Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Functionalism (Social sciences)'

Orientador: Gilda Figueiredo Portugal Gouvêa
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: O presente trabalho é estudo sobre a revisão feita por Robert K. Merton da analise funcional clássica, tomando por base a leitura e crítica sobre o sociólogo norte-americano feita por Anthony Giddens. Tentou-se responder os principais questionamentos apresentados pelo sociólogo britânico e demonstrar-se que a distinção entre funções manifestas e latentes pode superar o problema do papel do ator na mudança social. Um outro objetivo foi extrair da teoria dos grupos de referência a forma com que um líder rearranja os conflitos entre grupos para conseguir poder
Abstract: This present work is a study about the Robert K Merton?s revision of the classical functional analysis, using the lecture and critic writhed by Anthony Giddens about this American sociologist. It?s try to answer mains questions asked from the british sociologist and demonstrate in the distinction manifest and lantent function can overcame the trouble of the actor role in the social change. One other subject is extract from theory of reference group the way that a leader organizes the conflict between groups to give power
Mestrado
Teoria Sociológica
Mestre em Sociologia

This research proposes that it is possible to meaningfully examine the differences between subjects' perceptions of concepts at two different levels of analysis. The central theory, called "fractionation", is derived from structuration theory. The theory suggests that there is an important and particular difference between subjects' perceptions of key concepts at the value (abstract) level, as differentiated from the policy (action) level. The key concepts provided here are capitalism and democracy. Three major stages of data gathering and analysis were conducted. The first stage, carried out in several phases, surveyed 337 college students to gather words commonly associated ·with two key concepts: capitalism and democracy. These words were then used as items in a multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. The results were used to represent the relationship between the two key concepts at the value level of analysis. The second stage consisted of gathering policy fragments from two mainstream newspapers. Television advertising was selected as the focal point of this search, to represent one area where democracy and capitalism co-exist. Fragments were taken from the newspapers and compiled into "fragment topics", or pieces of argument about the relationship between capitalism and democracy in television advertising. Stage III was carried out by surveying seventy-three subjects who were presented with the argumentative statements developed in each fragment topic. An assessment was made of the relationship between capitalism and democracy at the policy level based on the argument choices made by the subjects. Stage I resulted in a clear distinction between the two key concepts of capitalism and democracy at the value level, while Stage III resulted in a conflict between the two at the policy level. The comparison of results between the first stage of the research and the third stage represents the fractionation that was being sought.

Shared values and norms are at the core for unifying different cultures socializing or working to fulfill the goals and mission of organizations. Researchers have not examined how employees representing different cultures socialize via shared norms and values in human service companies. The purpose of this ethnography study was to explore the process of 8 culturally different employees working together at a human service organization. Using purposeful sampling, multicultural employees were selected from 4 departments within the human service company. Face-to-face interviews, field notes, questionnaire, and participant observation were the tools for collecting the data. Descriptive coding, value coding, and the Ethnograph software was used to identify themes from the data. The analysis of the data evolved from using the approach of the hermeneutic circle, which consisted of examining the parts, such as activities and the connection to the whole, such as core values. According to the study, most employees engaged in sharing the norms and values of the human service company, ultimately fulfilling the goals or core values. However, 2 out of 8 participants engaged in conflict and had a lack of knowledge about 1 out of 4 core values. Knowledge and compliance to the core values were fundamental ingredients for providing quality services. This study leads to positive social change by providing human service organizations information on compliance to the entire core values of the human service company and knowledge of the complete core values of the human service company.

The purpose of this work was to investigate experiencing death and loss through school shootings from a developmental time period and theory-based perspective. This topic was chosen based on recent media coverage and controversy surrounding school shootings. This research looks at school shootings from the perspective of the Structural Functionalism Theory and applies the theory to recent situations of school shootings around the United States. From this theory, the developmental timing of loss following a school shooting was taken into account by observing the stages of development in which loss may have occurred and how each child may react to a school shooting based on their development. This research concluded that school shootings can extremely disruptive to the structure and the functioning of individuals in many roles within the school and community.

Cette thèse vise à fournir un élément de réponse à un problème politicoanthropologique classique, celui de l'origine de l'inégalité parmi les hommes. Plus précisément, elle vise à déterminer deux choses:

1) pourquoi des hommes, capables de culture, ont vécu pendant des centaines de milliers d'années dans des petits groupes de chasseurs-cueilleurs nomades et égalitaires

2) pourquoi l'apparition de sociétés de grande taille au cours du Néolithique s'est systématiquement accompagnée d'une différenciation sociale accrue, de l'apparition de hiérarchies de statuts et, éventuellement, de la centralisation du pouvoir politique.

La réponse proposée est que la taille des sociétés humaines est sensible à un effet de plafonnement. Ceci s'explique par le caractère conditionnel de la coopération humaine et par la mémoire limitée des humains en contexte social. Ce plafonnement de la taille des groupes ne peut être surmonté que si les humains créent des institutions qui permettent une division sociale du travail de sanction, ce qui à son tour dépend de l'émergence chez l'homme d'un langage et d'une théorie de l'esprit complexes. L'argument proposé est de type fonctionnaliste et vise à appuyer les théories en sciences sociales qui s'intéressent à l'évolution de la culture et des formes politiques.
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation philosophie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The fact that digital TV and set-top boxes are connected to Internet opens up for many possibilities. One concept that has emerged because of this is social TV, which has to do with social functionality in combination with watching any type of content: on TV or on the web. In this report an interface for digital TV is presented with social features. The challenge with developing this is that the viewer is in a lean-back mode when watching TV and not up for complicated interaction tasks. Because of this, the aim of the design was to have relevant social features, that will fit in a TV context. This meant that they would support social activities that are already being made when watching TV and movies and also demand a very simple interaction. A concept was developed through literature studies and the design process. The result is a interface with a simple navigation that constitutes of five widgets, all that supports different kinds of watching behavior and social activities. The interface has been implemented to an interactive prototype that conveys the look and feel of the concept.

With privacy settings on social networking sites (SNS) perceived as complex and difficult to use and maintain, young adults can be left vulnerable to others accessing and using their personal information. Consequences of not regulating the boundaries their information on SNS include the ability for current and future employers to make career-impacting decisions based upon their online reputation that may include disqualifying them as job candidates. On SNS, such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter, young adults must decide on how to manage their online reputation by regulating boundaries to their own personal and professional information and identities. One known practice for the regulation of boundaries is the use of multiple profile management (MPM), where users of SNS create and use multiple accounts on a SNS and separate the social and professional identities that they disclose publicly and privately. The purpose of the study was to understand the lived experiences of young adults in how they regulate boundaries on SNS, through the use of MPM, as they manage their online reputation to different audiences. The practice was studied by applying interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) through interviewing young adults of 18-23 years of age, who use MPM on a SNS. Semi-structured interviews permitted participants to provide in-depth descriptions of their lived experiences. Eight themes were identified and described based on the analysis of the interviews that include: SNS use with online audiences, motivations for using MPM, the processes for the presentation of self, online search results, privacy settings, untagging SNS posts, self-editing and censorship, and new features. The themes describe the complexity and challenges that young adults face with regulating boundaries with their professional and social identities online through the use of MPM. Findings from this study have implications for a variety of audiences. Through the findings of this study, SNS developers can introduce new features, improve usability related to privacy management, and further encourage use of their networks. Users of SNS can use this study to understand risks of using SNS and for learning of practices for how to manage their online reputation on SNS.

What are appropriate and relevant ways for collaboration and coordination between the three sections of aid work, humanitarian, development, and peace? This question has been topical for the aid community for decades when working in places where all three entities are present (Guinote, 2019). It is sometimes rejected, neglected but some times it is also considered and pursued (Hövelmann, 2020). This study aims to assess and analyze the arguments and breeding grounds for the triple nexus approached work in the DRC, the dynamics of promoting and receiving directions in a headquarters-field office relation exploring the challenges and opportunities between the three sections of HDP. Assessments have been done through conducting interviews remotely with people working on-site in the DRC at national or local offices and headquarters in Sweden and Central Europe. By interviewing eleven people with experience from all three HDP sectors, where a few people come from the donor sector, the goal has been to provide a broad picture of the aid community's perspective. This study's findings and inferences are related to funding structures where a more flexible funding system is requested. There are local involvement findings where signs through this study indicate local initiatives have been implementing the nexus approach for years. In environments such as presented in this study, of interrelating groups of people with differences in working culture, there are also challenges of clashing organizational principles, hegemonic approaches, and the ever topical issue of clear and relevant communication presented in the thesis. Through this assessment, power structures are pertinent to analyze to understand how the triple nexus approach can be further implemented. The agency theory will, in this study, be used as an eyeglass to assess these power relations.

Up until now, Bitcoin as a marketing tool to leverage the brand image of an e-retailer has only been researched scarcely. This paper contributes to filling this gap by looking at Bitcoin’s suitability as primarily a cognition-based trust-building tool in the context of online sex shops. Online sex shops in which affective-based trust is taken as a use-case to exemplarily assess whether far associations customers have with Bitcoin can be transferred unto their brand image, assessing its effectiveness. Moreover, as Bitcoin is a payment method, this study feels the pulse in how far trust is established with the general public to assess chances of success when introducing it as an option to existing alternatives. Trust is considered important in the transaction and decision-making processes of a customer as much as it is in building and fostering brand image. Two expert interviews and one survey make up the data source for this research to gain a holistic view from the customer’s, the retailer’s and the industry expert’s perspective. Findings from the different sources were first in-case analyzed before cross-comparing them. The study highlighted the fact that Bitcoin as a marketing tool is highly case-sensitive, cognition-based, and risky in both - financial and marketing terms. It is best used as part of a long-term strategy and in cases in which the brand image of a brand is as similar to that of Bitcoin as possible. Additionally, Bitcoin disposes of many of the same qualities as other payment methods do and although trust in it is still limited, it is competitive in terms of factors like transaction speed and cost. There is no uniform bundle of associations and a positive or negative evaluation thereof to be connected to it, however, factors like gender, financial education, and trust in one’s own abilities are all found to influence trust and usage intention. The study finds potential for both – Bitcoin as a marketing tool and payment method.

Subject of information entity is one of the fundamental concepts in the field of information science. Subject of any document represents its intellectual potential -- 'aboutness' of the document. Traditionally, subject (along with title and author) is the one of three major ways to access information, so subject metadata plays a central role in this process and the role is constantly growing. Previous research concluded that the larger bibliographic database is, the richer subject vocabularies and classification schemes are needed to support information discovery. Further, a high proportion of information objects are unretrievable without subject headings in metadata records. This exploratory study provides the analysis of the subject metadata in MARC 21 bibliographic records created in 2020; and develops understanding of the level and patterns of 'aboutness' representation in the MARC 21 bibliographic records. Study also examines how these records apply the recent RDA and MARC21 guidelines and features intended to support functionality in a Linked Data environment. Methods of Social Network Analysis were applied along with content analysis, to answer research questions of this study. Suggestions for future research, implications for education, and practical recommendations for library metadata creation and management are discussed.

Cette thèse porte sur les fondations de la théorie des préférences et de l'utilité utilisée dans les domaines du choix social et de la théorie de la décision. Le premier chapitre est l'introduction. Le second chapitre est composé d'une revue de la littérature et des résultats existants, d'une discussion des motivations pour envisager un nouveau cadre théorique permettant de combiner différentes approches de l'agrégation des préférences individuelles, et d'une proposition d'un modèle hybride appelé modèle de préférence-approbation. Le troisième chapitre pose la question du sens que l'on peut donner au consensus dans un tel cadre théorique. Pour y répondre, ce travail fournit une approche basée sur la notion de distance, c'est-à-dire d'une métrique définie sur le domaine des préférence-approbations, et examine différentes façons de mesurer l'homogénéité au sein d'un ensemble d'opinions individuelles. Dans cette nouvelle modélisation des opinions, les individus s'expriment à la fois à travers un classement défini sur l'ensemble des alternatives et par un niveau de seuil, permettant de distinguer dans ce classement les alternatives "approuvées" de celles qui sont "désapprouvées". Le quatrième chapitre comporte une analyse de la manipulabilité des règles d'agrégation définies sur un profil de votes composés de classements et d'évaluations binaires. En introduisant une nouvelle notion de non-manipulabilité, cette étude offre un résultat de possibilité, ainsi que certaines caractérisations d'impossibilités. La conclusion permet de discuter plusieurs questions de recherche future sur la manière de définir de nouveaux systèmes d'élections et mécanismes de votes, ainsi que leurs impacts potentiels sur la société
This thesis investigates the foundations of preference and utility theory used in Social Choice and Decision Theory. The First chapter is the introduction. The Second chapter is composed of a survey of the existing results, motivations for a new framework that can combine many different approaches to aggregation of individual preferences and a proposal of a hybrid model, called preference-approval framework. The third chapter asks the question of meaning of a consensus in such a framework. As an attempt to answer the question, this work provides a distance based approach, by a metric defined on the domain of preference-approvals and analyzes different ways of measuring homogeneity among the individual opinions. As a new modelling of these opinions, individuals are assumed to express themselves in terms of rankings over a set of options (alternatives) and threshold levels interpreted as the distinction between "approved" and "disapproved" alternatives. The fourth chapter includes a manipulation analysis of aggregation rules over a voting profile composed of rankings and binary evaluations. Proposing a new notion of non-manipulability, this study provides a possibility result and some characterizations of impossibilities. Finally, further research problems for the art of designing new election systems and voting mechanisms are discussed with their potential implications for the society

Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
This study focuses on academic entrepreneurship. It commences with a literature review on international trends in academic entrepreneurship, with a particular focus on incentive schemes used by selected countries to encourage innovativeness in academic institutions. Linkages between these incentives schemes and the improvement in the level of innovations made are demonstrated. This study will also show that in some countries, such as Brazil and Finland, these innovation incentives have led to the formation of start-up companies and an increased number of patents. The international scenario in academic entrepreneurship is linked to the South African scenario, as presented in the chapter on the science and technology landscape in South Africa. The main focus of the South African scenario will be on the National Innovation Competition (NIC), which is an instrument of the Innovation Fund specifically aimed at encouraging and providing innovation incentives at the level of higher education institutions. This research report also provide findings of interviews with different people within the academic entrepreneurship fraternity as well as an assessment of the differences between the winning and the non-winning business plans, which are used as a basis of providing incentives to the winners of the NIC. Recommendations are made in an attempt to provide solutions to the challenges encountered in the NIC at both institutional levels, as participants, and at government level, as funders of the NIC. This will hopefully improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the NIC. Although the NIC was only started in 2004, it is envisaged that areas of improvement can be identified at this early stage. This, coupled with the lessons learnt from the international literature review, will provide a mechanism that will make the NIC a powerful instrument to encourage innovation at HEI (Higher Education Institution) level. The conclusions drawn from this report include lessons learnt from the international literature review.

Cheung, Wang.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-170).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract
Chapter Chapter one: --- "Research Background, Research Question and Organization------" --- p.1
Chapter Chapter two: --- Literature Review --- p.6
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction
Chapter 2.2 --- Literature on functionalism
Chapter - --- Scientific origin
Chapter - --- Approaches
Chapter - --- Objectives and logic of structural functional analysis
Chapter - --- The key concepts of structural functionalism
Chapter - --- Almond's structural functional approach
Chapter - --- Critical evaluation
Chapter 2.3 --- Literature on the classification and the functions of ombudsman
Chapter - --- Classification of ombudsman institutions by mandates
Chapter - --- Models of ombudsman
Chapter - --- Functions of ombudsman
Chapter - --- Impacts of ombudsman
Chapter Chapter three: --- Research Design and Methodology --- p.54
Chapter - --- The structural functional perspective
Chapter - --- Research design
Chapter - --- Conceptualization and operationalization of concepts
Chapter - --- Evaluating roles and functions: method and the use of materials
Chapter Chapter four: --- The Hong Kong Ombudsman Office --- p.64
Chapter 4.1 --- Historical review on the development of the Hong Kong Ombudsman Office
Chapter 4.2 --- The Ombudsman Ordinance
Chapter 4.3 --- Perception and expectation on the Ombudsman
Chapter - --- The perception and expectation of the general public
Chapter - --- The ombudsman's self perception
Chapter - --- Interview with the Assistant Ombudsman
Chapter 4.4 --- Cases and the ombudsman initiatives
Chapter - --- Caseload and handling methods
Chapter - --- Nature of cases
Chapter - --- Case studies: remedies and recommendations
Chapter - --- Initiatives of the Ombudsman
Chapter Chapter five: --- Conclusion and Discussions --- p.155
Chapter - --- To study the Ombudsman by its roles
Chapter - --- The development of the Ombudsman
Chapter - --- The roles of the Ombudsman
Chapter - --- The functions of the Ombudsman
Chapter - --- Research limitations
Chapter - --- Further research possibilities
Appendix I Questionnaire for the Interview with the Assistant Ombudsman --- p.163
Bibliography --- p.165

Chen Hon-fai.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 256-261).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.iii
ABSTRACT --- p.iv
INTRODUCTION: PARSONIANISM IN CONTEXT
Chapter I. --- The Context: Parsons Revival and the Reading of Parsons --- p.1
Chapter II. --- The Problem: Relationship between Parsons' Structural-Functionalism and Luhmann's Neo-Functionalism --- p.13
Chapter III. --- "Interpretive Perspective: Theory, Methodology and Presupposition" --- p.31
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- ANALYTICAL REALISM AND VOLUNTARISM: PARSONS´ة ACTION THEORY IN THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL ACTION
Chapter 1.1 --- Analytical Realism --- p.49
Chapter 1.2 --- Action Frame of Reference --- p.62
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- EMERGENCE AND FUNCTIONALISM: PARSONS´ة SYSTEM THEORY IN THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL ACTION --- p.90
INTERLUDE PARSONS̐ơ THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL ACTION
Chapter I. --- From Voluntarism to Structural-Functionalism --- p.116
Chapter II. --- From Structural-Functionalism to Systems Functionalism --- p.131
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SELF-REFERENCE AND FUNCTIONALISM: LUHMANN̐ơS SYSTEM THEORY IN SOCIAL SYSTEMS
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.147
Chapter 3.2 --- The Methodological Principle of Self-Reference --- p.150
Chapter 3.3 --- Double Contingency and the Formation of Self-Referential Social System --- p.165
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SELF-REFERENCE AND ANTI-HUMANISM: LUHMANN'S ACTION THEORY IN SOCIAL SYSTEMS
Chapter 4.1 --- Self-Reference of Communication and its Attribution to Voluntaristic Action --- p.195
Chapter 4.2 --- Interpenetration and Anti-Humanism --- p.218
CONCLUSION: LUHMANNIANISM ON TRIAL --- p.239
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.256

A imagem corporal como construto multidimensional inclui aspetos negativos como a insatisfação corporal e aspetos positivos como a apreciação e valorização da funcionalidade. Dada a importância da investigação relacionada com a valorização da funcionalidade corporal, bem como a falta de medidas adequadas para a sua avaliação, Alleva et al., (2017) desenvolveram a Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) de 7 itens. Até ao momento, esta escala ainda não foi validada para a população portuguesa, sendo por isso, necessário, quer para a concetualização teórica do conceito, quer para a intervenção na prática clínica. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo validar uma versão portuguesa da FAS, seguindo as análises psicométricas do estudo original (Alleva et al., 2017), que incluem a validade interna, através da análise da estrutura subjacente, a consistência interna e a validade externa através da correlação com outras medidas. A amostra é constituída por 361 indivíduos, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 75 anos de idade (M= 30.42; DP = 13.21). A FAS apresenta uma estrutura fatorial unidimensional semelhante à da versão original, consistência interna adequada (Alfa de Cronbach de .84 para a amostra total) e validade convergente ao apresentar correlações significativas com a apreciação corporal e a qualidade de vida. Os resultados sustentam assim as boas propriedades psicométricas desta versão portuguesa da FAS, possibilitando a sua utilização e investigação. Este estudo pode assim constituir-se como fomentador de novos horizontes para a compreensão da funcionalidade corporal, como fonte de bem-estar e satisfação pessoal e relacional. Pode também contribuir para a promoção de intervenções mais eficazes na prática clinica, para uma maior saúde psicológica e melhor qualidade de vida. Pensa-se assim fornecer uma contribuição importante para o campo da imagem corporal, facilitando e inspirando investigações na área da funcionalidade corporal, ajudando também a completar e expandir a literatura já existente na área da imagem corporal positiva.

A imagem corporal como construto multidimensional inclui aspetos negativos como a insatisfação corporal e aspetos positivos como a apreciação e valorização da funcionalidade. Dada a importância da investigação relacionada com a valorização da funcionalidade corporal, bem como a falta de medidas adequadas para a sua avaliação, Alleva et al., (2017) desenvolveram a Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) de 7 itens. Até ao momento, esta escala ainda não foi validada para a população portuguesa, sendo por isso, necessário, quer para a concetualização teórica do conceito, quer para a intervenção na prática clínica. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo validar uma versão portuguesa da FAS, seguindo as análises psicométricas do estudo original (Alleva et al., 2017), que incluem a validade interna, através da análise da estrutura subjacente, a consistência interna e a validade externa através da correlação com outras medidas. A amostra é constituída por 361 indivíduos, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 75 anos de idade (M= 30.42; DP = 13.21). A FAS apresenta uma estrutura fatorial unidimensional semelhante à da versão original, consistência interna adequada (Alfa de Cronbach de .84 para a amostra total) e validade convergente ao apresentar correlações significativas com a apreciação corporal e a qualidade de vida. Os resultados sustentam assim as boas propriedades psicométricas desta versão portuguesa da FAS, possibilitando a sua utilização e investigação. Este estudo pode assim constituir-se como fomentador de novos horizontes para a compreensão da funcionalidade corporal, como fonte de bem-estar e satisfação pessoal e relacional. Pode também contribuir para a promoção de intervenções mais eficazes na prática clinica, para uma maior saúde psicológica e melhor qualidade de vida. Pensa-se assim fornecer uma contribuição importante para o campo da imagem corporal, facilitando e inspirando investigações na área da funcionalidade corporal, ajudando também a completar e expandir a literatura já existente na área da imagem corporal positiva.

Ce mémoire analyse la notion de fonctionnalité. D'origine jurisprudentielle, ce concept tend à maintenir la dichotomie traditionnelle entre le régime des marques de commerce et celui des brevets. À la lecture des jugements rendus en la matière, le maintien d'une telle dichotomie empêcherait notamment de prolonger indûment un monopole échu sous le régime des brevets par l'enregistrement d'une marque de commerce. Cette étude tente de mieux cerner le concept de fonctionnalité et, plus précisément, de justifier son existence. Pour ce faire, une étude approfondie des régimes des marques de commerce et des brevets, nous permet de comprendre que chacun de ces corps de règles répond à une logique différente. Les fonctions des marques de commerce et des brevets sont en effet distinctes et aucun chevauchement ne semble être permis. Cette situation est d'ailleurs propre à ces régimes spécifiques. Un examen de l'étendue de la notion de fonctionnalité nous permet de constater que d'autres droits de propriété intellectuelle peuvent coexister. À titre d'exemple, nous croyons qu'une intersection est possible entre les régimes des dessins industriels et des marques de commerce. À l'issue de ces recherches, nous constatons que la notion de fonctionnalité est un principe jurisprudentiel bien établi en droit canadien visant à empêcher tout renouvellement à perpétuité d'un brevet par le biais du droit des marques de commerce. L'existence de ce principe nous semble être justifiée en matière de marques de commerce et de brevets. Cette conclusion pourrait toutefois différer dans le cadre d'autres droits de propriété intellectuelle, les fonctions de ces autres régimes semblant permettre des chevauchements.
This memory analyzes the notion of functionality. Of case law origin, this concept tends to maintain the traditional dichotomy between trademarks and patents regimes. In light of judgments rendered on that matter, the preservation of such dichotomy would notably prevent from illegally prolonging a monopoly fallen under the regime of patents by the registration of a trademark. This study tries to understand the concept of functionality and, more specifically, to justify its existence. In order to reach this goal, a detailed study of the regimes of trademarks and patents lead us to conclude that each of these bodies of rules answers to a different logic. Indeed, the functions of trademarks and patents are different and no overlapping seems to be allowed. This situation is particular to these two specific regimes. An examination of the area of the notion of functionality leads us to notice that other rights of intellectual property can coexist. For example, we believe that an intersection is possible between the regimes of industrial designs and trademarks. As a conclusion, we notice that the notion of functionality is a well established principle in Canada which tends to prevent any perpetual renewal of a patent under the trademarks regime. We believe that the existence of this concept is justified under trademarks and patents laws. However, this conclusion could differ within the framework of the other intellectual property rights, since these other rights' functions seem to allow an intersection between them.

Summaries in English, Tsonga and Venda
Dyondzo yi lavisisa vutlhari lebyi nga kona eka marungula ya tiprosi ta Xitsonga byo kambisisa swikili swa vulawuri na switirateji swa mbulavurisano leswi tirhisiwaka hi varhangeri va sweswi eka tisosayiti. Mahungu hinkwawo ya mbulavurisano wa swiharhi na vanhu ya nyikiwile lama kongomisaka eka tinxaka ta vurhangeri na swikili. Marungula ya tiprosi ta Xitsonga lama hlawuriweke na ku dokhumentiwa na marungula hi varhangeri va sweswi ya hlengeletiwile naswona ya xopaxopiwile. Dyondzo yi leteriwile hi Nxopanxopo wa Mbulavulo wa Nkoka, Mbulavurisano wa Vanhu, na maendlelo ya vutitivisi bya Vanhu. Datara yi lulamisiwile hi mitlawa ku ya hi mikhetekanyo leyi hlawuriweke ya switirateji swa mbulavurisano wa nomu na wo ka wu nga ri wa nomu. Mavulavulelo ya vanhu lava nga eka swiyimo swa vurhangeri eka marungula ya tiprosi na ya vanhu va sweswi ya hlamuseriwile na ku va ya xopaxopiwile hi ku ya hi maendlelo lama hlawuriweke. Leswi nga kumiwa swi humeserile erivaleni leswaku hakunene, varhangeri va sweswi va kayivela swikili swa vulawuri na switirateji swa mbulavurisano. Milawu ya vurhangeri leyi kambisisiweke leyi languteriweke ku suka eka varhangeri votala va vanhu yi kumiwile yi nga ri kona. Swiyimo swa malawulelo na mafumelo yo biha hi ndlela ya ntirhiso wo ka wu nga ri kahle kumbe nkucetelo swi kombisiwile ku suka eka ku tirhisa switirateji swa mbulavurisano wa nomu na wo ka wu nga ri wa nomu hi ndlela yo ka yi nga ri kahle. Makolo, vukari na ku tshembhela eka swa vukhongeri kumbe swikwembu swa le hansi a ku ri swona a swi vanga malawulelo na mafumelo yo biha. Vatirhivotala va xiyimo xa le hansi va hlanganile na ku xanisiwa emimoyeni, ku xanisiwa hi ku vulavula na ku xanisiwa emirini, ku xanisiwa hi swa masangu na ku susiwa eka swiyimo swa vona ehansi ka vulawuri bya varhangeri va vona eka sosayiti. Varhangeri va sweswi va nga dyondza swotala hi swikili swa vulawuri na switirateji swa mbulavurisano ku suka eka marungula ya tiprosi ta tindzimi ta Afrika, ngopfu-ngopfu marungula ya tiprosi ta Xitsonga. Dyondzo yi humesela erivaleni leswaku ntsheketo wu fuwile hi vutlhari bya swikwembu swa le hansi, lebyi nga pfunaka eka swiphiqo swa vurhangeri bya sweswi. Dyondzo yi nga va na nkoka eka varhangeri na vatirhikulorhi va vona va xiyimo xa le hansi. Swiringanyeto na swibumabumelo swi nyikiwile eka varhangeri va sweswi ku va pfuna ku teka xiboho xo hundzuluxa switirateji swa vona swa mbulavurisano na ku cinca mavulavulelo ya vona. Varhangeri va sweswi va fanele va kopela ku suka eka vutlhari lebyi nga kona eka marungula ya tiprosi ku kambisisa ku kayivela ka swikili swa vona swa vulawuri na switirateji swa mbulavurisano ku antswisa mbulavurisano exikarhi ka vona na vatirhikulorhi va vona lava nga eka xiyimo xa le hansi.
Ngudo i todisisa vhutali vhu re hone kha nganetshelo dza phurosa ya sialala ya Xitsonga malugana na khaedu ya zwikili zwa ndangulo na ndila dza vhudavhidzani zwi shumiswaho nga vharangaphanda vha musalauno zwitshavhani. Mafhungo a u rangela malugana na vhudavhidzani ha phukha na ha vhathu o netshedzwa ho sedzwa maitele na zwikili zwa vhurangaphanda. Nganetshelo dzo vhulungwaho na u nanguludzwa dza phurosa ya sialala ya Xitsonga na nganetshelo malugana na vharangaphanda vha musalauno dzo kuvhanganywa dza senguluswa. Ngudo iyi yo disendeka kha ndila dza Tsenguluso ya Vhudavhidzani ha Tsasaladzo, Ngudo ya luambo ho sedzwa zwa u Tshilisana kha Vhudavhidzani na Nzudzanyele ya Vhushaka ha vhathu. Data yo vhekanywa u ya nga zwigwada zwa ndila dza vhudavhidzani dza u amba na dzi si dza u amba. Maitele a u davhidzana a vhaanewa kha vhuimo ha vhurangaphanda kha nganetshelo dza phurosa dza sialala na kha zwitshavha zwa musalauno o talutshedzwa a senguluswa ho d isendekwa nga ndila dzo nangwaho. Mawanwa o dzumbulula uri nangoho, vharangaphanda vha musalauno vha shaya zwikili zwa ndangulo na ndila dza vhudavhidzani. Mirando ya vhurangaphanda yo tolwaho ine ya lavhelelwa kha vharangaphanda vhanzhi vha zwitshavha a vha nayo. Zwiwo zwa ndangulo na u laula zwa u shumisa maanda kha tshivhumbeo tsha u shumisa kana u tutuwedza hu sa vhuedzi zwo vhonala kha tshumiso i si yone ya ndila dza vhudavhidzani dza u amba na dzi si dza u amba. Tseda, tsinyuwo na lutendo lwa vhurereli vhu si hone kana vha kale zwo vha zwiko zwa ndangulommbi na u toda u laula. Vhunzhi ha vhalanda vho vhaisala muyani, kha u amba na u tambudzwa muvhilini, vho tambudzwa kha zwa vhudzekani na u sudzuluswa nga vharangaphanda vhavho tshitshavhani. Vharangaphanda vha musalauno vha nga guda zwinzhi nga ha zwikili zwa ndangulo na ndila dza vhudavhidzani kha nganetshelo dza phurosa ya sialala ya nyambo dza vharema, zwihulu kha nganetshelo dza phurosa ya sialala ya Xitsonga. Ngudo yo bvukulula uri zwa sialala zwo pfuma nga vhutali ha vha kale, vhune vhu nga thusa malugana na thaidzo dza vhurangaphanda ha musalauno. Ngudo iyi i nga vha ya ndeme kha vharangaphanda na vhalanda vhavho. Madzinginywa na themendelo zwo netshedzwa kha vharangaphanda vha musalauno u vha thusa uri vha kone u tshea malugana na u dzudzanya nga huswa ndila dzavho dza vhudavhidzani, nahone vha kone u shandukisa kuitele kwavho kwa u davhidzana. Vharangaphanda vha muisalauno vha fanela u guda kha vhutali vhu re kha nganetshelo dza phurosa ya sialala vha lulamise tshiimo tsha u shaya havho zwikili zwa ndangulo na nd ila dza vhudavhidzani malugana na u khwinisa vhudavhidzani vhukati havho na vhalanda vhavho.
The study investigates the wisdom embedded in Xitsonga oral prose narratives to address management skills and communication strategies used by current leaders in societies. Background information on animal and human communication is provided with a focus on leadership styles and skills. Selected documented Xitsonga oral prose narratives and narratives about current leaders were collected and analysed. The study is guided by the Critical Discourse Analysis, Interactional Sociolinguistics and Social Constructionist approaches. Data was classified per the selected categories of the verbal and nonverbal communication strategies. Communicative behaviours of characters in leadership positions in the oral prose narratives and those of the current societies were interpreted and analysed based on the selected approaches. Findings revealed that indeed, current leaders lack management skills and communication strategies. Examined leadership principles expected from many societal leaders were found to be non-existent. Cases of power mismanagement and dominance in the form of negative manipulation or influence were identified from their misuse of verbal and nonverbal communication strategies. Greed, anger and defective religious or ancestral beliefs were sources of such power mismanagement and dominance. Most subordinates suffered emotional, verbal and physical abuse, sexual harassment and displacement at the hands of their leaders in the society. Current leaders can learn much about management skills and communication strategies from the African languages oral prose narratives, particularly Xitsonga oral prose narratives. The study reveals that folklore is rich with ancestral wisdom, which can assist in current leadership problems. The study can be valuable to both leaders and their subordinates. Suggestions and recommendations are offered to the current leaders to help them decide on adjusting their communication strategies and ultimately changing their communicative behaviour. Current leaders should take a leaf from the wisdom embedded in oral prose narratives to address their lack of management skills and communication strategies to improve communication between them and their subordinates.
African Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)