Academic literature on the topic 'Functional translation theory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Functional translation theory"
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Huang, Daoyu, and Chang Liu. "Kenneth Rexroth’s Translation of Du Fu Poetry from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory." English Language and Literature Studies 14, no. 3 (2024): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v14n3p27.
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Kenneth Rexroth, a well-known American poet and translator, has contributed to Du Fu poetry translation in the Western society. From the perspective of Nida’s functional equivalence theory, this research takes Rexroth’s English translations of Du Fu poems as a case to study the translation strategies adopted by Rexroth. This explores translation strategies of Du Fu poetry from the perspective of functional reciprocity theory, and is supposed to provide references for the English translation of the ancient Chinese poetry in the future. The above examples all reflect the faithfulness and accuracy of the free translation under the theory of functional equivalence, and accurately express the connotation of the original poem. Above all, the translator has adopted literal translation when translating the above verse. in order to achieve the requirement of the theory of functional equivalence, which enabled the target readers to have the same experience as the original readers. This was the most fundamental purpose of using the literal translation here.
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Shiwei, Ni. "On C-E Translation of Relic Texts in Museums from a Functional Equivalence Perspective: A Case Study of Hubei Provincial Museum." English Literature and Language Review, no. 56 (June 20, 2019): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ellr.56.82.88.
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Museums play an important role in China’s communication with the world and demonstrate to some extent China’s soft power. As China further strengthens its international exchanges, more and more people hope to know China through its history and culture. However, due to the lingual and cultural distinctions, there are many unavoidable problems in translating Chinese relic texts (Source Text or ST) into English texts (Target Text or TT). As Eugene Nida said in his functional equivalence theory, the Target Reader’s (TR) comprehension and appreciation of the translation is significant. Therefore, in translating relic texts, attention should be paid to how the TR can understand and accept the content. This thesis aims at finding proper translation principles and methods by analyzing the translations of the relic texts in Hubei Provincial Museum from the perspective of the core concepts of functional equivalence theory. Through a study on the functional equivalence theory, the thesis finds three principles of translating relic texts: accuracy, readability and acceptability. An analysis of the relic texts of Hubei Provincial Museum has led to several translation methods including addition, omission, paraphrasing and rewriting, which help to achieve the functional equivalence of relic texts translation.
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Dr., P. Manimaran. "ASSESSMENT OF THIRUKKURAL TRANSLATION - A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH." International Journal of Applied and Advanced Scientific Research 4, no. 2 (2019): 5–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3359796.
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Translation is an activity of enormous importance in the modern world and it is a subject of interest not only to linguistics, professionals and amateur translators and language teachers, but are to electronic engineers and mathematicians. Since translation has to do with language, the analysis and description of translation – processes must make considerable use of categories setup for the description of languages. It must, in other words, draw upon a theory of language – a general linguistic theory. Translation is an operation performed on languages; processes of substituting a text in one language for a text in another, clearly, then, any theory of translations must draw upon a theory of language, and it defines to extend a general linguistic theory. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide a critical assessment of translation and establish the pragmatic equivalence instead of the better communication in the Source Language into Target Language, thirukkural translated by Rev. G. U. Pope, Drew and Kaviyogi Suthanantha Bharathi. Nevertheless, in the field of translation by the translators strategies such as Steiner (1976), Catford (1965), Nida (1974), House (2001), Toury, (1995), Michael Scriven (2007), Crystal and Davy (1969) Koller (1974), Reiss (1968). The above mentioned the scholars theories are presented to provided a better understanding of the assessment knowledge and how the concept of assessment in translations are measured such a theoretical approach in general and functional approach in particular.
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Aminudin, Muhammad Fauzan. "Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and Translation." LINGUA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 20, no. 1 (2023): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v20i1.731.
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Language as a fundamental part to communicate with other people becomes crucial since it engages other disciplines. Many of the communication products are in English which might bring difficulties to understand or interpret the meaning due to the language variations. SFL can bridge the meaning and context which usually becoming a problem faced by the translators. This article aims to depict a brief concept of SFL and translation and attempts to figure out the relationship among linguistics and translation, especially the implementation of SFL in translation field. The article elaborates ideas from several experts in linguistics, specifically in SFL and translation. This revealed that SFL promoted by linguist named M.A.K Halliday linked and can be applied in translation. It is crystal clear that SFL also has a role in developing the theory of translation that can be proved by Juliana House in the book A Model for Translation Quality Assessment (1977) and Roger Bell in book entitled Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice (1991).
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Yan, Huimin. "Research on Chinese Translation Strategies of Foreign Lyrics under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence Theory —Taking Country Music Represented by Taylor Swift as an Example." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 9, no. 2 (2025): p94. https://doi.org/10.22158/sll.v9n2p94.
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Chinese audiences have made higher requirements for the quality of lyrics translation amid increasingly deepened music communication between America and China in recent years. While numerous translators have produced English lyrics translations of varying quality, there persists a notable lack of systematic theoretical guidance in this field. The Functional Equivalence Theory, emphasizing substantive textual correspondence in both function and meaning, proves particularly relevant for achieving semantic fidelity in contemporary lyrics translation. Through an analytical examination of modern lyrics translations, this study extracts and evaluates their distinctive characteristics while assessing the applicability of Functional Equivalence Theory. Employing Taylor Swift’s country music translations as case studies, the research proposes actionable translation strategies within the framework of Functional Equivalence Theory. To enhance both the aesthetic appreciation and creative innovation in target language renditions, this investigation seeks to effectively convey and reconstruct original lyrical meanings through theoretically informed translation approaches.
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Shuai, Zheng. "The English translation strategies based on functional translation theory." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 11-1 (2023): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202311statyi11.
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Based on the analysis of functional translation theory, this article studies the strategies of functional translation in English translation, so as to improve the effectiveness of functional translation and fully display the value of functional translation.
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Zhao, Chen. "Grammatical Metaphor in the C-E Translation of Jing Ye Si." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 8, no. 2 (2024): p161. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v8n2p161.
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In translation, translators are often confronted with the choice between congruent form and metaphorical form, which is closely correlated with grammatical metaphor theory in systemic functional linguistics. This paper attempts to apply grammatical metaphor theory to Jing Ye Si and its seven translations to assess poetry translation quality and provide guidance for translators from the perspective of systemic functional linguistics. It strives to elucidate the grammatical metaphor in the C-E translation of Jing Ye Si and the way to evaluate its seven translations via grammatical metaphor. In this context, six steps brought forward by Huang Guowen (2004) are taken in the functional discourse analysis of Jing Ye Si and its seven translations. After elaborating the characteristics of the seven translations, the study evaluates their overall translation quality. According to functional equivalence to the source text, the translations of Xu Yuanchong and Amy Lowell outperform other translations. In translation practice, translators are advised to choose between the congruent form and metaphorical form based on the context, original author, target readers, aesthetic value, translation purpose, and so on. Essentially, it is necessary to manipulate the transitivity system, mood system, modality system, and Theme system to realize the equivalence of the translations to the source text in terms of ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions.
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Hoang, Van Van. "Systemic Functional Linguistics in Translation." Linguistics and the Human Sciences 15, no. 1 (2021): 52–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/lhs.19981.
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This article is concerned with my personal account of the process of translating into Vietnamese a world famous grammar book: An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Second Edition, written by world renowned scholar M. A. K. Halliday. The account of the translation process is placed within the compass of systemic functional linguistics. It is clear from my account that in translating An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Second Edition, the translator may experience many daunting problems, among which the problems of translating technical terms and long and heavily loaded nominal groups seem to be the toughest. It is also clear from my account that systemic functional linguistics is highly relevant to translation theory and translation practice. It can stand to benefit the translator from analysis of the source text, to discussion of translation problems, to explanation for establishment of points of equivalence between the choices in the target text and those in the source text, and to synthesis of the target text.
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Li, Shenghua, Jieyin Wu, and Jinghua Tang. "A Probe into Translation Techniques of Literary Works under the guidance of Functional Equivalence Theory." Journal of Education and Educational Research 1, no. 1 (2022): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/jeer.v1i1.2278.
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Literature is the art of language, and it contains rich literary nature, artistic and aesthetics value. Literature translation is a special form of translation and translators need to help target readers fully perceive the artistic charm of literary works in the way the source text readers do. Due to this uniqueness, Functional Equivalence theory can provide scientific guidance for literature translation. Various translation techniques are utilized in order to realize the functional equivalence when translating literary works. In this article, the author explores how the translation techniques are used when translating Before We Were Yours.
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Al, Dangin, Dian Natalia Sutanto, Lucia Tri Natalia Sudarmo, and Novita Dewi. "A Communicative - Functional Philosophy of Translation." Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies (IJELS) 2, no. 1 (2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijels.v2i1.347.
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The Philosophy of translation is excluded from the framework of translation studies. Nevertheless, it is actually essential for developing the theory and practice of translation aswell as solving both internal and external challenges toward the theory and practice oftranslation. Hence, this article proposes the inclusion of philosophy in the framework andoffers a communicative-functional paradigm as the philosophy of translating from Indonesianinto English and vice versa. This paradigm construes translation as interculturalcommunicative act directed by the target-side purpose. It is rooted ontologically as therecodification of matrix code into target code which results in what Ricoeur calls as theequivalence without identity, epistemologically with the employment of cluster concept andaxiologically by directing intercultural mediation with three ethical principles i.e. the primacyof purpose, the loyalty to people and the respecting difference. In Indonesia especially inYogyakarta, based on the interview conducted to professional translators in PMadInternational Translation, this paradigm has been internalized by Indonesian translatorswithout conscious reflection of the paradigm as the philosophical foundation of theirtranslation practices.Keywords: translation, philosophy, communicative-functional paradigm
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Functional translation theory"
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Cheung, Andrew. "Functional and foreignisation : applying skopos theory to bible translation." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3547/.
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This thesis considers the practice of Bible translation from the perspective of contemporary translation studies and provides a fresh translation and accompanying commentary of aspects of Paul's Letter to the Romans. The emergence of functionalism, particularly skopos theory, in the latter part of the 20th century is seen as a key moment in the development of translation theory. The thesis argues that it has significant advantages over source text orientated approaches which have traditionally dominated Bible translation practice. An essential history documents this evolution of theoretical developments in translation study. The advantages of skopos theory over equivalence-based approaches are discussed with particular reference to Bible translation theory and the work of E. A. Nida. The functionalist approach increases the range of possible translations, with this thesis adopting a foreignising purpose in a new translation of Romans 1:1-15, 15:14-16:27. The foreignising approach owes its origins to F. Schleiermacher (popularised more recently by L. Venuti among others) and involves rendering a text so as to preserve or heighten the sense of otherness of the source text, thereby retaining something of the foreignness of the original. An accompanying commentary is provided to explain the translator's choices.
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Ryan, Stephen Edward. "An analysis of reinstatement of appropriate behavior." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5838.
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Behavioral momentum theory provides a conceptual framework for the study of the recurrence of previously extinguished operant behavior. Commonly referred to as treatment relapse, this is the failure to maintain treatment gains (e.g., reductions in challenging behavior) when there is a change in conditions under which these gains were achieved. One treatment relapse paradigm previously examined in basic and applied research is reinstatement. Reinstatement of challenging behavior has been shown to occur when functional reinforcers are delivered on a fixed-time schedule following extinction of challenging behavior. Although examinations appropriate behavior have applied value, analyses of reinstatement have been conducted almost exclusively with challenging behavior. During the current study, a reinstatement methodology was applied to communicative responses with five children diagnosed with developmental disabilities who exhibited comorbid communication deficits, as well as challenging behavior maintained by positive reinforcement. In the first phase of the reinstatement evaluation, each child received functional communication training (FCT) within a positive reinforcement context within a two-component multiple schedule design with each schedule paired with a distinct communicative response. After achieving steady-state responding in the first phase, in which all participants were independently emitting both communicative responses, all appropriate communication was placed on extinction in the second phase. Extinction continued until rates of appropriate communication were at or near zero. In the third phase, positive reinforcement was delivered and the recurrence of appropriate communication was evaluated. For two of five participants, communicative responding recurred following the fixed-time delivery of the functional reinforcer, indicating a successful demonstration of reinstatement. For three of five participants, communicative responding recurred prior to the delivery of fixed-time reinforcement, indicating that an alternative recurrence phenomenon likely occurred. These results suggest that reinstatement methodologies can be applied to cases in which FCT treatment failures have occurred to efficiently restore clinical gains for some participants. Implications for clinical practice and future directions of this line of research are discussed.
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Michailinienė, Viktorija. "The Translation of Discourse Markers from English into Lithuanian." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_155614-75200.
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The paper analyzes the translation of discourse markers from English into Lithuanian. Discourse markers are words or word combinations, who contribute little to the propositional meaning of an utterance but serve a variety of important conversational functions guiding interlocutors towards the intended interpretation of an utterance. The aim of the research is to prove the polyfunctional nature of discourse markers and the significance of rendering their meanings in translation from English into Lithuanian. The paper reviews the basic theoretical orientations within which discourse markers are analyzed and presents the list of defining and non-defining properties of discourse markers. Correct interpretation of discourse markers depend on the conversational function they serve in a particular situation rather than on lexical meaning of an item, therefore the functions of the discourse markers selected for the analysis (you know, I mean, well, okay, so, like, now) are reviewed as well. The empirical part is based on the analysis of the translation of discourse markers in two novels: John Irving’s 'A Widow for One Year' and Melvin Burgess’ 'Doing it'.<br>Darbe nagrinėjamas diskurso žymeklių vertimas iš anglų į lietuvių kalbą. Diskurso žymekliai - tai žodžiai ar žodžių junginiai, kurių leksinė reikšmė turi mažai įtakos sakinio prasmei, bet kurie atlieka daug svarbių funkcijų, padedančių pašnekovui teisingai interpretuoti pasakymą. Darbo tikslas – įrodyti diskurso žymeklių daugiafunkcinę prigimtį ir tų funkcijų perteikimo svarbą verčiant iš anglų į lietuvių kalbą. Darbe apžvelgiamos svarbiausios teorinės kryptys, kuriomis remiantis analizuojami diskurso žymekliai, ir pristatomi jų skiriamieji bei jiems būdingi bruožai. Kadangi teisinga diskurso žymeklių interpretacija priklauso ne nuo leksinės lingvistinio vieneto reikšmės, bet nuo jo atliekamos funkcijos, darbe taip pat aprašomos analizei pasirinktų žymeklių (you know, I mean, well, okay, so, like, now) funkcijos. Empirinė dalis pagrįsta diskurso žymeklių vertimu dvejuose romanuose: John Irving "A Widow for One Year" ir Melvin Burgess "Doing it".
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Aineström, Catharina. "Kreativmetropole, Rundumsorgloswohlfühlpakete und Wunsch-Location : Berücksichtigung der Textfunktion und des Textstils bei der Übersetzung eines webbasierten Tourismustextes." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-20885.
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ABSTRACT This essay deals with translation issues, mainly in regard to text function and text norms, which arose during the transfer of a German source text, situated within the field of tourism, into a Swedish target text. Special attention was paid to anglicisms, a typical feature of German marketing language and also a key stylistic feature of the source text at hand. A challenge to translators in general is which textual and cultural considerations, besides considerations of language, should be taken into account in the translation process. In translation literature semantics and pragmatics have received considerable attention. The analysis in this particular essay was based on the skopos theory and Reiss’ translation-oriented text typology. The analysis showed that the source text has an operative function, meaning that it is aimed at influencing the reader in a specific direction, but at the same time fulfills an informative function. Both these functions must be reflected in the translation. The comparison of text norms of tourist texts showed that the use of anglicisms is less common in Swedish tourist texts than in German tourist texts, and therefore many of the anglicisms in the source text were exchanged for equivalent Swedish expressions in the target text. When an equivalent anglicism was not available, the denotation was expressed in accordance with the function of that particular linguistic element, which means that in some cases semantic equivalence was attained and in some cases priority was given to text-normative and pragmatic equivalence.
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Brembs, Gunhild. "Dialektelemente in deutscher und schwedischer Literatur und ihre Übersetzung : von Schelch zu eka, von ilsnedu zu bösartig." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Tyska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-213.
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The present study investigates the translation of dialectal elements in literary texts from the German and Swedish linguistical and cultural areas. Translation theory generally advises against the translation of dialectal elements in standard language texts thereby implicitly questioning their creative and communicative function. The aim of the study is to investigate to what extent the dialectal elements in the source text are translated by corresponding dialectal elements in the target text thereby promoting a "cultural transfer" or whether a translation method based on translation theory is used. The linguistic material from the novels Die Räuberbande by the German author Leonhard Frank, Tjärdalen by the Swedish author Sara Lidman and Kapten Nemos bibliotek by the Swedish author Per Olov Enquist is microanalyzed. In doing so, the phonetical-phonological, morphological and syntactical dialectal features in the three source texts are treated methodically and are exemplarily and systematically presented together with their translation variants in the target language. The study focuses mainly on the translations of dialectal lexicology, which is investigated according to its contrastive function regarding the translations of standard language, thereby examining its adequacy. By including all the dialectal lexemes appearing in the works and their translations empirical dates have been compiled as a result of the translation methods. The study´s analyses demonstrate that dialectal elements are mainly translated into standard language, that a large part of dialectisms is paraphrased and that a small part is rendered by spoken language without regional limits. A tendency towards increasing use of dialectal elements through the times can be detected as well as a propensity to adapt the translation to the stylistical preferences in the receiving country. Thus, "cultural transfer" is not promoted.
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Azab, Lamiss. "Le traducteur en tant que médiateur culturel - L'exemple de Rifâ'a Al-Tahtâwî (1801-1873)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA007.
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Malgré l’ancrage de la médiation et de la médiation culturelle en traductologie surtout depuis le Tournant Culturel, il manque encore à ces notions une définition traductologique arrêtée. Partant des apports provenant de différents domaines – notamment la communication culturelle – et prenant appui sur une théorie causale de la traduction, nous proposons une réflexion en trois temps sur le traducteur comme médiateur culturel et sur ses interventions délibérées, dans une approche identitaire, textuelle et fonctionnaliste. Nous sondons la particularité de la construction identitaire du traducteur, acteur marqué par sa formation linguistique et par ses normes socioculturelles d’origine, mais très empathique envers l’Autre et son système normatif. Dans ce premier volet, les stratégies traductives sont étudiées en miroir des stratégies identitaires déployées par le traducteur pour préserver cohérence et valorisation de sa construction identitaire. Ensuite, nous considérons le texte et le type de texte à traduire comme des créations culturelles que le traducteur re-présente à sa communauté, en lui rendant la différence abordable aux niveaux formel, lexical et discursif. Pour ce faire, il déploie une panoplie de stratégies traductives variant de la norme rédactionnelle la plus conformisante à la plus différenciatrice. Dans ce deuxième volet, la préface du traducteur est étudiée comme un lieu de médiation directe, pour informer et recommander la lecture. Enfin, nous analysons deux finalités traductives par lesquelles le traducteur agit sur l’identité culturelle de sa communauté par le biais de sa re-présentation : la formation intellectuelle et la déconstruction/re-construction identitaire. Que ce soit à travers de simples textes ou des institutions à caractère éducatif, l’objectif premier du traducteur est d’informer le lecteur et, par cette information, il agit sur la re-définition de fondements essentiels de sa construction identitaire<br>Though mediation and cultural mediation seem to be enrooted in Translation Studies especially since the Cultural Turn, a specialized definition of these notions is still missing. Based on their definitions in other different domains – especially cultural communication – and on a causal theory of translation, we present a three-fold thesis on the translator as a cultural mediator and on his deliberate interventions. The three axes we develop here are based on identity, textual and functionalist approaches. First, we analyze the specificity of the identity of the translator seen as a construction that is not only marked by the linguistic formation and the sociocultural norms of his original community, but also by the actor’s empathy towards the Other and his system of norms. In this first fold, translation strategies are studied as mirrors of identity strategies the translator follows in order to keep the coherence and the valorization of his identity construction. Then, the texts and types of texts are considered as cultural creations that the translator re-presents to his community through making cultural differences understandable on the formal, lexical and discourse levels. To do so, he uses different writing norms from the most conforming to the most differentiating one. In this second fold, the translator’s preface is seen as a privileged place for a direct mediation, in which he already informs his reader about the translation he’s about to read and recommends the reading. Finally, we study two translation functions through which the translator acts on the cultural identity of his community based on his re-presentation of the text: the intellectual formation of the reader and the de-construction/ re-construction of his identity. By the means of a simple text or of an educational institution, the translator’s first aim is to inform the reader, and through this information, he acts on the re-definition of essential foundations of his identity construction
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HUANG, CHIEN-TZU, and 黃千姿. "The Investigation of Taiwan Airports Public Signs Translation Issues and Strategies by Using Functional Translation Theory." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73290259214301261152.
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碩士<br>中華科技大學<br>航空運輸研究所<br>105<br>An International Airport is the face which is on behalf of a country, and the airport public sign is the one of the important elements for this face. The correctness of C-E translation of airport public sign will be the key elements of this influence. Jokes are often reported on the mass media and the Internet due to error C-E translation. Besides, previous studies seldom discussed this area. Therefore, the translation of Public Signs of several domestic international airport are this research object to find main problems of the Translation of Public Signs and find ways to avoid these problems.
This research takes qualitative methods, first functional translation theory is introduced and analyze the collected research literature to set the direction. Second, using the German functional translation theory summarize, describe and analyze the collected Chinese and English vocabularies or sentences of airports public signs, and provide the solution to these problems. In addition, Arranging and analyzing the opinions of interviewed airport authorities and foreign tourists to get an interpreter strategies and institutes through this research may be provided to airport management as reference.
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Lan, Wen-Ting, and 藍文婷. "Investigation on Translation Problems of the Children's Literature form the Perspective of Functional Translation Theory of Christiane Nord─ A Case Study of Du Schon Wieder." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dywy66.
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碩士<br>文藻外語大學<br>多國語複譯研究所<br>102<br>Investigation on Translation Problems of the Children’s Literature from the Perspective of Functional Translation Theory of Christiane Nord
─ A Case Study of Du Schon Wieder
ABSTRACT
This study takes the children literature and picture book “Du Schon Wieder” as an example, analyzing Chinese translation strategies and methods for children’s literature.
This study will analyze the Chinese translation of “Du Schon Wieder” from the perspective of Christiane Nord’s functional theory; the theory is mainly focus on faithfulness （Funktionsgerechtigkeit und Loyalität） furthermore, the study will also adopt other theories to support the argument. In the study the translation will be divided into different categories and will be analyzed by Nord’s theory to see if the translation strategies accord with Nord’s theory.
Key words: Children’s Literature, Functional Theory, Nord
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Goussard-Kunz, Irene Maria. "Facilitating African Language translation in the South African Department of Defence." Diss., 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2105.
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This study aimed to determine whether the current African language translation facilitation course (ALTFC) held at the Directorate Language Services (D Lang) is in tune with contemporary trends in translator training, as well as the needs of the South African Department of Defence (DOD) and ALTFC candidates. In order to accomplish these aims, the research methodology was divided into a theoretical component in the form of a literature survey and an empirical component by means of questionnaire research. While the literature survey revealed that with the exception of using corpora of parallel texts, the ALTFC largely follows contemporary trends in translator training, the questionnaire research identified four problem areas, i.e. feedback on practical work, the time factor, the candidates' English proficiency and teacher enthusiasm. Based on the theoretical and empirical findings, four new ALTFC models were developed.<br>Linguistics<br>MA (Linguistics)
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Lai, Shu-Ying, and 賴淑瀅. "An Analysis of Translation Errors of Popular Science Writing with Functional Equivalence Theory: A Case Study in Daniel Kahneman’s Thinking, Fast and Slow." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7y5fd7.
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碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>英語學系<br>104<br>With the rapid development of science and technology, and the worldwide spread of scientific and technological knowledge, more and more popular scientific works are published. However, the research about popular science is still relatively small in amount, and traditional translation theories focus mainly on the lexical level, ignoring the demand of the textual and pragmatic levels. This results in a lot of translation errors in the text or the translated work being hard to understand. It does not popularize and deliver the correct knowledge. What’s worse, it blocks the promotion of scientific knowledge.
This study is simply the exploration of translation errors in popular science texts, and it provides translation strategies to avoid errors using Nida’s functional equivalence theory. The study hopes to convey the correct scientific knowledge and improve the quality of scientific translation. The researcher encountered the translation errors in Thinking, Fast and Slow, and classified them as occurring at word level, grammatical level, textual level and pragmatic level using Baker’s hierarchy equivalence classification. Through the analysis of translation errors, the study offers some translation strategies or methods of solving similar translation problems using Nida’s functional equivalence theory. The findings of study are as follows.
Firstly, it is highly advisable that a translator should endeavor to achieve word, grammatical, textual and pragmatic equivalence in popular science translation. In terms of equivalence at word level, the contextual strategy is helpful to compensate for the proper meaning in the translation. In grammatical equivalence, problems of word order and sentence structure require the adoption of several strategies to fix parataxis prominent in Chinese. At the textual level, where it is necessary to take the discourse into account, strategies, omissions and elaborations can make the translation natural and fluent to reach functional equivalence. As to the pragmatic level, translators have to impartially and objectively present the true meaning of the source text.
Books on the topic "Functional translation theory"
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Thōma, Chrystalla. Combining functional linguistics and Skopos theory: A case study of Greek Cypriot and British folktales. P. Lang, 2006.
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Van Loon, Zanna. The Early Modern Production of Missionary Books on Indigenous Languages in New Spain and Peru. Amsterdam University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463724173.
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How do the social, material, and spatial processes underlying the making of early modern missionary grammars, vocabularies, and devotional translations deepen our understanding of their contents? The handwritten and printed missionary books produced in the Spanish viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru were key instruments designed to help study Indigenous languages in order to efficiently teach religious doctrine to local communities unfamiliar with European culture and religion. This volume considers these missionary books as physical and social objects and illuminates how a variety of factors determines their physical appearance, structure, and form, which in turn shape and guide the interpretation of their contents: people involved in its making; geographical and social circumstances and conditions of production; technologies, materials, and tools; genre and function(s) of the books; and intended readership, modes of distribution, and readerly responses.
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Functional Translation Theory Compared to an Older Version. GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2013.
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Nida, Eugene A., and Eugene A. Nida. Contexts in Translating (Benjamins Translation Library, 41). John Benjamins Publishing Co, 2002.
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Wang, Chao, Ravi P. Agarwal, Donal O' Regan, and Rathinasamy Sakthivel. Theory of Translation Closedness for Time Scales: With Applications in Translation Functions and Dynamic Equations. Springer, 2020.
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Wang, Chao, Ravi P. Agarwal, Donal O' Regan, and Rathinasamy Sakthivel. Theory of Translation Closedness for Time Scales: With Applications in Translation Functions and Dynamic Equations. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.
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Morini, Massimiliano. The Pragmatic Translator. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472541802.
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This book is concerned with translation theory. It proposes an all-round view of translation in the terms of modern pragmatics, as articulated in three pragmatic functions (performative, interpersonal and locative) which describe how translated texts function in the world, involve readers and are rooted in their spatio-temporal contexts. It presents a full and up to date view of translation that takes into account thirty years of research in the field of Descriptive Translation Studies. Unlike DTS, the theory provides an account of products and processes. This publication exhibits the need for and usefulness of such a theory, and will be essential reading for scholars involved in translation and interpreting studies.
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Taylor, Helena. Lives after Life. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796770.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the relationship between translations of Ovid’s poetry and arguments about literary taste. Its premise is that translations were part of wider cultural and literary movements; and prefatory material, particularly characterizations of the author, functioned programmatically to introduce and situate the ensuing translation. The chapter focuses on three distinctive moments of translation: the renditions of Ovid of the 1620s, the burlesque versions of the 1650s, and the galant translations of the last third of the century. It demonstrates that they were variously engaged with different forms of cultural confrontation, not only between ancient and modern culture, but also, in the earlier decades particularly, between France and Italy, and later with the tensions both caused by and within the aesthetic and cultural mode of galanterie; it explores how they use portrayals of Ovid to engage in such confrontation.
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Divan, Aysha, and Janice A. Royds. 4. Proteins. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723882.003.0004.
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Biological functions require protein and the protein makeup of a cell determines its behaviour and identity. Proteins, therefore, are the most abundant molecules in the body except for water. The approximately 20,000 protein coding genes in the human genome can, by alternative splicing, multiple translation starts, and post-translational modifications, produce over 1,000,000 different proteins, collectively called ‘the proteome’. It is the size of the proteome and not the genome that defines the complexity of an organism. ‘Proteins’ describes the composition and structure of proteins and how they are studied. What information is required in order to understand how proteins work and what happens when this function is impaired in disease?
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Esplin, Emron, and Margarida Vale de Gato, eds. Translated Poe. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., 2014. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781611464153.
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Few, if any, U.S. writers are as important to the history of world literature as Edgar Allan Poe, and few, if any, U.S. authors owe so much of their current reputations to the process of translation. Translated Poe brings together 31 essays from 19 different national/literary traditions to demonstrate Poe’s extensive influence on world literature and thought while revealing the importance of the vehicle that delivers Poe to the world—translation. Translated Poe is not preoccupied with judging the “quality” of any given Poe translation nor with assessing what a specific translation of Poe must or should have done. Rather, the volume demonstrates how Poe’s translations constitute multiple contextual interpretations, testifying to how this prolific author continues to help us read ourselves and the world(s) we live in. The examples of how Poe’s works were spread abroad remind us that literature depends as much on authorial creation and timely readership as on the languages and worlds through which a piece of literature circulates after its initial publication in its first language. This recasting of signs and symbols that intervene in other cultures when a text is translated is one of the principal subjects of the humanistic discipline of Translation Studies, dealing with the products, functions, and processes of translation as both a cognitive and socially regulated activity. Both literary history and the history of translation benefit from this book’s focus on Poe, whose translated fortune has helped to shape literary modernity, in many cases importantly redefining the target literary systems. Furthermore, we envision this book as a fountain of resources for future Poe scholars from various global sites, including the United States, since the cases of Poe’s translations—both exceptional and paradigmatic—prove that they are also levers that force the reassessment of the source text in its native literature.
Book chapters on the topic "Functional translation theory"
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Akın, Ayla. "The Paradoxical Relationship Between Schleiermacher’s Approach and the Functional Translation Theory." In Rereading Schleiermacher: Translation, Cognition and Culture. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47949-0_6.
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Xie, Yuchao. "Translation for International Film Festival Under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence Theory." In Translation Studies on Chinese Films and TV Shows. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6000-0_10.
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Seel, Olaf Immanuel. "Chapter 12. Foreign language acquisition writing exercises fostering translation trainees’ language and translation competence." In Instrumentalising Foreign Language Pedagogy in Translator and Interpreter Training. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.161.12see.
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This chapter intends to bring into beneficial interaction two language-based disciplines, i.e., foreign language acquisition (FLA) and translation studies (TS) and to demonstrate that the latter greatly benefits from the former. Concretely, by using FLA writing exercises in language courses for translation trainees (TT), it will be shown that the advantages from this implementation are not to be underestimated if these exercises are tailored to the needs of TT. Furthermore, these exercises not only improve the foreign language competence of the TT but also enhance other aspects of their overall translation competence. In order to tailor FLA exercises for translation trainees’ language courses, a specific methodological, didactical and conceptual basis is proposed which consists of an interactive implementation of constructivism, creativity theory, text linguistics and functional Skopos theory.
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Fankhauser, Anna. "Chapter 6. Suggestions for a new model of functional phraseme categorization for applied purposes." In Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.366.06fan.
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Although the significance of phraseology in various fields of applied linguistics such as translation, language teaching, and (bilingual) learner lexicography is generally agreed upon, existing models of phraseme categorization largely fail to account for the needs of language practitioners and learners. Yet, a classification model for applied purposes is required, for example, to provide language practitioners and learners with a systematic list of useful phraseological items that can be applied to individual situations of language production and reception. The model suggested in the present paper consistently applies functional classification criteria and is derived from an extensive corpus study of spoken British and American English. It is hoped that the empirical approach and the focus on functional properties of phrasemes will ensure that the model is of maximum relevance for applied purposes.
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Wang, Zejun. "A Study of Subtitle Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory." In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-170-8_37.
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Yang, Sihan. "Analysis of the Translation Characteristics of Movie Subtitles in the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory." In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Atlantis Press SARL, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-263-7_5.
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Chatterjee, Ariktam. "Chapter 6. The bee and the flower." In The Complexity of Social-Cultural Emergence. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.164.06cha.
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This chapter is an attempt to understand human translation of cultural texts generated through human agency as a structural continuation of biotranslation prevalent in the natural world. It begins by analysing bee communication and orchid mimicry as examples of biotranslation located within the tripartite biosemiotic model of Carlo Brentari, following Jakob von Uexküll, and finally arrives at a method in translation studies that prioritises cooperative engagements through an inclusive theory of semiotic hospitality. For this, the model of the Samavasarana from Jain philosophy is applied, both because of its ecological expanse, and its structural affinity to Brentari’s biosemiotic model. Concluding Kierkegaard’s temporal realm of human concerns to be the reason for functional cleavage between the semiosphere from the biosphere, resetting that connection is the purpose of this article.
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Zhou, Wei, and Kun Yang. "An Analysis of Chinese Translation Strategies of Scientific and Technological Terminologies from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Language, Communication and Culture Studies (ICLCCS 2022). Atlantis Press SARL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-27-5_15.
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Kharazishvili, A. B. "Translations of sets and functions." In Applications of Point Set Theory in Real Analysis. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0750-3_8.
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De la Cruz Recio, Manuel. "Chapter 1. Towards a protyposis-based semiotic theory of translation." In The Complexity of Social-Cultural Emergence. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.164.01cru.
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This contribution presents a semiotic theory of translation based on protyposis that bridges the gap between quantum physics, semiotics, and translation studies. Protyposis, an elementary quantum structure, underlies all possibilities for generating meaningful information. The theory critiques traditional notions of information and examines its development from the communication theory of Shannon and Weaver to more complex biosemiotic perspectives. It addresses the interplay between protyposis and semiotic processes and shows how meaning emerges from relationships and functions that go beyond the quantum level. It integrates Marais’ work on semiotic translation theory, which proposes translation as a negentropic semiotic process that works within constraints to create relations. The study culminates in the advocacy of a transdisciplinary approach underpinned by protyposis to comprehensively understand the complexity of translation and information processes, opening a new perspective for understanding communication, perception and knowledge construction in different scientific fields.
Conference papers on the topic "Functional translation theory"
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Patic, Paul Ciprian, and Gabriela Mantescu. "SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF EQUIPMENT FOR UNLOADING LONG METAL BARS." In SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/6.1/s24.15.
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The dynamics of human society is directly related to the dependence on automation, and we can no longer produce almost anything without industrial automation. Automation is often associated with the industrial field, but automation has penetrated many areas of everyday life. Domains such as environmental protection, global trade, car, naval or rail traffic (increasingly intense), agriculture, construction and last but not least the medical field are some examples in which automation is present and in which they have a decisive role. This studied equipment is part of a technological flow to produce rectified and chromed bars intended to produce rods for hydraulic cylinders. Also, it can be used in two points of the manufacturing flow (translation for the rectification operation, or translation for the packaging operation) and has the role of moving the bars from one production line to another or from the chrome-plating operation to the packaging. The equipment was modelled virtually and checked for correct operation. During operation, there is sometimes a need for a mobile system of the equipment to be able to be positioned in various operating points, an operation that must be performed in the shortest possible time. This repositioning is ensured by a property called controllability. These positionings were performed through virtual simulations of the behaviour of the functional components of the equipment.
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Ran, Mingzhi. "Applied Translation Research from the Perspective of Functional Translation Theory." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication (ICELAIC 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.191217.165.
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Wang, Zheng. "Introduction of Functionalism and Functional Translation Theory." In 6th International Conference on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (SSEHR 2017). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ssehr-17.2018.136.
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Orlova, Elena S. "A HOLISTIC MODEL OF SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION THEORY." In FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION. TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING ISSUES. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2712-7974-2019-6-58-65.
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Lushnikova, Irina I., and Ekaterina A. Drozdova. "PRE-READING TASKS IN LMS FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE." In FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION. TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING ISSUES. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2712-7974-2019-6-463-473.
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"Research on English Translation Skills in the Background of Functional Translation Theory." In 2018 2nd International Conference on e-Education, e-Business and Information Management. Clausius Scientific Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/eeim.2018.011.
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Heng, Xuemin. "A Study of College English Translation Teaching Based on Functional Translation Theory." In Proceedings of the 2018 5th International Conference on Education, Management, Arts, Economics and Social Science (ICEMAESS 2018). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemaess-18.2018.135.
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Shao, Li. "Discussion on Teaching Model of English Translation in Universities under Functional Translation Theory." In 2016 International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities. Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-16.2016.36.
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"Research on Chinese - English Advertising Translation Based on Functional Theory." In 2018 International Conference on Arts, Linguistics, Literature and Humanities. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/icallh.2018.59.
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Xie, Yanhong. "A Study on Translation Strategies of Liyuan Opera from the Perspective of Functional Translation Theory." In 2017 3rd International Conference on Economics, Social Science, Arts, Education and Management Engineering (ESSAEME 2017). Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/essaeme-17.2017.29.
Full textReports on the topic "Functional translation theory"
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Chejanovsky, Nor, and Suzanne M. Thiem. Isolation of Baculoviruses with Expanded Spectrum of Action against Lepidopteran Pests. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586457.bard.
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Our long-term goal is to learn to control (expand and restrict) the host range of baculoviruses. In this project our aim was to expand the host range of the prototype baculovirus Autographa cali/arnica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) towards American and Israeli pests. To achieve this objective we studied AcMNPV infection in the non-permissive hosts L. dispar and s. littoralis (Ld652Y and SL2 cells, respectively) as a model system and the major barriers to viral replication. We isolated recombinant baculoviruses with expanded infectivity towards L. dispar and S. littoralis and tested their infectivity towards other Lepidopteran pests. The restricted host range displayed by baculoviruses constitutes an obstacle to their further implementation in the control of diverse Lepidopteran pests, increasing the development costs. Our work points out that cellular defenses are major role blocks to AcMNPV replication in non- and semi-permissive hosts. Therefore a major determinant ofbaculovirus host range is the ability of the virus to effectively counter cellular defenses of host cells. This is exemplified by our findings showing tliat expressing the viral gene Ldhrf-l overcomes global translation arrest in AcMNPV -infected Ld652Y cells. Our data suggests that Ld652Y cells have two anti-viral defense pathways, because they are subject to global translation arrest when infected with AcMNPV carrying a baculovirus apoptotic suppressor (e.g., wild type AcMNPV carryingp35, or recombinant AcMNPV carrying Opiap, Cpiap. or p49 genes) but apoptose when infected with AcMNPV-Iacking a functional apoptotic suppressor. We have yet to elucidate how hrf-l precludes the translation arrest mechanism(s) in AcMNPV-infected Ld652Y cells. Ribosomal profiles of AcMNPV infected Ld652Y cells suggested that translation initiation is a major control point, but we were unable to rule-out a contribution from a block in translation elongation. Phosphorylation of eIF-2a did not appear to playa role in AcMNPV -induced translation arrest. Mutagenesis studies ofhrf-l suggest that a highly acidic domain plays a role in precluding translation arrest. Our findings indicate that translation arrest may be linked to apoptosis either through common sensors of virus infection or as a consequence of late events in the virus life-cycle that occur only if apoptosis is suppressed. ~ AcMNPV replicates poorly in SL2 cells and induces apoptosis. Our studies in AcMNPV - infected SL2ceils led us to conclude that the steady-state levels of lEI (product of the iel gene, major AcMNPV -transactivator and multifunctional protein) relative to those of the immediate early viral protein lEO, playa critical role in regulating the viral infection. By increasing the IEl\IEO ratio we achieved AcMNPV replication in S. littoralis and we were able to isolate recombinant AcMNPV s that replicated efficiently in S. lifforalis cells and larvae. Our data that indicated that AcMNPV - infection may be regulated by an interaction between IE 1 and lED (of previously unknown function). Indeed, we showed that IE 1 associates with lED by using protein "pull down" and immunoprecipitation approaches High steady state levels of "functional" IE 1 resulted in increased expression of the apoptosis suppressor p35 facilitating AcMNPV -replication in SL2 cells. Finally, we determined that lED accelerates the viral infection in AcMNPV -permissive cells. Our results show that expressing viral genes that are able to overcome the insect-pest defense system enable to expand baculovirus host range. Scientifically, this project highlights the need to further study the anti-viral defenses of invertebrates not only to maximi~e the possibilities for manipulating baculovirus genomes, but to better understand the evolutionary underpinnings of the immune systems of vertebrates towards virus infection.
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Elroy-Stein, Orna, and Dmitry Belostotsky. Mechanism of Internal Initiation of Translation in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696518.bard.
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Original objectives Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vitro using wheat germ extract and krebs-2 cells extract. Fully achieved. Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vivo in Arabidopsis. Characterization of the physical interactions of PABP and other potential ITAFs with crTMV148 IRES. Partly achieved. To conduct search for additional ITAFs using different approaches and evaluate the candidates. Partly achieved. Background of the topic The power of internal translation via the activity of internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) elements allow coordinated synthesis of multiple gene products from a single transcription unit, and thereby enables to bypass the need for sequential transformation with multiple independent transgenes. The key goal of this project was to identify and analyze the IRES-trans-acting factors (ITAFs) that mediate the activity of a crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (crTMV148) IRES. The remarkable conservation of the IRES activity across the phylogenetic spectrum (yeast, plants and animals) strongly suggests that key ITAFs that mediate its activity are themselves highly conserved. Thus, crTMV148 IRES offers opportunity for elucidation of the fundamental mechanisms underlying internal translation in higher plants in order to enable its rational manipulation for the purpose of agricultural biotechnology. Major conclusions and achievements. - CrTMV IRES requires PABP for maximal activity. This conclusion was achieved by PABP depletion and reconstitution of wheat germ- and Krebs2-derived in-vitro translation assays using Arabidopsis-derived PABP2, 3, 5, 8 and yeast Pab1p. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract of the IRES decrease the high-affinity binding of all phylogenetically divergent PABPs derived from Arabidopsis and yeast in electro mobility gel shift assays. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract decrease IRES activity in-vivo. - The 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap. - In-vivo assembled RNPs containing proteins specifically associated with the IRES were purified from HEK293 cells using the RNA Affinity in Tandem (RAT) approach followed by their identification by mass spectroscopy. - This study yielded a list of potential protein candidates that may serve as ITAFs of crTMV148 IRES activity, among them are a/b tubulin, a/g actin, GAPDH, enolase 1, ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor 1, 26S proteasome subunit p45, rpSA, eEF1Bδ, and proteasome b5 subunit. Implications, both scientific and agriculture. The fact that the 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap suggests a potential joint interaction between PABP, the IRES sequence and the 3'-poly(A). This has an important scientific implication related to IRES function in general.
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Stern, David, and Gadi Schuster. Manipulation of Gene Expression in the Chloroplast. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575289.bard.
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The steady-state level of a given mRNA is determined by its rates of transcription and degradation. The stabilities of chloroplast mRNAs vary during plant development, in part regulating gene expression. Furthermore, the fitness of the organelle depends on its ability to destroy non-functional transcripts. In addition, there is a resurgent interest by the biotechnology community in chloroplast transformation due to the public concerns over pollen transmission of introduced traits or foreign proteins. Therefore, studies into basic gene expression mechanisms in the chloroplast will open the door to take advantage of these opportunities. This project was aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into mRNA processing and degradation in the chloroplast and to engineer transcripts of varying stability in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. This research uncovered new and important information on chloroplast mRNA stability, processing, degradation and translation. In particular, the processing of the 3' untranslated regions of chloroplast mRNAs was shown to be important determinants in translation. The endonucleolytic site in the 3' untranslated region was characterized by site directed mutagensis. RNA polyadenylation has been characterized in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and chloroplast transformants carrying polyadenylated sequences were constructed and analyzed. Data obtained to date suggest that chloroplasts have gene regulatory mechanisms which are uniquely adapted to their post-endosymbiotic environment, including those that regulate RNA stability. An exciting point has been reached, because molecular genetic studies have defined critical RNA-protein interactions that participate in these processes. However, much remains to be learned about these multiple pathways, how they interact with each other, and how many nuclear genes are consecrated to overseeing them. Chlamydomonas is an ideal model system to extend our understanding of these areas, given its ease of manipulation and the existing knowledge base, some of which we have generated.
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Christopher, David A., and Avihai Danon. Plant Adaptation to Light Stress: Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586534.bard.
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Original Objectives: 1. Purify and biochemically characterize RB60 orthologs in higher plant chloroplasts; 2. Clone the gene(s) encoding plant RB60 orthologs and determine their structure and expression; 3. Manipulate the expression of RB60; 4. Assay the effects of altered RB60 expression on thylakoid biogenesis and photosynthetic function in plants exposed to different light conditions. In addition, we also examined the gene structure and expression of RB60 orthologs in the non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens and cloned the poly(A)-binding protein orthologue (43 kDa RB47-like protein). This protein is believed to a partner that interacts with RB60 to bind to the psbA5' UTR. Thus, to obtain a comprehensive view of RB60 function requires analysis of its biochemical partners such as RB43. Background & Achievements: High levels of sunlight reduce photosynthesis in plants by damaging the photo system II reaction center (PSII) subunits, such as D1 (encoded by the chloroplast tpsbAgene). When the rate of D1 synthesis is less than the rate of photo damage, photo inhibition occurs and plant growth is decreased. Plants use light-activated translation and enhanced psbAmRNA stability to maintain D1 synthesis and replace the photo damaged 01. Despite the importance to photosynthetic capacity, these mechanisms are poorly understood in plants. One intriguing model derived from the algal chloroplast system, Chlamydomonas, implicates the role of three proteins (RB60, RB47, RB38) that bind to the psbAmRNA 5' untranslated leader (5' UTR) in the light to activate translation or enhance mRNA stability. RB60 is the key enzyme, protein D1sulfide isomerase (Pill), that regulates the psbA-RN :Binding proteins (RB's) by way of light-mediated redox potentials generated by the photosystems. However, proteins with these functions have not been described from higher plants. We provided compelling evidence for the existence of RB60, RB47 and RB38 orthologs in the vascular plant, Arabidopsis. Using gel mobility shift, Rnase protection and UV-crosslinking assays, we have shown that a dithiol redox mechanism which resembles a Pill (RB60) activity regulates the interaction of 43- and 30-kDa proteins with a thermolabile stem-loop in the 5' UTR of the psbAmRNA from Arabidopsis. We discovered, in Arabidopsis, the PD1 gene family consists of II members that differ in polypeptide length from 361 to 566 amino acids, presence of signal peptides, KDEL motifs, and the number and positions of thioredoxin domains. PD1's catalyze the reversible formation an disomerization of disulfide bonds necessary for the proper folding, assembly, activity, and secretion of numerous enzymes and structural proteins. PD1's have also evolved novel cellular redox functions, as single enzymes and as subunits of protein complexes in organelles. We provide evidence that at least one Pill is localized to the chloroplast. We have used PDI-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to characterize the PD1 (55 kDa) in the chloroplast that is unevenly distributed between the stroma and pellet (containing membranes, DNA, polysomes, starch), being three-fold more abundant in the pellet phase. PD1-55 levels increase with light intensity and it assembles into a high molecular weight complex of ~230 kDa as determined on native blue gels. In vitro translation of all 11 different Pill's followed by microsomal membrane processing reactions were used to differentiate among PD1's localized in the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles. These results will provide.1e insights into redox regulatory mechanisms involved in adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light stress. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms and factors regulating chloroplast photosynthetic genes is important for developing strategies to improve photosynthetic efficiency, crop productivity and adaptation to high light environments.
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KHAIRALLAH, Sara, and EL HARROUDI Tijani. Delayed coloanal anastomosis technique in the management of low-lying rectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0002.
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Review question / Objective: Is there a difference in terms of post-operative events between delayed and immediate coloanal anastomoses in the management of rectum carcinoma? Condition being studied: Rectal carcinoma. Eligibility criteria: We defined the lower rectum as any rectal tumor located within 6cm of the anal margin or within 2cm of the upper edge of the sphincter ring.- All scientific articles published or not published between 01/1985 and 09/2021 that aim to demonstrate the postoperative, oncological and functional results of ACAD in the curative treatment of adenocarcinoma of the lower rectum or rectal cancer including the lower rectum.- Scientific articles that discuss case series treated with ACAD in different benign or malignant pathologies, but where patient data and results of this procedure are well individualized in patients operated on rectal adenocarcinoma. - Abstracts of conference sessions, theses or unpublished articles (grey literature) with complete data, allowing their extraction and processing in our review.Translated with http://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version).
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Meir, Shimon, Michael Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers, and Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Abscission. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696523.bard.
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Original objectives: Understanding the regulation of abscission competence by exploring the nature and function of auxin-related gene expression changes in the leaf and pedicelAZs of tomato (as a model system), was the main goal of the previously submitted proposal. We proposed to achieve this goal by using microarray GeneChip analysis, to identify potential target genes for functional analysis by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). To increase the potential of accomplishing the objectives of the previously submitted proposal, we were asked by BARD to show feasibility for the use of these two modern techniques in our abscission system. Thus, the following new objectives were outlined for the one-year feasibility study: 1.to demonstrate the feasibility of the VIGS system in tomato to perform functional analysis of known abscission-related genes; 2. to demonstrate that by using microarray analysis we can identify target genes for further VIGS functional analysis. Background to the topic: It is a generally accepted model that auxin flux through the abscission zone (AZ) prevents organ abscission by rendering the AZ insensitive to ethylene. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for acquisition of abscission competence and the way in which the auxin gradient modulates it are still unknown. Understanding this basic stage of the abscission process may provide us with future tools to control abscission for agricultural applications. Based on our previous study, performed to investigate the molecular changes occurring in leaf and stem AZs of MirabillisJalapaL., we have expanded our research to tomato, using genomic approaches that include modern techniques for gene discovery and functional gene characterization. In our one-year feasibility study, the US team has established a useful system for VIGS in tomato, using vectors based on the tobacco rattle virus (TRV), a Lcreporter gene for silencing (involved in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis), and the gene of interest. In parallel, the Israeli team has used the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip to measure gene expression in AZ and non-AZ tissues at various time points after flower removal, when increased sensitivity to ethylene is acquired prior to abscission (at 0-8 h), and during pedicelabscission (at 14 h). In addition, gene expression was measured in the pedicel AZ pretreated with the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) before flower removal, to block any direct effects of ethylene. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: 1) The feasibility study unequivocally established that VIGS is an ideal tool for testing the function of genes with putative roles in abscission; 2) The newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip was found to be an excellent tool to identify AZ genes possibly involved in regulation and execution of abscission. The VIGS-based study allowed us to show that TAPG, a polygalacturonase specifically associated with the tomato AZ, is a key enzyme in the abscission process. Using the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip we have identified potential abscission regulatory genes as well as new AZ-specific genes, the expression of which was modified after flower removal. These include: members of the Aux/IAAgene family, ethylene signal transduction-related genes, early and late expressed transcription factors, genes which encode post-translational regulators whose expression was modified specifically in the AZ, and many additional novel AZ-specific genes which were previously not associated with abscission. This microarray analysis allowed us to select an initial set of target genes for further functional analysis by VIGS. Implications: Our success in achieving the two objectives of this feasibility study provides us with a solid basis for further research outlined in the original proposal. This will significantly increase the probability of success of a full 3-year project. Additionally, our feasibility study yielded highly innovative results, as they represent the first direct demonstration of the functional involvement of a TAPG in abscission, and the first microarray analysis of the abscission process. Using these approaches we could identify a large number of genes involved in abscission regulation, initiation and execution, and in auxin-ethylene cross-talk, which are of great importance, and could enable their potential functional analysis by VIGS.
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Pikilnyak, Andrey V., Nadia M. Stetsenko, Volodymyr P. Stetsenko, Tetiana V. Bondarenko, and Halyna V. Tkachuk. Comparative analysis of online dictionaries in the context of the digital transformation of education. [б. в.], 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4431.
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The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of popular online dictionaries and an overview of the main tools of these resources to study a language. The use of dictionaries in learning a foreign language is an important step to understanding the language. The effectiveness of this process increases with the use of online dictionaries, which have a lot of tools for improving the educational process. Based on the Alexa Internet resource it was found the most popular online dictionaries: Cambridge Dictionary, Wordreference, Merriam–Webster, Wiktionary, TheFreeDictionary, Dictionary.com, Glosbe, Collins Dictionary, Longman Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary. As a result of the deep analysis of these online dictionaries, we found out they have the next standard functions like the word explanations, transcription, audio pronounce, semantic connections, and examples of use. In propose dictionaries, we also found out the additional tools of learning foreign languages (mostly English) that can be effective. In general, we described sixteen functions of the online platforms for learning that can be useful in learning a foreign language. We have compiled a comparison table based on the next functions: machine translation, multilingualism, a video of pronunciation, an image of a word, discussion, collaborative edit, the rank of words, hints, learning tools, thesaurus, paid services, sharing content, hyperlinks in a definition, registration, lists of words, mobile version, etc. Based on the additional tools of online dictionaries we created a diagram that shows the functionality of analyzed platforms.
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McClure, Michael A., Yitzhak Spiegel, David M. Bird, R. Salomon, and R. H. C. Curtis. Functional Analysis of Root-Knot Nematode Surface Coat Proteins to Develop Rational Targets for Plantibodies. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575284.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this research was to provide a better understanding of the interface between root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., and their host in order to develop rational targets for plantibodies and other novel methods of nematode control directed against the nematode surface coat (SC). Specific objectives were: 1. To produce additional monoclonal SC antibodies for use in Objectives 2, 3, and 4 and as candidates for development of plantibodies. 2. To determine the production and distribution of SC proteins during the infection process. 3. To use biochemical and immunological methods to perturbate the root-knot nematode SC in order to identify SC components that will serve as targets for rationally designed plantibodies. 4. To develop SC-mutant nematodes as additional tools for defining the role of the SC during infection. The external cuticular layer of nematodes is the epicuticle. In many nematodes, it is covered by a fuzzy material termed "surface coat" (SC). Since the SC is the outermost layer, it may playa role in the interaction between the nematode and its surroundings during all life stages in soil and during pathogenesis. The SC is composed mainly of proteins, carbohydrates (which can be part of glycoproteins), and lipids. SC proteins and glycoproteins have been labeled and extracted from preparasitic second-stage juveniles and adult females of Meloidogyne and specific antibodies have been raised against surface antigens. Antibodies can be used to gain more information about surface function and to isolate genes encoding for surface antigens. Characterization of surface antigens and their roles in different life-stages may be an important step towards the development of alternative control. Nevertheless, the role of the plant- parasitic nematode's surface in plant-nematode interaction is still not understood. Carbohydrates or carbohydrate-recognition domains (CROs) on the nematode surface may interact with CROs or carbohydrate molecules, on root surfaces or exudates, or be active after the nematode has penetrated into the root. Surface antigens undoubtedly play an important role in interactions with microorganisms that adhere to the nematodes. Polyclonal (PC) and monoclonal (MC) antibodies raised against Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita and other plant-parasitic nematodes, were used to characterize the surface coat and secreted-excreted products of M. javanica and M. incognita. Some of the MC and PC antibodies raised against M. incognita showed cross-reactivity with the surface coat of M. javanica. Further characterization, in planta, of the epitopes recognized by the antibodies, showed that they were present in the parasitic juvenile stages and that the surface coat is shed during root penetration by the nematode and its migration between root cells. At the molecular level, we have followed two lines of experimentation. The first has been to identify genes encoding surface coat (SC) molecules, and we have isolated and characterized a small family of mucin genes from M. incognita. Our second approach has been to study host genes that respond to the nematode, and in particular, to the SC. Our previous work has identified a large suite of genes expressed in Lycopersicon esculentum giant cells, including the partial cDNA clone DB#131, which encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase. Isolation and predicted translation of the mature cDNA revealed a frame shift mutation in the translated region of nematode sensitive plants. By using primers homologous to conserved region of DB#131 we have identified the orthologues from three (nematode-resistant) Lycopersicon peruvianum strains and found that these plants lacked the mutation.
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Ohad, Nir, and Robert Fischer. Regulation of Fertilization-Independent Endosperm Development by Polycomb Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695869.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Arabidopsis mutants that we have isolated, encode for fertilization-independent endosperm (fie), fertilization-independent seed2 (fis2) and medea (mea) genes, act in the female gametophyte and allow endosperm to develop without fertilization when mutated. We cloned the FIE and MEA genes and showed that they encode WD and SET domain polycomb (Pc G) proteins, respectively. Homologous proteins of FIE and MEA in other organisms are known to regulate gene transcription by modulating chromatin structure. Based on our results, we proposed a model whereby both FIE and MEA interact to suppress transcription of regulatory genes. These genes are transcribed only at proper developmental stages, as in the central cell of the female gametophyte after fertilization, thus activating endosperm development. To test our model, the following questions were addressed: What is the Composition and Function of the Polycomb Complex? Molecular, biochemical, genetic and genomic approaches were offered to identify members of the complex, analyze their interactions, and understand their function. What is the Temporal and Spatial Pattern of Polycomb Proteins Accumulation? The use of transgenic plants expressing tagged FIE and MEA polypeptides as well as specific antibodies were proposed to localize the endogenous polycomb complex. How is Polycomb Protein Activity Controlled? To understand the molecular mechanism controlling the accumulation of FIE protein, transgenic plants as well as molecular approaches were proposed to determine whether FIE is regulated at the translational or posttranslational levels. The objectives of our research program have been accomplished and the results obtained exceeded our expectation. Our results reveal that fie and mea mutations cause parent-of-origin effects on seed development by distinct mechanisms (Publication 1). Moreover our data show that FIE has additional functions besides controlling the development of the female gametophyte. Using transgenic lines in which FIE was not expressed or the protein level was reduced during different developmental stages enabled us for the first time to explore FIE function during sporophyte development (Publication 2 and 3). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that FIE, a single copy gene in the Arabidopsis genome, represses multiple developmental pathways (i.e., endosperm, embryogenesis, shot formation and flowering). Furthermore, we identified FIE target genes, including key transcription factors known to promote flowering (AG and LFY) as well as shoot and leaf formation (KNAT1) (Publication 2 and 3), thus demonstrating that in plants, as in mammals and insects, PcG proteins control expression of homeobox genes. Using the Yeast two hybrid system and pull-down assays we demonstrated that FIE protein interact with MEA via the N-terminal region (Publication 1). Moreover, CURLY LEAF protein, an additional member of the SET domain family interacts with FIE as well. The overlapping expression patterns of FIE, with ether MEA or CLF and their common mutant phenotypes, demonstrate the versatility of FIE function. FIE association with different SET domain polycomb proteins, results in differential regulation of gene expression throughout the plant life cycle (Publication 3). In vitro interaction assays we have recently performed demonstrated that FIE interacts with the cell cycle regulatory component Retinobalsoma protein (pRb) (Publication 4). These results illuminate the potential mechanism by which FIE may restrain embryo sac central cell division, at least partly, through interaction with, and suppression of pRb-regulated genes. The results of this program generated new information about the initiation of reproductive development and expanded our understanding of how PcG proteins regulate developmental programs along the plant life cycle. The tools and information obtained in this program will lead to novel strategies which will allow to mange crop plants and to increase crop production.
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Asenath-Smith, Emily, Emma Ambrogi, Lee Moores, Stephen Newman, and Jonathon Brame. Leveraging chemical actinometry and optical radiometry to reduce uncertainty in photochemical research. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42080.
Full textAbstract:
Subtle aspects of illumination sources and their characterization methods can introduce significant uncertainty into the data gathered from light-activated experiments, limiting their reproducibility and technology transition. Degradation kinetics of methyl orange (MO) and carbamazepine (CM) under illumination with TiO₂ were used as a case study for investigating the role of incident photon flux on photocatalytic degradation rates. Valerophenone and ferrioxalate actinometry were paired with optical radiometry in three different illumination systems: xenon arc (XE), tungsten halogen (W-H), and UV fluorescent (UV-F). Degradation rate constants for MO and CM varied similarly among the three light systems as k W-H < kiv-F < kXE, implying the same relative photon flux emission by each light. However, the apparent relative photon flux emitted by the different lights varied depending on the light characterization method. This discrepancy is shown to be caused by the spectral distribution present in light emission profiles, as well as absorption behavior of chemical actinometers and optical sensors. Data and calculations for the determination of photon flux from chemical and calibrated optical light characterization is presented, allowing us to interpret photo-degradation rate constants as a function of incident photon flux. This approach enabled the derivation of a calibrated ‘rate-flux’ metric for evaluating and translating data from photocatalysis studies.