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Journal articles on the topic 'Fundamental movements'
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Mori, Kentaro, Yoshimitsu Tokunaga, Tetsurou Sakumoto, Akira Nakashima, Isamu Komesu, and Yutaka Hata. "A Uterine Motion Classification in MRI Data for Female Infertility." Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews 16, no. 5 (May 28, 2020): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573405614666180917123654.
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Aims: The purpose of this study was to classify complicated uterine movements obtained by MRI scanner and investigate the relationship between uterine peristalsis and female infertility. Methods: Uterine movements are classified into six fundamental movements by their motility form and directions. Computer simulation of the uterine movements is performed. Results: Comparison results between the real MRI images and the simulated images showed that any five in our dataset uterine movement was successfully reproduced by a combination of these six fundamental movements. The point and surface vibration model appropriately mimicked the movements with the propagation velocity of 0.68 [mm/sec]. Conclusion: By analyzing six fundamental movements using data from 26 MRI scans, it was found that two fundamental movements were identified as candidate factors for female infertility.
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Ng, Jonathan Leo, and Chris Button. "Reconsidering the fundamental movement skills construct: Implications for assessment." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 102 (2018): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2018025.
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A wide range of movement experiences over the early years of life is crucial for the development of expertise in skill later in adulthood. A set of movements termed Fundamental Movement Skills has been suggested as a precursor for performance of more complex movement. The attainment of FMS during childhood is certainly a noble and worthwhile aim. However, we argue that mastery of FMS as demonstrated through movement assessment batteries does not sufficiently capture movement competence in the general population. Contemporary views of motor development, such as Ecological Dynamics, suggest instead, that regardless of prior acquisition of a “fundamental” set of skills, an individual’s motor competence is the result of self-organisation under constraint to achieve outcome goals. We propose a working definition of movement competence that stresses the importance of the role of affordance detection and utilisation throughout the lifespan. Thus, what should be considered “foundational” is a wide range of movement experiences that allows an individual adequate opportunities for exploration and refinement in order to build expertise. Encouragingly, new movement assessment tools are emerging that apply these important theoretical concepts and help to reveal how individuals can demonstrate their movement adaptability instead of performing isolated movements based upon an “ideal” standard.
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Robles-Puente, Sergio. "Fundamental frequency movements in one-word imperatives." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 137, no. 4 (April 2015): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4920272.
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Kurniawan, Rama. "ANALISIS GERAK DASAR ANAK USIA 6-7 TAHUN." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.122.12.
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This study aims to know the students’ fundamental movement ability and to analyze those movements based on gender. It was conducted in SDN 1 Lemahabang Kulon, Cirebon Regency. The subject involved in this study was 24 students of the lower-primary levels in the school whose ages between 6-7 years old. Data collection method applied was the observation of the students’ fundamental movements. The assessment form on fundamental movement (Gallahue :1996) was used as the instrument of the study. The data was analyzed using a descriptive quantitative technique with a percentage. The finding shows that it was only 65.6 % students who properly mastered the fundamental movement of stability. Meanwhile, the fundamental movements of locomotor and manipulative were mastered only by 43 % and 41.7 %. Based on the gender analysis, the male students were better on fundamental movements than the female ones. To facilitate the future success of movement on students, it is suggested to have a directional and specific program on movement development.
Keywords:, Early childhood, Fundamental movement
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan gerak dasar siswa serta menganalisa gerakan tersebut berdasarkan gender. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SDN 1 Lemahabang Kulon Kabupaten Cirebon. Subyek yang terlibat dalam penelitian adalah siswa sekolah dasar kelas rendah yang berusia 6-7 tahun yang berjumlah 24 anak. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan kegiatan observasi terhadap gerakan dasar siswa. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah format penilaian gerak dasar. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan persentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya 65.6% siswa yang menguasai dengan baik gerak dasar non-lokomotor. Sedangkan gerak dasar lokomotor dan manipulatif hanya 43% dan 41.7%. Berdasarkan analisis gender, siswa laki-laki memiliki kemampuan gerak dasar yang lebih baik daripada siswa perempuan. Untuk mendukung kesuksesan gerak siswa di masa mendatang, diperlukan program pengembangan gerak yang terarah dan spesifik.
Kata Kunci: Anak usia dini, Gerak dasar
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Thornton, Ashleigh, Brendan Lay, Michael Rosenberg, Joanna Granich, and Rebecca Braham. "Quantifying Fundamental Movement Skills During Active Video Games." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 2, no. 3 (September 2014): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2014-0039.
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This study sought to explore the type of fundamental movement skills (FMS) performed during Active Video Game (AVG) play, as well as the frequency with which these FMS are performed. In addition, this study aimed to determine the relationship between FMS performance and energy expenditure during 15 min of AVG play across two Microsoft Xbox Kinect AVGs. Fundamental movement skills were observed via video by two raters and energy expenditure derived using Actiheart monitors in children aged 10–15 years. Six different FMS were observed during AVG play with differences in the number of FMS performed between the two AVGs. The overall energy expended (Joules/kg/minute), however, was similar between the AVGs, suggesting the frequency of FMS did not influence overall energy expended during play. The movements observed during AVG play that possibly accounted for the energy expenditure, were not of a quality that could be classified as FMS. This research demonstrates that children playing these two games have the opportunity to repeatedly perform mostly two FMS, namely jumping and dodging. The goal of the AVGs, however, could be achieved with generalized movements that did not always meet the criteria to be classified as a FMS.
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D’Souza, Leela. "Globalization and Religion The Emergence of Fundamental Movements." Journal of Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (April 2002): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2002.11892335.
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Tholley, Ibrahim S., Qing Gang Meng, and Paul W. H. Chung. "Robot Dancing: What Makes a Dance?" Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 4901–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.4901.
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In this paper, we investigate the mechanics of dance for humans that can be applied to robots, in an attempt to make dancing robots learn the fundamentals of dance, and improve their dancing. We provide a conceptual definition of ‘dance’ and ‘movement’ to make robot dancers form their own movements to music. We used a virtual robot dog to experiment on our conceptual definitions, and human subjects to give their feedback on the robot’s dancing. Experimental results show that the robot learns (using reinforcement learning) our conceptual definition of ‘dance’ and that a dance that has structure and fundamental joint movements, improves the dancing.
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Curtis, Asher. "A Fundamental-Analysis-Based Test for Speculative Prices." Accounting Review 87, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 121–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-10163.
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ABSTRACT I investigate the possibility that recent price movements include significantly larger speculative components than those observed historically, where speculation is defined as the component of price that does not co-move with fundamentals. Specifically, at the aggregate level, price and accounting fundamentals co-move historically (1979–1993) but do not co-move recently (1994–2008). The lack of co-movement in recent periods is accompanied by a significant reduction in the positive association between ratios of accounting fundamentals-to-price with future market returns. Changes in measurement error in accounting fundamentals do not appear to cause the lack of co-movement in recent periods, and risk- and growth-based explanations are not supported by the data. The results of this study provide evidence of a structural change in the long-run association between price and accounting fundamentals. Data Availability: Data are available from public sources identified in the study.
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Baeza, Gerald, Gustavo Paredes, Pablo Vega, Manuel Monrroy, and Rubén Gajardo-Burgos. "EFFECT OF “FIFA 11+” ON THE PATTERN OF FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS IN UNDER-14 SOCCER PLAYERS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 23, no. 6 (December 2017): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220172306173456.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Increasing youth participation in soccer has several benefits, but it also brings risks of injury. The use of neuromuscular techniques is effective in preventing injuries, especially in periods of growth as occurs in puberty, which coincides with the development of fundamental basic movements. Therefore, it is important to implement and evaluate prevention programs that focus on neuromuscular control during this stage. Objective: To determine the effect of the FIFA 11+ over a six-week training period in order to quickly improve fundamental movement patterns in under-14 soccer players. Method: A quasi-experimental study that evaluated the fundamental movement patterns through the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in 22 athletes who were divided into a control group (CG; N=11) and an experimental group (EG; N=11), submitted to the program FIFA 11+ for six weeks. The SPSS 20.0 program was used to analyze the data. Results: Statistically significant improvements were found in the in-line lunge (IL) and in the post-intervention FMS total scores in EG, as well as intergroup improvements when testing the deep squat (DS) in the EG, but not in both groups. Conclusions: The six week FIFA 11+ program did not produce significant improvements in players’ fundamental movements.
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Ljungqvist, Lars, and Thomas J. Sargent. "The Fundamental Surplus." American Economic Review 107, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 2630–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150233.
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To generate big responses of unemployment to productivity changes, researchers have reconfigured matching models in various ways: by elevating the utility of leisure, by making wages sticky, by assuming alternating-offer wage bargaining, by introducing costly acquisition of credit, by assuming fixed matching costs, or by positing government-mandated unemployment compensation and layoff costs. All of these redesigned matching models increase responses of unemployment to movements in productivity by diminishing the fundamental surplus fraction, an upper bound on the fraction of a job's output that the invisible hand can allocate to vacancy creation. Business cycles and welfare state dynamics of an entire class of reconfigured matching models all operate through this common channel. (JEL E23, E24, E32, J24, J31, J41, J63)
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Lipietz, Alain. "Politische Ökologie und Arbeiterbewegung." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 23, no. 92 (September 1, 1993): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v23i92.1026.
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Green and Red, ecological and working class movements are compared in terms of their leading ideas and fundamental political attitudes. While both types of movements share a certain number of problems and the ensuing risks, the green movement has some advantages, in part because it comes historically later: it does not rely on an idea of history as progress, it does not believe in the decisive social role of (centralized) power and politically organized leadership claims. In its realism, it is held to be even more profoundly materialist than the working class movement.
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Cleland, Frances E., and David L. Gallahue. "Young Children's Divergent Movement Ability." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 2 (October 1993): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.2.535.
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To examine the relations of age, gender, movement experience, and gross motor development to young children's scores on divergent movement (i.e., ability to perform and modify fundamental movement patterns), 40 boys and girls ages 4, 6, and 8 years were tested. Ability to make divergent movements was evaluated by having subjects perform 3 different fundamental movement tasks. Movement experience was assessed by asking parents to complete a questionnaire. Ulrich's Test of Gross Motor Development was used to evaluate subjects' gross motor skill. Testing sessions were videotaped for analysis. Based on a forward stepwise regression analysis, experience and age accounted for 45% of the variance in children's gross motor skill.
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Wrede, Julia. "Protest polityczny w globalizacji." Civitas. Studia z Filozofii Polityki 18 (June 30, 2016): 324–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/civ.2016.18.16.
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The article shows relations between the philosophical idea of global civil society and civil engagement which transcends national borders – a trend that is being observed in recent years. The article characterizes contemporary social movements including two particular protest movements – Indignados of Spanish origin and the American Occupy movement. A detailed study of these movements helps with understanding the main trends in modern international politics and shows the fundamental mechanisms that shape the modern social world. As an element of global political culture, modern social movements are a significant example of global citizenship. They combine the main features of global civil society and allow us to draw a picture of the changing social landscape of globalization.
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Hirano, Masato, and Kozo Funase. "Reorganization of finger covariation patterns represented in the corticospinal system by learning of a novel movement irrelevant to common daily movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 2458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00514.2019.
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How dexterous finger movements are acquired by the nervous system is a fundamental question in the neuroscience field. Previous studies have demonstrated that finger movements can be decomposed into finger covariation patterns, and these patterns are represented in the corticospinal system. However, it remains unclear how such covariation patterns represented in the corticospinal system develop during the acquisition of novel finger movements. In this study, each subject learned to perform a novel finger movement, which was mapped to a region outside the movement subspace spanned by common finger movements seen in daily life, through a custom task. After subjects practiced the task, we detected changes in the finger covariation patterns derived from artificially (transcranial magnetic stimulation) evoked finger joint movements. The artificially evoked movement-derived patterns seen after the training period were associated with both the novel and common finger movements. Regarding the patterns extracted from the artificially evoked movements, the number required to explain most of the variance in the data was unchanged after the training period. Our results indicate that novel finger movements are acquired through the reorganization of preexisting finger covariation patterns represented in the corticospinal system rather than the development of new patterns. These findings might have implications for the basic mechanism responsible for the development of movement repertories in the nervous system. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Various types of finger movements involve common finger covariation patterns, and these patterns are represented in the corticospinal system. Here we examined how a novel finger covariation pattern is acquired in that system through training of a novel finger movement that is irrelevant to common finger movements. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we found that the preexisting patterns that contribute to finer control of finger movements are rapidly reorganized to encode the novel pattern through the training.
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Snyder, Lawrence H., Jeffrey L. Calton, Anthony R. Dickinson, and Bonnie M. Lawrence. "Eye-Hand Coordination: Saccades Are Faster When Accompanied by a Coordinated Arm Movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 2279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00854.2001.
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When primates reach for an object, they very often direct an eye movement toward the object as well. This pattern of directing both eye and limb movements to the same object appears to be fundamental to eye-hand coordination. We investigated interactions between saccades and reaching movements in a rhesus monkey model system. The amplitude and peak velocity of isolated eye movements are positively correlated with one another. This relationship is called the main sequence. We now report that the main sequence relationship for saccades is changed during coordinated eye and arm movements. In particular, peak eye velocity is approximately 4% faster for the same size saccade when the saccade is accompanied by a coordinated arm movement. Saccade duration is reduced by an equivalent amount. The main sequence relationship is unperturbed when the arm moves simultaneously but in the opposite direction as the eyes, suggesting that eye and arm movements must be tightly coordinated to produce the effect. Candidate areas mediating this interaction include the posterior parietal cortex and the superior colliculus.
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Nomiya, Hiroki, and Teruhisa Hochin. "Considerations on Archiving Traditional Skills Focusing on Pauses and Fundamental Movements." Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015): 2223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.365.
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Dupor, Bill. "Stabilizing non-fundamental asset price movements under discretion and limited information." Journal of Monetary Economics 52, no. 4 (May 2005): 727–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2005.03.005.
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Zadnikar, Gita. "Radio Libere: An Experiment with Radio Broadcasting in Italy." Monitor ISH 17, no. 2 (November 3, 2015): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33700/1580-7118.17.2.7-24(2015).
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The 1970s expansion of free radio stations throughout Europe and the experiences of that movement over the following years encouraged diverse reflections on, and experiments with, the ways of using media and new technologies. Of course the experience of Radio Alice and other free radio stations in the Italy of the late 1970s only became possible when the radio as a communication tool became affordable and technically accessible to a new social subject – the student movement and social movements predominantly consisting of young people. What left the deepest mark on the period, however, was a fundamental change in the attitude of social and political movements to the media.
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Bai, Jennie, and Liuren Wu. "Anchoring Credit Default Swap Spreads to Firm Fundamentals." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 51, no. 5 (October 2016): 1521–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109016000533.
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In this article, we examine the extent to which firm fundamentals can explain the cross-sectional variation in credit default swap (CDS) spreads. We construct a fundamental CDS valuation by combining the Merton distance-to-default measure with a long list of firm fundamentals via a Bayesian shrinkage method. Regressing CDS quotes against the fundamental valuation cross-sectionally generates an averageR2of 77%. The explanatory power is stable over time and robust in out-of-sample tests. Deviations between market quotes and the valuation predict future market movements. The results highlight the important role played by firm fundamentals in differentiating the credit spreads of different firms.
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Hamilton, Antonia F. de C., and Daniel M. Wolpert. "Controlling the Statistics of Action: Obstacle Avoidance." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 2434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.87.5.2434.
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Task optimization in the presence of signal-dependent noise (TOPS) has been proposed as a general framework for planning goal-directed movements. Within this framework, the motor command is assumed to be corrupted by signal-dependent noise, which leads to a distribution of possible movements. A task can then be equated with optimizing some function of the statistics of this distribution. We found the optimal trajectory for obstacle avoidance by minimizing the mean-squared error at the end of the movement while keeping the probability of collision with the obstacle below a fixed limit. The optimal paths accurately predicted the empirical trajectories. This demonstrates that controlling the statistics of movements in the presence of signal-dependent noise may be a fundamental and unifying principle of goal-directed movements.
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GUNTORO, GUNTORO. "TRANSFORMASI BUDAYA TERHADAP PERUBAHAN SOSIAL DI ERA GLOBALISASI." ASKETIK 4, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30762/ask.v4i1.2122.
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This paper aims to provide an overview related to cultural transformation and social change. Socio-culturalchanges in a society is a necessity and cannotbe avoided due to changes in society in accordance with the times. This change can be said as an effort to survive (survive) or defend themselves. In a broad sense, social movements can be interpreted as a central part of modernity. Social movements determine the characteristics of modern politics and modern society. This social movement is closely related to the fundamental structural changes that have been known as modernization that is spreading to the world system and life system. Behind social movements in social change there are conditions that can determine whether the social movements will succeed in making a broad impact and provide changes in the level of life as expected or not. In this condition it will foster various other social movements.
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Sternad, Dagmar, and Karl M. Newell. "Modeling movement variability in space and time." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 2 (June 1997): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97421441.
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Plamondon & Alimi propose a universal account of trajectory formation and speed/accuracy trade-off in rapid movements but fail, because: (1) the kinematic model ignores the more fundamental dynamics of movement generation, and (2) it does not capture the essential space-time constraints of movement accuracy. Hence, the modeling lacks a biologically and behaviorally principled foundation and is driven by pragmatic function fitting.
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Levy-Tzedek, S., M. Ben Tov, and A. Karniel. "Rhythmic movements are larger and faster but with the same frequency on removal of visual feedback." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 5 (November 2011): 2120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00266.2011.
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The brain controls rhythmic movement through neural circuits combining visual information with proprioceptive information from the limbs. Although rhythmic movements are fundamental to everyday activities the specific details of the responsible control mechanisms remain elusive. We tested 39 young adults who performed flexion/extension movements of the forearm. We provided them with explicit knowledge of the amplitude and the speed of their movements, whereas frequency information was only implicitly available. In a series of 3 experiments, we demonstrate a tighter control of frequency compared with amplitude or speed. We found that in the absence of visual feedback, movements had larger amplitude and higher peak speed while maintaining the same frequency as when visual feedback was available; this was the case even when participants were aware of performing overly large and fast movements. Finally, when participants were asked to modulate continuously movement frequency, but not amplitude, we found the local coefficient of variability of movement frequency to be lower than that of amplitude. We suggest that a misperception of the generated amplitude in the absence of visual feedback, coupled with a highly accurate perception of generated frequency, leads to the performance of larger and faster movements with the same frequency when visual feedback is not available. Relatively low local coefficient of variability of frequency in a task that calls for continuous change in movement frequency suggests that we tend to operate at a constant frequency at the expense of variation in amplitude and peak speed.
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Fiedler, Sergio Patricio. "The Right to Rebel: Social Movements and Civil Disobedience." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 1, no. 2 (August 26, 2009): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v1i2.1205.
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A fundamental dimension of contemporary social movements is the use of civil disobedience, as means of both exerting mass pressure on the political system and as a process through which the participants of a social movement perceive and construct an alternative and autonomous democratic power. This article attempts to develop a political and ethical reflection about the transformative dimension and collective potential of civil disobedience drawing on the notions of the right to rebel and the performative.
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Gun Cuninghame, Patrick. "“A Laughter That Will Bury You All”: Irony as Protest and Language as Struggle in the Italian 1977 Movement." International Review of Social History 52, S15 (November 21, 2007): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859007003173.
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Perhaps the most innovative aspect of the Italian “1977 Movement” in its conflict with the grey, humourless political system was its use of irony to ridicule its opponents. Irony was central to the identity of the movement and its cultural and political break with the institutional old and vanguardist new lefts. Its use, particularly by the “Metropolitan Indians”, the transversalists and other “creatives”, marked a social revolt by mainly marginalized young people, who invented a new political counter-culture based on linguistic experimentation in circumstances far from the optimism of 1968. The paper, based directly on primary sources from the movement and on interviews with former participants, reassesses a movement usually characterized as “violent” by Italianist social history. It concludes that the movement's “ironic praxis” contributed to a fundamental change in Italian society in the late seventies and has influenced the political style of contemporary alter-globalist and anti-capitalist movements.
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Mauguit, Q., D. Olivier, N. Vandewalle, and P. Vandewalle. "Ontogeny of swimming movements in bronze corydoras (Corydoras aeneus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 4 (April 2010): 378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-012.
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Fish larvae experience fundamental morphological, physiological, and physical changes from hatching to adulthood. All of these changes have an effect on the locomotor movements observed in the larvae. We describe the development of swimming movements in larval bronze corydoras ( Corydoras aeneus (Gill, 1858); Ostariophysi, Siluriformes) during their ontogeny. Swimming movements of adults and larvae, aged 0–512 h posthatching, were recorded at 500 frames/s. Movements were analyzed by digitizing points along the fish midline. Movements are described by direct (swimming speed and amplitude of landmarks) and indirect (r2mean and CV of r2 as movement coordination indices; Strouhal number as an efficiency index) parameters. The increase in swimming speed correlated with improvement of movement coordination in both larvae and adults, as well as with an increase in swimming efficiency in larvae. Directly after hatching, swimming movements were coordinated but were not efficient. Efficiency increased rapidly with fish growth up to 8 mm total fish length and disappearance of the yolk sac. These events were coupled with reduction of the maximal lateral amplitude observed along the whole body during swimming. The anguilliform swimming mode was used at hatching, but a transition to the carangiform mode was observed at approximately 17 mm total fish length.
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Siapera, Eugenia, and Michael Theodosiadis. "(Digital) Activism at the Interstices: Anarchist and Self-Organizing Movements in Greece." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 15, no. 2 (May 29, 2017): 505–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v15i2.768.
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The paper traces the history and evolution of the anarchist and self-organising movements in Greece, paying attention to their communicative practices and their implications for political praxis. After years of repression, and following the hegemony of the social democratic Pasok, and subsequently Syriza, the movements are currently coming to their own. Beginning with a brief history of the movements and more broadly of the left in Greece, the paper focuses on the current moment, determined by three events: the revolt of 2008, the movement of the squares in 2011, and the rise and u-turn of Syriza in 2015. Examining the critiques, discourses and communicative practices of the antagonistic movement as a whole, the paper argues that these constitute an alternative path to organizing beyond populist hegemony. Equally, the antagonistc movement tries to eschew the problems associated with the so-called folk politics, by paying attention to the growth of the movement through combining affect and experience, new learning and action, and through ultimately contributing to fundamental shifts in political subjectivities.
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Xu, Chaoshun, Masahiro Fujiwara, Yasutoshi Makino, and Hiroyuki Shinoda. "Investigation of Preliminary Motions from a Static State and Their Predictability." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 3 (June 20, 2021): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p0537.
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Humans observe the actions of others and predict their movements slightly ahead of time in everyday life. Many studies have been conducted to automate such a prediction ability computationally using neural networks; however, they implicitly assumed that preliminary motions occurred before significant movements. In this study, we quantitatively investigate when and how long a preliminary motion appears in motions from static states and what kinds of motion can be predicted in principle. We consider this knowledge fundamental for movement prediction in interaction techniques. We examined preliminary motions of basic movements such as kicking and jumping, and confirmed the presence of preliminary motions by using them as inputs to a neural network. As a result, although we did not find preliminary motion for a hand-moving task, a left-right jumping task had the most preliminary motion, up to 0.4 s before the main movement.
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Gielen, C. C. A. M. "“Abnormal” movements: What are they reflections of?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 1 (March 1996): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00041546.
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AbstractWe agree with Latash & Anson that therapeutic approaches should be directed toward solving the underlying problem, not toward adapting the abnormal to normal behaviour. The fundamental obstacle, however, is that doing so requires a solution of the “equivalence problem” in movement control.
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Doeringer, Joseph A., and Neville Hogan. "Intermittency in Preplanned Elbow Movements Persists in the Absence of Visual Feedback." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 1787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.4.1787.
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Doeringer, Joseph A. and Neville Hogan. Intermittency in preplanned elbow movements persists in the absence of visual feedback. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1787–1799, 1998. It has been observed for nearly 100 years that visually guided human movements appear to be composed of submovements, intermittently executed overlapping segments. This paper presents experiments to investigate the pervasiveness of movement intermittency and, in particular, whether it is exclusively due to visual feedback. With and without visual feedback, human subjects were asked to 1) move with constant velocity and 2) draw elliptical figures on a phase-plane display (showing velocity vs. position) that required cyclic movements at different frequencies. In both tasks, we found that removal of visual feedback did not significantly change movement intermittency. Subjects were unable to generate movements at constant speed. In addition, subjects moved less smoothly when drawing slower phase-plane ellipses. Furthermore, elliptical phase-plane figures were not always drawn at the frequency suggested by the center of the display. Instead, subjects moved more slowly than the tall (fast) ellipse displays suggested, and faster than the wide (slow) displays suggested. These results show that 1) movement intermittency is not exclusively due to visual feedback and 2) may in fact be a fundamental feature of movement behavior.
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Arifin, Syamsul. "GERAKAN KEAGAMAAN BARU DALAM INDONESIA KONTEMPORER: Tafsir Sosial Atas Hizbut Tahrir." Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 14, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/al-tahrir.v14i1.80.
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<p>New various religious movements in Islam have emerged in several Muslim countries, including in Indonesia. Many consider them to be a blatant manifestation of radicalism and fundamentalism of Islam although their proponents reject such a label. One of the rising movements in Indonesia is Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI). Fundamentalism is a common and widespread religious phenomenon since it is found trans-nationally. HTI represents the form of trans-national Islamic movement. This article seeks to examine HTI as a new rising trans-Islamic movement in contemporary Indonesia. By focusing on the HTI’s religious outlooks, ideology and social movement, this article argues that HTI is representation of fundamentalist movement. Fundamentalism here is defined as a form of religious movement that attempts to preserve fundamental tenets laid down in the Scripture, and reinterprets them in contemporary socio-political realms. The feature of fundamentalism in HTI is expressed in its religious thoughts and understanding and in the ways in which it re-appropriates Islamic doctrines in modern and contemporary socio-political contexts. </p><p>Keywords: Hizbut Tahrir, fundamentalism, religious movements</p>
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Ebina, Teppei, Keitaro Obara, Akiya Watakabe, Yoshito Masamizu, Shin-Ichiro Terada, Ryota Matoba, Masafumi Takaji, et al. "Arm movements induced by noninvasive optogenetic stimulation of the motor cortex in the common marmoset." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 45 (October 21, 2019): 22844–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903445116.
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Optogenetics is now a fundamental tool for investigating the relationship between neuronal activity and behavior. However, its application to the investigation of motor control systems in nonhuman primates is rather limited, because optogenetic stimulation of cortical neurons in nonhuman primates has failed to induce or modulate any hand/arm movements. Here, we used a tetracycline-inducible gene expression system carrying CaMKII promoter and the gene encoding a Channelrhodopsin-2 variant with fast kinetics in the common marmoset, a small New World monkey. In an awake state, forelimb movements could be induced when Channelrhodopsin-2−expressing neurons in the motor cortex were illuminated by blue laser light with a spot diameter of 1 mm or 2 mm through a cranial window without cortical invasion. Forelimb muscles responded 10 ms to 50 ms after photostimulation onset. Long-duration (500 ms) photostimulation induced discrete forelimb movements that could be markerlessly tracked with charge-coupled device cameras and a deep learning algorithm. Long-duration photostimulation mapping revealed that the primary motor cortex is divided into multiple domains that can induce hand and elbow movements in different directions. During performance of a forelimb movement task, movement trajectories were modulated by weak photostimulation, which did not induce visible forelimb movements at rest, around the onset of task-relevant movement. The modulation was biased toward the movement direction induced by the strong photostimulation. Combined with calcium imaging, all-optical interrogation of motor circuits should be possible in behaving marmosets.
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Gupta, Sumeet. "FUNDAMENTAL & TECHNICAL ANAYSIS OF CRUDE OIL PRICES." Journal of Global Economy 17, no. 1 (April 17, 2021): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v17i1.617.
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The human mind is not as good at processing large amounts of information as we might like. Psychologists have shown that human beings are only able to juggle small numbers of related and often conflicting pieces of information without making judgment errors. As a result, individuals faced with the vast amounts of information available to support investment decisions often find themselves swamped by the enormity of the task; unable to see the wood from the trees. Technical analysis is a field of financial markets research that works to address the above problem by focusing on a single, commonly available, data source that reflects all known information and activity relating to all monetary securities- Price history. Technical analysts argue that as markets are efficient, prices reflect all known information and that they move over time as participants react to new information and changing needs.
As a result, the technical analysis of these price changes can provide real insight into the market dynamics and be used to develop trade strategies that exhibit superior risk/reward characteristics. While technical analysis approaches have developed significantly over the past few decades, some techniques are far more ancient. While their real origins are anonymous, Japanese candlestick charts have been recorded as being employed in the rice markets as far back as the 1600s. What is particularly interesting is that various of these ancient approaches continue to provide highly effective trading signals when applied to modern markets and securities.
Crude oil price volatility is in the midst of the largest business risk that oil and gas companies face. This is followed by unstable policy regime, managing costs and risks emerging from technological advancements. The high levels and rapid fluctuations of petroleum prices have become a great concern to individual consumers, firms, policy makers and society. Technical Analysis is the forecasting of future financial price movements based on an examination of past price movements. Like weather forecasting, technical analysis does not result in absolute predictions about the future. Instead, technical analysis can help investors anticipate what is "likely" to happen to prices over time. Technical analysis uses a wide variety of charts that show price over time. Hence, to mitigate the negative impacts of price volatility and to predict about the future price movement of crude oil and natural gas we can use technical analysis.
Technical analysis is the study of market action, primarily through the use of charts, for the purpose of forecasting price trends. The term “market action” includes the three principal source of action available to the technician-price, volume and open interest. This research paper highlights fundamental factor which affects the Brent price and analysed the factor which are highly correlated with Brent price and on the basis of the results forecasted the Brent price for next five years. Fundamental analysis of Brent oil, price pattern & movement of crude oil has also been carried out using candlestick technical tool.
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Peng, Yujia, Steven Thurman, and Hongjing Lu. "Causal Action: A Fundamental Constraint on Perception and Inference About Body Movements." Psychological Science 28, no. 6 (May 8, 2017): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617697739.
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Dahal, Girdhari. "Democratic Practice and Good Governance In Nepal." Journal of Political Science 17 (February 6, 2017): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jps.v17i0.20511.
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Nepal was declared Federal Democratic Republic after the mass movement of 2006, which was institutionalized by the Constitution of Nepal promulgated through Constitutional Assembly (CA) in 2015. The Constitution of Nepal is the people’s constitution. It was a dream of people to draft their constitution from CA since 1951. Nepal has a long history of democratic movements. Democratic movements in Nepal started from the period of autocratic Rana regime back in 1940s. Nepal Praja Parisad (the first political party of Nepal) had started organized democratic movement in Nepal. Thereafter many democratic movements and revolutions took place for the establishment of federal democratic republic Nepal. Democracy and good governance are closely interrelated to one another. Democracy is called the rule of law. Legitimate government, transparent rule, accountability to the people, free and fair election, independent judiciary, and fundamental rights and duties of the people are the essential elements of good governance as well as democracy. The main objective of this paper is to explore democratic movements and the concept of good governance in Nepal. The paper also tries to analyze the role of democratic movements for democracy and the relation between democracy and good governance in Nepal.Journal of Political Science. Vol. 17, 2017, Page: 18-35
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Lemer, Neil D., Richard W. Huey, and Carolyn Meiers. "Human Factors Considerations for High Chair and Stroller Child Restraints." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 6 (September 2002): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600606.
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Falls from high chairs and strollers represent a major childhood hazard. While such products normally include some form of restraint system, their effectiveness may be limited. This research analyzed human factors causes of restraint system failures and recommended design and voluntary standards improvements. Product profiles were developed describing the range of product types, features, users, modes of use, child behaviors, adult caregiver behaviors, and characteristics of restraint failure incidents. Causal analyses then identified eleven primary incident scenarios involving restraint failure. These scenarios in turn were related to six fundamental movements. To the extent a product affords the opportunity for these movements, the effectiveness of the restraint system is reduced. Analyzing the problem in terms of movement affordances, a cross-cutting set of fundamental design issues emerged. These issues suggested a variety of design recommendations for specific product features including belts, seat compartments, crotch restraints, feeding trays, leg restraints, footholds, and barrier devices.
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Rajevic, Manuela Badilla. "THE CHILEAN STUDENT MOVEMENT: CHALLENGING PUBLIC MEMORIES OF PINOCHET'S DICTATORSHIP*." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 493–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-24-4-493.
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This article illustrates the connection between the rise of social movements and the profound transformations in the ways post-conflict societies symbolize their difficult past. It examines how the 2011 Chilean student movement developed an alternative memory about Chile's Pinochet regime. I show how the movement claimed fundamental changes within the educational and political systems, framing its demands as a critical response to the socioeconomic neoliberal transformations set in motion by the Pinochet military regime. Through an empirical analysis of the 2011 student movement that combines 60 in-depth interviews with young activists with archival research, this article demonstrates how an alternative version of the dictatorial past was closely linked to the movement's goals and affected internal dynamics of belonging. The results indicate that participants managed to go beyond traumatic narratives concerning human rights crimes that had been dominant in the Chilean public memory about the dictatorship. Therefore, they presented a change that constituted a major challenge to the future of the politics of memory in Chile.
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Luft, Aliza. "The Contribution of Social Movement Theory to Understanding Genocide." Contention 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cont.2019.070202.
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Recent years have witnessed a turn in the field of contentious politics toward the study of political violence, yet scholars have yet to focus their lens on genocide. Moreover, research on genocide is characterized by fundamental disagreements about its definition, origins, and dynamics, leading to a lack of generalizable theory. As a remedy, this article suggests that research on genocide can be improved by incorporating concepts from social movements. After reviewing the history of research on social movements and genocide, I analyze civilian participation in the Rwandan genocide as an example of how social movement theory helps explain civilian mobilization for genocide. Finally, I propose that a contentious politics approach to genocide would consider it one among many forms of contentious collective action, analyzable within the existing framework of social movement theory.
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Hagedorn, John M. "Gangs, Schools, and Social Change: An Institutional Analysis." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 673, no. 1 (September 2017): 190–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217726965.
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Understanding gangs and schools requires us to go beyond neighborhood-level analysis because spatial analyses tend to downplay or ignore social movements as key to fundamental change. This article supplements a traditional ecological approach with an institutional analysis of both schools and gangs. A history of Chicago gangs reveals that gangs are not one thing; at times they have played positive roles within schools and taken part in social movements. The author’s personal experiences with gangs and schools in Milwaukee and Chicago are presented as evidence documenting the mutability of gangs, the damaging consequences of some educational policies, and the importance of including gang members in social movements. The current Black Lives Matter movement presents opportunities for nonincremental, disruptive change and the potential inclusion of gangs and gang members in a broader strategy to create a better society.
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Ferree, Myra Marx. "Under different umbrellas: intersectionality and alliances in US feminist politics." European Journal of Politics and Gender 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251510820x16068343934216.
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Macro-level forms of inequality work intersectionally to establish democracy normatively, as well as shape its institutions. Liberal democracies, once revolutionarily new political formations, rest on an equally revolutionary understanding of male domination based not on descent, but on economic arrangements (the new ‘breadwinner’ role) and political institutions (the ‘brotherhood’ national state). Over time, social movements have diminished liberal democracy’s original exclusions of women and minority ethnic men so that many citizens’ daily lives now contradict this once hegemonic normative order. The US party binary pushes contemporary movements to transform or restore this understanding of democracy under the political umbrellas of the competing Democratic and Republican parties. This polarisation then contributes to the gendering of movement claims and political representation. Gendered polarisation creates opportunities for cohesion among movements on both sides and yet blocks more fundamental reforms of US democracy.
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Zee, D. S., P. Jareonsettasin, and R. J. Leigh. "Ocular stability and set-point adaptation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1718 (February 27, 2017): 20160199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0199.
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A fundamental challenge to the brain is how to prevent intrusive movements when quiet is needed. Unwanted limb movements such as tremor impair fine motor control and unwanted eye drifts such as nystagmus impair vision. A stable platform is also necessary to launch accurate movements. Accordingly, nature has designed control systems with agonist (excitation) and antagonist (inhibition) muscle pairs functioning in push–pull, around a steady level of balanced tonic activity, the set-point . Sensory information can be organized similarly, as in the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which generates eye movements that compensate for head movements. The semicircular canals, working in coplanar pairs, one in each labyrinth, are reciprocally excited and inhibited as they transduce head rotations. The relative change in activity is relayed to the vestibular nuclei, which operate around a set-point of stable balanced activity. When a pathological imbalance occurs, producing unwanted nystagmus without head movement, an adaptive mechanism restores the proper set-point and eliminates the nystagmus. Here we used 90 min of continuous 7 T magnetic field labyrinthine stimulation (MVS) in normal humans to produce sustained nystagmus simulating vestibular imbalance. We identified multiple time-scale processes towards a new zero set-point showing that MVS is an excellent paradigm to investigate the neurobiology of set-point adaptation. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness’.
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Pietsch, Andreas, and Sita Steckel. "New Religious Movements before Modernity?" Nova Religio 21, no. 4 (May 1, 2018): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2018.21.4.13.
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Can the study of new religious movements be extended historically towards a longue durée history of religious innovation? Several sociological theories suggest that fundamental differences between premodern and modern religious configurations preclude this, pointing to a lack of religious diversity and freedom of religion in premodern centuries. Written from a historical perspective, this article questions this view and suggests historical religious movements within Christianity as possible material for a long-term perspective. Using the Franciscans and the Family of Love as examples, it points out possible themes for productive interdisciplinary research. One suggestion is to study the criticisms surrounding premodern new religious movements, which might be used to analyze the historical differentiation of religion. Another avenue is the study of premodern terminologies and concepts for religious communities, which could provide a historical horizon for the ongoing debate about the typology of new religions.
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Winters, Jack M., and Lawrence Stark. "Analysis of fundamental human movement patterns by using in-depth antagonistic muscle models: Examples for knee and elbow movements." Journal of Biomechanics 18, no. 3 (January 1985): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(85)90273-8.
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Desmurget, M., C. Prablanc, Y. Rossetti, M. Arzi, Y. Paulignan, C. Urquizar, and J. C. Mignot. "Postural and synergic control for three-dimensional movements of reaching and grasping." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.2.905.
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1. A fundamental question about motor control is related to the nature of the representations used by the nervous system to program the movement. Theoretically, arm displacement can be encoded either in task (extrinsic) or in joint (intrinsic) space. 2. The present study investigated the organization of complex movements consisting of reaching and grasping a cylindrical object presented along different orientations in space. In some trials, object orientation was suddenly modified at movement onset. 3. At a static level, the final limb angles were highly predictable despite the wide range of possible postures allowed by articular redundancy. Moreover, when object orientation was unexpectedly modified at movement onset, the final angular configuration of the limb was identical to that obtained when the object was initially presented along the orientation reached after the perturbation. 4. At a dynamical level, a generalized synergy was observed, and tight correlations were noted between all joint angles implicated in the movement with the exception of elbow flexion. For this joint angle, which did not vary monotonically, strong partial correlations were however observed before and after movement reversal. 5. These results suggest that natural movements are mostly carried out in joint space by postural transitions.
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Garber, Peter M. "Famous First Bubbles." Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.4.2.35.
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Before economists relegate a speculative event to the inexplicable or bubble category, we must exhaust all reasonable economic explanations. Among the “reasonable” or “market fundamental” explanations I would include the perception of an increased probability of large returns. The perception might be triggered by genuine economic good news, by a convincing new economic theory about payoffs, or by a fraud launched by insiders acting strategically to trick investors. It might also be triggered by uninformed market participants correctly inferring changes in the distribution of dividends by observing price movements generated by the trading of informed insiders. While some of these perceptions might in the end prove erroneous, movements in asset prices based on them are fundamental and not bubble movements. I aim in these pages to propose market fundamental explanations for the three most famous bubbles: the Dutch tulipmania (1634–37), the Mississippi Bubble (1719–20), and the closely connected South Sea Bubble (1720). Though several authors have proposed market fundamental explanations for the well-documented Mississippi and South Sea Bubbles, these episodes are still treated in the modern literature as outbursts of irrationality.
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Flanagan, J. R., and A. K. Rao. "Trajectory adaptation to a nonlinear visuomotor transformation: evidence of motion planning in visually perceived space." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 2174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.5.2174.
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1. Although reaching movements are characterized by hand paths that tend to follow roughly straight lines in Cartesian space, a fundamental issue is whether this reflects constraints associated with perception or movement production. 2. To address this issue, we examined two-joint planar reaching movements in which we manipulated the mapping between actual and visually perceived motion. In particular, we used a nonlinear transformation such that straight line hand paths in Cartesian space would result in curved paths in perceived space and vice versa. 3. Under these conditions, subjects learned to make straight line paths in perceived space even though the paths of the hand in Cartesian space were markedly curved. In contrast, when the motion was perceived in Cartesian space (i.e., in the absence of a nonlinear distortion), straight line hand paths were observed. 4. These findings suggest that visually guided reaching movements are planned in a perceptual frame of reference. Reaching movements in the horizontal plane are adapted so as to produce straight lines in visually perceived space.
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Kojima, Takuya, Hiroshi Suwa, Sakae Takahashi, Masahiro Suzuki, Misuzu Sakurada, Katsumi Mori, and Eisuke Matsushima. "Subjectivity disorder as the fundamental disorder in schizophrenia: Analysis of exploratory eye movements." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 73, no. 11 (September 11, 2019): 714–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12923.
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Gowda, Swetha B. M., Safa Salim, and Farhan Mohammad. "Anatomy and Neural Pathways Modulating Distinct Locomotor Behaviors in Drosophila Larva." Biology 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020090.
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The control of movements is a fundamental feature shared by all animals. At the most basic level, simple movements are generated by coordinated neural activity and muscle contraction patterns that are controlled by the central nervous system. How behavioral responses to various sensory inputs are processed and integrated by the downstream neural network to produce flexible and adaptive behaviors remains an intense area of investigation in many laboratories. Due to recent advances in experimental techniques, many fundamental neural pathways underlying animal movements have now been elucidated. For example, while the role of motor neurons in locomotion has been studied in great detail, the roles of interneurons in animal movements in both basic and noxious environments have only recently been realized. However, the genetic and transmitter identities of many of these interneurons remains unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of the underlying circuitry and neural pathways required by Drosophila larvae to produce successful movements. By improving our understanding of locomotor circuitry in model systems such as Drosophila, we will have a better understanding of how neural circuits in organisms with different bodies and brains lead to distinct locomotion types at the organism level. The understanding of genetic and physiological components of these movements types also provides directions to understand movements in higher organisms.
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Koda, Hiroki, Zin Arai, and Ikki Matsuda. "Agent-based simulation for reconstructing social structure by observing collective movements with special reference to single-file movement." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): e0243173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243173.
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Understanding social organization is fundamental for the analysis of animal societies. In this study, animal single-file movement data—serialized order movements generated by simple bottom-up rules of collective movements—are informative and effective observations for the reconstruction of animal social structures using agent-based models. For simulation, artificial 2-dimensional spatial distributions were prepared with the simple assumption of clustered structures of a group. Animals in the group are either independent or dependent agents. Independent agents distribute spatially independently each one another, while dependent agents distribute depending on the distribution of independent agents. Artificial agent spatial distributions aim to represent clustered structures of agent locations—a coupling of “core” or “keystone” subjects and “subordinate” or “follower” subjects. Collective movements were simulated following two simple rules, 1) initiators of the movement are randomly chosen, and 2) the next moving agent is always the nearest neighbor of the last moving agents, generating “single-file movement” data. Finally, social networks were visualized, and clustered structures reconstructed using a recent major social network analysis (SNA) algorithm, the Louvain algorithm, for rapid unfolding of communities in large networks. Simulations revealed possible reconstruction of clustered social structures using relatively minor observations of single-file movement, suggesting possible application of single-file movement observations for SNA use in field investigations of wild animals.
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Goodbody, Susan J., and Daniel M. Wolpert. "Temporal and Amplitude Generalization in Motor Learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 1825–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.4.1825.
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Goodbody, Susan J. and Daniel M. Wolpert. Temporal and amplitude generalization in motor learning. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1825–1838, 1998. A fundamental feature of human motor control is the ability to vary effortlessly over a substantial range, both the duration and amplitude of our movements. We used a three-dimensional robotic interface, which generated novel velocity dependent forces on the hand, to investigate how adaptation to these altered dynamics experienced only for movements at one temporal rate and amplitude generalizes to movements made at a different rate or amplitude. After subjects had learned to make a single point-to-point movement in a novel velocity-dependent force field, we examined the generalization of this learning to movements of both half the duration or twice the amplitude. Such movements explore a state-space not experienced during learning—any changes in behavior are due to generalization of the learning, the form of which was used to probe the intrinsic constraints on the motor control process. The generalization was assessed by determining the force field in which subjects produced kinematically normal movements. We found substantial generalization of the motor learning to the new movements supporting a nonlocal representation of the control process. Of the fields tested, the form of the generalization was best characterized by linear extrapolation in a state-space representation of the controller. Such an intrinsic constraint on the motor control process can facilitate the scaling of natural movements.