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Journal articles on the topic 'Functionally Graded Design'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Li, Nan, Zhiwei Shen, and Zhiguo Tao. "Design theory and anti-ballistic effect simulation of dual phase hybrid functionally graded ceramic composite armor." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 5 (2023): 052003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/5/052003.

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Abstract Functional gradient structure design is one way to improve the anti-ballistic performance of ceramic composite armors. In this paper, the design theory of dual phase hybrid functionally graded ceramics is established. Through the finite element simulation of the anti-ballistic behaviour, three structural effects of dual phase hybrid functionally graded ceramics composite armor are studied: monolithic ceramics (MC), unidirectional functionally graded ceramics (UFGC) and bidirectional functionally graded ceramics (BFGC). The ceramics structure of composite armor is optimized. The simula

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2

Nayak, Priyambada, and Amir Armani. "Optimal Design of Functionally Graded Parts." Metals 12, no. 8 (2022): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12081335.

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Several additive manufacturing processes are capable of fabricating three-dimensional parts with complex distribution of material composition to achieve desired local properties and functions. This unique advantage could be exploited by developing and implementing methodologies capable of optimizing the distribution of material composition for one-, two-, and three-dimensional parts. This paper is the first effort to review the research works on developing these methods. The underlying components (i.e., building blocks) in all of these methods include the homogenization approach, material repr

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RAHBAR, N., and W. O. SOBOYEJO. "Design of functionally graded dental multilayers." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 34, no. 11 (2011): 887–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.2011.01581.x.

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4

Zhang, Li, Yong Qi Yang, and Xian Bin Tao. "The Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Functionally Graded Plate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 1040–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1040.

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The elastic and plastic properties of functionally graded materials in our model are assumed to abide by the mixing law and a program package is developed based on the material subroutines in ABAQUS. Using this package, an elastic-plastic analysis is performed to study a plate made of functionally graded materials. Results of a flexible design and an elastic-plastic design, and those of a continuous structure and a layered structure are compared. It is found that the elastic-plastic design is more reasonable than the flexible design and the continuous structure is more in line with the design

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Andrianov, Igor V., Jan Awrejcewicz, and Alexander A. Diskovsky. "Sensitivity analysis in design of constructions made of functionally graded materials." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 1 (2012): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212445139.

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This article is focused on analysis of influence of functionally graded material parameters in the problem of longitudinal rod deformations. This analysis is based on exact and asymptotic solutions. Accuracy rating of the proposed asymptotic method of calculating deformations in constructions made of functionally graded material is also given.

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Ge, Chang Chun, Xiao Feng Wu, and Gui Ying Xu. "Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 2600–2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.2600.

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Functionally graded thermoelectric material (TE FGM) is one of main research direction in research field of thermoelectric (TE) materials all over world. A lot of research work on TE FGM has been done to improve the conversion efficiency of TE. Here the development of TE FGM in recent years is discussed in the aspects of the model design, the materials selection, the barrier or joining choice and the device fabrication.

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7

Hirano, Toshiyuki, J. Teraki, and Y. Nishio. "Computational Design for Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials." Materials Science Forum 308-311 (May 1999): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.308-311.641.

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Moriguchi, Hideki, Toshio Nomura, Keiichi Tsuda, Kazutaka Isobe, Akihiko Ikegaya, and Kiyoko Moriyama. "Design of Functionally Graded Cemented Carbide Tools." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 45, no. 3 (1998): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.45.231.

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9

Chan, Cynthia M., and Andrew Ruys. "Biomimetic Design of Haute-Temperature Lightweight Ceramics: A Review." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 2 (May 2009): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.2.73.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are composite materials in which the properties are varied continuously from one face to the other via a compositional gradient. Functionally graded structures can be found in nature as evident in the cross-sections of bone, teeth and many plant stems, for example bamboo. Initially conceived for the purpose of thermal barrier coatings on spaceplanes, FGMs are finding more applications in other fields such as in polymers, biomedical and semiconductors. In this review, we take a look at two kinds of ceramics, carbon-carbon and fused silica, their properties a

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Deng, Jiaquan, Yongshou Liu, Zijun Zhang, and Wei Liu. "Dynamic behaviors of multi-span viscoelastic functionally graded material pipe conveying fluid." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 17 (2016): 3181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216642483.

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In this paper, the dynamic behaviors of a multi-span viscoelastic functionally graded material pipe conveying fluid are investigated by dynamic stiffness method. The material properties of the functionally graded material pipe are considered as graded distribution along the thickness direction according to a power-law. Several numerical examples are performed to study the effects of volume fraction exponent, fluid velocity, internal pressure, and internal damping on the stability and frequency response of the fluid-conveying functionally graded material pipe. It’s found that the viscoelastic f

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11

Zhu, Bao, and Yingjian Cai. "Particle Size-Dependent Responses of Metal–Ceramic Functionally Graded Plates Under Low-Velocity Impact." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 10, no. 05 (2018): 1850056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825118500564.

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The analysis of impact response for metal–ceramic functionally graded materials is important for the design of advanced impact resistance structures in aerospace, nuclear and mechanical industries. Here, we propose a dislocation-based continuum model to analyze elasto-plastic deformation of metal–ceramic functionally graded plates under low-velocity impact. The dislocation-based continuum model explicitly accounts for strengthening effects due to geometrically necessary dislocations and plastic strain gradient in impact analysis of metal–ceramic functionally graded plates by combining Taylor d

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12

Deshpande, G. A., S. S. More, and R. S. Parekar. "Static and Vibration Analysis of FGM Plates: A Critical Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 2 (2023): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49061.

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Abstract: Recently a new material has been emerged with variation of material properties particularly across the thickness. Such class of materials is called functionally graded materials. The concept of functionally graded material was proposed in 1984 by materials scientists as a means of preparing thermal barrier materials. Since then functionally graded materials are being increasingly used in the aeronautical and aerospace industry as well as in other fields of modern technology. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the various methods used to study the static and dynamic behavio

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Hiep, Nguyen Trong, Dao Sy Dan, Nguyen Dang Diem, and Dao Ngoc Tien. "NURBS-based Isogeometric Analysis and Refined Plate Theory Application on a Functionally Graded Plate Subjected to Random Loads." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 2 (2023): 10243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5478.

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In structural design standards, loads are often assumed to be random quantities to give load factors. This study deals with the Stochastic Isogeometric Analysis (SIGA) for a Functionally Graded Plate (FGP) subjected to random distribution loads. The spatial random variation of distribution loads is modeled as a homogeneous Gaussian random field in the plane of the functionally graded plate. The governing equation of the functional grade plate is derived using the NURBS-based isogeometric analysis and the refined plate theory. SIGA is developed based on standard NURBS-based isogeometric analysi

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Paulino, Glaucio H., and Emílio Carlos Nelli Silva. "Design of Functionally Graded Structures Using Topology Optimization." Materials Science Forum 492-493 (August 2005): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.435.

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The concept of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is closely related to the concept of topology optimization, which consists in a design method that seeks a continuum optimum material distribution in a design domain. Thus, in this work, topology optimization is applied to design FGM structures considering a minimum compliance criterion. The present approach applies the so-called “continuous topology optimization” formulation where a continuous change of material properties is considered inside the design domain by using the graded finite element concept. A new design is obtained where distri

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15

Jafari Chashmi, Morassa, Alireza Fathi, Masoud Shirzad, Ramazan-Ali Jafari-Talookolaei, Mahdi Bodaghi, and Sayed Mahmood Rabiee. "Design and Analysis of Porous Functionally Graded Femoral Prostheses with Improved Stress Shielding." Designs 4, no. 2 (2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs4020012.

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One of the most important problems of total hip replacement is aseptic loosening of the femoral component, which is related to the changes of the stress distribution pattern after implantation of the prosthesis. Stress shielding of the femur is recognized as a primary factor in aseptic loosening of hip replacements. Utilizing different materials is one of the ordinary solutions for that problem, but using functionally graded materials (FGMs) could be better than the conventional solutions. This research work aims at investigating different porous FGM implants and a real femoral bone by a 3D fi

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Heidari, Maryam, and Maria Kashtalyan. "Numerical Modeling of Functionally Graded Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.327.

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Coatings play an important role in a variety of engineering applications protecting metallic or ceramic substrates against oxidation, heat penetration, wear and corrosion. One of the contributing factors to structural or functional failure of coatings is a mismatch of material properties between the coating and substrate at the coating/substrate interface. The concept of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) is actively explored in coating design for the purpose of eliminating this mismatch and improving coating performance and integrity. This paper presents analysis of the mechanical behavior of

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17

Nguyen, Phong Cong Hong, Youngdoo Kim, and Young Choi. "Lightweight design with metallic additively manufactured cellular structures." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 9, no. 1 (2022): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwab078.

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Abstract Lightweight design is essential in modern product development and is prevalent in automotive, aerospace, and biomedical applications. The utilization of cellular structure, aided by advancements in additive manufacturing, is among the most effective methods for achieving lightweight design without sacrificing structural integrity and functionality. In this paper, a stress-based structural optimization method is proposed for the design of lightweight components filled with octet functionally graded cellular structures fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) with the AlSi10Mg all

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18

Sun, Chang Qing, Hua Wei, and Hong Gao. "Influence of Material Continuity of Functionally Graded Coating on Interface Crack." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.760.

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In this paper, aiming at three material parameter functions of functionally graded coating (FGC) which have different continuities, the influence of functionally gradient coating material continuity on the fracture behaviors of the crack on the interface between the base material and coating is studied. The results show that when the functionally graded coating structure is under a tension load, if the ratio of maximum elastic modulus of the FGC to the elastic modulus of the base is less than 10, the functionally graded layer which has C02 continuity can help to improve the fracture resistance

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19

Jing, Shikai, He Zhang, Jingtao Zhou, and Guohua Song. "Optimum weight design of functionally graded material gears." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 28, no. 6 (2015): 1186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/cjme.2015.0930.118.

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20

TAKAGI, Kenta, Jing Feng LI, and Ryuzo WATANABE. "Optimum Design of Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Bimorph Actuator." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2002.2 (2002): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2002.2.0_465.

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21

Mahmud, Abdus Samad, Yinong Liu, and T. H. Nam. "Design of functionally graded NiTi by heat treatment." Physica Scripta T129 (November 28, 2007): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2007/t129/050.

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22

Lannutti, John J. "Functionally graded materials: Properties, potential and design guidelines." Composites Engineering 4, no. 1 (1994): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9526(94)90010-8.

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23

Murshed, Muhammad Ridwan, Shivakumar I. Ranganathan, and Farid H. Abed. "Design maps for fracture resistant functionally graded materials." European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids 58 (July 2016): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2016.01.002.

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24

Oh, Min Kyu, and Jeonghoon Yoo. "Functionally graded structure design for magnetic field applications." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 411 (June 2023): 116057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2023.116057.

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25

Kumar, P. Ravi, Tata Nancharaiah, Bhil Ajay, B. Rajesh, B. Durga Prasad Nayak, and I. Jithendra Naga Sai Babu. "Thermoelastic Analysis of Functionally Graded Cylinder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 917 (October 13, 2023): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-wsgbq1.

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In the present work, Thermo elastic analysis is performed on a functionally graded cylinder to investigate combined effect of pressure and thermal load. It is assumed that the material of the cylinder is functionally graded in which the properties are vary continuously along the thickness based on a power law function. Results are obtained using Finite element-based software ANSYS. To know the accuracy of the present approach, results are confirmed with available literature. Furthermore, the effect of the temperature rising on the distribution of the displacement and stress for different value

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26

Rizov, Victor. "Elastic-plastic delamination of multilayered graded four-point bending beam." World Journal of Engineering 15, no. 1 (2018): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-01-2017-0015.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the elastic-plastic delamination fracture behaviour of multilayered functionally graded four-point bending beam configuration. Design/methodology/approach The mechanical response of beam is described by a power-law stress-strain relation. The fracture is studied analytically in terms of the strain energy release rate by considering the beam complimentary strain energy. The beam can have an arbitrary number of layers. Besides, each layer may have different thickness and material properties. Also, in each layer, the material is functionally graded along the bea

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27

Kedziora, Slawomir, Thierry Decker, and Elvin Museyibov. "Application of Functionally Graded Shell Lattice as Infill in Additive Manufacturing." Materials 16, no. 12 (2023): 4401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124401.

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The significance of lightweight designs has become increasingly paramount due to the growing demand for sustainability. Consequently, this study aims to demonstrate the potential of utilising a functionally graded lattice as an infill structure in designing an additively manufactured bicycle crank arm to achieve construction lightness. The authors seek to determine whether functionally graded lattice structures can be effectively implemented and explore their potential real-world applications. Two aspects determine their realisations: the lack of adequate design and analysis methods and the li

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Chen, Jian Jun, Fu Zhen Xuan, Zheng Dong Wang, and Shan Tung Tu. "Creep Behavior of Functionally Graded Material under In-Plane Bending Moment." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.449.

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The creep behavior of functionally graded material under in-plane bending moment is investigated in this paper. By extending the classic beam theory an analytical model is proposed to predict the distributions of creep strain and creep stress inside the functionally graded material according to the relationship between the inclusion volume fraction and composite creep coefficient. The analytical solution agrees well with the results obtained by the finite element method and the basic knowledge about time-dependent behavior of functionally graded material is achieved to guide its design and fab

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Jin, Qi, Xue Ping Ren, Hong Liang Hou, Yan Ling Zhang, and Hai Tao Qu. "In Situ Synthesis and Structural Design of Ti/TiC Functionally Graded Materials." Materials Science Forum 913 (February 2018): 515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.913.515.

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In this paper, the metal/ceramic functionally graded composites are prepared. The thermal stress of TiC/Ti functionally graded composites are simulated by Abaqus finite element analysis software to study the influence of the number of layers, the gradient layer thickness and the gradient of distribution index.The optimal structural parameters of the TiC/Ti functional gradient composites are obtained as the number of layers of 6 and the gradient distribution index 0.8. According to the optimized structural parameters, Ti and C powders are mixed by high-energy ball milling, then the TiC/Ti funct

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Huang, Jinhua, and A. J. Rapoff. "Optimization design of plates with holes by mimicking bones through nonaxisymmetric functionally graded material." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 217, no. 1 (2003): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146442070321700103.

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The larger natural holes in bone are not involved in failure because of the special material distribution in their vicinity. In this paper, a procedure was developed that designs the nonaxisymmetric functionally graded material distribution around a hole in a plate in an attempt to mimic bone for increased strength at small weight increase by minimizing a failure index (stress/strength ratio). Nonaxisymmetric graded material distributions were represented by a generic continuous function of eight design variables. The results show that the optimal nonaxisymmetric functionally graded plate with

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31

Erdogan, F. "Fracture Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 1 (1995): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400048934.

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In today's highly demanding technological environment, one of the main challenges in new material design is combining seemingly irreconcilable thermomechanical properties in the same component (e.g., high heat and corrosion resistance, high strength in elevated-temperature applications and high resistance to wear, and high toughness in load-bearing elements). In many cases, the problem may be solved by using coatings or by layering dissimilar materials. From a structural viewpoint, a major disadvantage of these techniques, particularly in ceramic coating of metals, has been the resulting high

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Pandey, Vibhuti B., and Sandeep K. Parashar. "Static bending and dynamic analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric beam subjected to electromechanical loads." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, no. 19 (2016): 3457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215596359.

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This paper investigates the static bending and free vibration analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric material beam under electromechanical loading. The effective material properties of functionally graded piezoelectric material beam are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness direction and are graded according to sigmoid law distribution. Both multi-layered and monomorph models have been considered in the present work. A two-dimensional finite element analysis has been performed using COMSOL Multiphysics® (version 4.2) software. The accuracy of the method was validated by com

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Luo, Yunhua. "Strain-Energy-Density Guided Design of Functionally Graded Beams." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 8 (2024): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080289.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are revolutionizing various industries with their customizable properties, a key advantage over traditional composites. The rise of voxel-based 3D printing has furthered the development of FGMs with complex microstructures. Despite these advances, current design methods for FGMs often use abstract mathematical functions with limited relevance to actual performance. Furthermore, conventional micromechanics models for the analysis of FGMs tend to oversimplify, leading to inaccuracies in effective property predictions. To address these fundamental deficiencies

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Fan, Tao, and Xiaohua Shao. "Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Using Thin Cylindrical Shell." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 17, no. 08 (2017): 1750085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455417500857.

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Presented herein is a functionally graded piezoelectric energy harvester using a thin cylindrical shell. The torsional mode for the thin cylindrical shell is studied and the effects of the functionally graded parameters on the power density are discussed. The analytical expressions for the power density are derived. From the results obtained, it can be observed that the functionally graded constant has obvious influences on the peak value of the power density. Moreover, larger values of the power density may be obtained by increasing the elastic parameter and the mass density. This work is exp

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Rizov, Victor. "Fracture analysis of a three-dimensional functionally graded beam." International Journal of Structural Integrity 9, no. 1 (2018): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-12-2016-0037.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to carry out a delamination fracture analysis of the three-dimensional functionally graded split cantilever beam (SCB) configuration. Design/methodology/approach The fracture behaviour was studied analytically in terms of the strain energy release rate by applying methods of linear elastic fracture mechanics. It was assumed that the material is functionally graded along the beam width, height and length. The strain energy release rate was derived by analysing the stress and strain state in the beam cross-sections ahead and behind the crack front. An additio

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Sayyidmousavi, Alireza, Mehrdad Foroutan, Habiba Bougherara, and Zouheir Fawaz. "DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED NANOCOMPOSITE BEAMS SUBJECTED TO A MOVING LOAD USING A MESH-FREE METHOD." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 41, no. 5 (2017): 884–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2017-518.

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In this paper, the dynamic response of functionally graded nanocomposite beams under the action of a moving load are investigated. Three different types of Carbon NanoTubes (CNT’s) distributions in a polymer matrix material are studied; Uniform Distribution (UD), Symmetrically Functionally Graded (SFG) distribution and Unsymmetrically Functionally Graded (USFG) distribution. The analysis is carried out by a mesh-free method using the two-dimensional theory of elasticity. After validation, the effects of different design parameters such as CNT’s distribution, the velocity and position of the mo

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Baykasoglu, Adil, and Cengiz Baykasoglu. "Crashworthiness optimization of circular tubes with functionally-graded thickness." Engineering Computations 33, no. 5 (2016): 1560–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-08-2015-0245.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a new multi-objective optimization procedure for crashworthiness optimization of thin-walled structures especially circular tubes with functionally graded thickness. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed optimization approach is based on finite element analyses for construction of sample design space and verification; gene-expression programming (GEP) for generating algebraic equations (meta-models) to compute objective functions values (peak crash force and specific energy absorption) for design parameters; multi-objective genetic algorit

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Li, Y., P. Pavanram, J. Zhou, et al. "Additively manufactured functionally graded biodegradable porous zinc." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 9 (2020): 2404–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9bm01904a.

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Choi, Joo Hyoung, and Jin Rae Cho. "Optimum Material Design of Metal-Ceramic Hybrid Functionally Graded Composite." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.121.

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In this paper, an efficient optimum material design technique is introduced for hybrid designing of dual-phase heat-resisting functionally graded composites. The graded region is divided into a finite number of homogeneous material layers in order to reduce the total design variables. The discrete optimum volume fractions are sought by making use of the interior penalty method and the finite difference sensitivity scheme. A linear interpolation technique is adopted to make the final optimum volume fraction distribution be continuous. The validity of the proposed optimization technique is exami

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Shin, Ki Hoon, and Seong Kyun Cheong. "FEA-Based Design and Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1681.

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Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) are composite materials that have continuous material variation along with geometry. This paper introduces a method for FEA-based design and layered manufacturing (LM) of FGMs. An FGM solid model is first created by referring to the libraries of primary materials and composition functions. The model is then discretized into an object model onto which appropriate material properties are mapped. Next, the object model is adaptively meshed and converted into an FE model. FEA using ANSYS is finally performed to estimate stress levels. This FEA-based design cycl

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Sai, Hima Sekhar. "Design of Functionally Graded Composites through Friction Stir Processing." Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering 5, no. 2 (2021): 095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.30464/10.30464/jmee.2021.5.2.95.

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An Investigation was conducted to produce Aluminium based Functionally graded material (FGM) composites by Friction stir processing (FSP). A reinforcement strategy featuring the use of Alumina and TiC reinforcements was investigated, where holes were drilled in an Aluminium plate, filled with reinforcements and stirred using FSP. A mathematical model was formulated for positioning of holes in such a manner that the composition of the reinforcements varies from maximum to minimum over a given length. Samples were subjected to various number of FSP passes from one to three with 100% overlap and

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Wang, B. L., and N. Noda. "Design of a smart functionally graded thermopiezoelectric composite structure." Smart Materials and Structures 10, no. 2 (2001): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/10/2/303.

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Sato, Motohiro, Akio Inoue, and Hiroyuki Shima. "Bamboo-inspired optimal design for functionally graded hollow cylinders." PLOS ONE 12, no. 5 (2017): e0175029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175029.

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Pang, Tong, Hehe Kang, Xiaolei Yan, Guangyong Sun, and Qing Li. "Crashworthiness design of functionally graded structures with variable diameters." International Journal of Crashworthiness 22, no. 2 (2016): 148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2016.1242548.

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Singh, Rajnish K., Zhifeng Zhou, Lawrence Kwok Yan Li, Paul Munroe, Mark Hoffman, and Zonghan Xie. "Design of functionally graded carbon coatings against contact damage." Thin Solid Films 518, no. 20 (2010): 5769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.05.109.

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Rubio, Wilfredo Montealegre, Flávio Buiochi, Julio Cezar Adamowski, and Emílio C. N. Silva. "Topology optimized design of functionally graded piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers." Physics Procedia 3, no. 1 (2010): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2010.01.114.

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Molla, Tesfaye T., J. Z. Liu, and G. B. Schaffer. "Computational Design of Functionally Graded Materials from Sintered Powders." Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation 8, no. 2 (2019): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40192-019-00127-6.

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Xiao, Zhi, Jianguang Fang, Guangyong Sun, and Qing Li. "Crashworthiness design for functionally graded foam-filled bumper beam." Advances in Engineering Software 85 (July 2015): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2015.03.005.

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Fouquet, V., L. Tapie, J. P. Attal, and A. Benoit. "Design optimization of a functionally graded overlay using FEA." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 23, sup1 (2020): S110—S112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2020.1812858.

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Luo, Yunhua. "Voxel-based design and characterization of functionally graded materials." Results in Materials 17 (March 2023): 100375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinma.2023.100375.

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