Journal articles: 'Functionally Graded Material (FGM)'

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Ge, Chang Chun, Xiao Feng Wu, and Gui Ying Xu. "Functionally Graded Thermoelectric Materials." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 2600–2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.2600.

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Functionally graded thermoelectric material (TE FGM) is one of main research direction in research field of thermoelectric (TE) materials all over world. A lot of research work on TE FGM has been done to improve the conversion efficiency of TE. Here the development of TE FGM in recent years is discussed in the aspects of the model design, the materials selection, the barrier or joining choice and the device fabrication.

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Wang, Chuan Bin, Hao Zeng, Y. G. Chen, Qiang Shen, and Lian Meng Zhang. "Preparation of W/Cu Functionally Graded Material." Materials Science Forum 631-632 (October 2009): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.631-632.431.

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A W/Cu system functionally graded material (FGM), which may be used as plasma facing component for fusion reactors, was prepared by inserting W-Cu layers with gradient composition between tungsten and copper alloy plates. W-Cu gradient layers were hot-press sintered from W-Cu powder mixtures added with zinc powder as the sintering aid, whose relative density increased with sintering temperature, reaching a value higher than 96% at 850°C. XRD and SEM measurements showed that the sintered W-Cu gradient layers were the mechanical mixtures of W and Cu. A wholly dense W/Cu system FGM was then obtained at 850°C by hot-press, whose composition and structure changed gradually. The finite element method (FEM) calculation showed that the residual stresses in the W/Cu FGM were effectively reduced as compared with the directly-bonded W/Cu joint.

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Sreeju Nair S B, C. Pany. "Functionally Graded Panels: A Review." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst060808.

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Functionally gradedmaterials (FGMs) are not homogeneous materials. It consists of different(two or more) materials, engineered to have a continuously varying spatial composition profile. FGM is the one that can solve practical problems arising from the production and application of a new type of composite material. This paper describes the overview of FGM basic concepts, classification, properties, and its modeling which may focus on the static and dynamic analysis of functionally graded panels. The effective material properties of functionally graded materials for the panel are graded in the thickness direction from the bottom surface to the top surface according to the power-law distribution of volume fractions of the constituents. The use of structures like beams, plates, and shells, which are made from functionally graded (FG) materials, is increasing because of the smooth variation of material properties along with preferred directions. This variation gives continuous stress distribution in the FG structures. Therefore, an FGM can be effectively used in avoiding corrosion, fatigue, fracture, and stress corrosion cracking. The paper covers the literature study on static, buckling and free vibration, thermo-mechanical analysis of FGM panel. From this literature study it is found that, analysis of these problems is made using the constitutive relations and governing equations associated with the classical laminated theory structural model, the FSDT model, the HSDT model,Reissner and Sander theory,differential quadrature, finite element method and closed form solutions. Results are availableon different geometrical dimensional ratios variations, power-law index value n variationsand simply supported,clamped, free edges boundary conditionswith its combinations for FG panels. Lesser literatures are available for different edge boundary conditions such as SCSC, CSCS,SSSC, SFSF, SSSF, SCSF on curved panelfor free vibration, buckling and thermo-structural analysis.

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Helal, Wasim M. K., and Dong Yan Shi. "FE Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plate during Debonding Case with Different Boundary Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 627 (September 2014): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.627.57.

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Functionally graded materials (FGMs) have become helpful in our engineering applications. Analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) plate during debonding case with different boundary conditions is the main purpose of this investigation. Elastic modulus (E) of functionally graded (FG) plate is assumed to vary continuously throughout the height of the plate, according the volume fraction of the constituent materials based on a modified sigmoid function, but the value of Poisson coefficient is constant. In this research, the finite element method (FEM) is used in order to show the shape of a plate made of FGM during debonding case with different boundary conditions. In the present investigation, the displacement value applied to the FGM plate is changed in order to find the relationship between the maximum von Mises stress and the displacement. Also, the relationship between the maximum shear stress and the displacement is carried out in the present work. The material gradient indexes of the FGM plate are changed from 1 to 10. The stress distributions around the debonding zone with all the material gradient indexes of the FGM plate are investigated in this work.

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Deshpande, G. A., S. S. More, and R. S. Parekar. "Static and Vibration Analysis of FGM Plates: A Critical Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49061.

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Abstract: Recently a new material has been emerged with variation of material properties particularly across the thickness. Such class of materials is called functionally graded materials. The concept of functionally graded material was proposed in 1984 by materials scientists as a means of preparing thermal barrier materials. Since then functionally graded materials are being increasingly used in the aeronautical and aerospace industry as well as in other fields of modern technology. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the various methods used to study the static and dynamic behaviour of functionally graded material plates. Both analytical and numerical methods are considered. The effect of variation of material properties through the thickness, type of load case, boundary conditions, edge ratio and side-to thickness ratio on the behaviour of functionally graded material plates are discussed. The main objective of this paper is to serve the interests of researchers and engineers already involved in the analysis and design of functionally graded material structures

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Toudehdehghan, Abdolreza, and Md Mujibur Rahman. "Comparison Conventional Coated Beam with Functionally Graded Coated Beam." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.23095.

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New materials are essential for the development and advancement in material manufacturing technology. A brief overview of the history of human civilization shows that from stone tools to the steel age and then to the space age, had proven that the revolution of materials is key for new technology development. Today, it is known that phenomenon such as interface delamination and de-bonding on a conventional thermal barrier coating (which are present in an environment with high temperature) degrades the performance of the material and its mechanical properties. In overcoming this adverse effects, two or more types of materials such as ceramic and metal are composed together creating a type of composite named Functionally Graded Material (FGM) in the literature. In studying the behavior of FGM, models based on a theoretical derivation of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory using the superposition method clearly demonstrate the superiority of two different configurations of FGM against the conventional coated beam. The FGM coated and under coated models apply a power-law function on the material properties across the FGM layers in comparing the effects of thermo-mechanical loading to those of conventional coated beam. Specifically, the results show that FGM drastically reduces stress concentration preventing the initiation of any delamination or de-bonding.

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Han, Mengna, Zichan Li, Zhicheng Huang, Xingguo Wang, and Wenjie Gao. "Thermal Mechanical Bending Response of Symmetrical Functionally Graded Material Plates." Materials 16, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 4683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134683.

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This paper investigates the thermal mechanical bending response of symmetric functionally graded material (FGM) plates. This article proposes a thermodynamic analysis model of both the FGM plate and FGM sandwich plate, and the model only involves four control equations and four unknown variables. The control equation is based on the refined shear deformation theory and the principle of minimum potential energy. The Navier method is used to solve the control equation. According to the method, numerical examples are provided for the thermo-mechanical bending of the symmetric FGM plate and FGM sandwich plate under a simply supported boundary condition, and the accuracy of the model is verified. Finally, parameter analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of the volume fraction index, side-to-thickness ratio, thermal load, and changes in core thickness on the thermal mechanical bending behavior of the symmetric FGM plate and FGM sandwich plate in detail. It was found that the deflection of the FGM plate is greater than that of the FGM sandwich plate, while the normal stress of the FGM plate is smaller than that of the FGM sandwich plate. Moreover, the FGM plate and FGM sandwich plate are sensitive to nonlinear temperature changes.

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Ancy, Alex, and U. Parvathy. "Thermal Buckling Behaviour of Functionally Graded Plates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 857 (November 2016): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.857.279.

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Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) are those materials which have continuous variation of material properties from metal phase to ceramic phase. Due to the continuous change in material properties of FGMs, the stress singularity at the interface between the two different materials is eliminated and thus the bonding strength is enhanced. They are widely used in high temperature environment such as nuclear reactors and rocket heat shields. The material property of FGM plate varies along the thickness direction and the variation is idealised by different mathematical idealisation techniques. This paper deals with the buckling behaviour of clamped PFGM plate under uniform temperature field. Thermal buckling behaviour of FGM plate has been obtained numerically through ANSYS software. The convergence study of the results is optimized by changing the mesh size. The critical buckling temperature rise obtained for functionally graded plates using ANSYS software are compared with the available literature. The effect of different parameters such as power-law index, thickness ratio, and aspect ratio on critical buckling temperature rise for temperature independent and dependent material properties of each constituent is also discussed. It is found that the critical buckling temperature rise decreases with the increase in power-law indices and thickness ratio and increases with increase in aspect ratio.

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SARAÇOĞLU, Mustafa Halûk, Gökhan GÜÇLÜ, and Fethullah USLU. "Deflection analysis of functionally graded equal strength beams." European Mechanical Science 6, no. 2 (June 26, 2022): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26701/ems.1015629.

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In this study, equal strength cantilever and simply supported beams made of functionally graded material (FGM) whose material properties vary though the height direction were investigated. These equal strength cantilever FGM beams were loaded with uniformly distributed load and a point load at the tip and simply supported FGM beams were loaded with uniformly distributed loads. They have all variable cross-section and straight axis. For calculating equivalent material properties of FGMs, power law distribution and Mori-Tanaka model were used. A computer program was developed for the analysis of the problem. The dimensionless deflection values for cantilever beams and simply supported beams were obtained for different materials by the help of developed computer program. Obtained results are presented in the form of tables and graphs which may be useful for the researchers.

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Tian, Jian Hui, Yan Cao, Jian Hua Wang, Wei Xu, and Xian Long Xu. "The Thermal Response Investigation of Functionally Graded Material Plates." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1892–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1892.

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The displacement response of functionally graded material (FGM) plates has been investigated based on the strip element method (SEM) for temperature change. The material properties of the FGM plates vary continuously through the thickness. The temperature is assumed to vary continuously through the thickness. The displacement response is obtained for the FGM plates in the condition of temperature change action and both temperature and external force action. This study extends SEM to the heat response of the FGM plates considering heat effect. It is not only extension and development for the applicability of this method in thermal field but also provides a good theory reference for more applying SEM to the thermal field.

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Huang, Zheng-Ming, Qiongan Wang, and S. Ramakrishna. "Tensile Behaviour of Functionally Graded Braided Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Composite Material." Polymers and Polymer Composites 10, no. 4 (May 2002): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110201000406.

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The primary objective of this research work was to investigate experimentally the tensile behaviour of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) made from tubular braided composites and to find out the relationship between the tensile property of the FGM and that of the corresponding non-FGM. Composites were made using tubular braided carbon fibre fabrics and an epoxy resin. The FGM specimens had varying braiding angles and the non-FGM specimens had constant braiding angles. The effect of braiding angle on the composite properties was established from the test results for the non-FGM specimens. It was shown that both the tensile strength and modulus decreased as the braiding angle increased. The tensile behaviour of the FGM specimens was demonstrated to be related to that of the non-FGM specimens. The tensile modulus of an FGM specimen could be estimated from the tensile moduli of a series of non-FGM specimens. The tensile strength of an FGM specimen was a function of its largest braiding angle, and was higher than that of a non-FGM specimen with a braiding angle equal to this largest braiding angle.

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Elhannani, Abdelhak, Kaddour Refassi, Abbes Elmeiche, and Mohamed Bouamama. "Vibration analysis of functionally graded tapered rotor shaft system." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 23, no. 1 (July 10, 2019): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2019-0032.

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Abstract This investigation deals with the vibration analysis of a rotating tapered shaft in Functionally Graded Material (FGM). The dynamic system is modeled using the Timoshenko beam theory (FSDBT) with consideration of gyroscopic effect and rotary inertia. The equations of motion are expressed by the hierarchical finite element method based on bi-articulated boundary conditions. The material properties are continuously varied in the thickness direction of a hollow shaft according to the exponential law function (E-FGM). The presented model is validated by comparing the numerical results found with the available literature. Various analyses are carried out to determine the influence of taper angle and material distribution of the two extreme materials on the dynamic behavior of FGM conical rotors system.

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RATTAN, MINTO, NEERAJ CHAMOLI, SATYA BIR SINGH, and NISHI GUPTA. "CREEP BEHAVIOR OF ANISOTROPIC FUNCTIONALLY GRADED ROTATING DISCS." International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Engineering 02, no. 01 (March 2013): 1350005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s204768411350005x.

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The creep behavior of an anisotropic rotating disc of functionally gradient material (FGM) has been investigated in the present study using Hill's yield criteria and the creep behavior in this case is assumed to follow Sherby's constitutive model. The stress and strain rate distributions are calculated for disc having different types of anisotropy and the results obtained are compared graphically. It is concluded that the anisotropy of the material has a significant effect on the creep behavior of the FGM disc. It is also observed that the FGM disc shows better creep behavior than the non-FGM disc.

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Lee, Chang Yull, and Ji Hwan Kim. "Functionally Graded Plates under Thermal and Moisture Effects." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1382.

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The postbucking behaviors of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) plate in hygrothermal environments are investigated. The material properties of FGM change continuously in the thickness direction according to the volume fractions of the materials. The formulations are based on the First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) and von Karman strain-displacement relations are applied. Governing equations are derived by using the principle of virtual work and numerical solutions are solved through a finite element method. Newton-Raphson technique is adopted to analyze the thermal postbuckling behavior of the model. Furthermore, moisture effects on the model are significantly appeared due to the increase of the volume fraction index of the materials.

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Ashrafi, Hosein, M. R. Bahadori, and M. Shariyat. "Two-Dimensional Modeling of Functionally Graded Viscoelastic Materials Using a Boundary Element Approach." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.570.

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In this paper, a 2D boundary element approach able to model viscoelastic functionally graded materials (FGM) is presented. A numerical implementation of the Somigliana identity for displacements is developed to solve 2D problems of exponentially graded elasticity. An FGM is an advanced material in which its composition changes gradually resulting in a corresponding change in properties of the material. The FGM concept can be applied to various materials for structural and functional uses. Our model needs only the Green’s function of nonhomogeneous elastostatic problems with material properties that vary continuously along a given dimension. We consider the material properties to be an exponential function of Cartesian coordinates x. As application, a numerical example is provided to validate the proposed boundary integral equation approach.

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Wang, Ming Lu, Yan Bin Shi, and Quan Zhou. "Free Vibration of Functionally Graded Material Beam under Thermal Loads." Advanced Materials Research 740 (August 2013): 755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.755.

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The material properties of FGM beams are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness according to power law distribution. Based on the assumption that plane section remains plane and normal to the beam axis, the differential equations of motion were established for free vibration of FGM elastic beams under thermal loads and mechanical loads on the premise of the middle plane strain caused by heterogeneity of the materials. Natural frequency and dominant mode shape of FGM beams with four kinds of boundary conditions were obtained.

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Zhang, Yan Bing, Chun Yu Ren, and Xi Zhu. "Research on Vibration and Sound Radiation from Submarine Functionally Graded Material Nonpressure Cylindrical Shell." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 3046–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.3046.

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In this paper, we establish the finite element (FEM) and boundary element (BEM) models of a submarine section, and study the underwater sound radiation field of three different non-pressure shells made of steel, steel with anechoic tile, and the functionally graded materials (FGM) separately using a method combining of FEM and BEM . Research shows that the combination of FEM and BEM can address the acoustic radiation calculation problem of FGM, and in comparison with steel and anechoic tile laying submarine section, the weight of FGM non-pressure shell reduces 1600kg, and the sound radiation power decreases 4db and 2.5db respectively, thus having better performance in vibration and noise reduction.

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Chandrasekaran, Srinivasan, and Hari S. "Functionally graded material and its application to marine structures." Sustainable Marine Structures 4, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/sms.v4i1.490.

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Marine structures are exposed to harsh weather conditions, demanding special pre-requisites in design and functional perspectives. Under dynamic loads of larger magnitude, the material-centric design procedure alone is not feasible to ensure the safe disbursement of loads. The compliant offshore structures resist loads primarily by their geometric novelty, and hence their design is form-dominant and no more strength (material) dominant. Large displacements in the rigid body modes in the horizontal plane under lateral loads require their construction material to possess enough ductility to absorb this energy. Steel is one of the most competitive materials for marine structures as it offers good ductility, but corrosion in the marine environment is a major concern. It undergoes strength and functional degradations and therefore requires serious investigation. In the present study, functionally graded material (FGM) is proposed to substitute for steel in marine applications. The method of fabricating FGM and assessing its mechanical and durability properties are discussed. Results show that FGM possesses strength and durability properties at par with the conventionally used X52 steel for marine risers. The presented study will be a major initiative towards future research in exploring competent materials which will be strong and sustainable in the marine environment.

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Pshenichnov, Sergey, Radan Ivanov, and Maria Datcheva. "Transient Wave Propagation in Functionally Graded Viscoelastic Structures." Mathematics 10, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 4505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10234505.

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Transient wave processes in viscoelastic structures built from functionally graded material (FGM) still remain almost unexplored. In this article, the problem of the propagation of nonstationary longitudinal waves in an infinite viscoelastic layer of a FGM with plane–parallel boundaries is considered. The physical and mechanical parameters of the FGM depend continuously on the transverse coordinate, while the wave process propagates along the same coordinate. The viscoelastic properties of the material are taken into account employing the linear integral Boltzmann–Volterra relations. The viscoelastic layer of the FGM is replaced by a piecewise-homogeneous layer consisting of a large number of sub-layers (a package of homogeneous layers), thus approximating the continuous inhomogeneity of the FGM. A solution of a non-stationary dynamic problem for a piecewise-homogeneous layer is constructed and, using a specific example, the convergence of the results with an increase in the number of sub-layers in the approximating piecewise-homogeneous layer is shown. Furthermore, the problem of the propagation of nonstationary longitudinal waves in the cross section of an infinitely long viscoelastic hollow FGM cylinder, whose material properties continuously change along the radius, is also considered. The cylinder composed of the FGM is replaced by a piecewise-homogeneous one, consisting of a large number of coaxial layers, for which the solution of the non-stationary dynamic problem is constructed. For both the layer and the cylinder composed of a viscoelastic FGM, the results of calculating the characteristic parameters of the wave processes for the various initial data are presented. The influence of the viscosity and inhomogeneity of the material on the dynamic processes is demonstrated.

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Monslin, Sugirtha Singh J., and Thangaratnam R. Kari. "Vibration of Initially Stressed Functionally Graded Material Plates and Shells." Applied Mechanics and Materials 684 (October 2014): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.684.158.

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Finite element formulation using semiloof shell element for initially stressed vibration of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) plates and shells are presented. The influence of volume fraction index on the vibration frequencies of thin functionally graded plates and shells and variation of temperature on frequency are studied. New results are presented for initially stressed vibration of FGM plates and shells.

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Joshi, Kamal Kishore, and Vishesh Ranjan Kar. "Effect of material heterogeneity on the deformation behaviour of multidirectional (1D/2D/3D) functionally graded composite panels." Engineering Computations 38, no. 8 (February 11, 2021): 3325–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-06-2020-0301.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is the comprehensive numerical assessment of multidirectional (1D/2D/3D) functionally graded composite panel structures with different material gradation patterns and degrees of material heterogeneity. Here, deformation characteristics are obtained under different loading and support conditions. Design/methodology/approach The finite element solutions of multidirectional functionally graded composite panels subjected to uniform and sinusoidal transverse loads are presented under different support conditions. Here, different functionally graded composites, such as unidirectional (1D) and multidirectional (2D/3D), are considered by distributing constituent materials in one, two and three directions, respectively, using single and multivariable power-law functions. A constitutive model with fully spatial-dependent elastic stiffness is developed, whereas the kinematics of the present structure is defined using equivalent single-layer higher-order theory. The weak form, based on the principle of virtual work, is established and solved consequently using isoparametric finite element approximations via quadrilateral Lagrangian elements. Findings The appropriate mesh-refinement process is carried out to achieve the mesh convergence; whereas, the correctness of proposed heterogeneous model is confirmed through a verification test. The comprehensive numerical assessment of multidirectional functionally graded panels under various loading and support conditions depicts the importance of degree of material heterogeneity with different gradation patterns and volume-fraction exponents. Originality/value A comprehensive analysis on the deformation behaviour of 1D-functionally graded materials (FGMs) (X-FGM, Y-FGM and Z-FGM), 2D-FGMs (XY-FGM, YZ-FGM and XZ-FGM) and 3D-FGM composite panels FGM structures is presented. Multifaceted heterogeneous FGMs are modelled by varying constituent materials in one, two and three directions, using power-law functions. The constitutive model of multi-directional FGM is developed using fully spatial-dependent elastic matrix and higher-order kinematics. Isoparametric 2D finite element formulation is adopted using quadrilateral Lagrangian elements to model 1D/2D/3D-FGM structures and to obtain their deflection responses under different loading and support conditions.

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Peter, Ildiko, Mario Rosso, and Silvia Lombardo. "Sequential Casting of Functionally Graded Material." Key Engineering Materials 750 (August 2017): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.750.153.

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Functionally graded materials (FGM) are used for components with specific characteristics required by the considered area of application. In this research, functionally graded material is obtained with sequential casting process of two different aluminum alloys. They are poured into the mould, aiming to obtain within the same component high thermal resistance and mechanical strength on one side and ductility and elongation on the other side.The new casting has high potential, especially in the production of automotive components, e.g., pistons. Usually, piston alloys are eutectic Al-Si alloys, with high percentage of other alloying elements which increases the thermal resistance of the material. However, this high concentration of alloying elements leads to a considerable reduction of the material’s elongation that is not always tolerable. The low ductility can be an issue for the inferior part of the piston that is more subjected to fatigue stress. To increase the elongation, in addition to the alloy used for the manufacturing, a hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy is considered in the sequential casting of the FGM, that in turn gives rise to a superior ductility in the component.The purpose of this research is the optimization of the manufacturing process parameters of a functionally graded material to be used for the production of a more performing element. In particular, the produced piston shows a superior resistance at high temperatures in the area which it is in contact with the gas combustion and, simultaneously exhibits a superior fatigue life on its lateral part.

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Xue, L. J., X. Y. Bian, J. J. Feng, and J. N. Liu. "Elastoplastic Analysis of a Functionally Graded Material Beam Subjected to Uniformly Distributed Load." Journal of Mechanics 36, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2019.40.

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ABSTRACTThe elastoplastic behavior of a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) simply supported beam consisting of elastic material A and elastoplastic material B under uniformly distributed load is investigated. A power function is used to describe the volume fractions of the constituent materials, and the average stress of the FGM beam is obtained by using the averaging method. This method can avoid the assumption of the varying properties of the whole material, and can consider the different Possion’s ratios of the different constituent materials. What’s more, only the elastoplastic material B in the FGM beam will yield, and the yield function is determined by the stress of material B only, rather than the average stress of the whole material. The method used in this work is more closer to the real material than the method by assuming the variation of the whole properties of FGM. The theoretical results show a good agreement with the finite element results, which indicates that the method provided in this work is valid. With this method, the variation of the elastic and plastic areas, the stress distribution on the cross section, variation of the curvature and neutral layer, and the residual stress distribution of the FGM beam are discussed through numerical results. This work can provide a new way for the design and in-depth investigation of FGM material.

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Huyen, Nguyen Ngoc, and Nguyen Tien Khiem. "FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF CRACKED FUNCTIONALLY GRADED CANTILEVER BEAM." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 2 (April 17, 2017): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-708x/55/2/8292.

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In this paper, a functionally graded cantilever beam with an open crack is investigated on the base of Timoshenko beam theory; power law of functionally graded material (FGM) and taking into account actual position of neutral axis instead of the central one. The open and edge crack is modeled by coupled translational and rotational springs stiffness of which is calculated by the formulas conducted accordingly to fracture mechanics. Using the frequency equation obtained in the framework of the theory natural frequencies of the beam are examined along the crack parameters and material properties. This analysis demonstrates that sensitivity of natural frequencies of FGM beam to crack is strongly dependent on the material constants of FGM

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Hvizdoš, Pavol, and Kristoffer Norberg. "Residual Stresses in Laminar Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials." Key Engineering Materials 333 (March 2007): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.333.259.

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A simple analytical model of residual stresses far from edges in symmetrical planar functionally graded material (FGM) is presented. The model is based on elastic plate theory and neglects the influence of edges and free surfaces. The results are compared to analytical model of laminar ceramics and to finite element model of FGM. The influence of various geometrical and material parameters on the internal stress state is discussed.

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Reddy, Ch Naveen, M. Bhargav, and T. Revanth. "Bending Analysis of Piezoelectric Functionally Graded Material Plates Using HSDT." Materials Science Forum 969 (August 2019): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.116.

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This work investigates the complete analytical solution for functionally graded material (FGM) plates incorporated with smart material. The odjective of the present work is to determine bending characteristics of piezoelectric FGM plates with different geometrical parameters, voltages and boundary conditions for electro-mechanical loading. In this work an analytical formulation based on higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is presented for the piezoelectric FGM plates. The solutions are obtained in closed from using Navier’s technique for piezoelectric FGM plates a specific type of simply supported boundary conditions and pc code have been developed to find out the deflections and stresses for various parameters. All the solutions are plotted against aspect proportion, side to thickness proportion as a function of material variety parameter (n) and thickness coordinate for different voltages. The significant trends from the results are obtained.

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Gupta, Simmi, and HD Chalak. "Study on a revolutionary composite material: functionally graded material (FGM)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 872 (June 27, 2020): 012161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/872/1/012161.

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Janane Allah, M., Y. Belaasilia, A. Timesli, and A. El Haouzi. "TSDT theory for free vibration of functionally graded plates with various material properties." Mathematical Modeling and Computing 8, no. 4 (2021): 691–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/mmc2021.04.691.

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In this work, an implicit algorithm is used for analyzing the free dynamic behavior of Functionally Graded Material (FGM) plates. The Third order Shear Deformation Theory (TSDT) is used to develop the proposed model. In this contribution, the formulation is written without any homogenization technique as the rule of mixture. The Hamilton principle is used to establish the resulting equations of motion. For spatial discretization based on Finite Element Method (FEM), a quadratic element with four and eight nodes is adopted using seven degrees of freedom per node. An implicit algorithm is used for solving the obtained problem. To study the accuracy and the performance of the proposed approach, we present comparisons with literature and laminate composite modeling results for vibration natural frequencies. Otherwise, we examine the influence of the exponent of the volume fraction which reacts the plates "P-FGM" and "S-FGM". In addition, we study the influence of the thickness on "E-FGM" plates.

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Shah, Vyom, Darshita Shah, and Dhaval B. Shah. "Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plate under Transverse Loading for Varying Volume Gradation." Advanced Materials Research 1155 (August 2019): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1155.81.

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Functionally graded material (FGM) has a unique design in which material properties vary smoothly and continuously which leads to having better thermal and mechanical performance. Functionally graded material has a wide area of application from the pressure vessel to aerospace due to its tailoring properties. The main emphasis has been made here, to present a structural mechanical and steady-state thermal analysis of functionally graded flat plate made up of aluminum and ceramic. The flat plate is subjected to various boundary and loading condition. Material properties of FGM is calculated across the thickness using power law with the help of MATLAB programming. An analysis is performed for various volume gradation using MACROS in ANSYS APDL. The analysis results for functionally graded materials are compared with a composite sandwich plate for the same boundary conditions. It was found that von-Mises stress generated in FGM is 14.6% less than compared to sandwich structure, the stress in x and y-direction is 16.5% less, XY-Shear is 13.5% less and deflection is 33% less than a sandwich plate of aluminum and ceramic.

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Khiem, Nguyen Tien, and Nguyen Ngoc Huyen. "UNCOUPLED VIBRATIONS IN FUNCTIONALLY GRADED TIMOSHENKO BEAM." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 6 (December 7, 2016): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-708x/54/6/7719.

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Free vibration of FGM Timoshenko beam is investigated on the base of the power law distribution of FGM. Taking into account the actual position of neutral plane enables to obtain general condition for uncoupling of axial and flexural vibrations in FGM beam. This condition defines a class of functionally graded beams for which axial and flexural vibrations are completely uncoupled likely to the homogeneous beams. Natural frequencies and mode shapes of uncoupled flexural vibration of beams from the class are examined in dependence on material parameters and slendernes

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Chen, Yan Lin, Xi Ya Zhu, Pei Jie Lu, Zong Yu Li, Cheng Wen Zeng, and Ming Yan. "Ti₂AlC/TiC Functionally Graded Material Fabricated by SPS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 3869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.3869.

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Ti/Al/TiC mixed powders were used as the raw materials for the fabrication of functionally graded material (FGM) in situ synthesis by spark plasma sintering. The sample was analyzed by SEM combined with Metallographic microscope and Energy Disperse Spectroscopy. The results show that dense Ti2AlC/TiC functionally graded material (FGM) was produced by spark plasma sintering. Micro-hardness tester is used to character the distribution of hardness on the material .The results show that the Vickers hardness of every layer increases with TiC content and temperature increasing.

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Jamian, Saifulnizan, Hisashi Sato, Hideaki Tsukamoto, and Yoshimi Watanabe. "Creep Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Thick-Walled Cylinder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.867.

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In this paper, creep analysis for a thick-walled cylinder made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) subjected to thermal and internal pressure is carried out. The structure is replaced by a system of discrete rectangular cross-section ring elements interconnected along circumferential nodal circles. The property of FGM is assumed to be continuous function of volume fraction of material composition. The creep behavior of the structures is obtained by the use of an incremental approach. The obtained results show that the property of FGM significantly influences the stress distribution along the radial direction of the thick-walled cylinder as a function of time.

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Sharma, Dinkar, Ramandeep Kaur, and Honey Sharma. "Investigation of thermo-elastic characteristics in functionally graded rotating disk using finite element method." Nonlinear Engineering 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 312–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nleng-2021-0025.

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Abstract In this research paper, displacement, stresses and strains are presented for rotating FGM disk with variable thickness by using finite element method (FEM). Thermo-elastic material properties and thickness of FGM disk continuously vary as exponential and power law function in radial direction along radius of disk. The value of Poisson's ratio is taken as constant. The problem of thermo-elasticity is converted into second order governing differential equation in terms of radial coordinate. This conversion is based upon equilibrium equation for disk and stress-strain relationship. The influence of variable thickness, angular velocity and functionally graded materials is discussed on thermo-elastic characteristics of rotating disk for exponential variation of material properties. Further, these thermo-elastic characteristics of disk are plotted for various values of non-homogeneity parameter under power law distribution of material properties. Thus, the investigations done in this research paper may be useful for industrial area in construction an appropriate FGM disk by controlling above mentioned parameters.

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Lin, Daniel, Qing Li, Wei Li, and Michael V. Swain. "Functionally Graded Dental Implant and its Effect on Bone Remodeling." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1035.

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Currently, titanium dominates the dental implant materials due to its strength and bio-inerrability. The use of titanium implant had demonstrated considerable surgical success. However, researchers are spontaneously pursuing better materials to achieve better osseointegration in the early stage of implantation. Recently, dental implants based on functionally graded material (FGM) were introduced in pursuit for the goal of enhanced bio-compatibility. The concept for FGM dental implant is that the property would vary in certain pattern to match the biomechanical characteristics required at different regions in the oral bone. However, mating properties do not necessarily guarantee better osseointegration and bone remodelling. There is no existing report available on the long-term effect of FGM dental implant on its hosting bone tissues. This paper aims at exploring this critical problem by using computational bone remodelling technique. The magnitude of bone remodelling due to use of FGM implant is identified over a healing period of four years. Comparisons were made between titanium and various FGM designs, the interesting differences were observed and the optimum FGM design was suggested based on the remodelling results.

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Franco Correia, Victor, José S. Moita, Filipa Moleiro, and Cristóvão M. Mota Soares. "Optimization of Metal–Ceramic Functionally Graded Plates Using the Simulated Annealing Algorithm." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020729.

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This work involves the design optimization of metal–ceramic through the thickness of functionally graded material (FGM) plates subjected to thermomechanical loadings. Constrained optimization was performed for minimum mass and minimum material cost of the FGM plates. The design process of FGM plate structures requires a good choice of metal and ceramic materials and the adequate definition of the components volume fractions through the thickness direction in order to accomplish a certain structural behavior, while optimizing the material costs and/or the plate mass. Here, the optimization problems are solved with the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm, not requiring the calculation of the derivatives of the objective or constraint functions. Constrained single objective optimization cases are studied, and validated with alternative solutions, considering the p-index and the FGM plate thickness as design variables. New optimization cases, involving additionally the metal and ceramic materials as design variables, are presented both for benchmark purposes and to demonstrate the suitability of the SA algorithm to solve those optimization problems.

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Miedzińska, Danuta, Robert Panowicz, and Przemysław Jóźwicki. "Multiscale Modelling Method for Chosen Functionally Graded Material." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.593.

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The paper deals with the numerical and experimental analyses of functionally graded material structures which are represented by a surface layer of the steel sample hardened during the laser treatment process. A functionally graded parameter of the researched structure was assumed as the hardness value experimentally measured with the use of a Vickers hardness test method. The microstructure of the tested layer was also analyzed for the Vickers test verification. Two homogenization methods were used for the purpose of layer substitute properties for numerical calculations. The first one was to divide the FGM domain into a number of layers in the direction of material gradation and then apply a numerical homogenization method within each layer. The resulting material model describes the FGM as a composite of homogeneous layers. The second method was based on the Mori-Tanaka homogenization theory and was carried out with the use of Digimat software, which is the nonlinear multi-scale materials and structures modelling platform. Both methods were compared and showed good correspondence.

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HAMZA-CHERIF, S. M., A. HOUMAT, and A. HADJOUI. "TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS." International Journal of Computational Methods 04, no. 04 (December 2007): 603–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876207001254.

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The h-p version of the finite element method (FEM) is considered to determine the transient temperature distribution in functionally graded materials (FGM). The h-p version may be regarded as the marriage of conventional h-version and p-version. The graded Fourier p-element is used to set up the two-dimensional heat conduction equations. The temperature is formulated in terms of linear shape functions used generally in FEM plus a variable number of trigonometric shape functions representing the internal degrees of freedom (DOF). In the graded Fourier p-element, the function of the thermal conductivity is computed exactly within the conductance matrix and thus overcomes the computational errors caused by the space discretization introduced by the FEM. Explicit and easily programmed trigonometric enriched capacitance, conductance matrices and heat load vectors are derived for plates and cylinders by using symbolic computation. The convergence properties of the h-p version proposed and the results of the numbers of test problems are in good agreement with the analytical solutions. Also, the effect of the non-homogeneity of the FGM on the temperature distribution is considered.

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Muller, Pierre, Jean-Yves Hascoet, and Pascal Mognol. "Toolpaths for additive manufacturing of functionally graded materials (FGM) parts." Rapid Prototyping Journal 20, no. 6 (October 20, 2014): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2013-0011.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an evaluation of toolpaths for additive manufacturing of functionally graded materials (FGM) parts to ensure the manufacturing of parts in compliance with the desired material distribution. The selection of an appropriate path strategy is critical when manufacturing FGM parts. Design/methodology/approach – The selection of a path strategy is based on a process modeling and an additive laser melting (ALM) system control. To do that, some path strategies are selected, simulated and compared. Findings – The comparison of some paths strategies was applied on a study case from the biomedical field. Test-parts were manufactured and analyzed. Results show a good correlation between the simulated and the deposited material distributions. The evaluation of toolpaths based on the process modeling and the system control was validated. Originality/value – Nowadays, FGM parts manufactured with ALM processes are not functional. To move from these samples to functional parts, it is necessary to have a global approach of the manufacturing procedure centered on the path planning. Few methodologies of path planning are adapted to FGM parts but are still limited.

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Kawauchi, Yosuke, Noriaki Morinaga, Yasuyoshi Fukui, Hiroshi Okada, and Noriyoshi Kumazawa. "Wear Characteristic of Semisolid Formed Al-Al_3Ni FGM : FGM : Functionally Graded Material." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2003 (2003): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2003.19.

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Daikh, Ahmed Amine, Mohamed Guerroudj, Mohamed El Adjrami, and Abdelkader Megueni. "Thermal Buckling of Functionally Graded Sandwich Beams." Advanced Materials Research 1156 (December 2019): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1156.43.

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Thermal buckling of new model of functionally graded (FG) sandwich beams is presented in this study. Material properties and thermal expansion coefficient of FG sheets are assumed to vary continuously along the thickness according to either power-law (P-FGM) or sigmoid function (S-FGM) in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Equations of stability are derived based on the generalized higher-order shear deformation beam theory. Thermal loads are supposed to be constant, linear or nonlinear distribution along the thickness direction. An accurate form solution for nonlinear temperature variation through the thickness of S-FGM and P-FGM sandwich beams is presented. Numerical examples are presented to examine the influence of thickness ratio, the inhomogeneity parameter and the thermal loading kinds on the thermal buckling response of various types of FG sandwich beams.

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41

Tošić, G., G. Bogdanović, D. Čukanović, and A. Radaković. "Functionally graded materials in transport vehicles – overview, fabrication, application, modelling." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1271, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1271/1/012014.

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Abstract This paper deals with functionally graded materials (FGM) as modern materials in transport vehicles. Basic methods of FGM production and areas of their application are presented, as well as an example of modelling an FGM plate. Bending of freely supported square FGM plates under the influence of sinusoidal transverse load was analyzed. The plates are made of metal (aluminium) and ceramic (alumina) in which material characteristics change as a function along the thickness of the plate. The static analysis was done by applying finite elements methods in the FEMAP software package for different mesh sizes. The results were compared with those obtained in the MATLAB software package using the classical plate theory, quasi 3D theory as well as high order shear deformation theories. The previously mentioned comparative results were analysed and certain observations and appropriate conclusions were made.

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Li, Shuang Bao, and Yu Xin Hao. "Chaotic Motion of a Functionally Graded Materials Square Thin Plate." Advanced Materials Research 531 (June 2012): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.531.593.

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Chaotic motion of a simply supported functionally graded materials (FGM) square thin plate under one-to-two internal resonance is studied in this paper. The FGM plate is subjected to the transversal and in-plane excitations. Material properties are assumed to be temperature-dependent and change continuously throughout the thickness of the plate. The temperature variation is assumed to occur in the thickness direction only and satisfy the steady-state heat transfer equation. Based on the Reddy’s third-order plate theory and Hamilton’s principle, the nonlinear governing equations of motion for the FGM plate are derived by using the Galerkin’s method to describe the transverse oscillation in the first two modes Numerical simulations illustrate that there exist chaotic motion for the FGM rectangular plate.

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43

Wang, Ming Lu. "Thermoelastic Deformations of Functionally Graded Materials Plates." Advanced Materials Research 740 (August 2013): 570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.570.

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The governing equation of thermoelastic FGM thin plates was obtained by degenerating the governing equation of thermoviscoelastic FGM thin plates. A Navier solution of a simply supported FGM rectangular plate under thermal loads was get. Based on the Navier solution, the influence of considering and ignoring mid-plane stain, due to the inhomogeneous property of the functionally graded materials, on the maximal deflection and thermal stress of the functionally graded materials thin plate is investigated.

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Zhang, Li Gang, Hong Zhu, Hong Biao Xie, and Lin Yuan. "P Wave Propagation in the Functionally Graded Materials." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1685.

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The P wave propagation in the functionally graded materials (FGM) is studied. The differential equation with varied-coefficient of wave motion in the FGM is established. By using of the WKBJ approximation method, the differential equation with varied-coefficient is solved, and the closed-analytical solutions of displacement in the FGM are obtained. The properties of the FGM whose shear modulus and mass density are gradually varying in exponential form are calculated; the curves of P wave velocity and amplitude, and the general properties of the P wave in the FGM are analyzed.

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BAYAT, M., B. B. SAHARI, and M. SALEEM. "THE EFFECT OF CERAMIC IN COMBINATION OF TWO SIGMOID FUNCTIONALLY GRADED ROTATING DISKS WITH VARIABLE THICKNESS." International Journal of Computational Methods 09, no. 02 (June 2012): 1240029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876212400294.

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This paper presents elastic solutions of a disk made of functionally graded material (FGM) with variable thickness subjected to rotating load. The material properties are represented by combination of two sigmoid FGM (S-FGM) namely aluminum–ceramic–aluminum and the disk's different thickness profiles are assumed to be represented by power law distributions. Hollow disks are considered and the solutions for the displacements and stresses are given under appropriate boundary conditions. The effects of the material grading index n and the geometry of the disk on the displacements and stresses are investigated. The results are compared with the known results in the literature on metal–ceramic–metal FGMs. Also the solutions are compared S-FGM versus FGM and non FGM and variable thickness versus uniform thickness. It is found that a sigmoid functionally graded disk with concave thickness profile has smaller displacements and stresses compared with concave or linear thickness profile. It is also observed that an S-FGM rotating functionally graded disk with metal–ceramic–metal combination can be more efficient than the one with ceramic–metal or metal–ceramic.

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46

Darilmaz, Kutlu. "Vibration analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) grid systems." Steel and Composite Structures 18, no. 2 (February 25, 2015): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.18.2.395.

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Muller, Pierre, Jean Yves Hascoet, and Pascal Mognol. "A Method for the Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Material Parts." Advanced Materials Research 698 (May 2013): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.698.117.

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Developments in additive manufacturing add possibilities to produce three-dimensional industrial parts. Nowadays, customized parts can be obtained in short period directly from digital data. One of major recent evolutions of additive manufacturing is the ability to produce functionally graded material (FGM) parts. These materials can be characterized by the variation in composition and structure gradually over the volume. The use of these materials is particularly attractive in fields such as aeronautical or biomedical where the multimaterial parts allow to modify locally mechanical, chemical, physical or biochemical properties. To move from the design to the fabrication of FGM parts, the necessary steps include representation of the part and determination of a manufacturing strategy to control the process.

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SHERAFAT, M. H., H. R. OVESY, and S. A. M. GHANNADPOUR. "BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED PLATES UNDER MECHANICAL LOADING USING HIGHER ORDER FUNCTIONALLY GRADED STRIP." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 13, no. 06 (July 2, 2013): 1350033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455413500338.

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This paper is concerned with buckling analyses of rectangular functionally graded plates (FGPs) under uniaxial compression, biaxial compression and combined compression and tension loads. It is assumed that the plate is a mixture of metal and ceramic that its properties changes as afunction according to the simple power law distribution through the plate thickness. The fundamental eigen-buckling equations for rectangular plates of functionally graded material (FGM) are obtained by discretizing the plate into some finite strips, which are developed on the basis of the higher order plate theory (HOPT). The solution is obtained by the minimization of the total potential energy. Numerical results fora variety of FGPs are given, and compared with the available results, wherever possible. The effects of thickness ratio, variation of the volume fraction of the ceramic phase through the thickness, aspect ratio, boundary conditions and also load distribution on the buckling load capacity of FGM plates are determined and discussed. It is found that the buckling behavior of FGM plates is particularly influenced by application of HOPT, especially when the plates are thick.

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Han, Mengna, Jiahao Huang, Zhicheng Huang, and Xingguo Wang. "Bending Analysis of Asymmetric Functionally Graded Material Sandwich Plates in Thermal Environments." Materials 16, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 4682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134682.

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This paper investigates the bending of asymmetric functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates subjected to thermo-mechanical loads in thermal environments. In this paper, a thermo-mechanical analysis model for asymmetric FGM sandwich plates is proposed, which contains only four control equations and four unknown variables. The governing equation is obtained through refined shear theory and the principle of virtual work, and the Navier method is used to solve it. Numerical examples of simply supported FGM sandwich plates under thermo-mechanical loads are given to verify the accuracy of the model. Finally, detailed studies are conducted on the bending of asymmetric FGM sandwich plates under thermo-mechanical loads, exploring the effects of various parameter changes on their bending behavior, and providing strong guidance for the application of asymmetric FGM sandwich plates in industrial production practice.

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Zhang, J., W. Xu, and X. F. Yao. "Load Detection of Functionally Graded Material Based on Coherent Gradient Sensing Method." Journal of Mechanics 34, no. 3 (November 22, 2016): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2016.114.

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AbstractFunctionally graded material (FGM) has some particular characteristics due to the gradual variation of physical properties. The study on mechanical behavior of FGM is of great research value. In this work, a large scale FGM which filled with small glass spheres has been prepared by gravity assisted casting technique. The elastic material constants in static condition are measured. One optical experimental method, coherent gradient sensing (CGS), is introduced to study the mechanical behavior of FGM which has variation of material property in power-law. The governing equations of CGS which is used to represent the optics-mechanics relation of the singular field near the point of the outside force are derived based on the power-law asymptotic expansion. The experimental result shows this CGS method as a nondestructive methodology can be used to detect the damage in FGM with high accuracy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Functionally Graded Material (FGM)'

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