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Journal articles on the topic 'Fundamental principles of commerce'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Rathi K. N. and Yamuna Devi V. "Indian Constitutional Framework for Commerce and Its Awareness Among Commerce Students." Legal Research Development: An International Refereed e-Journal 1, no. III (2017): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v1n3.03.

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The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It is a living document, the permanent instrument which makes the government system work. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and the duties of the citizens. The awareness of the constitutional provisions among the citizens of our country is very essential since, it makes the individuals more responsible towards the country. The Indian Constitutional Framework for Comme

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Hafid, Abd, Syamsul Bahri, Sitti Nikmah Marzuki, Musrini Muis, and Rini Idayanti. "The Application of Khiyar Principles to E-Commerce Transaction: The Islamic Economy Perspective." Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 8, no. 1 (2024): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v8i1.20890.

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This essay seeks to analyze the utilization of khiyar in e-commerce transactions within the context of Islamic economics. The principle of khiyar allows individuals to exercise the option to either proceed with or terminate a transaction. This theory is applicable to various types of buying and selling transactions, including those conducted in the realm of e-commerce. This study employs a normative legal methodology with an Islamic economic perspective, which is evaluated descriptively. The data was gathered through an extensive analysis of literary sources, including journal articles, books,

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Wakoli, Leonard W. "Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security for E-Commerce." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) 12, no. 12 (2024): 8047–52. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v12i12.em03.

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Digital commerce has revolutionized the global economy, offering many opportunities for businesses and consumers. The increase in volume and number of online transactions comes the critical need for robust security measures to protect sensitive data from malicious actors. The research paper aims to provide stakeholders with the knowledge and insights necessary to build trust and confidence in online transactions. Specific objectives are: (i) to establish the fundamental principles underpinning Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) encryption, (ii) to provide SSL/TLS mechanism

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Arora, Leishika. "Psychology behind the success of Quick Commerce." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 03 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem42697.

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The rise of quick commerce has revolutionized the way consumers access and purchase products, characterized by rapid delivery times and a heightened sense of immediacy. This paper extensively delves into the crucial role of psychological factors that contribute to the success of q-commerce platforms, examining how consumer behavior is influenced by convenience, instant gratification, and cognitive biases.The research aims to detail the roles of psychological aspects that influence online consumer behavior.The findings suggest that q-commerce's success is not only a result of logistical innovat

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Li, Feng Yin, and Pei Yu Liu. "A Trust Management Model in Electronic Commerce Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 2669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.2669.

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Most current trust management systems cannot precisely reflect the dynamic feature of trust status. Based on the fundamental trust management principles and the thin client requirements in electronic commerce applications, by introducing the concept of Important Factor in trust calculation, a centralized trust management architecture and an efficient trust evaluation method were proposed. The trust evaluation method advocates defining as less formulae as possible to enable a simple and efficient trust evaluation system. And the parameters in trust evaluation equation can vary to adapt to diffe

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Marischa, Diva, and Reni Budi Setianingrum. "Transfer of Personal Data by E-Commerce Companies: A Study From The Perspective of Indonesian Personal Data Protection Laws." Ikatan Penulis Mahasiswa Hukum Indonesia Law Journal 4, no. 1 (2024): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ipmhi.v4i1.78267.

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In the era of globalization, the protection of personal data has become a critical issue in Indonesia, especially within the e-commerce sector. Cases of this nature underscore the significance of safeguarding personal data and enforcing stringent legal measures. This research employs a normative juridical legal study that integrates two primary approaches: the legislative approach and the comparative approach. The research data sources comprise primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials obtained through a comprehensive literature review. The data analysis process is conducted using a des

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Liu, Yuwei, Xiaoqing Dong, Xiaomin Wang, Jianing Wang, and Jiaxuan Du. "Legal regulation of price monopoly on e-commerce platforms." Advances in Social Behavior Research 16, no. 3 (2025): 8–23. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7102/2025.22082.

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With the advancement of internet technology and the widespread adoption of high-speed network technologies such as 5G, e-commerce platforms have become the primary channels for everyday shopping. However, issues such as "big data price discrimination" and predatory pricing have emerged during their development, leading to price monopolies that harm the real economy and public interest. This study analyzes the legal regulatory framework, fundamental principles, regulatory measures, and their advantages and disadvantages concerning price monopoly on e-commerce platforms. It further identifies th

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Ayu P, Dwi Ajeng, and Dipo Wahyoeono. "PRINSIP KE HATI-HATIAN DALAM PERJANJIAN KREDIT MELALUI E-COMMERCE (AKULAKU)." Bureaucracy Journal : Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance 2, no. 3 (2022): 648–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53363/bureau.v2i3.55.

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Along with current developments, providing support in a wider variety of business networks without limits, accessing the internet is not limited to accessing information only through available media, but can also be used as a means of trading sales transactions with various existing market place platforms, as well as a network that wide to no limit of time and place. In its implementation of online applications, there are still many obstacles and problems that occur, as a result of the occurrence of a bad system from the banking system, namely superiors or actors who often behave badly and pay

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Elisa, Erlin, Darmansyah Darmansyah, Sri Zetly, Pastima Simanjutak, and Robby Satria. "PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN PLATFORM MARKETPLACE PRODUK KERAJINAN TANGAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN SISWA SMK KOLESE TIARA BANGSA BATAM." PUAN INDONESIA 7, no. 1 (2025): 151–56. https://doi.org/10.37296/jpi.v7i1.429.

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Digital sales in Indonesia have become increasingly accessible with the presence of electronic payment systems such as digital wallets (e-wallets) and online bank transfers, which simplify transactions between buyers and sellers. Social media platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok have become effective marketing tools, enabling brands to reach a wider audience through targeted advertisements and influencer marketing. E-commerce in Indonesia has also seen significant growth, with platforms such as Tokopedia, Bukalapak, Shopee, and Lazada dominating the market. The training on marketplac

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Purnomo, Heri, Mohamad Anton Athoillah, and Muhamad Dede Rodliyana. "Hadist Tentang Penjualan Berdasarkan Kesepakatan Bersama, Dalam Konteks Kehidupan Kontemporer." An-Nisa: Journal of Islamic Family Law 2, no. 1 (2025): 21–26. https://doi.org/10.63142/an-nisa.v2i1.80.

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Hadiths are one of the most important sources of Islamic law, including in economic matters, especially in buying and selling transactions. Sales based on mutual agreement is a fundamental principle described in various traditions. In the context of contemporary life, this principle is relevant in various modern business models, both in physical and digital transactions. This article examines the relevance of the traditions governing sale and purchase transactions in the context of the modern economy taking into account the dynamics of technological development, e-commerce, and the need for tr

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du Preez, Hanneke. "Constructing the Fundamental Principles of Taxation through Triangulation." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 16, no. 2 (2018): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr-52190.

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ABSTRACT Taxation principles were applied as early as 4000 BC in Sumer. The formulation of recognized taxation principles commenced formally with Adam Smith in 1776. He called them the four maxims of taxation. The principles formulated by Smith were grounded in his observations and personal experiences of the world. After Smith, several individuals, committees, and reviews added their ideas to the principles of taxation. The question discussed in this paper is whether these principles formulated through the years are scientifically grounded. In order to ground the principles scientifically, th

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Zunying, Xie. "Analysis of Intelligent Recommendation Systems and Consumer Behavior Theories on E-Commerce Platforms." Philosophy and Social Science 1, no. 6 (2024): 10–15. https://doi.org/10.62381/p243602.

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This study explores the interplay between intelligent recommendation systems and consumer behavior theories on e-commerce platforms. With the rapid growth of e-commerce, intelligent recommendation systems have become vital tools for enhancing user experience and boosting sales. While much literature addresses the technical implementation and algorithm optimization of these systems, research from the perspective of consumer behavior theory is limited. This paper first reviews the fundamental principles and technological evolution of recommendation systems, summarizing common algorithms and thei

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Singh, Manoj Kumar. "Taxing E-Commerce on the Basis of Permanent Establishment: Critical Evaluation." Intertax 42, Issue 5 (2014): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2014034.

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This article discusses about concept of PE (Permanent Establishment) in case of E-commerce business transactions. Electronic commerce comprises the electronic sale by online stores of downloadable 'soft merchandise' such as music, e-books, e-newsletters, photos and video recordings, software and documents (direct e-commerce), the electronic ordering of tangible products (indirect e-commerce), online securities transactions as well as the provision of financial or other services. It also includes the subscription to and use of an internet service provider (ISP) or an online service provider (OS

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Brown, Stephen. "Brands on a wet, black bough: marketing the masterworks of modernism." Arts and the Market 5, no. 1 (2015): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/am-05-2014-0017.

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Purpose – In a world where commerce and culture are still somewhat estranged, the purpose of this paper is to show that high culture’s supreme exponents were commercially minded masters of marketing. Design/methodology/approach – Historically situated, the paper adopts a biographical approach to the making of modernism’s literary masterworks. It focuses on Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and James Joyce, who were responsible for the modernist classics, Ulysses and The Waste Land. Findings – The analysis identifies five fundamental marketing principles that appear paradoxical from a traditional, custome

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Suresh Kumar Gundala. "Microservices Architecture: A Comprehensive Guide to Modern Distributed Systems." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology 11, no. 2 (2025): 37–45. https://doi.org/10.32628/cseit251112380.

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Microservices architecture has emerged as a transformative paradigm in modern software development, enabling organizations to build resilient and scalable distributed systems. This comprehensive exploration delves into the fundamental principles, implementation strategies, and real-world applications of microservices architecture. The architectural framework facilitates independent service deployment, enhanced fault isolation, and streamlined maintenance processes while promoting technology stack flexibility. Through the implementation of sophisticated monitoring patterns, testing strategies,

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Reid, Alan S. "The Internationalisation of Corporate Governance Codes of Conduct." Business Law Review 24, Issue 10 (2003): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2003049.

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This article discusses the internationalisation of corporate governance principles and codes of conduct. The essential controversy surrounds the extent to which corporate governance principles should encompass the needs of external constituencies such as stakeholders in addition to the needs of the traditional shareholder constituency. European Union harmonisation initiatives, the globalisation and indeed internationalisation of commerce and information technology advances are building an international consensus that the reconciliation of shareholder and stakeholder concerns are not necessaril

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Shivansh Chandnani. "Leveraging asynchronous frameworks to scale payment systems: A technical analysis." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 23, no. 2 (2025): 037–44. https://doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2025.23.2.0143.

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Asynchronous frameworks have emerged as a transformative solution for payment systems facing unprecedented transaction volumes in the digital economy. Traditional synchronous architectures frequently encounter performance bottlenecks that compromise user experience and scalability when handling peak loads. This article examines how asynchronous processing paradigms overcome these limitations through non-blocking operations that enable concurrent transaction handling. The fundamental principles of event-driven architecture, non-blocking I/O, and message-based communication form the foundation f

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M., Zeki. "İslâm Hukukunda Dinî Hükümleri Hafifleten Umûmü'l-Belvâ." Hikmet Yurdu Düşünce - Yorum Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi 13, no. 26 (2020): 195–235. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3820256.

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Sharia (Islamic law) does not assign obligants responsibility above their powers; on the contrary, it wishes to ease their lives and responsibilities. In this context, the principle of convenience is among the fundamental principles of Islam. It is possible for people to encounter various distress and hardships that they cannot keep away from and common among them such as cleaning, prayer and commerce. It is necessary to ease or remove provisions by managing the principle of convenience to relieve people from such hardship like umûmü’l-belvâ (public issue). There are pro

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LYASHEVSKA, Victoriia, Elizaveta DANILEYKO, and Yuliia DYACHENKO. "THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF E-BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 308, no. 4 (2022): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-308-4-33.

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The article explores different approaches to the definition of “e-business”. It was determined that e-business is a set of basic business processes that are formed using Internet technologies. E-business is one of the types of economic activity, which is implemented using information and communication technologies in the management of business processes, in order to obtain maximum profits. The main task of e-business is the use of modern information technology to replace old business models with new ones in order to improve the quality of the organization. Due to the modernization of old proce

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AHMED, USMAN. "The Importance of Cross-Border Regulatory Cooperation in an Era of Digital Trade." World Trade Review 18, S1 (2019): S99—S120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745618000514.

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AbstractTechnology is transforming global trade. The global trading system, however, has struggled to keep up with changes in technology. One of the major challenges for the trading system is that the issues raised by digitally enabled commerce are largely regulatory in nature. The issues that are at the forefront of digital trade increasingly relate to citizens’ most fundamental interactions, including speech, finance, energy, and transportation. This paper argues that resolving these international regulatory issues will require reforming the approach that has been taken to global trade negot

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K N, Mrs Pallavi. "Unravelling the Impact of UI/UX Design on E-Commerce Business Growth." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 12 (2023): 2245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.57814.

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Abstract: In the dynamic landscape of e-commerce, the evolution of User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design has emerged as a pivotal factor influencing the revenue trajectory of online businesses. This abstract explores the profound impact of UI/UX evolution on business revenue, focusing on the strategies employed to enhance user interactions and overall satisfaction on e-commerce platforms. The study delves into the timeline of UI/UX improvements implemented on an e-commerce website and analyses key performance indicators over the years. Metrics such as website traffic, conversion

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Devinda Diana Valentina and Suraji Suraji. "Analisis Pencantuman Klausula Eksonerasi Dalam Perjanjian E-Commerce Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 Tentang Perlindungan Konsumen." Terang : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Hukum 1, no. 1 (2024): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.62383/terang.v1i1.148.

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This research examines the validity of agreements regarding the inclusion of exoneration clauses in e-commerce transactions. Agreements between marketplace companies and their users are packaged in the form of standard agreements. This allows for the inclusion of eksonerasi clauses containing exoneration elements that may harm users. The research method used by the Author is normative legal research with a prescriptive nature. The types and sources of research data include primary data consisting of legislation, basic principles, jurisprudence, and other fundamental regulations, as well as sec

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Chen, Gong. "Double Tax Avoidance Agreement and Its Legal Regulation: Taking China as an Example." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 24 (December 31, 2023): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/esq1j442.

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Double tax avoidance agreements (DTAs) play a pivotal role in facilitating international trade, exemplified by China's proactive engagement in 1983 when it signed its first bilateral tax agreement with Japan. Germany and numerous other countries have followed suit, recognizing the importance of these agreements in mitigating tax-related impediments to cross-border commerce. China's commitment to DTAs is clearly manifested in its extensive network of agreements, as corroborated by the OECD's comprehensive list. Remarkably, China has established DTAs with 102 countries and regions, underscoring

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Aksenov, K. E. "Impact of Digital Transformation on the Spatial Organization of Nonfood Retail in a Russian City." Regional Research of Russia 13, no. 3 (2023): 524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079970523700910.

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Abstract— The objective of this study is to reveal what has changed under the influence of digital transformation in the “physical” spatial structure of the retail/purchase process in connection with the emergence of a choice between online and offline “spaces,” or environments, as well as how e-commerce has changed the “physical” spatial principles of organizing nonfood retail in a Russian city with a case study of St. Petersburg. The principles of placement of new e-commerce facilities were analyzed by comparing various shopping models and spatiotemporal systems formed by them, including spe

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Silver, Mark S. "How You Store Information Affects How You Can Retrieve It: A Fundamental Principle For Business Students Studying Information Systems And Technology." American Journal of Business Education (AJBE) 10, no. 4 (2018): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ajbe.v10i4.10099.

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During the current period of rapid technological change, business students need to emerge from their introductory course in Information Systems (IS) with a set of fundamental principles to help them “think about Information Technology (IT)” in future courses and the workplace. Given the digital revolution, they also need to appreciate the role of information in business as well has how to meet the challenges involved in managing information effectively. This paper addresses both those needs by presenting a fundamental principle concerning information management: How you store information affec

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Faiqa Syifa Irawan. "Keseimbangan Hak dan Kewajiban Para Pihak dalam Hukum Kontrak." Pemuliaan Keadilan 2, no. 2 (2025): 51–65. https://doi.org/10.62383/pk.v2i2.586.

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The balance of rights and obligations in contracts is a fundamental basis for creating justice and legal certainty. With effective protection for all parties in the contract, be it in the realm of commerce or other social relations, it is expected to create a conducive legal environment, which in turn encourages social and economic development. The process of drafting contracts in various fields, such as micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), shows the importance of good design to guarantee the rights of each party In this context, it is important to explore how the contract structure ca

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Yani, Teuku Ahmad, Abdurrahman Abdurrahman, and Ida Mulyana. "Aceh as a Model of Halal Trade in Financial Goods and Services Regulation based on Pancasila within the Framework of National Law in Indonesia." Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 8, no. 1 (2024): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v8i1.17680.

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The province of Aceh holds a special autonomy status, which allows Aceh to possess the jurisdiction to enforce the Islamic law specifically in the realm of the civil law, particularly in matters related to commerce. In Aceh, trading in commodities and financial services must adhere to the principles of the Islamic law, ensuring that only halal goods are involved. Using the Content Analysis Techique, this study adopts a combined approach of the national law and the Islamic law. The data was gathered by literature and document analysis, including an examination of legal statutes, scholarly publi

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Yadlapalli, Rakesh. "Technical Review: Cloud-Native Payment Processing Platform." European Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 13, no. 50 (2025): 45–57. https://doi.org/10.37745/ejcsit.2013/vol13n504557.

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The evolution of digital commerce has driven the transformation from traditional monolithic payment systems toward cloud-native architectures that deliver superior scalability, resilience, and operational efficiency. This technical review examines a comprehensive cloud-native payment processing platform designed to address the fundamental limitations of legacy payment infrastructure through distributed microservices architectures, containerization, and event-driven design patterns. The platform addresses critical business challenges, including transaction volume volatility, multi-channel payme

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Danish Khan. "The Evolution of AI in Fraud Detection: Technical Frameworks and Cross-Sector Applications." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology 11, no. 1 (2025): 964–73. https://doi.org/10.32628/cseit25111298.

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This article presents a comprehensive analysis of AI-driven fraud detection systems, examining their evolution from gaming industry applications to broader cross-sector implementations. This article explores the architectural framework and methodological approaches that have enabled successful fraud detection in gaming environments, where real-time pattern recognition and behavioral analysis have proven particularly effective. This article extends beyond gaming to investigate parallel implementations in financial services, e-commerce, and healthcare sectors, revealing common patterns and indus

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Goldstein, Sheldon D. "Measuring Up." Mechanical Engineering 132, no. 02 (2010): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2010-feb-4.

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This article presents an overview of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award program. The award program was launched by Congress when it passed the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987. The act and the award it created were named for Ronald Reagan’s first Secretary of Commerce, who was killed in July 1987. The purpose of this award is to recognize outstanding, well-managed companies to set a standard of competitive excellence for American enterprises in the global economy. Applicants complete an application that makes them take stock of their critical practices—in mana

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Shubham Srivastava. "From Traditional Data Warehouses to Lakehouse Architectures: Tackling Modern Data Challenges." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology 11, no. 1 (2025): 2142–55. https://doi.org/10.32628/cseit251112230.

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Modern data architectures are undergoing a fundamental transformation as organizations grapple with increasingly diverse and complex analytical workloads. This article examines the evolution from traditional data warehouses to lakehouse architectures, presenting a comprehensive analysis of how this hybrid approach addresses contemporary data challenges. This article explores the core principles of lakehouse design, focusing on key technologies like Delta Lake and Apache Iceberg that enable ACID compliance and schema evolution in distributed environments. Through detailed case studies across e-

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Vinay Siva Kumar Bhemireddy. "Understanding microservices architecture: Building scalable and resilient systems." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 15, no. 3 (2025): 2348–62. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2025.15.3.1139.

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Microservices architecture represents a paradigm shift in software design, breaking monolithic applications into independently deployable services with clear boundaries and responsibilities. This article explores the fundamental principles of microservices, tracing their evolution from service-oriented architecture while examining strategic decomposition methodologies, domain modeling, and API design. It investigates communication patterns between services, comparing synchronous and asynchronous models, and addresses the challenges of distributed data management through patterns like event sou

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Yan, Zhuolun. "Analysis of Investment Value of E-Commerce Companies in the US: A Case Study of eBay." SHS Web of Conferences 218 (2025): 01021. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202521801021.

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This paper studies the application of value investing theories in the digital marketplace with a focus on eBay as a representative example. The paper reviews fundamental value investing principles and explores key performance metrics such as price-to-earnings ratio, price-to-book ratio, dividend yield, and debt-to-equity ratio. The study examines return expectations and risk considerations and discusses how these factors are important when evaluating companies in the digital economy. The research also provides a review of the online marketplace industry by analyzing its evolution, competitive

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Mujahidin, Mujahidin. "Analysis of the Application of the Maslahah Concept in DSN MUI Fatwa in the Sector of Sharia Economics and Finance." Al-Kharaj : Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah 4, no. 6 (2022): 1958–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/alkharaj.v4i6.1969.

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 The purpose of this study is to analyze the Application of the Maslahah Concept in DSN MUI Fatwa in the Sector of Sharia Economics and Finance. The concept of maslahah, or public interest, is a fundamental principle in Islamic jurisprudence that is also applied in the fatwas issued by the Indonesian Council of Ulama's (MUI) Shariah Supervisory Board (DSN). The application of the maslahah concept in DSN MUI's fatwas is crucial to ensure that the decisions made are in the best interest of the Muslim community and promote the well-being of society. Research method is Library research refer

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Casmir, Respickius. "DETERMINING APPROPRIATE SECURITY PROTECTION FOR ENTERPRISE INFORMATION RESOURCES." Business Education Journal 1, no. 1 (2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54156/cbe.bej.1.1.6.

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Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is increasingly becoming an integral part of our work, social, political, business, and private lives. Terminology such as mobile banking, mobile money, e-learning, e-procurement, e-commerce, e-ticketing, social media, Internet, blogs, intranet, extranet, e-books, telemedicine, web portal, management information systems, decision support systems, and the like are quite common in our daily lives. The fundamental element behind all these is ICT. The benefits of ICT are enormous and, indeed, ICT is continually affecting our day-to-day lives in a posi

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Haidai, Kateryna. "EXEMPTION FROM LIABILITY AND PROHIBITION OF GENERAL MONITORING OBLIGATIONS AS GUARANTEES FOR INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES’ PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL RELATIONS." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 67, no. 6 (2025): 199–209. https://doi.org/10.23856/6726.

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This article examines the legal regulation of internet intermediaries’ participation in civil relations, focusing on the regimes of exemption from liability and the prohibition on general monitoring obligations. The study analyzes the historical preconditions and reasons for introducing these legal mechanisms and assesses their impact on the development of the digital economy and user rights protection. Particular attention is paid to key aspects of European Union legislation, including the E-Commerce Directive and the Digital Services Act, which establish the fundamental principles of interme

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S Praveen Kumar and S. Nagasundaram. "AI-Powered – Analytics." International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering Management & Applied Science 14, no. 4 (2025): 574–76. https://doi.org/10.51583/ijltemas.2025.140400061.

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Abstract: Chatbot can be termed as software capable of chatting with humans using artificial intelligence. Such software is employed to accomplish jobs like replying to users instantaneously, giving them information, assisting them to buy goods and improving customer services. In this paper, the overall working principle, and the fundamental concepts of artificial intelligence based chatbots and associated concepts along with their application in different industries like telecommunication, banking, health, customer call centers and e-commerce are discussed. Moreover, the donation service impl

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Vieira, Samira Santos Souza, and Wellson Rosário Santos Dantas. "THE CHALLENGES OF CONSUMER PROTECTION IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE." Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação 10, no. 5 (2024): 2721–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51891/rease.v10i5.14063.

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O comércio eletrônico no Brasil tem experimentado um crescimento impressionante, proporcionando aos consumidores acesso a uma ampla gama de produtos e serviços com facilidade e conveniência. No entanto, essa transformação digital também trouxe consigo desafios significativos em termos de proteção do consumidor. Este artigo examina os principais desafios enfrentados pelos consumidores brasileiros ao realizar compras online e as medidas necessárias para abordá-los. Um dos desafios mais prementes é a segurança de dados. Os consumidores no Brasil estão cada vez mais preocupados com a segurança de

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Загоруйко, И. Ю., Ж. В. Эстерлейн, and С. М. Леготкина. "Economic and legal regulation of the circulation of goods on the Internet in entrepreneurial activity." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 4(141) (July 11, 2022): 1148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2022.141.4.212.

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Экономико-правовое регулирование представляет собой совокупность нормативноправовых актов, закрепляющих правила поведения участников интернет-торговли и, как отмечалось ранее, в условиях стремительного ее роста в Российской Федерации требуют более подробного анализа и изучения. В международной сфере основным документом, который регулирует электронную торговлю, является типовой закон ЮНСИТРАЛ «Об электронной торговле» 1996 г. в рамках которого не содержится определения понятия электронной торговли, но зафиксированы основные признаки: информация в рамках торговой деятельности передается с помощь

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Qian, Jason, Zhi-xiang Lu, Christopher P. Mancuso, et al. "Barcoded microbial system for high-resolution object provenance." Science 368, no. 6495 (2020): 1135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba5584.

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Determining where an object has been is a fundamental challenge for human health, commerce, and food safety. Location-specific microbes in principle offer a cheap and sensitive way to determine object provenance. We created a synthetic, scalable microbial spore system that identifies object provenance in under 1 hour at meter-scale resolution and near single-spore sensitivity and can be safely introduced into and recovered from the environment. This system solves the key challenges in object provenance: persistence in the environment, scalability, rapid and facile decoding, and biocontainment.

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Liu, Xinyu, and Pengling Li. "Utilization of Constitutive Elements in Unjust Legal Actions." Pacific International Journal 7, no. 1 (2024): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v7i1.537.

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The system that deals with unfairness in civil transactions in China has been continuously improved as a result of the dynamic nature of the market economy. The objective is to deter inequitable conditions and transactions in civil exchanges, guaranteeing that contractual parties participate in commerce founded on principles of equity and free will. This paper examines the fundamental components of unjust legal actions as outlined in the Chinese Civil Code. It investigates how these elements are applied and evolved in legal practice, and draws comparisons with similar legal systems worldwide,

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Rudyanto, Astrid, Suryanto, Kartina Natalilova, Widyawati Lekok, Apit Susanti, and Yohanes. "Principle Accounting Refreshment Training for Accountants in PT Anugrah Argon Medica with GOAD Model." Altifani Journal: International Journal of Community Engagement 5, no. 1 (2024): 124–32. https://doi.org/10.32502/altifani.v5i1.339.

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This community service program aims to offer a fundamental accounting refresher to accountants at a prominent distribution company in Indonesia (PT Anugrah Argon Medica) with GOAD model. This practice aims to reinforce their comprehensive understanding of journal logic and its influence on financial accounts and their interpretation. Every accountant must possess a comprehensive understanding of fundamental accounting principles to accurately prepare journals and comprehend the effect of each journal entry on the components of the financial statements, especially in distribution companies. Thi

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Tarmizi, Tarmizi. "ANALISIS HUKUM PERSAINGAN USAHA DI INDONESIA DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 2019." Jurnal Real Riset 4, no. 1 (2022): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47647/jrr.v4i1.545.

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In the Reformation Era, there has been a fundamental change in the field of economic and business law, which is characterized among others by the birth of Law No. 5 of 1999 on the Prohibition of Monopoly Practices and Unfair Business Competition. In the law has been regulated a number of prohibitions on monopoly practices and or other unhealthy business competition, in the hopes of providing guarantees of legal certainty and equal protection to every business actor or group of business actors in trying. The provisions of the Law are actually good enough in regulating the provisions of competit

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Geiger, Christophe, and Bernd Justin Jütte. "Platform Liability Under Art. 17 of the Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive, Automated Filtering and Fundamental Rights: An Impossible Match." GRUR International 70, no. 6 (2021): 517–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikab037.

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Abstract The Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (CDSM Directive) introduced a change of paradigm with regard to the liability of some platforms in the European Union. Under the safe harbour rules of the Directive on electronic commerce (E-Commerce Directive), intermediaries in the EU were shielded from liability for acts of their users committed through their services, provided they had no knowledge of it. Although platform operators could be required to help enforce copyright infringements online by taking down infringing content, the E-commerce Directive also drew a very cle

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Rösler, Hannes. "Hardship in German Codified Private Law – In Comparative Perspective to English, French and International Contract Law." European Review of Private Law 15, Issue 4 (2007): 483–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2007028.

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Abstract: This article analyzes the German, English and French law if and how contracts can be terminated or amended in response to unforeseen events. In addition, it describes the solutions in the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts. The starting point of this article is German law with its doctrine of Störung der Geschäftsgrundlage established by the courts in the 1920’s and recently codified in § 313 BGB. The new provision requires a fundamental

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P, N. Salmanul Fariz, S. Ahmed Ihsan R, and Antony Thekkanath Biju. "Forging Fairness and Trust: Unveiling the Crucial Role of Contract Business and Consumer Protection." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research 10, no. 7 (2023): 32–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8421270.

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<strong>Abstract: </strong> This research article delves into the intricate landscape of contract law within the realm of business, shedding light on its multifaceted impact on both commercial entities and consumer protection. Recognizing the pivotal role contracts play in shaping modern business transactions, the study examines the fundamental principles of contract law and how they influence the formation, interpretation, and enforcement of agreements. Furthermore, the article explores the intersection of contract law with consumer protection mechanisms, scrutinizing the legal safeguards in

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Shafi Shaik. "Technical review: Server-side Composition vs. Client-side Composition." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 26, no. 2 (2025): 3037–46. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.26.2.1941.

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Micro frontend architecture has emerged as a transformative paradigm for building scalable and maintainable web applications by extending microservices principles to the frontend. This technical review explores the fundamental dichotomy between server-side and client-side composition strategies within micro frontend implementations. Server-side composition assembles page fragments before delivery to the browser, while client-side composition delegates this process to JavaScript in the client's browser. The document examines implementation mechanisms for both approaches, including Server-Side I

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Melnikov, Vladislav V. "THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF RESEARCHING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4/1, no. 157 (2025): 5–14. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2025.04.01.001.

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Technological advances of the Fourth Industrial Revolution («4IR»), encompassing artificial intelligence, automation, digitalization, and the Internet of Things, require a fundamental reassessment of sustainable development paradigms; the rapid spread of digital technologies is transforming economic structures and redefining the interdependence between environmental, social, and industrial processes (restructuring sustainable development through unprecedented integration of technological solutions with environmental and economic imperatives). This study examines theoretical aspects of sustaina

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Thenmozhi, Arukutty. "Business Excellence Model A Selective Study." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 3 (2018): 734–39. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11050.

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Business today is being impacted by multiple forces- economic shocks, atomization of markets and demand, borderless commerce, advances in technology, a sense of hastening, and deconstruction of business. This paper starts the argumentation from how BEMs are dichotomously perceived by adopters, either prescriptive or descriptive. The prescriptive aspect indicates that the adopters treat BEM as a 'must' to achieve business excellence. And the descriptive aspect indicates that the adopters treat BEM as a 'reference' to inspect how the BE of the enterprise is. An effective BEM shou

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Subhani, Shaik. "Enhancing Data Security with Secure FTP." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 9, no. 9 (2022): 56–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11898895.

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Secure FTP (File Transfer Protocol) stands as a cornerstone in modern data exchange, providing a robust mechanism for secure file transfers over networks. This abstract delves into the fundamental principles and key features of Secure FTP, shedding light on its pivotal role in safeguarding data integrity and confidentiality. Secure FTP encompasses two primary implementations: FTPS (FTP Secure) and SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol), each offering distinct encryption methods and authentication mechanisms. FTPS extends the traditional FTP protocol with Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Soc

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