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Petrucciani, Tommaso. "Polymorphic set-theoretic types for functional languages." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC067.
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Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des types ensemblistes : des types qui contiennent des connecteurs d'union, d'intersection et de négation. Les types ensemblistes permettent de typer de manière très précise plusieurs constructions des langages de programmation (comme par exemple les branches conditionnelles, le filtrage par motif et la surcharge des fonctions) lorsqu'ils sont utilisés avec une notion appropriée de sous-typage. Pour définir celle-ci, nous utilisons l'approche du sous-typage sémantique, dans laquelle les types sont interprétés comme des ensembles, et où le sous-typage est défini comme l'inclusion ensembliste. Dans la plupart de cette thèse, les types ensemblistes sont polymorphes, dans le sens où ils contiennent des variables de type pour permettre le polymorphisme paramétrique.La thèse étend les travaux précédents sur les types ensemblistes et le sous-typage sémantique en montrant comment les adapter à de nouveaux contextes et comment les utiliser pour typer plusieurs aspects des langages fonctionnels. Elle se compose de trois parties.La première partie porte sur une étude des langages typés de manière implicite avec polymorphisme du "let" et inférence de types (contrairement aux travaux précédents sur le sous-typage sémantique qui étudiaient des langages typés explicitement). Nous y décrivons un lambda-calcul typé implicitement avec un système de types dont nous démontrons la correction. De même, nous y étudions l'inférence de types dont nous démontrons la correction et la complétude. Enfin, nous montrons comment rendre l'inférence plus précise quand les programmes sont partiellement annotés avec des types.La deuxième partie décrit une nouvelle approche permettant d'étendre un système de types statique avec du typage graduel; l'originalité venant du fait que nous décrivons le système de types de façon déclarative, lorsque les systèmes existants proposent des descriptions algorithmiques. Nous illustrons cette approche en ajoutant le typage graduel à un système de types à la Hindley-Milner sans sous-typage. Nous décrivons pour cela un système de types déclaratif, un processus de compilation vers un langage avec vérifications de type dynamiques (ou "casts"), et nous présentons un système d'inférence de types correct et complet. Ensuite, nous y ajoutons les types ensemblistes, en définissant une relation de sous-typage sur les types graduel ensemblistes, puis en présentant un système d'inférence de types correct pour le système étendu.La troisième partie porte sur l'étude des sémantiques non-strictes. Les systèmes existants qui utilisent le sous-typage sémantique ont été développés pour des langages avec appel par valeur et ne sont pas sûrs pour des sémantiques non-strictes. Nous montrons ici comment les adapter pour garantir leur sûreté en appel par nécessité. Pour faire ça, nous introduisons dans les types une représentation explicite de la divergence, afin que le système des types puisse distinguer les expressions qui ne demandent pas d'évaluation de celles qui la demandent et pourraient ainsi divergerWe study set-theoretic types: types that include union, intersection, and negation connectives. Set-theoretic types, coupled with a suitable subtyping relation, are useful to type several programming language constructs – including conditional branching, pattern matching, and function overloading – very precisely. We define subtyping following the semantic subtyping approach, which interprets types as sets and defines subtyping as set inclusion. Our set-theoretic types are polymorphic, that is, they contain type variables to allow parametric polymorphism.We extend previous work on set-theoretic types and semantic subtyping by showing how to adapt them to new settings and apply them to type various features of functional languages. More precisely, we integrate semantic subtyping with three important language features.In Part I we study implicitly typed languages with let-polymorphism and type inference (previous work on semantic subtyping focused on explicitly typed languages). We describe an implicitly typed lambda-calculus and a declarative type system for which we prove soundness. We study type inference and prove results of soundness and completeness. Then, we show how to make type inference more precise when programs are partially annotated with types.In Part II we study gradual typing. We describe a new approach to add gradual typing to a static type system; the novelty is that we give a declarative presentation of the type system, while previous work considered algorithmic presentations. We first illustrate the approach on a Hindley-Milner type system without subtyping. We describe declarative typing, compilation to a cast language, and sound and complete type inference. Then, we add set-theoretic types, defining a subtyping relation on set-theoretic gradual types, and we describe sound type inference for the extended system.In Part III we consider non-strict semantics. The existing semantic subtyping systems are designed for call-by-value languages and are unsound for non-strict semantics. We adapt them to obtain soundness for call-by-need. To do so, we introduce an explicit representation for divergence in the types, allowing the type system to distinguish the expressions that are already evaluated from those that are computations which might diverge
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Grimley, Allan. "Inductive types in functional programming." Thesis, University of Kent, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253737.
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Wisnesky, Ryan. "Functional Query Languages with Categorical Types." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11288.
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We study three category-theoretic types in the context of functional query languages (typed lambda-calculi extended with additional operations for bulk data processing). The types we study are:Engineering and Applied Sciences
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Aston, Tim. "CO₂ responsiveness of different plant functional types." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24399.
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Atmospheric CO₂ levels have increased by 30 % since the onset of the industrial revolution and are likely to continue to rise in the future. Whilst growth of plants is typically enhanced under elevated CO₂ concentrations, the degree of the response varies from species. In this study 4 species were exposed to 6 different CO₂ levels across a range from sub ambient to super ambient conceliltrations.
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Pavaux, Alice. "Inductive, Functional and Non-Linear Types in Ludics." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD092.
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Cette thèse est consacrée à une exploration des types de la ludique. S’inscrivant dans un contexte marqué par la correspondance de Curry–Howard, la ludique est un cadre permettant d’étudier l’aspect dynamique de la logique et de la programmation. Les objets de base, appelés desseins, sont des preuves infinitaires non-typées qui peuvent également être vues comme des stratégies sous l’angle de la sémantique des jeux, et un type ou comportement est un ensemble de desseins se conduisant de la même manière du point de vue de l’interaction. On s’intéresse aux propriétés interactives des comportements. Notre attention se porte en particulier sur les comportements représentant les types de données et de fonctions, et sur les comportements non-linéaires qui permettent la duplication d’objets. Un nouveau résultat de complétude interne pour les unions infinies dévoile la structure des types de données inductifs. Grâce à une analyse des chemins visitables,c’est-à-dire des possibles traces d’exécution, on prouve que les comportements inductifs et fonctionnels sont réguliers, ouvrant la voie pour une caractérisation de MALL en ludique. On montre également qu’un comportement fonctionnel est pur, une propriété garantissant la sûreté du typage, si et seulement si ce n’est pas un type de fonctions prenant des fonctions en argument. Enfin, on pose les bases d’une étude précise de la non-linéarité en ludique en retrouvant une forme de complétude interne et en discutant des chemins visitablesThis thesis investigates the types of ludics. Within the context of the Curry–Howard correspondence,l udics is a framework in which the dynamic aspects of both logic and programming can be studied. The basic objects, called designs, are untyped infinitary proofs that can also beseen as strategies from the perspective of game semantics, and a type or behaviour is a set of designs well-behaved with respect to interaction. We are interested in observing the interactive properties of behaviours. Our attention is particularly focused on behaviours representing the types of data and functions, and on non-linear behaviours which allow the duplication of objects. A new internal completeness result for infinite unions unveils the structure of inductive data types. Thanks to an analysis of the visitable paths, i.e., the possible execution traces, we prove that inductive and functional behaviours are regular, paving the way for a characterisation of MALL in ludics. We also show that a functional behaviour is pure, a property ensuring the safety of typing, if and only if it is not a type of functions taking functions as argument. Finally,we set the bases for a precise study of non-linearity in ludics by recovering a form of internal completeness and discussing the visitable paths
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Almeida, Neves Sampayo Ramos Ricardo. "New types of functional nanocarriers by nano precipitation." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI091.
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La technique de nanoprécipitation est une méthode simple et reproductible pour la synthèse de nanocapsules à coeur huileux recouvertes d’une enveloppe de polymères hydrophiles réticulés (polysaccharides, glycopolymères vinyliques…) en une seule étape. Grâce à leur biocompatibilité, leur biodégradabilité et leur activité biologique adaptables, les protéines constituent une autre grande famille de biopolymères d’intérêt pour des applications dans le domaine de l’encapsulation. Cependant, la production de nanocapsules protéiques par nanoprécipitation n’a jamais été décrite. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse a été l’évaluation du potentiel d’une famille de protéines, les Suckerines, pour le procédé de nanoprécipitation. Les Suckerines sont une famille de protéines issues des dents décorant les ventouses du calamar géant Humboldt avec de prometteuses applications dans le domaine biomédical. Ces protéines possèdent une structure modulaire de type copolymère à bloc capable de former des feuillets bêta conférant de bonnes propriétés mécaniques. Les suckerines étant solubles dans une solution tampon composée d’acide acétique (pH 3) mais fortement agrégées dans les conditions de pH (valeurs comprises entre 5 et 10) classiquement utilisées pour la préparation de nanocapsules à coeur huileux par basculement de solvant, nous avons finalement choisi d’explorer la nanoprécipitation des protéines par salt shifting et donc la préparation de nanoparticules protéiques. L’utilisation du persulfate d’ammonium comme agent de coacervation et précurseur de radicaux et du tris(2,2′ bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate a permis de produire des nanoparticules de suckerine de tailles modulables (100-185 nm de diamètre). Ces nanoparticules présentent des structures secondaires type feuillets bêta qui sont à l’origine du module de Young très élevé observé pour ces nano-objets (de l’ordre de grandeur du GPa). Une protéine de fusion, soluble en milieu aqueux à pH 7 a spécialement été conçue par voie de recombinaison dans le but de générer des nanocapsules protéiques par nanoprécipitation. Cette protéine (suckerine-soie) est formée d’un bloc central de peptide dérivé de suckerine de calamar promouvant une stabilité structurelle et deux blocs terminaux issus de fibroïnes de soie qui permettent à la protéine de fusion d’être soluble à un pH physiologique. Ce design moléculaire a permis la fabrication de nanocapsules remplies respectivement de hexadécane ou de miglyol avec une enveloppe de suckerine-soie et de tailles de l’ordre de grandeur de 190 à 250 nm. Finalement, aspirant à encapsuler un principe actif anti-cancéreux dans les nanocapsules à base de glycogène, nous avons développé un protocole où la méthode de nanoprécipitation est utilisée pour produire des nanoparticules de prodrogue entourés de glycogèneThe nanoprecipitation technique is a reliable route to synthesize oil filled nanocapsules with shells made of hydrophilic polymers such as polysaccharides and vinyl based glycopolymers in a one pot procedure. Thanks to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and tunable biological activity, proteins are another promising class of materials for encapsulation purposes. However, the generation of proteinaceous nanocapsules by nanoprecipitation has never been reported. In this context, the main objective of this PhD was to evaluate the potential of a family of proteins, the Suckerins, in nanoprecipitation processes. Suckerins are a family of proteins found in the sucker ring teeth of the giant Humboltd squid with promising biomedical applications. These proteins possess a modular, block copolymer like structure capable of forming β-sheets responsible for good mechanical properties. The suckerin proteins are not soluble at a pH range between 5 and 10, a requirement of the nanoprecipitation technique. However, they can be solubilized using aqueous buffers at pH 3 containing acetic acid. Other ways of precipitating the protein were explored in this manuscript with salt shifting using ammonium persulphate as coacervation agents being capable of generating 100 nm nanoparticles. These nanoparticles presented the β sheet secondary structure which resulted in Young modulus in the GPa range. A fusion protein that could be solubilized in aqueous solutions at pH 7, and therefore be used in the nanoprecipitration process, was recombinantly produced. The protein (suckerin silk) is formed by a central squid suckerin-derived peptide block that provides structural stability and both termini from silk fibroins that make the modular protein highly soluble at physiological pH. This molecular design allowed the fabrication of hexadecane and miglyol filled nanocapsules with suckerin silk shells and sizes in the range 190 – 250 nm. Finally, aiming to encapsulate an anti cancer drug in glycogen nanocapsules we developed a protocol where the nanoprecipitation process is used to generate glycogen coated prodrug nanoparticles
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Vasconcelos, Pedro Baltazar. "Space cost analysis using sized types /." St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/564.
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Wilson, Sean. "Supporting dependently typed functional programming with proof automation and testing." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5277.
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Dependent types can be used to capture useful properties about programs at compile time. However, developing dependently typed programs can be difficult in current systems. Capturing interesting program properties usually requires the user to write proofs, where constructing the latter can be both a difficult and tedious process. Additionally, finding and fixing errors in program scripts can be challenging. This thesis concerns ways in which functional programming with dependent types can be made easier. In particular, we focus on providing help for developing programs that incorporate user-defined types and user-defined functions. For the purpose of supporting dependently typed programming, we have designed a framework that provides improved proof automation and error feedback. Proof automation is provided with the use of heuristic based tactics that automate common patterns of proofs that arise when programming with dependent types. In particular, we use heuristics for generalising goals and employ the rippling heuristic for guiding inductive and non-inductive proofs. The automation we describe includes features for caching and reusing lemmas proven during proof search and, whenever proof search fails, the user can assist the prover by providing high-level hints. We concentrate on providing improved feedback for the errors that occur when there is a mismatch between the specification of a program, described with the use of dependent types, and the behaviour of the program. We employ a QuickCheck-like testing tool for automatically identifying these forms of errors, where the counter examples generated are used as error messages. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework for supporting dependently typed programming, we have developed a prototype based around the Coq theorem prover. We demonstrate that the framework as a whole makes program development easier by conducting a series of case studies. In these case studies, which involved verifying properties of tail recursive functions, sorting functions and a binary adder, a significant number of the proofs required were automated.
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Delgado, Diana. "Subsitution of stimulus functions as a means to distinguish among different types of functional classes /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/dissertations/fullcit/1430443.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005."May, 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-49). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.
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Vasconcelos, Pedro B. "Space cost analysis using sized types." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/564.
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Programming resource-sensitive systems, such as real-time embedded systems, requires guaranteeing both the functional correctness of computations and also that time and space usage fits within constraints imposed by hardware limits or the environment. Functional programming languages have proved very good at meeting the former logical kind of guarantees but not the latter resource guarantees. This thesis contributes to demonstrate the applicability of functional programming in resource-sensitive systems with an automatic program analysis for obtaining guaranteed upper bounds on dynamic space usage of functional programs. Our analysis is developed for a core subset of Hume, a domain-specific functional language targeting resource-sensitive systems (Hammond et al. 2007), and presented as a type and effect system that builds on previous sized type systems (Hughes et al. 1996, Chin and Khoo 2001) and effect systems for costs (Dornic et al. 1992, Reistad and Giord 1994, Hughes and Pareto 1999). It extends previous approaches by using abstract interpretation techniques to automatically infer linear approximations of the sizes of recursive data types and the stack and heap costs of recursive functions. The correctness of the analysis is formally proved with respect to an operational semantics for the language and an inference algorithm that automatically reconstructs size and cost bounds is presented. A prototype implementation of the analysis and operational semantics has been constructed and used to experimentally assess the quality of the cost bounds with some examples, including implementations of textbook functional programming algorithms and simplified embedded systems.
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Lehsten, Veiko. "Functional analysis and modelling of vegetation plant functional types in a mesocosmos experiment and a mechanistic model /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=97781520X.
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Anschütz, Anna-Adriana. "Modelling mixoplankton functional types – examples from the cryptophyte- Mesodinium-Dinophysis complex." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/325724.
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Mixoplankton are protist plankton that are capable of phototrophy and phagotrophy. These organismsare increasingly recognised not just as freaks of nature, but as a substantial part of marineplankton. Most existing plankton models still assume a strict dichotomy between phototrophsand heterotrophs. Few models consider mixoplanktonic activity as a synergism of the two trophicmodes. Many different mixoplankton functional types exist on a gradient between heterotrophy andphototrophy. The cryptophyte (Teleaulax)-Mesodinium-Dinophysis (TMD) complex is a specificpredator-prey interaction of different types of mixoplankton and a good example of the complexityof mixoplankton interaction and trophodynamics. The specialist non-constitutive mixoplankton(SNCM) Mesodinium acquires its chloroplasts strictly from a specific constitutive mixoplankton(CM) cryptophyte, while the harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Dinophysis acquires its third-handchloroplasts exclusively from Mesodinium.The generic NPZ-style protist model developed here shows that mixoplankton displays dynamicsthat are distinctly different from strict heterotrophs and autotrophs in terms of growth and theway they shape their environment. In addition, there is a clear niche separation between differentmixoplankton types (general non-constitutive mixoplankton (GNCM), SNCM and CM) according tonutrient, prey and light resource availabilities indicating a niche separation of each type. Thus,considering the different mixoplankton functional types in specialised multi-organism relationshipsas they are found in the TMD-complex may be important for their understanding and accurateprediction of growth and biomass development. Currently, none of the many models of Dinophysiscapture the biological dependencies. Results from a nitrogen-based TMD model suggest thatthe timing and quantity of prey availability is crucial for the bloom dynamics of Mesodinium andDinophysis. Some CMs may only feed when phosphate is the limiting nutrient. The results ofthe variable stoichiometric “Perfect Beast” model that was configured as Teleaulax amphioxeia incombination with experimental data strongly suggest that the cryptophyte feeds on bacteria tocompensate for phosphate limitation.This work shows the importance of considering mixoplankton in ecosystem models alongsidestrict heterotrophs and autotrophs and that distinction between different mixoplankton functionaltypes matters. Mixoplankton distinctly differ in their nutrient utilisation and growth dynamics.Predator-prey interactions have different implications for mixoplankton than for heterotrophs andtheir inclusion in models could improve our understanding of the formation of harmful mixoplanktonblooms. The unique physiology of mixoplankton and their nutrient utilisation and trophic levelsneed consideration in species specific models.Le mixoplancton inclut les protistes planctoniques capables de phototrophie et de phagotrophie.Ces organismes sont de plus en plus reconnus comme une partie importante du plancton marin.Toutefois, la plupart des modèles mathématiques planctoniques existants supposent encoreune stricte dichotomie entre les organismes phototrophes et hétérotrophes et peu de modèlesconsidèrent l’activité mixoplanctonique comme une synergie entre les deux modes trophiques.De nombreux types fonctionnels mixoplanctoniques différents existent dans un gradient entrel’hétérotrophie et la phototrophie. Le complexe cryptophyte (Teleaulax)-Mesodinium-Dinophysis(TMD) est une interaction prédateur-proie spécifique entre différents types de mixoplancton et unbon exemple de la complexité des interactions et des relations trophodynamiques du mixoplancton.Mesodinium, mixoplancton spécialiste non constitutif (SNCM), ne peut acquérir ses chloroplastesque de cryptophytes (mixoplancton constitutif (CM)) spécifiques (tel que Teleaulax), tandis quel’espèce Dinophysis, responsable d’efflorescences algales nuisibles, acquiert ses chloroplastesexclusivement de Mesodinium. Le modèle générique de protistes, de type NPZ, développé dansce travail montre que le mixoplancton présente une dynamique nettement différente de celle deshétérotrophes et autotrophes strictes en termes de croissance et de la façon dont ils façonnentleur environnement. En outre, il existe une séparation de niches claire entre les différents typesde mixoplancton (mixoplancton généraliste non-constitutif (GNCM), SNCM et CM) en fonction dela disponibilité en lumière, en nutriments et en proies. En conséquence, la prise en compte desdifférents types fonctionnels du mixoplancton dans des relations multi-organismes spécialisées,telles qu’on les trouve dans le complexe TMD, peut être importante pour leur compréhension et laprédiction précise de leur croissance et biomasse. Actuellement, aucun des modèles existants deDinophysis ne rend compte de ces dépendances biologiques. Les résultats d’un modèle TMD basésur l’azote suggèrent que le moment et la quantité de proies disponibles sont des facteurs cruciauxpour la dynamique de Mesodinium et de Dinophysis. Certains CM peuvent se nourrir uniquementlorsque le phosphate est le nutriment limitant. Les résultats du modèle à stoechiométrie variable"Perfect Beast", qui a été configuré pour représenter Teleaulax amphioxeia sur base de donnéesexpérimentales, suggèrent fortement que le cryptophyte se nourrit de bactéries pour compenserla limitation en phosphate. Ce travail montre l’importance de prendre en compte le mixoplanctondans les modèles d’écosystème en plus des hétérotrophes et des autotrophes stricts et que ladistinction entre les différents types fonctionnels de mixoplancton est importante. Le mixoplanctonse distingue par son utilisation des nutriments et sa dynamique de croissance. Les interactionsprédateur-proie n’ont pas les mêmes implications pour le mixoplancton que pour les hétérotropheset leur prise en compte dans les modèles pourrait améliorer notre compréhension de la formationdes efflorescences nuisibles de mixoplancton. La physiologie unique du mixoplancton, sonutilisation des nutriments et ses niveaux trophiques doivent être pris en compte dans les modèlesspécifiques aux espèces.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Alfonso, Amanda. "Organic nitrogen use by different plant functional types in a boreal peatland." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106594.
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Mineralization has long been thought to be the main driver in providing plant available nitrogen (N). However, slow mineralization rates of northern ecosystems cannot sustain total plant N accumulation and it is now recognized that plants can utilize organic forms of N. N is often a limited nutrient in ombrotrophic bogs and at Mer Bleue peatland nearly 80% of the N in the porewater is in the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) form. This study determined whether peatland plants can take up organic forms of N and whether there are differences between plant functional types, which dominate bog vegetation. To determine if bog plants take up organic N, 16 plots were selected at Mer Bleue where half remained a control and half received a treatment of isotopically labeled glycine (13C2,15N, 98% atom). The labeled glycine was injected into the rhizosphere at a depth of 0-20cm. After 72 hours the leaves and roots of shrub (C. calyculata, V. myrtilloides, L. groenlandicum), sedge (E. vaginatum) and moss (S. magellanicum, S. capillifolium) in the plots were sampled and analyzed for plant δ13C and δ15N. Foliar samples showed a significant uptake of 15N across all species and no significant uptake of 13C. Root samples showed greater enrichment in 15N and 13C for both shrub and sedge species; however, sedge uptake of 13C was not found to be significant. Results showed that shrub species took up glycine intact while a significant uptake of glycine was not found for sedge and moss species. This suggests that the mycorrhizal associations of ericaceous shrubs may contribute to organic N uptake at Mer Bleue bog.La minéralisation a longtemps semblé être le conducteur principal fournissant l'azote aux plantes. Cependant, les faibles taux de minéralisation des écosystèmes nordiques ne peuvent pas pourvoir l'apport total d'azote des plantes et il est maintenant reconnu que les plantes peuvent utiliser les formes organiques de l'azote. L'azote est souvent un nutriment limitant dans les tourbières ombrotrophes et, à la tourbière Mer Bleue, près de 80% de l'azote dans l'eau interstitielle est sous forme d'azote organique dissous. Cette étude avait pour but de déterminer si les plantes des tourbières peuvent absorber l'azote sous formes organiques et s'il y a des différences entre les types fonctionnels de plantes qui dominent la végétation des tourbières. Pour déterminer si les plantes des tourbières absorbent l'azote organique, 16 parcelles ont été choisies à Mer Bleue, où une moitié a été utilisée comme contrôle et l'autre moitié a reçu un traitement de glycine marquée isotopiquement (13C2, 15N, 98% atomes). La glycine marquée a été injecté dans la rhizosphère à une profondeur de 0-20cm. Après 72 heures, les feuilles et les racines des arbustes (C.calyculata, V. myrtilloides, L.groenlandicum), laîches (E. vaginatum) et les mousses (S. magellanicum, S.capillifolium) dans les parcelles ont été recueillies et analysées pour les plantes δ13C et δ15N. Les échantillons foliaires ont montré une absorption importante de 15N pour toutes les espèces et aucune augmentation significative de signatures δ13C. Les échantillons de racines ont montré un enrichissement plus grand en δ15N et δ13C pour les deux espèces d'arbustes et celle de laîche. Cependant, l'absorption de δ13C pour espèces de laîche n'a pas été jugée significative. Les résultats ont montré que les espèces d'arbustes ont absorbé la glycine entièrement alors que l'absorption de glycine n'a pas été importante pour les espèces de carex et de mousse, ce qui suggère que les associations mycorhiziennes des arbustes éricacées peut être le facteur déterminant dans l'absorption de l'azote organique à la tourbière Mer Bleue.
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Tapial, Rodríguez Javier 1990. "Functional impact of alternative splicing in vertebrate proteomes across tissues and cell types." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665492.
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Alternative splicing (AS) is a post-transcriptional mechanism for gene expression regulation affecting almost every multiexonic gene in mammals. However, the impact of AS at the proteomic level remains under debate. In this thesis, we explored the landscape of AS across a variety of tissues, cell types and developmental stages in human, mouse and chicken, through the analysis of a panel of more than 300 publicly available RNA-seq samples. We confirm the presence of highly specific AS programmes in neural, muscle, testis and pluripotent cells in these species, and identify additional conserved modules of co-regulated AS events in kidney, liver, adipose tissue and immune cells by the application of a network analysis approach. In addition, we describe a subset of exons undergoing AS in virtually all analysed tissues and cell types. These exons are enriched in genes of pathways related to regulation of gene expression, where they likely operate through their translation into alternative protein isoforms coexisting at the single cell level.El corte y empalme alternativo del ARN (CEAA) es un mecanismo post-transcripcional de regulación de la expresión génica que afecta a un alto porcentaje de genes en mamíferos. Sin embargo, la magnitud del efecto del CEAA a nivel proteómico permanece todavía en debate. En esta tesis se explora el efecto del CEAA en un panel de más de 300 muestras públicas de experimentos de secuenciación masiva de ARN, correspondientes a diversos tejidos, tipos celulares y etapas del desarrollo de humano, ratón y pollo. Nuestros resultados confirman la presencia de importantes programas de CEAA en tejidos neurales, musculares, en testículo y en células pluripotentes. Además, hemos identificado módulos adicionales de exones co-regulados en riñón, hígado, tejido adiposo y células del sistema inmune, mediante la aplicación de métodos de análisis de grafos. Por otra parte, describimos un conjunto de exones regulados por CEAA en la práctica totalidad de las muestras analizadas. Estos exones se localizan preferentemente en genes relacionados con procesos de regulación de la expresión génica, donde podrían actuar mediante su traducción a isoformas proteicas coexistentes a nivel celular.
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Roberts, Christine. "Analysis of different types of physical activity and functional independence in old age." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=237638.
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Physical activity is associated with greater independence in old age. While most research has focused on the frequency, intensity and time spent in activity, inconsistent findings have emerged, possibly due to differences across different types of physical activity. Physical activities differ in terms of their non-metabolic, mental, physical and social demands, however, to date, the effects of these demands on functional independence are unexplored. The present thesis aimed to investigate the effect of different types of physical activity on functional independence in old age. A systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) found a significant, beneficial effect of physical activity on functional performance, with the largest effects found for moderate physical activity levels, and activity types with high levels of mental (e.g. memory, attention), physical (e.g. coordination, balance) and social (e.g. social interaction) demands. These findings generated the hypothesis that physical activities high in mental, physical and social demands are associated with greater functional independence. Thus, a novel typology of physical activities was generated by systematically coding the mental (i.e. attention/concentration, memory, decision-making and strategy), physical (i.e. flexibility, balance, coordination, speeded reactions) and social (i.e. social interaction) demands of 59 physical activities. The typology was then used to recode data from the Understanding Society survey. Findings revealed that as the non-metabolic, physical activity demands increased, functional independence improved. Associations remained significant after controlling for demographics. Key findings included differences across gender, in that the mental and physical demands of activity predicted muscular strength in males, whereas social demands predicted muscular strength in females. In conclusion, physical activities with higher mental, physical and social demands (e.g. dancing) are associated with greater functional independence in old age, compared with simpler types (e.g. walking). Future research is required to test whether these novel findings are replicated elsewhere, ideally using longitudinal or RCT designs.
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Miller, Jason Andrew. "Functional element analysis of Bronze Age Aegean sword types using Finite Element Analysis." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10260776.
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This thesis analyzes the utility of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in testing strength trends in Type A, Ci, Dii, F, and G swords described by the Sandars Bronze Age Aegean classification. Comparing sword composition of a variety of alloys and using three-dimensional models of each sword type, I evaluate the strength and resilience of each sword shape form in thrusting and hacking impact and shearing under a series of force intervals. The results of these tests suggest that there is performance variability between the sword types and that the sword forms generally correlate with an increase in strength over time. Furthermore, the tests suggest that the alloy and temper of the sword have a significant impact on the sword’s strength. This indicates that a sword’s form was based on more than mere prestige and had clear functional characteristics. Further testing on alloy and temper type use over time is necessary.
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Couderc, Pierrick. "Vérification des résultats de l'inférence de types du langage OCaml." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLY018/document.
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OCaml est un langage fonctionnel statiquement typé, qui génère après inférence de types un arbre de syntaxe abstraite dans lequel chacun des noeuds est annoté avec un ensemble d’informations issues de cette inférence. Ces informations, en particulier les types inférés, constituent une preuve de typage de l’expression annotée.Ce manuscrit de thèse s’intéresse à la vérification de ces arbres annotés en les considérant comme des preuves de typages du programme, et décrit un ensemble de règles permettant d’en vérifier la cohérence. La formalisation de ces règles de vérification de preuves de types peut être vue comme une représensation du système de types du langage étudié.Cette thèse présente plusieurs aspects de la vérification d’arbres de syntaxe annotés. Le premier cas étudié est la formalisation d’un dérivé de MiniML où toutes les expressions sont annotées de manière théoriquement parfaite, et montre qu’il est possible d’écrire des règles de vérification de manière algorithmique, rendant directe la preuve de correction vis-à-vis de la spécification. La seconde partie s’intéresse à la formalisation de règles de vérification pour un sous-ensemble du premier langage intermédiaire d’OCaml, le TypedTree, accompagné d’un vérificateur implémentant ces règles. Ces règles constituent alors une représentation du système de types d’OCaml, document jusqu’alors inexistant, au mieux disséminé dans diverses publicationsOCaml is a statically typed programming language that generates typed annotated abstract syntax trees after type inference. Each of their nodes contains information derived from the inference like the inferred type and the environment used to find this information. These annotated trees can then be seen as typing proofs of the program.In this thesis, we introduce a consistency checking of type-annotated trees, considering them as typing proof, and we describe a set of rules that defines the consistency property.Such consistency checking rules can then be seen as a formalized representation of the type system, since consistency ensures the typing invariants of the language.This thesis introduces multiple aspects of checking type-annotated trees. First of all, it considers a simplified and ideal version of MiniML and formalizes a set of rules to check consistency. In this formalism, we consider ideally type-annotated trees, which might not be the case for OCaml typed trees. Such type checking rules are presented in an algorithmic form, reducing as much as possible the gap from formalism to implementation. As such, they ease the correction proof between the implementation of the type checker and the specification of the type system. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to the formalization of a set of rules for a subset of the OCaml annotated trees: the TypedTree. The formalism described in these chapters is implemented as a type checker working on large subset of the language, leaving the formalization of some aspects for a further work. These rules constitute a formalized representation of the OCaml type system in a single document
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Acerbi, Matteo. "Costruzioni modulari in linguaggi con tipi dipendenti." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6756/.
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In questa tesi si indaga come è possibile strutturare in modo modulare programmi e prove in linguaggi con tipi dipendenti. Il lavoro è sviluppato nel linguaggio di programmazione con tipi dipendenti Agda.
Il fine è quello di tradurre l'approccio Datatypes à la carte, originariamente formulato per Haskell, in Type Theory: puntiamo ad ottenere un simile embedding di una nozione di sottotipaggio per tipi ricorsivi, che permetta sia la definizione di programmi con side-effect dove i diversi effetti sono definiti modularmente, che la modularizzazione di sintassi, semantica
e ragionamento relativi a descrizioni di linguaggi.
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Guatto, Adrien. "A synchronous functional language with integer clocks." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEE020/document.
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Cette thèse traite de la conception et implémentationd’un langage de programmation pour les systèmes detraitement de flux en temps réel, comme l’encodagevidéo. Le modèle des réseaux de Kahn est bien adaptéà ce domaine et y est couramment utilisé. Dans cemodèle, un programme consiste en un ensemble deprocessus parallèles communicant à travers des filesmono-producteur, mono-consommateur. La force dumodèle réside en son déterminisme.Les langages synchrones fonctionnels comme Lustresont dédiés aux systèmes embarqués critiques. Un programmeLustre définit un réseau de Kahn synchronequi peut être exécuté avec des files bornées et sans blocage.Cette propriété est garantie par un système detypes dédié, le calcul d’horloge, qui établit une échellede temps globale à un programme. Cette échelle detemps globale est utilisée pour définir les horloges, sé-quences booléennes indiquant pour chaque file, et àchaque pas de temps, si un processus produit ou consommeune donnée. Cette information sert non seulementà assurer la synchronie mais également à générerdu logiciel ou matériel à état fini.Nous proposons et étudions les horloges entières, unegénéralisation des horloges booléennes autorisant desentiers naturels arbitrairement grands. Les horlogesentières décrivent la production ou consommation deplusieurs valeurs depuis une même file au cours d’uninstant. Nous les utilisons pour définir la constructiond’échelle de temps locale, qui peut masquer despas de temps cachés par un sous-programme au contexteenglobant.Ces principes sont intégrés à un calcul d’horloge pourun langage fonctionnel d’ordre supérieur. Nous étudionsses propriétés et prouvons en particulier que lesprogrammes bien typés ne bloquent pas. Nous compilonsles programmes typés vers des circuits numériquessynchrones en adaptant le schéma de générationde code dirigé par les horloges de Lustre. L’informationde typage contrôle certains compromis entre temps etespace dans les circuits générésThis thesis addresses the design and implementationof a programming language for real-time streaming applications,such as video decoding. The model of Kahnprocess networks is a natural fit for this area and hasbeen used extensively. In this model, a program consistsin a set of parallel processes communicating via singlereader, single writer queues. The strength of the modellies in its determinism.Synchronous functional languages such as Lustre arededicated to critical embedded systems. A Lustre programdefines a synchronous Kahn process network, thatis, which can be executed using finite queues and withoutdeadlocks. This is enforced by a dedicated type system,the clock calculus, which establishes a global timescale throughout a program. The global time scale isused to define clocks: per-queue boolean sequences indicating,for each time step, whether a process producesor consumes a token in the queue. This information isused both for enforcing synchrony and for generatingfinite-state software or hardware.We propose and study integer clocks, a generalizationof boolean clocks featuring arbitrarily big natural numbers.Integer clocks model the production or consumptionof several values from the same queue in the courseof a time step. We then rely on integer clocks to definethe local time scale construction, which may hide timesteps performed by a sub-program from the surroundingcontext.These principles are integrated into a clock calculus fora higher-order functional language. We study its properties,proving among other results that well-typed programsdo not deadlock. We adjust the clock-directedcode generation scheme of Lustre to generate finite-statedigital synchronous circuits from typed programs. Thetyping information controls certain trade-offs betweentime and space in the generated circuits
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Bobeva, Albena. "Quantifying the distribution of forest functional types and forest leaf area index in the Alps." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969685106.
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Al-Ahmad, Bilal Ibrahim. "Domain Ontology Based Detection Approach to Identify Effect Types of Security Requirements upon Functional Requirements." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27632.
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Requirements engineering is a subfield of software engineering that is concerned with analyzing software requirements specifications. An important process of requirement engineering is tracing requirements to investigate relationships between requirements and other software artifacts (i.e., source code, test cases, etc.). Requirements traceability is mostly manual because of difficulties automating the process. A specific mode of tracing is inter-requirements traceability, which focuses on tracing requirements with other requirements. Investigating inter-requirements traceability is very important because it has significant influence on many activities of software engineering such as requirements implementation, consistency checking, and requirements impact change management. Several studies used different approaches to identify three types of relationships: cooperative, conflicting, and irrelevant. However, the current solutions have several shortcomings: (1) only applicable to fuzzy requirements, user requirements, and technical requirements, (2) ignoring the syntactic and semantic aspects of software requirements, and (3) little attention was given to show the influence of security requirements on functional requirements. Furthermore, several traceability tools have a lack of using predefined rules to identify relationships.
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Coutts, Duncan. "Stream fusion : practical shortcut fusion for coinductive sequence types." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b4971f57-2b94-4fdf-a5c0-98d6935a44da.
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In functional programming it is common practice to build modular programs by composing functions where the intermediate values are data structures such as lists or arrays. A desirable optimisation for programs written in this style is to fuse the composed functions and thereby eliminate the intermediate data structures and their associated runtime costs. Stream fusion is one such fusion optimisation that can eliminate intermediate data structures, including lists, arrays and other abstract data types that can be viewed as coinductive sequences. The fusion transformation can be applied fully automatically by a general purpose optimising compiler. The stream fusion technique itself has been presented previously and many practical implementations exist. The primary contributions of this thesis address the issues of correctness and optimisation: whether the transformation is correct and whether the transformation is an optimisation. Proofs of shortcut fusion laws have typically relied on parametricity by making use of free theorems. Unfortunately, most functional programming languages have semantics for which classical free theorems do not hold unconditionally; additional side conditions are required. In this thesis we take an approach based not on parametricity but on data abstraction. Using this approach we prove the correctness of stream fusion for lists -- encompassing the fusion system as a whole, not merely the central fusion law. We generalise this proof to give a framework for proving the correctness of stream fusion for any abstract data type that can be viewed as a coinductive sequence and give as an instance of the framework, a simple model of arrays. The framework requires that each fusible function satisfies a simple data abstraction property. We give proofs of this property for several standard list functions. Previous empirical work has demonstrated that stream fusion can be an optimisation in many cases. In this thesis we take a more universal view and consider the issue of optimisation independently of any particular implementation or compiler. We make a semi-formal argument that, subject to certain syntactic conditions on fusible functions, stream fusion on lists is strictly an improvement, as measured by the number of allocations of data constructors. This detailed analysis of how stream fusion works may be of use in writing fusible functions or in developing new implementations of stream fusion.
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Clayton, BethAnne C. "The Implications of Different Types of Diet and Exercise on Human Health." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1617.
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There is need for enhanced prevention and treatment methods to combat sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and chronic disease by investigating the impact of specific exercise modalities and dietary factors on human health. The purposes of this study were: 1) to assess self-selected and perceived exercise intensity during High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) between males and females and to determine variables that predict self-selected exercise intensity (%VO2max) and/or perceived intensity (RPE) and 2) to investigate the impact of obesity on skeletal muscle metabolism in response to lipid oversupply by analyzing the responses of genes linked with fatty acid oxidation and inflammation in lean and obese subjects. Males and females were recruited to complete a 15min HIFT circuit wearing a metabolic analyzer, reporting RPE during and after the exercise bout. Obese and lean females were recruited to provide skeletal muscle cell biopsies for harvesting cell cultures from which to measure change in gene expression after exposure to a high lipid treatment. The first study results demonstrate that females exercised at a significantly higher self-selected exercise intensity while also reporting a lower RPE (p < 0.05). The second study revealed differential gene expression response and pathway activation related to lipid metabolism and inflammation between the lean and obese. In conclusion, gender plays a significant role in the intensity self-selected and the RPE reported during HIFT, suggesting HIFT may be an optimal home-based modality for female clients. Additionally, the skeletal muscle metabolic and inflammatory gene expression of the lean and obese respond differently to a high fat exposure and may provide further evidence of mechanisms linking obesity to metabolic disease.
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Koomson, Obed. "Performance Assessment of The Extended Gower Coefficient on Mixed Data with Varying Types of Functional Data." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3512.
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Clustering is a widely used technique in data mining applications to source, manage, analyze and extract vital information from large amounts of data. Most clustering procedures are limited in their performance when it comes to data with mixed attributes. In recent times, mixed data have evolved to include directional and functional data. In this study, we will give an introduction to clustering with an eye towards the application of the extended Gower coefficient by Hendrickson (2014). We will conduct a simulation study to assess the performance of this coefficient on mixed data whose functional component has strictly-decreasing signal curves and also those whose functional component has a mixture of strictly-decreasing signal curves and periodic tendencies. We will assess how four different hierarchical clustering algorithms perform on mixed data simulated under varying conditions with and without weights. The comparison of the various clustering solutions will be done using the Rand Index.
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Hunt, Oliver. "The Provision of Non-Strictness, Higher Kinded Types and Higher Ranked Types on an Object Oriented Virtual Machine." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1145.
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We discuss the development of a number of algorithms and techniques to allow object oriented virtual machines to support many of the features needed by functional and other higher level languages. These features include non-strict evaluation, partial function application, higher ranked and higher kinded types. To test the mechanisms that we have developed we have also produced a compiler to allow the functional language Haskell to be compiled to a native executable for the Common Language Runtime. This has allowed us to demonstrate that the techniques we have developed are practically viable.
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Dalby, D. M. "A study of the experiences of vocational students learning functional mathematics in further education colleges." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28308/.
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The education system in England has long been characterised by a distinct separation between academic or vocational pathways in the post-16 phase. Until recent policy changes this division coincided with the point at which compulsory education ended and mathematics became an optional subject for many students. Those who failed to attain the widely accepted minimum standard of a grade C in GCSE mathematics, however, were often strongly encouraged to undertake a course to improve their mathematical knowledge and skills. This study focusses aged 16-19 and examines the learning experience of those who take a functional mathematics course alongside their vocational programme, as either a recommended option or a requirement of internal college policy. Research regarding the learning of mathematics for these students within the context of Further Education is limited. The study adopts a holistic view of the situation to explore the main factors that influence the student experience, with an emphasis on gaining insight and understanding of students’ perceptions of their learning situation. Using a grounded theory approach with multiple methods, the research includes a series of case studies of seventeen student groups across three Further Education colleges, from which within-case and cross-cases themes are identified. The research findings show how the student experience of functional mathematics is affected by a complex network of inter-linking factors associated with both the organisation and the individual. Although organisational factors such as policies and systems sometimes place constraints on opportunities, social and cultural influences shape student values and perceptions of functional mathematics. There is strong influence from individual teachers through differing interpretations of the curriculum and pedagogical approaches but social structures and relationships within the classroom are also important to students. In addition, the legacy of students’ prior experiences of learning mathematics has an effect on attitudes and emotions, despite the separation of space and time, indicating the significance of both cognitive and affective factors in this interaction of multiple influences. Many students approach functional mathematics in college with prior experiences of disaffection and low attainment but the study shows how attitudes and understanding are transformed for some students within the college environment. Fundamental to these changes is the functional curriculum which, based on the application of mathematics rather than knowledge-acquisition, facilitates teaching approaches that present a new image of mathematics as a useful ‘tool for life’. Using materials such as contextualised tasks to make meaningful links to student lives increases awareness of the relevance of mathematics, leading to greater engagement and understanding. In the transition from school to college there is a marked discontinuity of curriculum and environment, accompanied by value-changes indicating a stronger orientation towards adult life and vocational employment. Students respond positively to functional mathematics lessons where these values are embraced. Academic-vocational divisions, such as differences in values, culture, curriculum and approaches to learning, are evident at multiple levels in colleges and these produce tensions in the student experience of functional mathematics. Some effective bridging is achieved through appropriate classroom practices but coherence requires a multi-level embedded approach involving college structures and departmental policies rather than simply the actions of individual teachers. The research findings suggest that reversing trends of disaffection and failure with mathematics amongst students can be achieved in post-16 education but this is dependent on changes within the curriculum and learning situation. In the light of recent policy changes in England that will increase the numbers of post-16 students taking a mathematics course and the prioritisation of GCSE mathematics over alternative curricula, this study has much to contribute to understanding students’ perceptions of mathematics and the factors that influence their learning experience.
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Teredesai, Sailee Anil. "The Relationship between Error Types on the Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test, Lesion Location, and Performance on the Functional Independence Measure." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1459935111.
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Schaufler, Katharina Anna Christina [Verfasser]. "Functional plasmid analysis of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli of pandemic sequence types ST131 and ST648 / Katharina Schaufler." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1125942959/34.
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Zakem, Emily Juliette. "Linking microbes and climate : insights into the marine oxygen and nitrogen cycles with microbial metabolic functional types." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112430.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 173-193).
This thesis posits that understanding the controls on microbially-mediated marine biogeochemical cycling requires a mechanistic description of microbial activity in biogeochemical models. In the work here, the diverse microbial community is resolved using metabolic functional types, which represent metabolisms as a function of their underlying redox chemistry and physiology. In Chapter 2, I use a simple model to predict the limiting oxygen concentration of aerobic microbial growth in an ecosystem. This limiting concentration is in the nanomolar range for much of the parameter space that describes microbial activity in marine environments, and so anticipates the recent measurements of oxygen to nanomolar concentrations or lower in anoxic zones. Anaerobic metabolisms should become favorable at this limiting concentration. The model provides a parameterization for dynamic oxygen depletion and limitation, without a prescribed critical oxygen concentration. In Chapter 3, I extend the above analysis to determine the full set of conditions required for favorable anaerobic metabolism. Resource ratio theory is used to explain the competitive exclusion of anaerobic metabolisms in oxygenated environments as well as the stable coexistence of aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms when oxygen is limiting. The onset of this coexistence is a function of the relative availability of oxygen and a mutually required substrate. Results hypothesize the likelihood of coexisting aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms at limiting oxygen concentrations, which is consistent with observations. These dynamics are demonstrated in an idealized oxygen minimum zone model. In Chapter 4, I use a mechanistic description of nitrification to explain the location and intensity of the primary nitrite maximum. First, competition with phytoplankton excludes nitrification from the sunlit layer of the ocean, resulting in peak nitrification at depth, as widely observed. Second, differences in the metabolisms of the microbial clades responsible for the two steps of nitrification explain why nitrite accumulates consistently as an intermediate. The model provides a dynamic resolution of nitrification in the ocean. It predicts that nitrification is favorable in sunlit waters where phytoplankton growth is limited by light or by a substrate other than reduced inorganic nitrogen.
by Emily Juliette Zakem.
Ph. D.
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Arkoudas, Kostas. "On the termination of recursive algorithms in pure first-order functional languages with monomorphic inductive data types." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39074.
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Fishwick, James Richard. "Biological and photo-physiological interactions between phytoplankton functional types : a five year study in the western English Channel." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2418.
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Sampling at the western English Channel observatory dates back approximately 100 years, with a more complete sampling programme since 1988. The data set in this study was collected over a five year period between 2001 and 2005. The variables measured allow for a more complete understanding of the ecosystem, this is the only study to have reported the photo-physiology measurements over such time scales. The western English Channel is situated in a boundary zone between the oceanic waters of the Northern Atlantic and the coastal waters of the English Channel. This study has provided substantial evidence that the phytoplankton functional type (PFT) succession is governed by the environmental drivers (irradiance, surface water temperature and nutrient availability) and as the environmental conditions vary each year so does the phytoplankton seasonal succession. The relationships between the phytoplankton pigment assemblage, with particular interest to the ratios of chlorophyll a, photo-synthetic and photo-protective carotenoids to total pigment concentration, are investigated. The chlorophyll a to Total pigment ratio (Chla/TP) is reported to increase in conditions conducive for growth and decrease when conditions are less favourable, this is related to both PFTs synthesising Chla preferentially in periods of growth and a shift in the community structure. The photo-physiology of the PFT community indicated relatively high values of Fv/Fm throughout the whole time series, adding further evidence of community shifts where PFTs adapted to the particular conditions. The σpsII was shown to be one of the mechanisms by which PFTs adapt to the environmental conditions. σpsII is high in low light regimes and is reduced when irradiance levels are high. The optical absorption by phytoplankton is shown to correlate with the pigment ratio (Chla/TP) and to a lesser extent σpsII. No consistent correlations between the Fv/Fm and the optical absorption could be identified.
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Liu, Yiting. "Morphological and functional effects of insulin signaling and the bHLH transcription factor Dimmed on different neuron types in Drosophila." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-125941.
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In Drosophila, the insulin signaling pathway is at the interface between dietary conditions and control of growth and development, reproduction, stress responses and life span. Eight insulin like peptides (Dilp1-8), an insulin tyrosine kinase receptor (dInR) and its downstream components, as well as a relaxin-like receptor type (Lgr3) form the core of this signaling. Here we showed that the dInR mediates post-mitotic cell growth specifically in about 300 peptidergic neurons expressing the basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factor Dimmed (Paper I). Overexpression of dInR in Dimm positive neurons leads to increased size of cell body, Golgi apparatus and nucleus, whereas dInR knockdown causes an opposite effect. Manipulation of downstream components of insulin signaling induces similar changes in Dimm positive neurons. This mechanism is nutrient dependent. In Paper II, we further investigate the relation between Dimmed and dInR for regulation of cell growth. Coexpressing Dimm and dInR in a range of Dimm negative neurons results in increased cell size in both larval and adult stages. We provide further evidence that dInR regulates cell growth in a Dimm dependent manner and that DILP6 from glia cells is involved in this regulation. In addition, we find that Dimm alone is capable of triggering cell growth in certain neuron types at different developmental stages. Furthermore, ectopic Dimm alone can block apoptosis. Dimm is a known master regulator of peptidergic cell fate. In paper III we find that ectopic expression of Dimm in Dimm negative motor neurons results in transformation the neurons towards a neuroendocrine phenotype. They acquire enlarged axon terminations and boutons, lose both pre- and postsynaptic markers, and display diminished levels of wingless and its receptor dFrizzled. Furthermore they show increased expression of several Dimm targets. Finally, combined ectopic Dimm and dInR expression gives rise to stronger phenotypes. In paper IV we studied another DILP possibly involved in growth regulation, the under-investigated DILP1. We generated Dilp1-Gal4 lines and anti DILP1 antibodies and found that DILP1 is transiently expressed in brain insulin producing cells (IPCs) from pupal stages to newly hatched adult flies. Diapausing virgin female flies display a high expression level of dilp1/DILP1 over at least 9 weeks of adult life. DILP1 expression is also correlated with the persistence of larval/pupal fat body and its expression is regulated by other DILPs and short neuropeptide F (sNPF). Flies mutant in dilp1 display increased food intake, but decreased stress resistance and life span. We found no obvious role of DILP1 in growth regulation.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Chism, Scott B. "FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF TEMNOCHILA VIRESCENS, EFFECT OF COMPETITION WITH THANASIMUS DUBIUS ON ADULT IPS GRANDICOLLIS SURVIVAL, AND DETERMINATION OF PHEROMONE PREFERENCE TYPES." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1284.
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Arthropod predators are able to influence the population dynamics of forest insects such as bark beetles. Two common predators of bark beetles are Temnochila virescens (F.) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae) and Thanasimus dubius (F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Studies on T. virescens ecology have been few and not quantitative. Also, in recent years there has been increased focus on multiple-predator effects on the population dynamics of a single prey species, which better describes a natural system. Therefore, a series of three studies was conducted to provide a general overview of T. virescens ecology and its potential use for biological control. The first study examined the functional response of T. virescens toward its Ips prey. The second evaluated the impacts of intraguild competition between T. virescens and T. dubius adults on predation of a mutual prey species, I. grandicollis. The third determined if there were differences in pheromone preference among individual T. virescens adults. To evaluate the functional response, T. virescens and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) adults were combined in varying densities. Ips grandicollis survival was assessed by examining the number of prey eaten in relation to predator and prey densities. I found that a type II functional response model incorporating interference provided a good fit for the data. The interference was strong enough that a ratio-dependent model fit the data just as well as the full model. The effect of competition between T. dubius and T. virescens adults on I. grandicollis survival was determined by placing varying numbers of each predator with a set prey number. I found a significant interaction between densities of the two predators, which indicates possible emergent predator effects. The combined effect of the predators was risk reducing for prey, likely because of intraguild predation. The predator T. dubius alone was more efficient at reducing the number of prey adults successfully entering the log. This study indicates the importance of low density releases of these predators for augmentative biological control, to reduce the effects of intraspecific competition. To determine if there were differences in pheromone preference among individual T. virescens adults, a mark-release-recapture experiment was combined in the field to provide a choice test between ipsenol and ipsdienol pheromones. Temnochila virescens adults that were initially captured on ipsenol were more frequently recaptured with this pheromone, while those first captured on ipsdienol were recaptured on both pheromones. This suggests populations of T. virescens are composed of specialists attracted only to ipsenol and generalists attracted to both ipsdienol and ipsenol pheromones.
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Kongor, Raphael Yuniwo. "Plant response to habitat fragmentation : clues from species and functional diversity in three Cape lowland vegetation types of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4604.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
at
Stellenbosch University.Thesis (PhD (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African Cape lowlands have been severely transformed and reduced to fragments embedded in matrices of various activities. With the need to prioritise conservation efforts, information on the conservation worthiness and management of these fragments is required. This study aimed to better understand how fragmentation affects the Cape lowland vegetation patterns and dynamics and more specifically, to determine if, and if so to what extent these fragments contribute to regional plant diversity and more importantly their functionality. The novel approach adopted focused on plant functional traits, which are better predictors of ecosystem response to global change than individual species. Species were sampled at four scales in four sites of decreasing sizes, including: a mainland and three fragments of three Cape lowland vegetation types i.e. Atlantis Sand Fynbos (ASF), Swartland Shale Renosterveld (SSR) and Langebaan Dune Strandveld (LDS). Traits such as dispersal, pollination, breeding mode and longevity were selected based on relevance to species’ and plantfunctional types’ (PFTs) responses to fragmentation. The findings revealed different effects on species richness and PFTs. The effect of reduced patch size on species richness was more evident in ASF where fragments below 600 ha had significantly fewer species than the mainland. This effect was not unequivocal in SSR and LDS due to several confounding factors (notably the grazing history of the sites). The SSR fragment grazed by indigenous herbivores had significantly more species than the ungrazed sites. Also, the largest LDS fragment grazed by livestock had significantly more species than the ungrazed mainland, indicating that grazing rather than fragment size influences species richness, although the smallest fragments of these two vegetation types had significantly fewer species than the larger fragments. Species turnover and complementarity were high for all three vegetation types, reflecting the degree of habitat heterogeneity and high contribution of beta diversity to overall gama diversity. The effect of reduced patch size was higher on PFT diversity than on PFT richness, with Langebaan Dune Strandveld where habitat fragmentation was more recent being the least affected of the three vegetation types. This indicates a degree of functional redundancy in the Cape lowlands, which is important for ecosystem resistance and resilience. The ASF mainland and the largest fragment had higher PFT diversity than the medium-sized and the smallest fragments; the mainland had also higher PFT diversity than all the fragments combined. Similarly, the smallest SSR fragment had significantly lower PFT diversity and richness than the other sites. The grazed SSR fragment had higher PFT richness and diversity than the ungrazed mainland and smallest fragment, indicating the role of grazing in maintaining renosterveld vegetation. The PFTs absent from the different sites were mostly short-distance dispersed dioecious and non-dioecious species, and some with highly specialised pollination systems. This suggests that dispersal and pollination are vital functional attributes for the persistence of the studied fragmented ecosystems. Habitat fragmentation effects plant community composition and ecological functions in the Cape lowlands, a conclusion supported also by the revealed significant trait-convergence and divergence assembly patterns. These communities result from various fragmentation filters that operate at different spatial-temporal scales and selecting species with suitable responses. All three vegetation types are susceptible to fragmentation, albeit at varying degree. The fragmentation effect was confounded by the sampling and temporal scales, the nature of disturbance regime, and the traitmediated differences in species’ response. The role of the surrounding matrix on fragment connectivity and gene flow appears to be of crucial importance, hence mitigation measures focusing on improving connectivity between patches, monitoring threatened taxa, and promoting dispersal and pollination have been recommended.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika se Kaapse laagland het dramaties verander en weggekwyn tot fragmente wat in matrikse van verskeie bedrywighede veranker is. Gedagtig aan die voorkeuraandag wat bewaringspogings tans geniet, is inligting oor die bewaringswaardigheid en bestuur van hierdie fragmente nodig. Hierdie studie stel dit ten doel om beter begrip te vorm van hoe fragmentasie die plantegroeipatrone en -dinamiek in die Kaapse laagland raak, en meer bepaald om vas te stel óf, en indien wel, in watter mate, hierdie fragmente tot streeksplantdiversiteit en -funksionaliteit bydra. Die ongewone studiebenadering konsentreer op funksionele kenmerke van plante, wat beter aanwyser van ekosisteemreaksie op wêreldwye verandering is as individuele spesies. Spesiemonsters is op vier skale by vier terreine van wisselende grootte ingesamel, wat insluit moederstrook en drie fragmente van elk van drie plantegroeisoorte in die Kaapse laagland, naamlik Atlantis-sandfynbos (ASF), Swartland-skalierenosterveld (SSR) en Langebaan-duinestrandveld (LDS). Kenmerke soos verspreiding, bestuiwing, voortplantingsmetode en lewensduur is gekies op grond van die tersaaklikheid daarvan vir spesies en plantfunksionele tipes (PFT’s) se reaksie op fragmentasie. Die studie bring verskillende uitwerkings op spesie-oorvloed en PFT’s aan die lig. Wat spesie-oorvloed betref, was die uitwerking van kleiner strookgrootte (“patch size”)duideliker te sien by ASF, waar fragmente kleiner as 600 ha beduidend minder spesies as die moederstrook bevat het. Hierdie uitwerking kon nie so duidelik by SSR en LDS waargeneem word nie weens verskeie strengelingsfaktore, veral die weidingsgeskiedenis van die terreine. Die SSR-fragment waarop inheemse herbivore gewei het, het beduidend meer spesies as die onbeweide terreine bevat. Voorts het die grootste LDS-fragment waarop vee gewei het heelwat meer spesies as die onbeweide moederstrook gehad, wat daarop dui dat weiding eerder as fragmentgrootte spesie-oorvloed beïnvloed, hoewel die kleinste fragmente van hierdie twee plantsoorte steeds aansienlik minder spesies as die groter fragmente bevat het. Spesie-omset en -aanvullendheid was hoog vir ál drie plantsoorte, wat aanwyser is van die mate van habitat-heterogeniteit en die groot bydrae wat betadiversiteit tot algehele gammadiversiteit lewer. Die uitwerking van kleiner strookgrootte was duideliker te bespeur op PFT-diversiteit as PFT-oorvloed – in dié verband het LDS, waar habitatfragmentasie mees onlangs plaasgevind het, die ligste van die drie plantsoorte afgekom. Dít dui op mate van funksionele oorbodigheid in die Kaapse laagland wat belangrik is vir ekosisteemweerstandigheid en -gehardheid. Die ASF-moederstrook en die grootste ASF-fragment het hoër PFT-diversiteit getoon as die medium- en kleinste fragmente; die moederstrook het in werklikheid oor hoër PFT-diversiteit as ál die fragmente saam beskik. Insgelyks het die kleinste SSR-fragment beduidend minder PFT-diversiteit en -oorvloed as die ander terreine getoon. Die beweide SSR-fragment was hoër in PFT-oorvloed én -diversiteit as die onbeweide moederstrook en die kleinste fragment, wat die rol van weiding in die instandhouding van renosterveldplantegroei beklemtoon. Die PFT’s wat nié op die verskillende terreine voorgekom het nie, was meestal tweehuisige en nietweehuisige spesies wat oor kort afstande versprei, en sommige spesies met hoogs gespesialiseerde bestuiwingstelsels. Dít dui daarop dat verspreiding en bestuiwing noodsaaklike funksionele kenmerke vir die voortbestaan van die bestudeerde gefragmenteerde ekosisteme is. Habitatfragmentasie raak die samestelling en ekologiese funksies van plantgemeenskappe in die Kaapse laagland. Dié gevolgtrekking word ook gerugsteun deur die bewese patrone van beduidende kenmerkkonvergensie (“trait convergence”) en divergensiesamekoms (“divergence assembly”). Hierdie plantgemeenskappe spruit uit verskeie fragmentasiefilters wat op verskillende ruimte-tydskale funksioneer, en wat spesies met geskikte reaksies kies. Ál drie plantsoorte is ontvanklik vir fragmentasie, hoewel in wisselende mate. Die fragmentasie-uitwerking is beïnvloed deur monsterinsameling- en tydskale, die soort versteuringsbedeling, en die kenmerkbemiddelde (“traitmediated”) verskille in spesiereaksie. Die rol van die omringende matriks op fragmentverbondenheid en geenvloei blyk van die allergrootste belang te wees, en dus word temperingsmaatreëls aanbeveel wat daarop gemik is om verbondenheid tussen stroke te verbeter, bedreigde taksa te moniteer, en verspreiding en bestuiwing aan te help.
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Wanderley, Flávia Accioly Canuto. "Functional fitness,cardiovascular risk factors, and health-related quality of life in older adults:interrelations and effects of different exercise types." Tese, Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55905.
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Wanderley, Flávia Accioly Canuto. "Functional fitness,cardiovascular risk factors, and health-related quality of life in older adults:interrelations and effects of different exercise types." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55905.
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Lin, Chuan-kai. "Practical Type Inference for the GADT Type System." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/367.
Full textAbstract:
Generalized algebraic data types (GADTs) are a type system extension to algebraic data types that allows the type of an algebraic data value to vary with its shape. The GADT type system allows programmers to express detailed program properties as types (for example, that a function should return a list of the same length as its input), and a general-purpose type checker will automatically check those properties at compile time. Type inference for the GADT type system and the properties of the type system are both currently areas of active research. In this dissertation, I attack both problems simultaneously by exploiting the symbiosis between type system research and type inference research. Deficiencies of GADT type inference algorithms motivate research on specific aspects of the type system, and discoveries about the type system bring in new insights that lead to improved GADT type inference algorithms. The technical contributions of this dissertation are therefore twofold: in addition to new GADT type system properties (such as the prevalence of pointwise type information flow in GADT patterns, a generalized notion of existential types, and the effects of enforcing the GADT branch reachability requirement), I will also present a new GADT type inference algorithm that is significantly more powerful than existing algorithms. These contributions should help programmers use the GADT type system more effectively, and they should also enable language implementers to provide better support for the GADT type system.
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Li, Xilai. "The spatio-temporal dynamics of four plant-functional types (PFTs) in alpine meadow as affected by human disturbance, Sanjiangyuan region, China." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/19565.
Full textAbstract:
Overgrazing, along with small mammal outbreaks, has been considered a primary reason
for the increased degradation of alpine meadows in the Sanjiangyuan region on the
Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Plant communities have been dramatically affected by
such degradation. Field-based studies of plant communities affected by degradation are
inevitably short-term and local, and therefore struggle to reveal the spatio-temporal
dynamics of plant-functional types (PFTs) during and after degradation. Such problems can,
at least partly, be resolved using spatially explicit simulation modelling drawing on
contemporary understanding of these ecosystems. A grid-based model was developed,
based on field studies and existing literature, to assess controls upon grassland degradation
and prospective restoration strategies using model experiments.
The model suggests that at small scales the PFTs show aggregated spatial distributions.
After 500 simulation years, grasses and forbs dominated in the landscape under a very low
grazing level (< 20% stocking rate), grasses and sedges under a low grazing level (20-40%),
sedges and grasses under a moderate grazing level (40-60%), while degraded ground is
prevalent under high grazing levels (> 60%). The model suggests that degradation will be
ongoing under the current stocking rate of around 70%. Severely degraded areas (Heitutan)
did not form under very low, low and moderate grazing intensities, but formed after 370
simulated years at the high grazing level, and after around 21 years at the very high grazing
level. The timeframe for Heitutan self-restoration varied under different grazing intensity
regimes from 50 years or less, at a very low grazing intensity, to effectively un-restorable,
at very high intensities. A grazing intensity of around 60% stocking rate represents a biotic
threshold condition for the formation of Heitutan. A burrow density of around 4500
burrows/ha represents an abiotic threshold condition for the formation of Heitutan. With a
stocking rate greater than 60% the grassland loses its resilience and adopts an alternative
stable state (i.e. Heitutan). Three alternative stable states with high resilience were
identified in the alpine meadows on the QTP: grass-dominated grassland, sedge-dominated
with sub-dominance by grasses grassland and Heitutan dominated by degraded ground.
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Göttlicher, Dietrich [Verfasser], and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Bendix. "Plant Functional Types for Land Surface Modelling in South Ecuador : Spatial Delineation, Sensitivity and Parameter Determination / Dietrich Göttlicher. Betreuer: Jörg Bendix." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1013255437/34.
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Galindo, Marcela Pinillos. "Interpretando padrões espaciais de heterogeneidade funcional de ecossistemas no Rio Grande do Sul : uma abordagem mediante uso de imagens MODIS-LAND." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13622.
Full textAbstract:
O conceito de ‘ecossistema’ emergiu da necessidade de compreender o caráter extremamente dinâmico da vegetação, interpretado a partir daí como o resultado da interação recíproca entre um dado complexo de organismos e seu conjunto amplo de fatores do ambiente físico. Um ramo das ciências ecológicas desenvolveu-se desse conceito, visando examinar o resultado de tais interações em termos de fluxos de energia, matéria e informação. Desenvolvimentos conceituais recentes apontam para uma concepção do ecossistema sob a ótica de um novo paradigma, para o qual aninhamento, hierarquia, decomposabilidade relativa, probabilidade e dependência de escala são critérios chave. Outro desenvolvimento importante, a análise de trajetórias, abriu a possibilidade de tratar a dinâmica e o funcionamento do ecossistema como fenômenos em múltiplas escalas. Incertezas metodológicas e ecológicas decorrem numa visão pouco nítida de como o funcionamento e a estrutura do ecossistema interagem sob a influência de um determinado conjunto de fatores de uso e do ambiente físico. A situação demanda uma abordagem analítica na qual classificações funcionais e estruturais sejam implementadas independentemente, com o fim de estabelecer ‘a posteriori’ quanto e como as classificações estão interconectadas. A tarefa é ainda mais desafiante, em termos de método e interpretação, quando consideramos o contexto hierárquico e complexo em que a análise deve ser feita e a dependência de definição dos resultados. Esta tese refere-se ao desenvolvimento de ferramentas conceituais e metodológicas para analisar a heterogeneidade funcional dos ecossistemas no espaço, em relação a fatores significativos de uso e do ambiente, e aos diferentes tipos de vegetação presentes numa determinada região. Com esse objetivo, adotamos o conceito de ‘Tipos Funcionais de Ecossistemas’ (TFEs), os quais reúnem unidades espaciais com padrão de funcionamento similar, sem considerar seus atributos estruturais, e avançamos num esquema classificatório de TFEs que permite capturar as respostas funcionais de curto prazo dos ecossistemas em cenários de mudanças ambientais e de uso altamente dinâmicas. Também examinamos a sensibilidade dos tipos funcionais de ecossistemas a diferentes definições de funcionamento e parâmetros de escala espacial. Os TFEs provaram ser sensíveis a estas variáveis analíticas, oferecendo assim a possibilidade de indagar a natureza multidimensional e multi-escala dos fenômenos do ecossistema. Os TFEs capturam eficientemente os aspectos mais relevantes da resposta sazonal da vegetação aos fatores do ambiente biofísico, provendo assim uma ferramenta útil para descrever a heterogeneidade espacial do funcionamento dos ecossistemas em domínios temporais e geográficos específicos. Nesta tese avançamos no reconhecimento e descrição dos principais tipos de paisagem no planalto basáltico do Rio Grande do Sul, e propomos mecanismos e controles responsáveis desses padrões característicos. Da associação espacial entre feições do terreno, solos, tipos de uso e vegetação, identificamos três tipos básicos de paisagens e definimos preliminarmente seu domínio espacial. Os resultados descrevem um forte relacionamento entre a distribuição dos grandes tipos fisionômicos de vegetação, os solos e os processos formadores de relevo. Assim sendo, os campos dominam onde relevo e solos indicam a ocorrência de remanescentes de uma antiga superfície de pediplanação, em quanto as florestas prevalecem onde os agentes geomorfológicos têm rejuvenescido a paisagem. Porém, com o objetivo de compreender os processos responsáveis destes padrões, é essencial fazer ‘downscaling’ desde a escala regional na qual os processos formadores de relevo e de solos dominam a diferenciação espacial de variáveis ecológicas, até a escala local na qual fatores biológicos e relacionados com o regime de distúrbio adquirem maior importância na produção de padrões de heterogeneidade espacial. Identificamos que a abordagem ecossistêmica funcional é a maneira mais promissora de relacionar processos de natureza tão divergente.The ‘ecosystem’ concept emerged from the need for understanding the highly dynamic nature of the vegetation, interpreted from thereon as the reciprocal interaction among the organism-complex and a wide array of factors of the physical environment. A full branch of the ecological sciences developed from this concept, aimed to assessing the outcome of such interactions as flows of energy, matter and information. Recent conceptual developments points to a conception of ecosystem as an entity evolving under the influence of a novel paradigm, for which nestedness, hierarchy, relative decomposability, probability and scale-dependency are central. Another important development, trajectory analysis, opens the possibility to treat ecosystem dynamics and ecosystem functioning as multi-scale phenomena. Methodological and ecological uncertainties determine a rather fuzzy picture of how ecosystem function and structure interplay under the influence of some set of drivers of the physical environment and land use. The whole situation waits for an analytical path to be designed in which functional and structural classifications are carried out independently, in order to establish a posteriori whether they are connected and how they are connected. The task is even more defiant, both in terms of methods and interpretation, if we consider the already complex hierarchical context in which the analysis should be set and the definition-dependency of the outcome. This thesis is about the development of conceptual and analytical tools for analyzing the functional heterogeneity of the ecosystems in the space, in relation to meaningful environmental and land-use factors and to the different types of vegetation present over a given region. To that aim, we adopt the concept of Ecosystem Functional Types (EFTs), which enclose spatial units with similar functional patterns, no attention paid to their structure, and advance on an EFT classificatory scheme that allows capturing the short-term functional response of the ecosystems to environmental and land-use changes. Furthermore, we examine the effect of using different surrogates of ecosystem functioning on the resulting picture of functional patchiness. The effect of changing parameters of spatial scale is also tested. The Ecosystem Functional Types proved to be heavily definition-dependent and sensitive to spatial scale, which allows exploring the multi-dimensional and multi-scale nature of ecosystem phenomena. The EFTs efficiently capture the most relevant features of the seasonal response of the vegetation to the drivers of the biophysical environment, providing so a useful tool for depicting the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem functioning in a given geographic and temporal domain. In this report we also accomplished the recognition and description of main landscape types in the basaltic tablelands of Rio Grande do Sul, and proposed mechanisms and controls responsible for their characteristic patterns. From the spatial association of terrain features, soils, land-use and vegetation, we identified three basic landscape types and broadly defined their spatial domain. The picture described tells of a rather close relationship among the distribution of the major physiognomic types of the vegetation, soils, land-use and land-forming processes. In this picture, the grasslands prevail where terrain and soil features suggest there are the remnants of an old pediplanation surface, while forests seems to dominate wherever geomorphic agents have rejuvenated the landscape. However, in order to understand the processes responsible of these patterns it is then essential to downscale from the regional realm where terrain and soil-forming phenomena dominate spatial differentiation, to the fine-scale processes at which biological and disturbance-related factors are most influential in the production of patterns of spatial heterogeneity. We identify the functional approach to the ecosystems as the most promising way to correlate processes of such a different nature.
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Ahn, Ki Yung. "The Nax Language: Unifying Functional Programming and Logical Reasoning in a Language based on Mendler-style Recursion Schemes and Term-indexed Types." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2088.
Full textAbstract:
Two major applications of lambda calculi in computer science are functional programming languages and mechanized reasoning systems (or, proof assistants). According to the Curry--Howard correspondence, it is possible, in principle, to design a unified language based on a typed lambda calculus for both logical reasoning and programming. However, the different requirements of programming languages and reasoning systems make it difficult to design such a unified language that provides both. Programming languages usually extend lambda calculi with programming-friendly features (e.g., recursive datatypes, general recursion) for supporting the flexibility to model various computations, while sacrificing logical consistency. Logical reasoning systems usually extend lambda calculi with logic-friendly features (e.g., induction principles, dependent types) for paradox-free inference over fine-grained properties, while being more restrictive in modeling computations.
In this dissertation, we design and implement a language called Nax that embraces benefits of both. Nax accepts all recursive datatypes, thus, allowing the same flexibility of defining recursive datatypes as in functional languages. Nax supports a number of Mendler-style recursion schemes that can express various kinds of recursive computations and also guarantee termination. Nax supports term-indexed types to support specifications of fine-grained properties. In addition, Nax supports a conservative extension of Hindley--Milner type inference.
The theoretical contributions of this dissertation include theories for Mendler-style recursion schemes and term-indexed types, which we developed to establish strong normalization and logical consistency of Nax.
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Li, Wei, Natasha MacBean, Philippe Ciais, Pierre Defourny, Céline Lamarche, Sophie Bontemps, Richard A. Houghton, and Shushi Peng. "Gross and net land cover changes in the main plant functional types derived from the annual ESA CCI land cover maps (1992–2015)." COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/627050.
Full textAbstract:
Land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) impacts local energy and water balance and contributes on global scale to a net carbon emission to the atmosphere. The newly released annual ESA CCI (climate change initiative) land cover maps provide continuous land cover changes at 300 m resolution from 1992 to 2015, and can be used in land surface models (LSMs) to simulate LULCC effects on carbon stocks and on surface energy budgets. Here we investigate the absolute areas and gross and net changes in different plant functional types (PFTs) derived from ESA CCI products. The results are compared with other datasets. Global areas of forest, cropland and grassland PFTs from ESA are 30.4, 19.3 and 35.7 million km(2) in the year 2000. The global forest area is lower than that from LUH2v2h (Hurtt et al., 2011), Hansen et al. (2013) or Houghton and Nassikas (2017) while cropland area is higher than LUH2v2h (Hurtt et al., 2011), in which cropland area is from HYDE 3.2 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2016). Gross forest loss and gain during 1992-2015 are 1.5 and 0.9 million km(2) respectively, resulting in a net forest loss of 0.6 million km(2), mainly occurring in South and Central America. The magnitudes of gross changes in forest, cropland and grassland PFTs in the ESA CCI are smaller than those in other datasets. The magnitude of global net cropland gain for the whole period is consistent with HYDE 3.2 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2016), but most of the increases happened before 2004 in ESA and after 2007 in HYDE 3.2. Brazil, Bolivia and Indonesia are the countries with the largest net forest loss from 1992 to 2015, and the decreased areas are generally consistent with those from Hansen et al. (2013) based on Landsat 30 m resolution images. Despite discrepancies compared to other datasets, and uncertainties in converting into PFTs, the new ESA CCI products provide the first detailed long-term time series of land-cover change and can be implemented in LSMs to characterize recent carbon dynamics, and in climate models to simulate land-cover change feedbacks on climate. The annual ESA CCI land cover products can be downloaded from http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php (Land Cover Maps - v2.0.7; see details in Sect. 5). The PFT map translation protocol and an example in 2000 can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.834229. The annual ESA CCI PFT maps from 1992 to 2015 at 0.5 degrees x 0.5 degrees resolution can also be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1048163.
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Esther, Alexandra. "Investigating mechanisms maintaining plant species diversity in fire prone Mediterranean-type vegetation using spatially-explicit simulation models." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4463/.
Full textAbstract:
Fire prone Mediterranean-type vegetation systems like those in the Mediterranean Basin and South-Western Australia are global hot spots for plant species diversity. To ensure management programs act to maintain these highly diverse plant communities, it is necessary to get a profound understanding of the crucial mechanisms of coexistence. In the current literature several mechanisms are discussed. The objective of my thesis is to systematically explore the importance of potential mechanisms for maintaining multi-species, fire prone vegetation by modelling. The model I developed is spatially-explicit, stochastic, rule- and individual-based. It is parameterised on data of population dynamics collected over 18 years in the Mediterranean-type shrublands of Eneabba, Western Australia. From 156 woody species of the area seven plant traits have been identified to be relevant for this study: regeneration mode, annual maximum seed production, seed size, maximum crown diameter, drought tolerance, dispersal mode and seed bank type. Trait sets are used for the definition of plant functional types (PFTs). The PFT dynamics are simulated annual by iterating life history processes.
In the first part of my thesis I investigate the importance of trade-offs for the maintenance of high diversity in multi-species systems with 288 virtual PFTs. Simulation results show that the trade-off concept can be helpful to identify non-viable combinations of plant traits. However, the Shannon Diversity Index of modelled communities can be high despite of the presence of ‘supertypes’. I conclude, that trade-offs between two traits are less important to explain multi-species coexistence and high diversity than it is predicted by more conceptual models.
Several studies show, that seed immigration from the regional seed pool is essential for maintaining local species diversity. However, systematical studies on the seed rain composition to multi-species communities are missing. The results of the simulation experiments, as presented in part two of this thesis, show clearly, that without seed immigration the local species community found in Eneabba drifts towards a state with few coexisting PFTs. With increasing immigration rates the number of simulated coexisting PFTs and Shannon diversity quickly approaches values as also observed in the field. Including the regional seed input in the model is suited to explain more aggregated measures of the local plant community structure such as species richness and diversity. Hence, the seed rain composition should be implemented in future studies.
In the third part of my thesis I test the sensitivity of Eneabba PFTs to four different climate change scenarios, considering their impact on both local and regional processes. The results show that climate change clearly has the potential to alter the number of dispersed seeds for most of the Eneabba PFTs and therefore the source of the ‘immigrants’ at the community level. A classification tree analysis shows that, in general, the response to climate change was PFT-specific. In the Eneabba sand plains sensitivity of a PFT to climate change depends on its specific trait combination and on the scenario of environmental change i.e. development of the amount of rainfall and the fire frequency. This result emphasizes that PFT-specific responses and regional process seed immigration should not be ignored in studies dealing with the impact of climate change on future species distribution.
The results of the three chapters are finally analysed in a general discussion. The model is discussed and improvements and suggestions are made for future research. My work leads to the following conclusions:
i) It is necessary to support modelling with empirical work to explain coexistence in species-rich plant communities.
ii) The chosen modelling approach allows considering the complexity of coexistence and improves the understanding of coexistence mechanisms.
iii) Field research based assumptions in terms of environmental conditions and plant life histories can relativise the importance of more hypothetic coexistence theories in species-rich systems. In consequence, trade-offs can play a lower role than predicted by conceptual models.
iv) Seed immigration is a key process for local coexistence. Its alteration because of climate change should be considered for prognosis of coexistence. Field studies should be carried out to get data on seed rain composition.Feuer geprägte, mediterrane Vegetationstypen, wie sie im Mittelmeerraum und Süd-West Australien zu finden sind, gelten als globale „hotspots“ für Pflanzendiversität. Um sicher zu stellen, dass Managementprogramme zum Erhalt dieser hoch diversen Pflanzengesellschaften zielgerichtet beitragen, ist ein profundes Verständnis der wesentlichen Koexistenzmechanismen notwendig. In der aktuellen Literatur werden verschiedene Mechanismen diskutiert. Das Ziel meiner Doktorarbeit ist es, die Bedeutung der Mechanismen für den Erhalt der artenreichen, feuergeprägten Vegetation anhand eines Modells systematisch zu untersuchen. Das von mir dafür entwickelte Modell ist räumlich-explizit, stochastisch und regel- und individuenbasiert. Es ist unter Zuhilfenahme von Daten zu Populationsdynamiken parametrisiert, die über 18 Jahre im Mediterranen Buschland von Eneabba Westaustraliens gesammelt wurden. Anhand von 156 Arten sind sieben für meine Studie relevante Pflanzeneigenschaften identifiziert wurden: Regenerationsart, jährlich maximale Samenproduktion, Samengröße, maximaler Durchmesser, Trockentoleranz, Ausbreitungsart und Samenbanktyp. Kombinationen der Eigenschaften bilden funktionelle Pflanzentypen (PFTs), deren jährliche Dynamik über Lebenszyklusprozesse im Modell simuliert wird. Der erste Teil meiner Arbeit präsentiert die Studie zur Bedeutung von „trade-offs“ für den Erhalt der hohen Diversität in artenreichen Systemen. Die Simulationsergebnisse mit 288 virtuellen PFTs zeigen, dass das „trade-offs“-Konzept für die Identifizierung nicht-lebensfähiger Kombinationen von Pflanzeneigenschaften hilfreich sein kann. Allerdings kann der Shannon-Diversitäts-Index der modellierten Pflanzengesellschaft trotz der Anwesenheit von „Supertypen“ hoch sein. Ich schlussfolgere, dass „trade-off“ zwischen zwei Eigenschaften weniger wichtig für die Erklärung der Koexistenz von vielen Arten und hoher Diversität sind, als es durch konzeptionelle Modelle vorhergesagt wird. Viele Studien zeigen, dass Sameneintrag aus dem regionalen Samenpool essenziell für den Erhalt lokaler Artendiversität ist. Es gibt allerdings noch keine systematischen Studien zur Zusammensetzung des Samenregens artenreichen Systemen. Die Ergebnisse der Simulationsexperimente im zweiten Teil meiner Arbeit machen deutlich, dass ohne Sameneintrag die lokale Pflanzengesellschaft Eneabbas sich in eine Richtung entwickelt, in der nur wenige PFTs koexistieren. Mit steigender Samenimmigrationsrate erreicht die Anzahl an koexistierenden PFTs und die Shannon-Diversität schnell die Werte, die auch im Feld gefunden werden. Der regionale Sameneintrag kann also als Erklärung zur Struktur lokaler Pflanzengesellschaften dienen. Seine Zusammensetzung sollte jedoch in zukünftigen Studien berücksichtigt werden. Im dritten Teil meiner Doktorarbeit präsentiere ich Analysen zur Sensibilität der PFTs von Eneabba vorhergesagte Klimaszenarien und der Auswirkungen auf die Samenimmigration. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, dass Klimaänderungen das Potential haben, die Anzahl an ausgebreiteten Samen der meisten Eneabba PFTs zu verändern. Die Entscheidungsbaum-Analyse veranschaulicht, dass die Reaktion auf Klimaänderung PFT-spezifisch ist. In den Eneabba hängt die Sensitivität der PFTs gegenüber klimatischen Veränderungen von den PFT-spezifischen Eigenschaftskombinationen und vom Klimaszenarium ab, d.h. von der Entwicklung der Regenfallmenge und der Feuerfrequenz. Dieses Ergebnis betont, dass PFT-spezifische Reaktionen und die klimabedingten Änderungen in der Samenimmigration in Studien zum Einfluss von Klimaänderungen auf die zukünftige Artenverteilung berücksichtigt werden sollten. Die Ergebnisse aus den drei Kapiteln werden in der allgemeinen Diskussion zusammengeführt und analysiert. Das Modell wird diskutiert und Verbesserungen und Vorschläge für weitere Forschung aufgezeigt. Meine Arbeit führt zu folgenden Schlussfolgerungen: i) Es ist notwendig, empirische Arbeit und Modellierung zu kombinieren, um Koexistenz in artenreichen Systemen zu erklären. ii) Durch den gewählten Modellansatz kann die Komplexität von Koexistenz erfasst und das Verständnis vertieft werden. iii) Auf Felddaten basierende Annahmen bezüglich Umweltbedingungen und Lebenzyklus können zur Relativierung der Bedeutsamkeit von Mechanismen führen. So können Trade-offs eine geringere Rolle spielen, als konzeptionelle Modelle nahe legen. iv) Samenimmigration ist ein Schlüsselprozess für lokale Koexistenz. Deren Änderung aufgrund von Klimawandel sollte für Prognosen zu Artenvorkommen berücksichtigt werden. Feldstudien sollten durchgeführt werden, um die Datenlücken zur Samenregenzusammensetzung zu füllen.
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Brabender, Marian. "The impact of shore types on benthic macroinvertebrate community structure and functioning in a large lowland river." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-166495.
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Shore zones of large rivers are hot spots of biodiversity and contribute significantly to riverine ecosystem functioning. Today, shore degradation and other structural impair-ments like river straightening and channelization are strong impact factors on river ecosystem health. However, we still lack a thorough understanding of how structural shore zone degradation affects benthic community composition and their inherent ecosystem functions. In this thesis I tested the influence of training structure induced environmental factors on benthic macroinvertebrate community composition and the share of non-native species. Moreover, I assessed the community-associated ecosystem functions in terms of secondary production and resource utilization. In the main channel, communities were composed of only a few specialized taxa with low abundances, which contributed little to riverine secondary production. This is probably due to the harsh conditions produced by constantly high flow velocities and relocation of the fine sandy sediment. Main channel habitats were hardly affected by the adjacent training structure. Hence, species compositions and productivities were similar at all investigated main channel sites. By contrast, each of the shore communities was diverse, highly abundant and productive in comparison to the main channel. However, variations between shore structure communities and their ecosystem functions were prominent. One particular training structure, i.e. the off-bankline revetment, bore the most diverse and by far most productive benthic community, which utilized vast total amounts of basal resources (1,323 g DM m-² y-1). Varying sediment compositions, availability of macrophytes and diverse flow velocities, including lentic conditions, were revealed as key factors for increasing biodiversity, secondary production and resource utilization. Allochthonous boulder habitats were generally highly prone to non-native species invasion. Neozoa proved less productive than many native community members and consumed minor relative and total amounts of the prevailing resource pelagic algae. The present quantitative comparison of shore type specific effects on biodiversity, biomass and productivity provides managers with a tool to improve the ecological attributes of large river ecosystems with an unchangeable, impaired macrostructure. In its entirety, this thesis constitutes a sound basis to increase the mechanistic understanding of the way in which shore zone manipulation can affect riverine benthic communities and their associated ecosystem functionsDie Uferbereiche großer Flüsse sind für die Biodiversität und Funktion dieser Ökosys-teme von enormer Bedeutung. Uferdegradierung und Kanalisierung gehören zu wichti-gen Faktoren, die Flussökosysteme nachhaltig beeinträchtigen. Wie sich anthropogene Umstrukturierungen der Uferbereiche auf die Zusammensetzung benthischer Ge-meinschaften und deren Ökosystemfunktion auswirken ist jedoch weitestgehend unbe-kannt. In dieser Arbeit werden die Effekte von uferspezifischen Habitatfaktoren auf die Komposition des Makrozoobenthos und den Anteil an Neozoen getestet. Zudem wurden die gemeinschaftsassoziierten Ökosystemfunktionen in Bezug auf Sekundärproduktion und Ressourcennutzung erfasst und bewertet. Die benthische Gemeinschaft des Hauptstroms bestand lediglich aus wenigen spezialisierten Arten, welche nur geringfügig zur Gesamtsekundärproduktion des Flusses beitrugen. Dies war vermutlich auf die rauen Bedingungen im Hauptstrom (insbesondere hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten und damit verbundener Sedimenttransport) zurückzuführen. Die Makrozoobenthosgemeinschaften des Hauptroms wurden von den jeweils angrenzenden Ufertypen nicht beeinflusst. Im Gegensatz zum Hauptstrom zeigte jeder der untersuchten Ufertypen hohe Dichten an benthischen Invertebraten wobei sich Zusammensetzung und Funktion der Artengemeinschaften zwischen den Ufertypen stark unterschieden. Dabei brachte das Parallelwerk die diverseste und produktivste Makroinvertebratenfauna hervor, welche enorme Mengen basaler Ressourcen ingestierte (1,323 g DM m-2y-1). Hauptfaktoren für eine Erhöhung von Biodiversität, Sekundärproduktion und Ressourcennutzung waren neben variablen Sedimentzusammensetzungen und Makrophytenbeständen sich oft ändernde Fließgeschwindigkeiten mit lentischen Phasen. Allochthone Steinhabitate waren generell anfällig für die Invasion nicht heimischer Arten. Diese Neozoen waren weniger produktiv als viele heimische Taxa und nutzten nur geringe Mengen pelagischer Algen, welche die meist verfügbare Ressource darstellten. Aus dem ökologischen Vergleich der verschiedenen Ufertypen lassen sich Managementempfehlungen zur Verbesserung des ökologischen Zustandes in Bezug auf Biodiversität und Ökosystemfunktionen ableiten, welche für große Flüsse mit degradierter und unveränderbarer Makrostruktur in Betracht gezogen werden können. In ihrer Gesamtheit liefert diese Arbeit ein fundiertes mechanistisches Verständnis über die Effekte von Ufermanipulationen auf benthische Gemeinschaften und deren assoziierte Ökosystemfunktionen in großen Flüssen
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Müller, Jochen [Verfasser]. "Two glial cell types make structural and functional contact to the calyx of Held in the mouse medial nucleus of the trapezoid body / Jochen Müller." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1027306357/34.
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Pereira, Liana Pereira de. "Perfil sócio-produtivo de pecuaristas na área de proteção ambiental do rio Ibirapuitã (apa do Ibirapuitã) e avaliação da diversidade funcional de pastagens naturais da região centro-oeste do Rio Grande do Sul." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10757.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThe work was developed to recognize farmers profiles living in Ibirapuitã s Environmental Protection Area (Ibirapuitã s EPA) and identifies characteristics guiding management decisions and their social reproduction. Evaluation of the use of functional types based on grasses was also considered as an alternative to guide decision making considering appropriate management and sustainable development of areas of native grasslands. The work is divided into two approaches. The first is to collect data through semi-structured interviews, in production units located in Alegrete, Rosário do Sul and Santana do Livramento, within the Ibirapuitã s EPA. Data were tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet and multivariate analysis was performed to determine ranchers profiles in the area. Cluster analysis showed three basic profiles: familiar farmers, specialized familiar farmers and enterprise ranchers . All produce cattle and sheep on natural pasture. Through ordination analysis, we determined socioeconomic and cultural characteristics that influence in management of natural resources. In the second approach were conducted four assessments of the floristic composition in Alegrete municipality in October 2008, April 2009, October 2009 and January 2010. In all evaluations were performed to determine the specific leaf area (SLA) and dry matter content (LDMC) of grasses with the greater contribution in forage mass. Data relating to botanical survey were analyzed using software MULTIV. SLA and LDMC collected data were analyzed together with the same attributes already determined in Santa Maria and Bagé, where functional types had already been determined by testing the factors grazing, burning, fertilization, site and functional types. We performed multivariate analysis using the software MULTIV. Variation of herbage mass of botanical families in the evaluated area was relevant to management compared with total variation in herbage mass. The grazing factor allowed the selection of species of types A and B over the species conservation of resources types C and D. The use of functional types of grasses can be extended to other regions like the West Border of the RS by the consistency showed that the functional attributes.
A dissertação foi desenvolvida objetivando reconhecer os perfis dos pecuaristas que vivem na Área de Proteção Ambiental do Rio Ibirapuitã e identificar caracteríticas que podem nortear suas decisões de manejo e reprodução social. Também foi considerada avaliação do uso dos tipos funcionais baseados em gramíneas como alternativa para orientar as tomadas de decisão quanto ao manejo adequado e sustentável das áreas de campo nativo. O trabalho está dividido em duas abordagens. A primeira consiste na coleta de dados, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, em unidades produtivas localizadas em Alegrete, Rosário do Sul e Santana do Livramento, dentro da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Rio Ibirapuitã. Os dados foram tabulados em planilha Excel e foi realizada análise multivariada para determinar os perfis de pecuaristas existentes na área. A análise de agrupamento apresentou três perfis básicos: pecuaristas familiares, pecuaristas familiares especializados e pecuaristas empresariais. Todos produzem bovinos e ovinos em pastagem natural. Por meio da análise de ordenação foi possível constatar que as características sócio-econômicas e culturais influenciam no manejo dos recursos naturais. Na segunda abordagem, foram realizadas quatro avaliações da composição florística no município de Alegrete, em outubro de 2008, abril de 2009, outubro de 2009 e janeiro de 2010. Em todas as avaliações foi realizada a determinação da área foliar específica (AFE) e teor de matéria seca (TMS) das gramíneas com contribuição majoritária na massa de forragem. Os dados referentes ao levantamento botânico foram analisados utilizando software MULTIV. A AFE e o TMS determinados no presente trabalho foram analisados conjuntamente com os mesmos atributos já determinados nos municípios de Santa Maria e Bagé onde os tipos funcionais já haviam sido determinados, testando os fatores pastejo, queima, adubação, local e tipos funcionais. Foi realizada análise estatística multivariada utilizando o software MULTIV. A variação da massa de forragem das famílias botânicas na área avaliada foi relevante para o manejo em comparação a variação da massa de forragem total. O fator pastejo permitiu a seleção de espécies dos tipos A e B, em detrimento às espécies de conservação de recursos dos tipos C e D. O uso dos tipos funcionais de gramíneas pode ser extendido para outras regiões, como a Fronteira Oeste do RS pela consistência que os atributos funcionais apresentaram.
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Ly, Kim Quyen. "Automated verification of termination certificates." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENM036/document.
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S'assurer qu'un programme informatique se comporte bien, surtout dans des applications critiques (santé, transport, énergie, communications, etc.) est de plus en plus important car les ordinateurs et programmes informatiques sont de plus en plus omniprésents, voir essentiel au bon fonctionnement de la société. Mais comment vérifier qu'un programme se comporte comme prévu, quand les informations qu'il prend en entrée sont de très grande taille, voire de taille non bornée a priori ? Pour exprimer avec exactitude ce qu'est le comportement d'un programme, il est d'abord nécessaire d'utiliser un langage logique formel. Cependant, comme l'a montré Gödel dans, dans tout système formel suffisamment riche pour faire de l'arithmétique, il y a des formules valides qui ne peuvent pas être prouvées. Donc il n'y a pas de programme qui puisse décider si toute propriété est vraie ou fausse. Cependant, il est possible d'écrire un programme qui puisse vérifier la correction d'une preuve. Ce travail utilisera justement un tel programme, Coq, pour formellement vérifier la correction d'un certain programme. Dans cette thèse, nous expliquons le développement d'une nouvelle version de Rainbow, plus rapide et plus sûre, basée sur le mécanisme d'extraction de Coq. La version précédente de Rainbow vérifiait un certificat en deux étapes. Premièrement, elle utilisait un programme OCaml non certifié pour traduire un fichier CPF en un script Coq, en utilisant la bibliothèque Coq sur la théorie de la réécriture et la terminaison appelée CoLoR. Deuxièmement, elle appelait Coq pour vérifier la correction du script ainsi généré. Cette approche est intéressante car elle fournit un moyen de réutiliser dans Coq des preuves de terminaison générée par des outils extérieurs à Coq. C'est également l'approche suivie par CiME3. Mais cette approche a aussi plusieurs désavantages. Premièrement, comme dans Coq les fonctions sont interprétées, les calculs sont beaucoup plus lents qu'avec un langage où les programmes sont compilés vers du code binaire exécutable. Deuxièmement, la traduction de CPF dans Coq peut être erronée et conduire au rejet de certificats valides ou à l'acceptation de certificats invalides. Pour résoudre ce deuxième problème, il est nécessaire de définir et prouver formellement la correction de la fonction vérifiant si un certificat est valide ou non. Et pour résoudre le premier problème, il est nécessaire de compiler cette fonction vers du code binaire exécutable. Cette thèse montre comment résoudre ces deux problèmes en utilisant l'assistant à la preuve Coq et son mécanisme d'extraction vers le langage de programmation OCaml. En effet, les structures de données et fonctions définies dans Coq peuvent être traduits dans OCaml et compilées en code binaire exécutable par le compilateur OCaml. Une approche similaire est suivie par CeTA en utilisant l'assistant à la preuve Isabelle et le langage HaskellMaking sure that a computer program behaves as expected, especially in critical applications (health, transport, energy, communications, etc.), is more and more important, all the more so since computer programs become more and more ubiquitous and essential to the functioning of modern societies. But how to check that a program behaves as expected, in particular when the range of its inputs is very large or potentially infinite? In this work, we explain the development of a new, faster and formally proved version of Rainbow based on the extraction mechanism of Coq. The previous version of Rainbow verified a CPF le in two steps. First, it used a non-certified OCaml program to translate a CPF file into a Coq script, using the Coq libraries on rewriting theory and termination CoLoR and Coccinelle. Second, it called Coq to check the correctness of the script. This approach is interesting for it provides a way to reuse in Coq termination proofs generated by external tools. This is also the approach followed by CiME3. However, it suffers from a number of deficiencies. First, because in Coq functions are interpreted, computation is much slower than with programs written in a standard programming language and compiled into binary code. Second, because the translation from CPF to Coq is not certified, it may contain errors and either lead to the rejection of valid certificates, or to the acceptance of wrong certificates. To solve the latter problem, one needs to define and formally prove the correctness of a function checking whether a certificate is valid or not. To solve the former problem, one needs to compile this function to binary code. The present work shows how to solve these two problems by using the proof assistant Coq and its extraction mechanism to the programming language OCaml. Indeed, data structures and functions de fined in Coq can be translated to OCaml and then compiled to binary code by using the OCaml compiler. A similar approach was first initiated in CeTA using the Isabelle proof assistant
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Hünke, Yorck. "Semantics and type checking of dependently-typed lazy functional programs /." Oxford : Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 2004. http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/publications/tr/rr-04-15.html.
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Hünke, Yorck. "Semantics and type checking of dependently-typed functional programs." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409800.
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Dubé, Danny. "Demand-driven type analysis for dynamically-typed functional languages." [Montréal] : Université de Montréal, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/umontreal/fullcit?pNQ82728.
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Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université de Montréal, 2003."NQ-82728." "Thèse présentée à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Ph. D. en informatique." Version électronique également disponible sur Internet.