. "Characterization of Tactile Afferent Fibers in the Hand of the Marmoset Monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 5 (2001): 1793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.5.1793.

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The marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus, has increasingly been the subject of experiments for the analysis of somatosensory system function in simian primates. However, as response properties of the mechanoreceptive afferent fibers supplying the skin have not been characterized for this primate, the present study was undertaken to classify fibers innervating the glabrous skin of the marmoset hand and determine whether they resembled those described for other mammalian species, including cat, macaque monkey, and human subjects. Forty-seven tactile afferent fibers with receptive fields (RFs) on

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Dutar, Patrick, Huan M. Vu, and David J. Perkel. "Multiple Cell Types Distinguished by Physiological, Pharmacological, and Anatomic Properties in Nucleus HVc of the Adult Zebra Finch." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 4 (1998): 1828–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.4.1828.

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Dutar, Patrick, Huan M. Vu, and David J. Perkel. Multiple cell types distinguished by physiological, pharmacological, and anatomic properties in nucleus HVc of the adult zebra finch. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1828–1838, 1998. Nucleus HVc of the songbird is a distinct forebrain region that is essential for song production and shows selective responses to complex auditory stimuli. Two neuronal populations within HVc give rise to its efferent projections. One projection, to the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), serves as the primary motor pathway for song production, and can also carry auditor

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Bush, Nicholas E., Sara A. Solla, and Mitra J. Z. Hartmann. "Continuous, multidimensional coding of 3D complex tactile stimuli by primary sensory neurons of the vibrissal system." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 32 (2021): e2020194118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020194118.

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Across all sensory modalities, first-stage sensory neurons are an information bottleneck: they must convey all information available for an animal to perceive and act in its environment. Our understanding of coding properties of primary sensory neurons in the auditory and visual systems has been aided by the use of increasingly complex, naturalistic stimulus sets. By comparison, encoding properties of primary somatosensory afferents are poorly understood. Here, we use the rodent whisker system to examine how tactile information is represented in primary sensory neurons of the trigeminal gangli

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Talebi, Vargha, and Curtis L. Baker. "Categorically distinct types of receptive fields in early visual cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 5 (2016): 2556–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00659.2015.

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In the visual cortex, distinct types of neurons have been identified based on cellular morphology, response to injected current, or expression of specific markers, but neurophysiological studies have revealed visual receptive field (RF) properties that appear to be on a continuum, with only two generally recognized classes: simple and complex. Most previous studies have characterized visual responses of neurons using stereotyped stimuli such as bars, gratings, or white noise and simple system identification approaches (e.g., reverse correlation). Here we estimate visual RF models of cortical n

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Nwasike, Chukwuazam, Erin Purr, Eunsoo Yoo, Jaspreet Singh Nagi, and Amber L. Doiron. "Activatable Nanoparticles: Recent Advances in Redox-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agent Candidates Capable of Detecting Inflammation." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 1 (2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14010069.

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The emergence of activatable magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents has prompted significant interest in the detection of functional markers of diseases, resulting in the creation of a plethora of nanoprobes capable of detecting these biomarkers. These markers are commonly dysregulated in several chronic diseases, specifically select cancers and inflammatory diseases. Recently, the development of redox-sensitive nanoparticle-based contrast agents has gained momentum given advances in medicine linking several inflammatory diseases to redox imbalance. Researchers have pinpointed redox dysregula

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Pescke, Ismael Krüger, and Tatiana Montanari. "Magic forest, a game about digestion." Cadernos de Educação Tecnologia e Sociedade 14, no. 1 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14571/brajets.v14.n1.22-28.

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The making of knowledge is based on the interaction between the subject and the object, and the digital educational games guarantee a multimedia interactivity, because visual and sound stimuli and action resources are conjoined. A game was developed to support the teaching about the digestive system in Science and Biology classes at the elementary and high school level. Magic forest, a game about digestion was created by Adobe Captivate software, using photographs of histological sections under a light microscope, and illustrations and animations made by Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop and After

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Krahe, Rüdiger, Joseph Bastian, and Maurice J. Chacron. "Temporal Processing Across Multiple Topographic Maps in the Electrosensory System." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 2 (2008): 852–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90300.2008.

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Multiple topographic representations of sensory space are common in the nervous system and presumably allow organisms to separately process particular features of incoming sensory stimuli that vary widely in their attributes. We compared the response properties of sensory neurons within three maps of the body surface that are arranged strictly in parallel to two classes of stimuli that mimic prey and conspecifics, respectively. We used information-theoretic approaches and measures of phase locking to quantify neuronal responses. Our results show that frequency tuning in one of the three maps d

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Thompson, Cynthia K., Borna Bonakdarpour, Stephen C. Fix, et al. "Neural Correlates of Verb Argument Structure Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 11 (2007): 1753–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.11.1753.

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Neuroimaging and lesion studies suggest that processing of word classes, such as verbs and nouns, is associated with distinct neural mechanisms. Such studies also suggest that subcategories within these broad word class categories are differentially processed in the brain. Within the class of verbs, argument structure provides one linguistic dimension that distinguishes among verb exemplars, with some requiring more complex argument structure entries than others. This study examined the neural instantiation of verbs by argument structure complexity: one-, two-, and three-argument verbs. Stimul

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Inhula, Nataliia. "VARIABILITY OF THE HEART RHYTHM AS AN ADDITIONAL MARKER FOR DETERMINING VEGETATIVE FUNCTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA." EUREKA: Health Sciences 6 (November 30, 2018): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5679.2018.00813.

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Aim. Practical cardiology is in constant search for non-invasive vascular risk markers. Heart rhythm reflects the body's response to various stimuli of the external and internal environment. Heart rate variability (HRV) has a prognostic and diagnostic value and allows timely identification of conditions that threaten life. The results of an instrumental examination of heart rhythm fluctuations in patients suffering from chronic cerebral ischemia against the background of angina pectoris of different functional classes allows to evaluate the prognosis of the disease and select the appropriate t

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Ellis, Erika M., Gregory Gauvain, Benjamin Sivyer, and Gabe J. Murphy. "Shared and distinct retinal input to the mouse superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 2 (2016): 602–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00227.2016.

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The mammalian retina conveys the vast majority of information about visual stimuli to two brain regions: the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the superior colliculus (SC). The degree to which retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) send similar or distinct information to the two areas remains unclear despite the important constraints that different patterns of RGC input place on downstream visual processing. To resolve this ambiguity, we injected a glycoprotein-deficient rabies virus coding for the expression of a fluorescent protein into the dLGN or SC; rabies virus labeled a smaller fracti

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Dolmatova, Lyudmila S., and Igor Yu Dolmatov. "Different Macrophage Type Triggering as Target of the Action of Biologically Active Substances from Marine Invertebrates." Marine Drugs 18, no. 1 (2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18010037.

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Macrophages play a fundamental role in the immune system. Depending on the microenvironment stimuli, macrophages can acquire distinct phenotypes characterized with different sets of the markers of their functional activities. Polarization of macrophages towards M1 type (classical activation) is involved in inflammation and the related progression of diseases, while, in contrast, alternatively activated M2 macrophages are associated with the anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Reprogramming macrophages to switch their phenotypes could provide a new therapeutic strategy, and targeting the M1/M2 macrop

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Hu, Xin, Zhuan-Di Wu, Zheng-Ying Luo, David M. Burner, Yong-Bao Pan, and Cai-Wen Wu. "Genome-Wide Analysis of the Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase (TPS) Gene Family and Expression Profiling of ScTPS Genes in Sugarcane." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (2020): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070969.

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The trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene family plays important roles in conferring plant stress resistance, but a comprehensive analysis of the gene family is lacking for sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). The objective of this study is to document functional classification, evolutionary characterization, and expression profiling of sugarcane TPS gene (ScTPS) family. Nine putative ScTPS genes were identified and assigned to two distinct classes based on gene structure and phylogeny. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 31 TPS genes from Arabidopsis, rice and sugarcane could be divided into

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Baran, R., R. Aronoff, and G. Garriga. "The C. elegans homeodomain gene unc-42 regulates chemosensory and glutamate receptor expression." Development 126, no. 10 (1999): 2241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.10.2241.

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Genes that specify cell fate can influence multiple aspects of neuronal differentiation, including axon guidance, target selection and synapse formation. Mutations in the unc-42 gene disrupt axon guidance along the C. elegans ventral nerve cord and cause distinct functional defects in sensory-locomotory neural circuits. Here we show that unc-42 encodes a novel homeodomain protein that specifies the fate of three classes of neurons in the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system: the ASH polymodal sensory neurons, the AVA, AVD and AVE interneurons that mediate repulsive sensory stimuli to the nema

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Gonçalves-Monteiro, Salomé, Rita Ribeiro-Oliveira, Maria Sofia Vieira-Rocha, Martin Vojtek, Joana B. Sousa, and Carmen Diniz. "Insights into Nuclear G-Protein-Coupled Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in Non-Communicable Diseases." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 5 (2021): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14050439.

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G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large protein superfamily divided into six classes, rhodopsin-like (A), secretin receptor family (B), metabotropic glutamate (C), fungal mating pheromone receptors (D), cyclic AMP receptors (E) and frizzled (F). Until recently, GPCRs signaling was thought to emanate exclusively from the plasma membrane as a response to extracellular stimuli but several studies have challenged this view demonstrating that GPCRs can be present in intracellular localizations, including in the nuclei. A renewed interest in GPCR receptors’ superfamily emerged and inten

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Turman, A. B., J. W. Morley, H. Q. Zhang, and M. J. Rowe. "Parallel processing of tactile information in cat cerebral cortex: effect of reversible inactivation of SII on SI responses." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 3 (1995): 1063–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.3.1063.

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1. Responsiveness of neurons in the distal forelimb region of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) was examined in cat in association with the cooling-induced, reversible inactivation of the corresponding region of the second somatosensory area (SII). The aim was to test whether a component of the stimulus-generated tactile input to SI came via an indirect, intracortical path from the thalamus through SII, or whether, when SI responsiveness fell in association with SII inactivation, the effect could be explained by a disfacilitation of the SI neuron; that is, a removal of a tonic facilitatory inf

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Feng, A. S., and W. Y. Lin. "Phase-locked response characteristics of single neurons in the frog "cochlear nucleus" to steady-state and sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated tones." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 5 (1994): 2209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.5.2209.

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1. We made extracellular recordings from 164 single neurons in the frog dorsal medullary nucleus (DMN), a homologue of the cochlear nucleus. Phase-locked responses to tones at the unit's characteristic frequency (CF) and to off-CF tones were evaluated. We also stimulated units with tones at CF that were amplitude modulated sinusoidally between 5 and 1,000 Hz and examined responses to these stimuli. 2. Results showed that single neurons in the frog DMN displayed phase-locked discharges to tones at frequencies < or = 800 Hz. Phase-locking was robust at low frequencies (< 400 Hz) and became

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Liu, Xiaolong, and Keum-Shik Hong. "Detection of primary RGB colors projected on a screen using fNIRS." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 10, no. 03 (2017): 1750006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545817500067.

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In this study, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is utilized to measure the hemodynamic responses (HRs) in the visual cortex of 14 subjects (aged 22–34 years) viewing the primary red, green, and blue (RGB) colors displayed on a white screen by a beam projector. The spatiotemporal characteristics of their oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobins (HbO and HbR) in the visual cortex are measured using a 15-source and 15-detector optode configuration. To see whether the activation maps upon RGB-color stimuli can be distinguished or not, the [Formula: see text]-values of individual channe

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Smith, Earl L., Yuzo M. Chino, William H. Ridder, Kosuke Kitagawa, and Andy Langston. "Orientation bias of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque monkeys." Visual Neuroscience 5, no. 6 (1990): 525–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800000699.

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AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to analyze the influence of stimulus orientation on the responses of individual neurons in the monkey's lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Our specific goals were to assess the prevalence and the degree of orientation tuning in the monkey LGN and to determine if the preferred stimulus orientations of LGN neurons varied as a function of receptive-field position. The primary motivation for this research was to gain insight into the receptive-field configuration of LGN neurons and consequently into the neural mechanisms which determine the spatial orga

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Marom, Shimon, and Goded Shahaf. "Development, learning and memory in large random networks of cortical neurons: lessons beyond anatomy." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 35, no. 1 (2002): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583501003742.

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1. Introduction 631.1 Outline 631.2 Universals versus realizations in the study of learning and memory 642. Large random cortical networks developing ex vivo 652.1 Preparation 652.2 Measuring electrical activity 673. Spontaneous development 693.1 Activity 693.2 Connectivity 704. Consequences of spontaneous activity: pharmacological manipulations 724.1 Structural consequences 724.2 Functional consequences 735. Effects of stimulation 745.1 Response to focal stimulation 745.2 Stimulation-induced changes in connectivity 746. Embedding functionality in real neural networks 776.1 Facing the physiolo

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Hartley, Douglas E. H., Johannes C. Dahmen, Andrew J. King, and Jan W. H. Schnupp. "Binaural sensitivity changes between cortical on and off responses." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 1 (2011): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01070.2010.

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Neurons exhibiting on and off responses with different frequency tuning have previously been described in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of anesthetized and awake animals, but it is unknown whether other tuning properties, including sensitivity to binaural localization cues, also differ between on and off responses. We measured the sensitivity of A1 neurons in anesthetized ferrets to 1) interaural level differences (ILDs), using unmodulated broadband noise with varying ILDs and average binaural levels, and 2) interaural time delays (ITDs), using sinusoidally amplitude-modulated broadband noi

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Gale, Samuel D., and Gabe J. Murphy. "Distinct cell types in the superficial superior colliculus project to the dorsal lateral geniculate and lateral posterior thalamic nuclei." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 3 (2018): 1286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00248.2018.

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The superficial layers of the superior colliculus (sSC) receive retinal input and project to thalamic regions, the dorsal lateral geniculate (dLGN) and lateral posterior (LP; or pulvinar) nuclei, that convey visual information to cortex. A critical step toward understanding the functional impact of sSC neurons on these parallel thalamo-cortical pathways is determining whether different classes of sSC neurons, which are known to respond to different features of visual stimuli, innervate overlapping or distinct thalamic targets. Here, we identified a transgenic mouse line that labels sSC neurons

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Benardete, Ethan A., and Ehud Kaplan. "The receptive field of the primate P retinal ganglion cell, I: Linear dynamics." Visual Neuroscience 14, no. 1 (1997): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800008853.

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AbstractThe ganglion cells of the primate retina include two major anatomical and functional classes: P cells which project to the four parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and M cells which project to the two magnocellular layers. The characteristics of the P-cell receptive field are central to understanding early form and color vision processing (Kaplan et al., 1990; Schiller & Logothetis, 1990). In this and in the following paper, P-cell dynamics are systematically analyzed in terms of linear and nonlinear response properties. Stimuli that favor either the cente

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del Carmen Burón-Barral, Maria, Khoosheh K. Gosink, and John S. Parkinson. "Loss- and Gain-of-Function Mutations in the F1-HAMP Region of the Escherichia coli Aerotaxis Transducer Aer." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 10 (2006): 3477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.188.10.3477-3486.2006.

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ABSTRACT The Escherichia coli Aer protein contains an N-terminal PAS domain that binds flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), senses aerotactic stimuli, and communicates with the output signaling domain. To explore the roles of the intervening F1 and HAMP segments in Aer signaling, we isolated plasmid-borne aerotaxis-defective mutations in a host strain lacking all chemoreceptors of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) family. Under these conditions, Aer alone established the cell's run/tumble swimming pattern and modulated that behavior in response to oxygen gradients. We found two class

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