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Paredes, Mónica. "Prácticas funerarias incaicas en Sacsayhuamán: enterramientos ceremoniales y complejo funerario." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113291.
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Inca Funerary Practices at Sacsayhuamán: Ceremonial Burial and Funerary ComplexExcavations in the Inca site of Sacsayhuaman, Cuzco, show at least two kinds of Inca burial practices. Archaeological studies conducted by the Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC) in 1999 in the Suchuna sector revealed a specific cemetery area. This complex of about 80 graves was designated for the disposal of the ordinary people. More recently, in 2001 the Instituto Nacional de Cultura has conducted excavations in the Muycmarca sector. Fifteen funerary contexts were found, which were associated with architectural structures and offerings. It seems that the practices associated with burials at Muyucmarca were of a ritual character. This paper presents the comparative analysis between the Suchuna and the Muyucmarca burials with the goal of advancing our understanding of various distinctive Incaic funerary practices and burial patterns.<br>Excavaciones recientes realizadas en el complejo de Sacsayhuamán, Cuzco, evidencian la existencia de, por lo menos, dos tipos de prácticas funerarias incaicas. Los trabajos de investigación realizados en 1999 en el sector de Suchuna, subsector Cementerio, a cargo del Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC), permitieron delimitar un área que tenía el uso específico de complejo funerario y que fue destinada al enterramiento masivo de la población común. Además, excavaciones realizadas durante 2001 en el sector de Muyucmarca sacaron a la luz 15 contextos funerarios, así como restos de numerosas ofrendas. En este último caso se trata de entierros asociados a estructuras arquitectónicas y eventos ceremoniales. En el presente artículo se hace un análisis comparativo entre los hallazgos de Suchuna y Muyucmarca con el objetivo de avanzar en el entendimiento de los distintos patrones funerarios incaicos.
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De, Jong Lidewijde. "Becoming a Roman province : an analysis of funerary practices in Roman syria in the context of empire /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Souza, Camila Diogo de. "As práticas mortuárias na região da Argólida entre os séculos XI e VIII a.C." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/71/71131/tde-24082010-114002/.
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A presente pesquisa de doutorado pretende levantar, catalogar e examinar os vestígios arqueológicos dos contextos funerários, datados entre o intervalo do século XI ao VIII a.C. nos principais sítios da região da Argólida (Mapas 1, 2 e 3), Argos, Tirinto, Asine, Micenas, Náuplia e Lerna. Comparando tais dados entre si, e discutindo-os a partir de fundamentos teórico-metodológicos da Arqueologia das Práticas Mortuárias, objetivamos, por fim, levantar considerações sobre os costumes funerários dessa área, revelando possíveis padrões de enterramento e de comportamento sócio-cultural inseridos nas mudanças políticas ocorridas em um período de longa duração, principalmente, durante o período denominado de Alto Arcaísmo, o século VIII a.C., com o processo de formação da pólis argiva.<br>This thesis intends to gather, catalogue and analyze the archaeological data from the funerary contexts, dated from the XI to the VIII centuries BC in the main sites of the Argive plain (Maps 1, 2 and 3). Finally, it is also our aim to compare the data collected and discuss them through the theoretical and methodological basis of the Archaeology of Mortuary Practices trying to reach some questions and considerations about the funerary customs and burial patterns of this region and also possible social and cultural behavior characteristic of the shifts occurred mainly during the VIII century BC.
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Py-Daniel, Anne Rapp. "Os contextos funerários na arqueologia da calha do rio Amazonas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/71/71131/tde-03062015-152650/.
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Esta tese de doutorado aborda os contextos funerários tradicionais na Amazônia. Mesmo tendo como pontos de partida e final a arqueologia, utilizamos dados da antropologia sociocultural e da etnologia como um todo, tanto para estruturar nossos conceitos teóricos quanto para analisar os dados. Os contextos funerários recentes podem ser uma chave para o passado, mas são principalmente evidência da complexidade do tema e da necessidade de se considerar os indivíduos e suas identidades na hora da morte. Através dos contextos analisados iremos dialogar com algumas hipóteses de ocupação vigentes na Arqueologia Amazônica: como a associação entre alguns tipos de cultura material e falantes dos principais troncos linguísticos da região (Arawak, Tupi, Karib e Jê). Foram trabalhados contextos arqueológicos da região do médio rio Solimões até o estado do Amapá. Os principais elementos analisados foram: os gestos, os contextos, os acompanhamentos, os mortos, a localização dos sepultamentos, etc. Ao final percebemos que ao mesmo tempo em que existem conceitos pan-amazônicos sobre o que seria uma \"boa morte\", existem também sociedades que buscam se diferenciar e possuem códigos próprios, individualizantes.<br>This dissertation addresses the traditional funerary contexts in the Amazon. Even though archaeology is the starting and ending points of our work, we used data from socio-cultural anthropology and ethnology as whole, to structure our theoretical concepts and to analyze the data. Recent funerary contexts may be a key to the past, but mostly they are evidence of the complexity of this topic and the need to consider individuals and their identities at death. Through the contexts that were analyzed, we will engage with some of the prevailing occupation hypothesis in the Amazon Archaeology, for instance: the association between some types of material culture and speakers of the main languages in this region (Arawak, Tupi, Karib and Jê). Archaeological contexts from the Middle Rio Solimões all the way to the state of Amapá were studied. The major elements taken into consideration were: the gestures, the contexts, the grave furniture, the dead, the location of the burials, etc. At the end we realized that while there are pan-Amazonian concepts of what should be a \"good death\", there are also societies that seek to differentiate themselves and have their own, individualized codes.
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Morell, Rovira Berta. "La cronología como medio de interpretación social: los contextos funerarios del NE de la Península Ibérica entre finales del V e inicios del IV milenio cal.BC." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667384.
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Hacia finales del quinto milenio – inicios del cuarto milenio cal.BC., las comunidades asentadas en el NE de la Península Ibérica empezaron a enterrar sistemáticamente a una gran parte de su población en fosas o cajas de piedra. Estos enterramientos generalmente son individuales, ocasionalmente dobles, y se asocian a la presencia más o menos recurrente de materiales de origen exógeno o que han requerido una importante inversión de trabajo en su extracción y elaboración. Algunos de ellos son: sílex melado, probablemente del sureste de Francia; vasos de tipo “boca cuadrada” (los más antiguos de los cuales han sido documentados en el norte de Italia), hachas y azuelas de jadeíta, anfibolita, eclogita y nefrita de los Alpes, variscita extraída de las minas de la costa del noreste de la península e, incluso, obsidiana de Cerdeña.
El registro arqueológico de este período se caracteriza por su riqueza con respecto a los contextos funerarios y por su escasez en relación con los contextos de hábitat, los cuales han sido prácticamente indocumentados. Tal es la importancia de la presencia de estos enterramientos en esta región, alrededor de 650 han sido documentados hasta hoy, que tradicionalmente este período ha recibido el nombre de “Sepulcres de Fossa”.
Asimismo, estos enterramientos comparten numerosas similitudes con los documentados en otras regiones europeas en el mismo momento, hecho que ha sugerido que quizá se tratase de un fenómeno funerario de gran escala. Este es el caso del horizonte “Chasséen” en el centro y sur de Francia o el horizonte “Cortaillod” en Suiza.
Sin embargo, a pesar de su carácter excepcional, hasta día de hoy la cronología de estos enterramientos no había sido del todo definida, por lo que era difícil describir y explicar su desarrollo tanto a nivel regional como global.
Esta tesis doctoral ha tenido por objetivo abordar la cronología de las inhumaciones individuales del Neolítico del NE de la Península Ibérica. Para ello se han realizado dos tipos de trabajo complementarios: por un lado, la creación de una base de datos radiocarbónicos y arqueológicos de los diferentes contextos analizados y, por el otro, el análisis estadístico de estos datos respondiendo a preguntas concretas. En relación al primer aspecto, la recopilación de los datos procede de dos vías: por un lado, de la búsqueda bibliográfica de los datos publicados con anterioridad a nuestro trabajo y, por otro lado, de la realización de una nueva batería de un total de 130 dataciones radiocarbónicas, 78 de las cuales han sido publicadas de forma inédita en los artículos que componen este trabajo.
A continuación, estos datos han sido analizados a partir de diferentes herramientas estadísticas, especialmente de modelizaciones bayesianas. Esta metodología ha permitido abordar: la cronología del horizonte de los “Sepulcres de Fossa” y las dinámicas temporales de los diferentes tipos de enterramientos en relación al modelo de prácticas funerarias que representan; la distribución y dinámica temporal de las materias primas y artefactos de origen exógeno o que han requerido una importante inversión de trabajo en su obtención y elaboración; la cronología de la necrópolis paradigmática de este momento: la “Bòbila Madurell-Can Gambús” y, finalmente, las relaciones temporales entre el horizonte de los “Sepulcres de Fossa” y los enterramientos neolíticos del sur de Francia y Suiza con los que comparten numerosas similitudes.
La importancia de los resultados presentados en esta tesis doctoral no es solo de carácter cronológico, sino también metodológico, demostrando la gran complejidad del fenómeno analizado, así como el potencial metodológico del análisis estadístico y la modelización bayesiana de dataciones radiocarbónicas.<br>Towards the end of the fifth millennium - beginning of the fourth millennium cal. BC, the communities settled in the North Eastern Iberian Peninsula began to systematically bury a large part of their population in individual pits or stone boxes. Those were generally individual, occasionally double, burials with a more or less recurrent appearance of raw materials whose extraction involved a significant investment of labour and, in some cases, whose origin was exogenous. To be precise, the raw materials usually found were: “honey” flint, probably coming from the south-east of France, jadeite, amphibolite, eclogite and nephrite axes and adzes from the Alps or the Pyrenees, "square mouth" pottery vessels (the oldest of which have been documented in northern Italy), variscite extracted from mines from the north-eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and even obsidian from Sardinia
The archaeological record of this period is characterized by its richness regarding the funerary contexts and by its scarcity in relation to habitat contexts, which have been practically undocumented. Such is the importance of the presence of these graves in this region, more than 650 funerary structures have been documented up to now, that this period has originally been called the "Sepulcres de Fossa".
Clear similarities regarding the funerary practices have been documented in other European regions during this moment, suggesting that it could be a larger-scale phenomenon. This is the case of the “Chasséen” horizon in the centre and south of France and the “Cortaillod” horizon in Switzerland.
Despite its exceptionality, the chronology of the “Pit Burials” horizon has not been fully defined, so it has been difficult to describe and explain its historical development both regionally and globally.
This thesis aims to address the chronology of the individual Neolithic inhumations of the North Eastern Iberian Peninsula. To this end, two complementary analysis were carried out: a radiocarbon and archaeological database of the different analysed contexts, and the statistical analysis of these data responding to specific questions. In relation to the first aspect, the data collection comes from two sources: the bibliographic search of the published data prior to our work and a new battery of a total of 130 radiocarbon dates, 78 of which were published in the scientific papers that constitute this work.
These data were analysed by means of different statistical tools, especially bayesian models. This methodology allowed to address, in the first place, the chronology of the "Pit Burials" horizon as well as the temporal dynamics of the different types of burials in relation to the model of funerary practices that they represent. Secondly, the distribution and temporal dynamics of both the exogenous grave goods and those funerary artefacts thatat required an important investment of work in their obtaining and elaboration. Thirdly, the chronology of the paradigmatic necropolis of this moment: the "Bòbila Madurell-Can Gambús". Finally, the temporal networks between the “Pit Burials” and the similar Neolithic burials from the south of France and Switzerland.
The importance of the results of this doctoral thesis demonstrate the great complexity of the analysed phenomenon as well as the methodological potential of the statistical analysis and Bayesian modelling of radiocarbon dates.
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Le, Roy Mélie. "Les enfants au Néolithique : du contexte funéraire à l'interprétation socioculturelle en France de 5700 à 2100 avant J.-C." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0020/document.
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Durant le Néolithique en France (5700-2100 ans av. J.-C.), plusieurs groupes culturels principalement définis à partir du mobilier se succèdent. Les pratiques funéraires témoignent de changements majeurs au cours de cette période. Les sépultures d’abord individuelles, ont tendance à être regroupées, avant que la monumentalisation et la collectivisation des tombes se mettent en placeau Néolithique moyen pour devenir combiné et quasi exclusives à la fin du Néolithique. L’objectif de ce travail est l’étude des individus immatures dans divers contextes (pratiques funéraires, recrutement, analyse spatiale) et une discussion de leur considération sociale à partir des résultats obtenus.Une analyse multi-scalaire, fondée sur un inventaire de 8124 sites, associe les données archéologiques et biologiques et elle a été couplée à un SIG. La base de données ainsi constituée a vocation à être disponible sous la forme d’une plateforme collaborative en ligne.Huit sites du Néolithique moyen et de la fin du Néolithique ont fait l’objet d’une étude plus approfondie avant d’être intégrés à l’ensemble de l’échantillon. Les résultats documentent une organisation spécifique aux individus immatures mise en place à l’échelle du site. Une diversité de traitements est également visible à une échelle plus large, autorisant certains regroupements de sites d’un point de vue géographique et chronologique. Les différences observées semblent refléter des âges de rupture dans la considération sociale des individus immatures et conduisent à une discussion sur la présence de tranches d’âge au sein de la cohorte des défunts non-adultes, comme autant d’étapes sociales depuis la naissance jusqu’à l’âge adulte<br>In France, during the Neolithic time period (5700-2100 BC), several cultural groups have been identified. They are mostly defined according to their set of artefacts. Funerary practices show major changes during this period. In the begining of Neolithic burials were simple and gathered, following with monumentalisation and collectivization at the middle Neolithic, before becoming exclusive at the end of the Neolithic. The aim of this research is to focus on immature individuals within these various contexts (funerary practices, age distribution and spatial analysis) and to discuss the social statut of young individuals within the society through the collected data.A multi-scalar study, based on an inventory of 8124 settlements in France combines biological and archaeological data and includes a GIS analysis. This elaborated data base is designed to become an online collaborative platform.Special attention is given to eight funerary sites dated respectively to middle Neolithic and to the end of Neolithic before their integration in the whole sample. Results document a specific spatial distribution of the immature individuals inside the funerary sites. Various funerary treatments are also identified on a larger scale, allowing the grouping of some sites both geographically and spatially. These differences seem to reflect breaking age at death linked to the social consideration of the immature deceased, from birth to adulthood
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Delvoye, Adrien. "Les productions céramiques protohistoriques de l'aire mégalithique sénégambienne dans le contexte de l'Afrique de l'ouest aux Ier et IIe millénaires de notre ère." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H099.
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Situé entre le VIIe et le XVIe siècle de notre ère, le phénomène mégalithique sénégambien est contemporain de l'émergence et du développement de grandes entités politiques tels que le Ghâna, le Tekrûr et le Mâli. Depuis les années 1970, les recherches archéologiques menées sur les architectures mégalithiques du Sénégal et de Gambie contribuent à mettre en avant une riche culture matérielle se présentant notamment sous la forme de poteries entières, parfois déposées en façade orientale des monuments, et d'un abondant mobilier fragmenté. Toutefois, le manque de contextes stratifiées constitua longtemps un obstacle à la compréhension de ces productions céramiques en diachronie. Or, depuis 2005, les fouilles archéologiques conduites sur la nécropole de Wanar (Sénégal) (dir. L. Laporte et H. Bocoum) révèlent des contextes soigneusement renseignés, permettant de situer le mobilier céramique par rapport aux séquences architecturales et funéraires propres à chaque monument. Ces données nouvelles constituent le cadre de référence de notre étude céramique. Afin d'appréhender au mieux la diversité des productions céramiques liées à ces architectures funéraires, nous avons choisi d'adopter une approche croisée du mobilier céramique. Celle-ci combine l'étude des répertoires morphologiques, des motifs et des techniques décoratives et, finalement des chaines opératoires de façonnage. La périodisation obtenue pour la nécropole de Wanar sert ici de fondement à l'établissement d'une périodisation générale des productions céramiques, valable pour l'ensemble de l'aire mégalithique sénégambienne. Cette séquence souligne notamment l'abandon progressif des poteries adaptables en couvercle, à vocation funéraire, pour des exemplaires incompatibles avec cette fonction, à vocation commémorative. Ces changements trouvent un écho particulier dans les contextes archéologiques et ethnographiques de l'Afrique de l'ouest aux Ier et IIe millénaires de notre ère<br>Located between the 7th and the 16th century AD, the Senegambian megalithic phenomenon is contemporary with the emergence and development of large political entities such as Ghàna, Tekrûr and Mâli. Since the 1970's, archaeological research carried out on the megalithic architectures of Senegal and Gambia has contributed ta highlighting a rich material culture, notably in the form of whole pottery, sometimes deposited on the eastern facades of the monuments, and an abundant fragmented furniture. However, the lack of stratified contexts was for a long time an obstacle to the understanding of these ceramics productions in diachrony. However, since 2005, archaeological excavations conducted on the necropolis of Wanar (Senegal) (directed by L. Laporte and H. Bocoum) reveal carefully informed contexts, allowing to locale the ceramic furniture in relation to the architectural and funerary sequences specific to each monument. These new data constitute the frame of reference of our ceramic study. ln order to better understand the diversity of ceramic productions related to these funerary architectures, we chose to adopt a cross-approach of ceramic furniture. This combines the study of morphological repertoires, motifs and decorative techniques, and finally shaping operating chains. The periodization obtained for the Wanar necropolis serves here as the basis for the establishment of a general periodization of ceramic productions, valid for the whole megalithic area of Senegambia. This sequence highlights the progressive abandonment of pottery adaptable as lids, used in funerary contexts, for new vessels incompatible with this lid function. ln this case, pottery adopts a commemorative role. These changes find particular resonance in the archaeological and ethnographic contexts of West Africa in the 1st and 2nd millennia of our era
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Chuchón, Ayala Hilda. "Technological features of Lima fabrics associated with funerary contexts in Huaca Pucllana." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113357.
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A detailed description of the technological features of the textiles found in funerary contexts and architectural hills of the latest occupational phases of the Lima Culture is presented. These materials were found as part of the Huaca Pucllana research project established by the Municipality of Miraflores and the Ministry of Culture. Preliminary results indicate that in funerary contexts one or two simple plain weave cotton textiles were used to bundle the bodies. In some cases complete fabrics were used while in other the bundles were formed by many pieces put together, with some fragments with evidence of darning and mending. On the other hand, the textiles found in votive oerings in the architecture are of cotton and wool made by the ringed technique both simple and interconnected knotting. Geometric designs as well as intertwined ash were made using cactus spine needles which have been used to make nets. ere is also evidence of textiles made using a backstrap loom which are commonly the 1x1 plain weave, woven face fabric warp and warp faced list. is evidence suggests that there were diferent types of weavers in the Lima society dedicated to the production of domestic and ceremonial textiles.<br>Ofrecemos información sobre las particularidades tecnológicas de tejidos atribuidas a las últimas ocupaciones de la cultura Lima, encontrados en contextos funerarios y rellenos arquitectónicos durante las excavaciones efectuadas entre 1996 y 2000, como parte del «Proyecto de Investigación, Conservación y Puesta en Valor de Huaca Pucllana», convenio Instituto Nacional de Cultura-Municipalidad de Miraflores. La muestra textil estudiada indica que en los entierros funerarios Lima, se usaron como envoltorios de los cuerpos, tejidos llanos de algodón compuestos por una o dos telas completas y telas formadas por la unión de fragmentos, algunas de estas últimas con remiendos y zurcidos, a diferencia de los tejidos depositados como ofrendas que tienen tratamiento especial y son un solo elemento, elaborados en lana y algodónmediante la técnica del anillado interconectado simple y anudado, con diseños de figuras geométricas y de peces entrelazados, en cuya manufactura emplearon agujas de espina de cactus, utilizadas también para la elaboración de redes. Los tejidos confeccionados en telar de cintura se distinguen por técnicas comunes de: tejido llano 1x1, tejido cara de urdimbre y tejido listado cara de urdimbre, lo cual sirve de base para sostener que en la sociedad Lima había diferentes clases de artesanos dedicados a la producción de tejidos.
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Baboula, Evanthia. "Metalwork in late Minoan graves : the social dimensions of depositional practice in the funerary context." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270051.
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Crangle, Jennifer Nancy. "A study of post-depositional funerary practices in medieval England." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13315/.
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Peri-mortem treatment of the body and the fate of the soul after death throughout the English medieval period (c.600-1550) have been extensively studied. However, the post-depositional fate of physical remains has been largely neglected, despite there existing substantial excavated and documentary evidence for a variety of post inhumation disturbances, customs and practices. To date, these activities have consistently been interpreted on a purely functional basis. Consequently, incidences of disarticulated, disinterred skeletal material are routinely dismissed as simply representing the by-products of liturgical activities, and hence are assumed to be devoid of meaningful purpose. This study catalogues and examines post-depositional disturbance and treatment of disarticulated remains, chronologically, from the advent of Christianity in England (c. 7th century), throughout the early medieval period (c. 7th to 11th century), into the later medieval period (c. 12th to mid-16th century), concluding with the Reformation period (c. 1550-1600). Reviews and analyses of translations and elevations, charnel houses and developments in cemetery management were undertaken, with differences and similarities between the early and later medieval period noted and discussed. This analytical method demonstrates that disturbances before the 10th to 12th centuries were less structured than after, but significantly, that the majority of post-depositional activities and forms of disturbance originated in the earliest years of Christianity, and were sustained throughout the entire medieval period. This thesis considers how skeletal material was perceived by contemporary medieval people, addresses modern attitudes and beliefs concerning archaeological disarticulated remains and discusses how these have influenced and hindered interpretations of medieval post-depositional mortuary behaviour, beyond pragmatic explanations. This research elucidated overwhelming evidence for misunderstood and frequently unrecognised medieval funerary practices where disarticulated, disturbed and disinterred skeletal remains were curated as opposed to being merely collected or conveniently relocated, and one where the dead were compassionately curated, both physically and spiritually, by the living.
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Soberl, Lucija. "Pots for the afterlife : organic residue analysis of British early Bronze age pottery from funerary contexts." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.685158.
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This research was undertaken to investigate the extent and nature of absorbed organic residues preserved in British Early Bronze Age pottery. Previous work on prehistoric vessels has shown a good preservation of various lipid classes however the focus of the research was predominantly domestic pottery. The Early Bronze Age was chosen as the main chronological focus due to several crucial developments occurring in the Late Neolithic Early Bronze Age transition, including a more sedentary lifestyle, adoption of individual burials and new practices of ritually depositing pottery together with the deceased. The analysis of absorbed lipid residues included 471 Early Bronze Age potshards from 136 archaeological sites encompassing a variety of burial settings and charactenstic pottery types such as Collared Urns, Food Vessels, Beakers and Trevisker Ware. The overall lipid preservation was good and comparable to previously analysed Bronze Age pottery with 50.3% of potsherds yielding appreciable lipid concentrations (>5 μg g-l). Upon comparison of mean values inter-typologically it was possible to observe higher lipid concentrations preserved within funerary vessels, with the exception of Beakers yielding the lowest recovery rate (41.3%) and low mean concentration. The lowest mean lipid concentration was determined for Trevisker pottery with 59.9 μg g-l and the highest for Food Vessels with 260.8 μg g-l . Highest mean lipid concentrations were also observed in potsherds belonging to upper parts of the vessels, which has been previously observed in archaeological and experimental vessels. Pottery extracts were found to show various stages of lipid degradation with predominantly preserved free fatty acids (C I6:0 and CI 8:0) and less abundantly their aclyglycerol precursors (TAGs, DAGs, MAGs). Other compounds present included long chain fatty acids (C22 to C28), long-chain alcohols (C22 to C30), long-chain ketones (C29 to C3S) and wax esters. Ratios of palmitic vs. stearic acid in a combination with specific TAG distributions and determined Dl3C values concluded the predominant presence of ruminant dairy fats in all pottery types investigated. Food Vessels seem to possess a more specialised use indicated by a very high proportion (79%) of potsherds yielding dairy fats. While Collared Urns and Beakers showed mixing of commodities, including low proportions of porcine fats (10% and 12% respectively), Trevisker Ware displayed preferential mixing of exclusively ruminant dairy and adipose fats. No significant distinctions could be observed in lipid signatures between funerary and non-funerary pottery. Detailed investigation of Beaker vessels in order to address their traditional connection with alcohol consumption, revealed higher occurrence of trace lipid components deriving potentially from degraded epicuticular waxes and only one potsherd with traces of beeswax, thus offering a more mundane interpretation. To further investigate the high occurrence of dairy fats in prehistoric pottery and their potential use as a waterproofing agent has been addressed by a set of cooking experiments. These included waterproofing replica pots with organic milk and subsequently repeatedly boiling various foodstuffs. Absorbed lipid extracts and their respective δl3C values have shown to be retaining their respective molecular and isotopic signatures.
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Wilkin, Neil C. A. "Food vessel pottery from Early Bronze Age funerary contexts in Northern England : a typological and contextual study." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5192/.
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This thesis demonstrates the significance of Food Vessel pottery and burial in Northern England during the Early Bronze Age (c.2200 to 1800 cal BC). It represents the first original and sustained study of this burial tradition for several decades. It is argued that the interwoven relationships between Food Vessels, other ceramic types, and trade and exchange networks are both a reason why the tradition has posed interpretative problems for prehistorians, and a central component of its significance during the Early Bronze Age. The chronological relationships between British Food Vessels and other ceramic and funerary traditions are reviewed using the first comprehensive and critically assessed dataset of radiocarbon determinations. Previous approaches to Food Vessel typology are critically reviewed and a new approach based on the ‘potter’s perspective’ and contextual studies is proposed. A contextual approach is applied to Food Vessels from three regions of Northern England: the Northern Counties; North-East Yorkshire, the central lowlands and North-West England; and South-East Yorkshire. Each study reveals significant inter- and intra-regional similarities and differences in how Food Vessels were used and understood. The significance of Food Vessel pottery and burial is then discussed at a national scale.
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Morris, Janine. "Contexts of Digital Reading: How Genres Affect Reading Practices." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1459243445.
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Pret, Tobias. "The influence of contexts on entrepreneurial practices : a qualitative study." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28630.
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While it has long been recognised that access to various resources facilitates entrepreneurial processes, little is known about the influence of diverse contexts on the capital accumulation practices of entrepreneurs. Based on the lived experiences of 10 craft entrepreneurs, this thesis seeks to advance knowledge by developing a theory of practice which explains how embeddedness in multiple contexts affects entrepreneurs’ resource management practices. Specifically, this study focuses on the effects of embeddedness in households and communities on the capital conversion and sharing practices of craft entrepreneurs. In doing so, it enhances understanding of entrepreneurs’ social, spatial and temporal contexts. First, this study reveals a range of hitherto unidentified conversion processes, many of which involve the accumulation of multiple forms of capital, highlighting the complex nature of capital transformations. It also identifies a range of inhibitors and facilitators of these processes, which can be conversion-specific and can derive from household and community embeddedness. Second, the findings show that household members help entrepreneurs not only by providing free resources, but also by developing their psychological capital through boosting self-efficacy, hope, optimism and resilience. Such emotional support is found to be particularly helpful in times of anxiety and stress and reliant upon household members’ understanding of the entrepreneur. However, this study also demonstrates that household members’ needs, problems and opinions can inhibit entrepreneurial practices, calling attention to the multifaceted relationship between business and family. Third, the data show the significant impact of embeddedness in communities upon entrepreneurs’ actions. Participants are found to employ strategic actions to meet the expectations of community members and to conceal non-conforming traits and behaviours. Furthermore, it is revealed that community norms can lead entrepreneurs to share their various resources and engage in social entrepreneurial practices. Throughout, entrepreneurs’ embeddedness within and negotiation between these social and spatial contexts is shown to be dependent upon their temporal contexts, further attesting to the considerable impacts of contexts upon entrepreneurs.
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Goodfellow, Catherine Elizabeth. "Online gaming in post-Soviet Russia : practices, contexts and discourses." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/online-gaming-in-postsoviet-russia-practices-contexts-and-discourses(43d061dd-5108-42e5-b0b1-87d396a53c0c).html.
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In terms of both production and consumption, video games and gaming are a significant phenomenon in Russia, a fact acknowledged by the authorities and mainstream media. Although internet use in Russia has been a point of academic interest over the past few years, scholars have been slower to research video games despite their increasingly popular position in the media ecology of the region. Similarly, despite the abundance of theory and data on gaming in North America and Europe, game studies researchers have hardly skimmed the surface of the cultures, preferences and activities of gamers further afield. This dissertation investigates the online gaming sphere in Russia, presenting an empirical study of the industry, providing insight into gamers themselves, and analysing the media and political discourses surrounding gaming in Russia. In this study, I draw upon survey data, forum, website, and blog posts, user comments from gaming forums and analyses of local games to construct a picture of gaming activity and identity amongst gamers. In particular, I show how Russian-speaking gamers present themselves as members of a distinct subcultural group. Online gamers who participated in this study are shown to consume and discuss games in ways that can differ from elsewhere in the world, but they still retain common beliefs about the importance of expertise, taste and self-discipline within the gaming community. They display a great deal of knowledge about the games and communities available to them locally, while also consuming foreign games in selective and critical ways. For the reader conversant with game studies work, the dissertation constitutes a challenge to West-centric theories of gaming and gamers and demonstrates the importance of cultural context in shaping gaming practice. Throughout the dissertation, interactions between global and local, media and subcultural definitions of ‘gamer’ are crucial to understanding how gaming plays out in a Russian context. The self-definition of gamers differs greatly from mainstream media concepts of gamers. I contextualise discourses of the gaming self within an analysis of how the Russian media presents gamers as young people in need of moral and emotional guidance. Moreover, I show how contemporary media assessments of games and gamers have much in common with earlier moral panics about Western-inflected media and subcultures, such as rock music and style. Ultimately the gaming landscape in Russia is shown to be full of tensions, and the task of this dissertation is to identify, assess and compare these disparate discourses.
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Saunders, Pamela C. "The religious influences in funerary practices in the Parish of Sheffield 1843 to the present." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3540/.
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This study aims to investigate the relationship between funerary rituals and religion in the Parish of Sheffield in order to shed light on present day customs and practices. In the past, most studies have attempted to relate religion and ritual from the base of changing belief systems; this present investigation analyses the means whereby the secular nature of funerary customs is brought into a vital relationship with the sacred by the rites of passage of death, and their associated myths and legends. The study is divided into three principal areas of research covering pertinent general and specific aspects of funerary rituals. The first section sets the central core of the research upon a more general foundation of relevant literature, and an overview of funerary rituals and religion. A resume of the history of Sheffield and the laws of burial and cremation then places the study into both a wider and a comparative context of time and place. The research then centres on a study of current funeral practices in Sheffield: the Sheffield funeral trade; the influences of religion upon death rituals in relation to the city; the people of Sheffield who experience these funerals, and the places of committal available to them. The research draws on its primary database of 67 respondents from representative religions, complemented by selective databases covering non-specific mourners, religious representatives, and associated trades, services and professions.
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Yeung, Oscareale. "An applied genre analysis of the discursive practices in insurance contexts." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606699.
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In the insurance sales process, agents make use of marketing brochures to inform potential clients of both the coverage and the exclusions in an insurance product. As this professional genre plays an important role in this industry, it has been identified. as the research topic for this study with particular reference to Hong Kong (HK) and Mainland China. The focus of the study is on the production and interpretation of, the discourse features, the tactics in conveying and reconciling the positive messages (covered items) and the negative messages (excluded items), as well as their intercultural differences, in a corpus of selected brochures. The study analyses the chosen genre adopting Critical Genre Theory (Bhatia, 2004) covering four perspectives, i.e. Textual, Ethnographic, Socio-cognitive and Socio-critical. To suit this multi-perspective model, data have been collected not only from a text analysis of the corpus of brochures, but also from questionnaire surveys (one for HK brochure writers and one for HK insurance agents). It was found that the production of HK brochures relies on both an internal team with particular expertise and external sources, i.e. an advertising agency. Results indicate that verbal devices (e.g. synonymy and nominalization) and non-verbal devices (e.g. family photos and occupying less space) are used to convey positive and negative messages. The use ~ of conditions and disclaimers to reconcile these conflicting messages is also frequent in brochures of both locations. For the interpretation of brochures, surprisingly, agents rather than clients are the primary readers and users whose opinions offer useful feedback to brochure writers. These findings not only contribute new knowledge to the study of professional discourse, but also serve as guidelines for brochure writers and agents in the profession. Lastly, the findings offer students discourse strategies in reconciling conflicting messages in two different cultures.
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Neal, Diane Rasmussen. "News photography image retrieval practices: Locus of control in two contexts." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5591/.
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This is the first known study to explore the image retrieval preferences of news photographers and news photo editors in work contexts. Survey participants (n=102) provided opinions regarding 11 photograph searching methods. The quantitative survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while content analysis was used to evaluate the qualitative survey data. In addition, news photographers and news photo editors (n=11) participated in interviews. Data from the interviews were analyzed with phenomenography. The survey data demonstrated that most participants prefer searching by events taking place in the photograph, objects that exist in the photograph, photographer-provided keywords, and relevant metadata, such as the date the picture was taken. They also prefer browsing. Respondents had mixed opinions about searching by emotions elicited in a photograph, as well as the environmental conditions represented in a photograph. Participants' lowest-rated methods included color and light, lines and shapes, and depth, shadow, or perspective. They also expressed little interest in technical information about a photograph, such as shutter speed and aperture. Interview participants' opinions about the search methods reflected the survey respondents' views. They discussed other aspects of news photography as well, including the stories told by the pictures, technical concerns about digital photography, and digital archiving and preservation issues. These stated preferences for keyword searching, browsing, and photographer-provided keywords illustrate a desire for a strong internal locus of control in digital photograph archives. Such methods allow users more control over access to their photographs, while the methods deemed less favorable by survey participants offer less control. Participants believe they can best find their photographs if they can control how they index and search for them. Therefore, it would be useful to design online photograph archives that allow users to control representation and access. Future research possibilities include determining the preferences of other image retrieval system users, performing user studies with moving image information retrieval systems, and uniting content-based and concept-based image retrieval research.
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Touchie, Rachel. "Sustainable Food Consumption Practices : Case Studies and Contexts from Edmonton, Canada." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324247.
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The globalized food system poses many systemic challenges that have significant impacts on the environment and human health. In order to tackle these challenges, especially those relating to climate change, it is assumed that consumers need to be accountable for the role they play in these issues, requiring them to alter their harmful consumption habits. In terms of the food system, this means that people need to evolve into ethical consumers and become more invested in what and how much they eat, where it comes from, etc . However, throughout the literature and in policies, there remains a focus on altering what people buy, rather than reducing waste from their overconsumption. Reducing waste and consumption would have a more beneficial impact for the environment, human health, and urban sustainability, yet it remains secondary to the narrative of buying sustainable alternatives. A waste reduction narrative would encourage sustainable behaviours that would also be more accessible to households of various socioeconomic backgrounds, and would provide more tangible results in terms of money saved, reduced greenhouse gases and waste output, and increased sustainability. However, food consumption is the result of many ingrained daily food practices influenced by a multitude of factors that prevent people from consciously considering the consequences of their actions. Food consumption and waste management as a phenomenon can therefore be interpreted using Social Practice Theory (SPT), which states that all humans act autonomously and according to social norms. This means that practices are recursive and routinized, subject to change, yet somewhat unconscious. All practices lead to consumption in some way, and changing such deeply embedded routines to become more sustainable requires a full understanding of these deeply entrenched practices. Practices can be broken down into three main components that drive how practices are formed and maintained:materials, competences, and meanings. This project uses mini-ethnographic studies to highlight SPT in order to understand the factors (contextual, materials, competences, and meanings) influencing households in Edmonton, Canada as they navigate the current sustainability narrative, and how they approach sustainable food consumption and food waste management. The results from this study lend some insight into what materials, competences, meanings, and other factors drive people already somewhat aware of sustainable food consumption issues to practice such types of behaviour. These influential elements have been found in many other recently published works, and give further insight into how broad external factors and specific internal factors can drive consumption practices. Prevention and reduction behaviours were already somewhat prevalent in this group. It is important that education programs targeting sustainable food consumption behaviours understand what drives certain food related practices, and how they can target the barriers that prevent certain groups of people from adopting more sustainable habits.
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Tellier, Geneviève. "The analysis of funerary and ritual practices in Wales between 3600-1200 BC based on osteological and contextual data." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15063.
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This thesis examines the character of Middle Neolithic to Middle Bronze Age (3600-1200 BC) funerary and ritual practices in Wales. This was based on the analysis of chronological (radiocarbon determinations and artefactual evidence), contextual (monument types, burial types, deposit types) and osteological (demographic and pyre technology) data from a comprehensive dataset of excavated human bone deposits from funerary and ritual monuments. Funerary rites in the Middle Neolithic (c. 3600-2900 BC) sometimes involved the deposition of single inhumation or cremation burials in inconspicuous pit graves. After a hiatus in the Late Neolithic (c. 2900-2400 BC), formal burials re-appeared in the Chalcolithic (c. 2500-2200 BC) with Beaker burials. However, formal burials remained relatively rare until the Early Bronze Age (c. 2200-1700 BC) when burial mounds, which often contained multiple burials, became the dominant type of funerary monument. Burial rites for this period most commonly involved the cremation of the dead. Whilst adult males were over-represented in inhumations, no age- or gender-based differences were identified in cremation burials. Patterns in grave good associations suggest that perceived age- and-gender-based identities were sometimes expressed through the selection of objects to be placed in the graves. The tradition of cremation burials carried on into the Middle Bonze Age (c. 1700-1200 BC), although formal burials became less common. Circular enclosures (henges, timber circles, stone circles, pit circles), several of which were associated with cremated human bone deposits, represented the most persistent tradition of ritual monuments, with new structures built from the end of the fourth millennium BC to the middle of the second millennium BC in Wales.
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Kaulicke, Peter. "La muerte en el antiguo Perú. Contextos y conceptos funerarios: una introducción." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113309.
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Death in Ancient Perú. An Introduction to Funerary Contexts and ConceptsThis paper is an introduction to the subject of death and its relevance lo Ancient Peru's history. The author discusses the available information (from 16th to 20th cent.), and presents a methodology for analysis and interpretation followed by a synthesis of the evidence and their significance. The subject of death is of utmost importance for the understanding of Ancient Peru, but actual investigation does not work with a reliable data base and has not been able to produce an appropiate theoretical framework.<br>Como introducción al tema de la muerte y su relevancia en la historia del Antiguo Perú, el autor discute las fuentes (siglos XVI a XX), presenta una metodología para análisis e interpretación y una síntesis de las evidencias y su significado. El tema de la muerte es de importancia crucial para la comprensión del Antiguo Perú, pero los estudios no cuentan con una base de datos que sea apropiada ni se ha logrado elaborar un marco teórico propio.
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Akbas, Meral. "A Sociological Analysis On Recent Decentralization Practices In Global And Turkish Contexts." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608238/index.pdf.
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The debates over the structure of the Turkish government in the context of Public Administration Reform that point to restructuration of state and/or to re-organization of social relations between state, market and &<br>#8216<br>civil society&<br>#8217<br>have gained momentum especially since the arrival of draft law about Main Principles of Public Administration and Restructuring of Public Administration to the Turkish Parliament. This thesis attempts to analyze the debate on recent public administration reform in Turkey in the contexts of the socio-economic transformations of new capitalism/neo-liberalism within the notion of decentralization and of how/in what ways the neoliberal policies have been legitimated within the specific historical context of Turkish public administration reform. The purpose of the study is to understand the connection between the legal text of public sector reform and the social context in which these legal regulations find their meanings. For this aim, the debate on public administration reform in the Turkish Parliament was argued as a discursive battlefield where the demands and interests of the conflicting social groups &<br>#8216<br>clash&<br>#8217<br>with each other. Therefore, this study concentrates its attention on the critical analysis of the discursive acts of the Justice and Development Party government, and of the Republican People&<br>#8217<br>s Party on reform for understanding how both authority/legitimacy and resistance/de-legitimacy are (re)produced within the parliamentary debates/discourse.
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Hill, Joe. "Contexts, ideologies and practices of small-scale irrigation development in east India." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493017.
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The development of small-scale surface-water irrigation facilities in rainfed agricultural regions is a necessary but problematic task. Whilst some academic literature recognises that water control problems are the locally specific outcomes of social and political histories and processes, this is yet to be adequately comprehended and internalised in irrigation policy discourse and its manifestations in state and NGO intervention practices, which too often seek standardised and generally applicable solutions to such problems. This thesis, through a detailed study of smallscale surface-water irrigation systems - three recent NGO-led, state-sanctioned lift irrigation interventions and four indigenous storage works - and historical and present-day social relations amongst three adivasi (tribal) communities in south-east Jharkhand State, examines this insight and its significance for policy. Present-day international irrigation policy discourse has shifted since the 1980s and 1990s from one which recognised the necessity of group-based small-scale irrigation development and thus sought to provide support to the resource poor, towards one which promotes smaller, noncommunal technologies, expects greater financial contributions from farmers, and thus implicitly favours relatively wealthier farmers. This ideological policy shift, promoted internationally and nationally under neo-liberalism, is legitimised by the perceived poor outcomes of irrigation development investments. In Jharkhand, blame is placed upon water-users whose organisation for irrigation system management is often lacking, yet such outcomes have been aided by the state - which has in innumerable ways failed to support farmers, and by NGOs' inability to monitor and self-critically analyse their own interventions. This thesis, by conceptualising irrigation and society as mutually constitutive rather than autonomous, demonstrates the potential viability of small-scale irrigation technologies and argues for the development of irrigation centred upon improving irrigation water access and system management for the resource poor majority, not just a minority. This thesis takes an anthropological and sociological approach to the study of irrigation and society, which provides balance to the otherwise dominant technocratic engineering and common property resources and new institutional economics approaches in contemporary irrigation management thinking. Emphasis is placed on the historical processes that determine irrigation resource access and rights, and on the formal and informal rules that create and reinforce unequal access to irrigation systems. Methodologically it favours a sociological-historical method; research was conducted combining ethnographic methods with physical field measurements and archival research. The sociotechnical approach to irrigation, utilised by Boelens and Mollinga, places centrally the concepts of control and power, allowing an exploration of the political dimensions of water control - normative (discourse), technical (infrastructure), organisational (management), socio-legal and socio-economic (access), whilst allowing consideration of irrigation systems' social dimensions - as social constructions, having social requirements for use, and having social effects. Such a perspective indicates the necessity of inclusive, group-based irrigation development interventions, focussed on communities in their entirety, integrating with their socio-productive systems, and striving for equitable outcomes. In the medium and long term this may aid system sustainability thus increasing total food production.
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Weir, Allison Jean. "Footsteps of the dead : iconography of beliefs about the afterlife and evidence for funerary practices in Etruscan Tarquinia." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3649.
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This thesis is a study of Etruscan attitudes to the afterlife, based on analysis of the funerary archaeology, architecture, and iconography of death from the ancient city of Tarquinia. The focus on one settlement allowed for a more precise reconstruction of funerary attitudes; it also avoided the pitfalls of approaching Etruscan civilisation as uniform and homogeneous across its varied city-states; and it made clear when particular beliefs about the afterlife changed or developed. After a general discussion of approaches to the subject in the published literature and of the specific conditions at the site of Tarquinia, it proceeds through a series of case studies chosen from each of the major periods of Etruscan civilisation from the Villanovan to the Hellenistic period. The analysis is based on published excavations and studies, supplemented by fieldwork conducted in Rome and at Tarquinia. The case studies were chosen based on the type of information that they can give about the way the underworld was imagined. No one tomb can be used to illustrate the entire set of beliefs and traditions that occurred at one time. Throughout the course of this study, I focus on the changes and developments of funerary traditions over the nine centuries of Etruscan civilisation at Tarquinia. The main finding to emerge from these studies relates to the long term stability of funerary practices at Tarquinia. As elsewhere in Etruria, there are changes in the scale and design of tombs and in the subjects and manner of their decoration. Yet it is difficult to identify any sudden discontinuities of practice. In a number of cases, it is argued that motifs that are well attested only in later periods can already be seen in the earlier material, while few themes introduced into the repertoire are ever completely lost. Rather, the same motifs are occasionally represented in different form from period to period. Whether the explanation is to be sought in the conservative influence of a small number of ruling families, or in the absence of social revolutions of the kind that characterised some Greek poleis, or in a conscious desire to preserve local, i.e. Tarquinian, traditions and styles, it seems that the history of Etruscan death is –in this case at least –not to be written in terms of dramatic changes so much as of gradual evolution and development. On this basis, a tentative account of the (local) Etruscan underworld is offered as it emerges from material drawn from all the periods studied.
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Crow, Michael Scott. "Mortuary practice in sociohistorical and archaeological contexts: Texas, 1821-1870." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/335.
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Historical accounts of mortuary display during the 19th-century and evidence from archaeological investigations at historic cemeteries can contribute substantially to our understanding of related chronological and social-status issues. An inadequate understanding of mortuary practice in Texas circa 1821 to 1870 frustrates assessment of site chronology and status-related interpretations. While there are numerous studies of individual cemeteries, there is, as of yet, no synthesis of historical and archaeological data pertaining to mortuary practices in early Texas. In response to this deficiency, this thesis provides a synthesis of mortuary practices and the availability of related paraphernalia in Texas circa 1821-1870. Data from numerous cemeteries are compiled to establish a chronology for mortuary practices and to develop a seriation of select burial furnishings as an aid in assessing status-related variation in mortuary display. Results of the study, as gleaned from archival and archaeological data, indicate that mortuary display in mid-19th-century Texas is not so much a proxy of wealth, as it is a measure of popular cultural trends and economic contexts. These findings are used to reassess cemetery chronologies and status indices, including several interments at Matagorda Cemetery (1835-present), which serve as case studies.
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Read, Natalie. "Exploring constructs of capacity in learning disability contexts : power, protection and institutional practices." Thesis, University of East London, 2016. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/5398/.
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The Mental Capacity Act (2005) is a legislative framework designed to promote autonomy and support those who may struggle to make decisions for themselves. Previous research suggests that the implementation of the Mental Capacity Act raises a number of challenges for professionals (McVey, 2013; Walji, Fletcher & Weatherhead, 2014) and that applying the Act in learning disability settings may be particularly complex (Brown & Marchant, 2013). The concepts of ‘capacity’ and ‘learning disability’ draw on knowledge across legal, philosophical and psychiatric discourses, which may imply different practices for professionals. Semi-structured interviews were completed with eight professionals working in adult community learning disability services. A Foucauldian approach to discourse analysis was used to examine how capacity was constructed in professionals’ accounts of their experiences implementing the Mental Capacity Act. The discourses and subject positions available to professionals and people with learning disabilities were considered. Analysis of professionals’ accounts suggested that ‘legal’ and ‘rights’ discourses of capacity were oriented to. Knowledge of capacity was constructed as being limited to professionals, with families and service users often in need of further information on the Mental Capacity Act. ‘Legal’ and ‘rights’ discourses enabled multiple subject positions for professionals and people with learning disabilities. These positions allowed for both restrictive and empowering practices. Promoting subject positions of ‘personhood’ appeared to allow for alternative understandings of capacity, in which decision-making is an interdependent rather than independent process. This study suggests that capacity assessments are sites of tension between multiple discourses. Co-constructing meanings of capacity within services and across disciplines may allow for the development of best practice, and facilitate supported decision-making practices with people with learning disabilities.
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Mhlanga, Nontuthuzelo. "Leadership practices of principals in multiple deprived contexts : a case of successful schools." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76719.
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School principals lead and manage schools to achieve success. However, some schools are located in multiple deprived contexts, which affect the school internally and externally. Little is known about how principals in well-performing schools manage teaching and learning despite the contextual challenges. This study explored the role of successful school principals managing teaching and learning in schools in multiple deprived contexts in Gauteng Province.
A qualitative case study within a constructive / interpretivist paradigm was adopted for the research. The theoretical framework of this study is grounded in the Context-Responsive Leadership theory by Bredeson, Klar and Johansson. Eleven secondary schools performing well in the Senior Certificate Examination in Tshwane North District were purposefully selected for the study. The school principals were the participants in this study. The data was obtained from different sources which include semi-structured interviews, observations and documents review. The data was thematically analysed and the results were categorised according to themes and sub-themes.
The findings of the study highlight the economic and social factors used by the principals to describe the context of their schools as well as other external and internal factors that affected teaching and learning. Collaborative leadership, as well as instructional leadership of the school principal, seem to be a common strategy used by the principals of successful schools to overcome the contextual challenges. The principals also applied other relevant context-responsive leadership practices in their multiple deprived schools. The study concluded that leadership practices of school principals seemed to be based on an understanding and interaction of self and the context in which the school operates.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.<br>Education Management and Policy Studies<br>PhD<br>Unrestricted
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Kowalski, Monica J. "The Influence of Teachers' Instructional Practices on Student Motivation in Different Assessment Contexts." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1365436014.
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Lewis, Stephen Thomas. "Theorizing Teaching Practices in Mathematical Modeling Contexts Through the Examination of Teacher Scaffolding." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531946817022931.
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Hamzah, Azizah. "A study of book marketing in publishing houses in Peninsular Malaysia : contexts, practices, problems." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3460.
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This study aims to examine and review efforts taken by Malaysian publishing houses towards the marketing of books in the country. In addition, a comprehensive appraisal of the historical background that shaped the later developments in the trade is also presented because the early years set the contexts of the development of the book trade in Malaysia. Next, the environmental appraisal of factors in the current situation and how these factors each pose threats or opportunities are studied in terms of their impact on the trade. To achieve the objective of studying the marketing strategies of Malaysian producers of cultural products, a comprehensive mail-questionnaire survey enforced by personal visitations was conducted as an instrument to gather the necessary data on 49 publishers and distributors of books in Malaysia. The respondents are regular fee-paying members of the Malaysian Book Publishers Association (MABOPA) and also the Malay Book Publishers Association (IKATAN). The findings indicate that production of educational books is the mainstay of Malaysian book publishing and these books are the main source of income for most houses. Government policies especially in the educational system have become the major instrument in encouraging the growth of indigenous book publishing during the post-Independencey ears. The government is thus found to be rather influential on trends developing in the trade. Its actions lay emphasis on locally written and published books and have minimised dependence on imported publications. The other results of this study also show that in terms of usage of marketing research, Malaysian houses generally have a high awareness of marketing and marketing communications. This awareness is generally applied advantageously by most houses. With regard to the study of marketing practices, the approach includes the analysis of the 4Ps of the marketing-mix. When these practices are examined, it is concluded that the houses regard sales promotion, advertising, personal selling and direct mail as important tools and they are utilised continuously. It is concluded that publishing houses, especially among the larger and wellorganised establishments, have a high level of awareness and knowledge of marketing communications and have applied this capability to their advantage. There is however scope for more market-oriented approach among the smaller indigenous houses.
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Whaley, Mirtha Montejo. "Effect of personal and practice contexts on occupational therapists' assessment practices in geriatric rehabilitation." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002091.
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Norris, Heather Nicole. "Restorative practices in education contexts : an evaluation of happiness, school engagement, and self-esteem." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/27144cfc-2848-4a89-bf09-19c81b99d452.
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The implementation of restorative justice in schools has been widely accepted as a constructive measure towards improving many positive school behaviours, limiting negative school behaviours, and thus preventing future conflict (Gonzalez, 2012). Evaluations consistently point to increased attendance, better marks, less victimisation and conflict incidents overall in schools with RA-based policies (Kokotsaki, 2013; Morrison, 2002). Additionally, researchers and restorative advocates state there are a number of positive psychological outcomes, including improved individual well-being (Starbuck, n.d.). However, the main limitation stemming from these varied research paradigms is that there is a lack of consensus on what should be evaluated (the outcome) and how this is being achieved (the process). The use of Restorative Approaches (RA) in education is a rapidly expanding practice; its inception began with a shift from using Restorative Justice (RJ) within the Criminal Justice System (CJS ), expanding into schools in the early 1990s (Skinns, et. al., 2009); it has since been adopted worldwide. In the UK, The National Standards for Youth Justice (2009) states that all Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) have a duty to maximize victim involvement and integrate restorative processes across all YOT intervention strategies (Criminal Justice Joint Inspectorate, 2012). However, the commitment to these National Standards varies across regional YOTs. Nevertheless, Lord McNally observed that a few YOTs have delivered RJ through novel routes - including within the school system in some local authorities - in an effort to apply “early interventions with young people” (Restorative Justice Council, 2015, pg. 3). The introduction of RA into schools has most commonly been delivered through private training organisations; however, in the current research the impetus for implementation stems from the local Youth Offending Team. Hence, the current research will explore the implementation of restorative programmes in three schools (located in two separate local authorities) through the efforts of the local YOTs.
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LEITE, Ledja Suzane da Silva. "O perfil funerário do sítio pré-histórico Toca da Baixa dos Caboclos -sudeste do Piauí -Brasil." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2011. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/19029.
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Previous issue date: 2011-03-25<br>Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar as práticas funerárias realizadas nos nove enterramentos evidenciados no sítio Toca da Baixa dos Caboclos/PI. Fundamentada em uma perspectiva conservadora, este estudo defendeu a hipótese de que a manutenção do sítio como espaço funerário poderia apontar a manutenção das próprias práticas funerárias dispensadas aos enterramentos nele evidenciados. Buscando validar esta hipótese, este trabalho se utilizou de uma metodologia ordenada e sistemática que permitiu reconstituir o Perfil Funerário do Sítio Toca da Baixa dos Caboclos, a partir da reconstituição dos seus respectivos Perfis das Unidades Funerárias. Segundo esta metodologia foi possível tecer considerações sobre as práticas funerárias dispensadas particularmente a cada enterramento e, ao mesmo tempo, entre todos os enterramentos estudados. Concomitantemente, o estudo da distribuição crono-espacial dos enterramentos possibilitou inferências acerca do aproveitamento do espaço interno do sítio, em distintos momentos cronológicos. Como resultado, foram identificadas recorrências relacionadas às práticas funerárias e também ao próprio agenciamento do espaço funerário.<br>This research aimed to study the funerary practices realized in nine burials evidenced in the archaeological site Toca da Baixa dos Caboclos/PI. Based on a conservative perspective, this study supported the hypothesis that maintaining the site as a burial space could point to maintenance of their own funerary practices. Seeking to validate this hypothesis, this study used a methodology systematic and ordered to reconstruct the Funerary Profile of site Toca da Baixa dos Caboclos, from the reconstitution of their respective Profiles of Funerary Units. According to this approach it was possible to comment on the funerary practices dispensed to every burial and at the same time, among all burials studied. At the same time, the study of chrono-spatial distribution of burials allowed inferences about the use of internal space of the site at different moments chronological. As a result, recurrences identified were related to funerarypractices and also in their own funerary use of internal space of the archeological site.
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Smith, M. J. "'Picking up the pieces' : an investigation of Cotswold-Severn funerary practices via re-analysis of skeletal material from selected monuments." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516165.
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Jassal, Lakhbir Kaur. "Necrogeography matters : the powers of governing Indian and Chinese dead and their bodily remains in Great Britain, 1812-2012." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17897.
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This thesis explores the historical and contemporary cultural politics of funeral and body disposal among Indian and Chinese residents of Great Britain. The sanitation episteme launched in Britain during the eighteenth-century resulted in new systems for governing things deemed to be polluting or a threat to human health. This included the corpse/dead body and its bodily remains governed by an all-embracing state technique that I call ‘necropower’. Inspired by a Foucauldian approach to biopower, I examine how the governing of the dead is implicated in the formation of state power over non-Abrahamic ethnic groups. More specifically, in this thesis I analyze how the funeral and disposal practices of two ethnic minorities in the UK have been and are governed by the contours of state necropower. I argue that these bodies became the quintessential matter out of place in a state-regulated episteme. Beginning with funerary practices they have historically been deemed polluted and subject to state-based sanitary order, and they have emerged today through a new environmental and sanitary episteme inside a necroregime of power that is mediated by industry professionals. Drawing upon documented historical and contemporary material from the nineteenth to twenty-first century, interviews with state officials, professionals from the Death Care Industry, and Indian and Chinese minorities in Great Britain, I elaborate the various ways that these minorities seek to respond to, negotiate, and avoid expectations and regulations with respect to body and remain disposal.
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Pyo, Jeongsoo. "Different Literacies in Different Contexts of Use: Case Studies of Transitional Korean Adolescents’ Literacy Practices." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1430928941.
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Marcone, Giancarlo. "El Complejo de los Adobitos y la cultura Lima en el Santuario de Pachacamac." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113393.
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The Adobitos Complex and Lima Culture at Pachacamac SanctuaryTo promote tourism, the Site Museum of Pachacamac is excavating and conserving the archaeological complex known as the "Complejo de los Adobitos" or "Complex of Tiny Adobe Bricks". Excavation in progress demonstrates that the building experienced three different periods of construction. We are comparing the new data with what was previously thought about the Sanctuary, reevaluating the presence of Lima culture in the Pachacamac Sanctuary, revising old ideas, as well as proposing new hypotheses and approaches for investigation.<br>El Museo de Sitio de Pachacamac se encuentra realizando trabajos de excavación y consolidación en el edificio llamado "Complejo de los Adobitos", ubicado dentro del Santuario de Pachacamac, con el fin de incrementar la oferta turística del complejo. Estos trabajos de excavación pudieron demostrar la existencia de tres momentos constructivos. Los nuevos datos, analizados a partir de anteriores investigaciones arqueológicas en el Santuario, intentan reevaluar la presencia de la cultura Lima en el mismo, revisando los datos tradicionalmente asumidos como valederos y planteando nuevas hipótesis y líneas de investigación sobre el tema.
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Onuki, Yoshio. "Ocho tumbas especiales de Kuntur Wasi." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113417.
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Eight Special Tombs from Kuntur Wasilt is an extraordinary circumstance having located eight intact tombs with beautiful gold artifacts and other elaborated objects in a site of slightly more than one hectare during excavations under the strict control of a group of professional archaeologists. This was done in Kuntur Wasi site, on the western flank of the Andes of Cajamarca, northern Peru. Given the preliminary state al the study and analysis of the tombs and their contents, including the human rests, we only present a short summary.<br>Es un hecho realmente extraordinario haber encontrado ocho tumbas intactas con bellas piezas de oro y otros objetos muy bien elaborados en un sitio comprendido en un área de sólo un poco más de una hectárea, durante excavaciones realizadas bajo el estricto control de arqueólogos profesionales. Se trata del sitio de Kuntur Wasi, ubicado en la falda occidental de la sierra de los Andes de Cajamarca, en el norte del Perú. Ya que el estudio y análisis de las tumbas y sus contenidos, inclusive los restos de los individuos, están en proceso aún, se presenta un breve resumen acerca de ellos para la conveniencia de los estudiosos interesados.
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Paredes, Juan, Berenice Quintana, and Moisés Linares. "Tumbas de la época Wari en el Callejón de Huaylas, Áncash." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113295.
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Wari Tombs in the Callejón de Huaylas, Department of AncashExcavations of Wari period chullpas in the Callejon de Huaylas have produced important new evidence of mortuary patterns in that region, while also furnishing associated artifacts that can be compared with materials from the adjacent coast. Based on evaluations of former research results the authors propose the existence of a single socio-political unit that united the coast and highlands of Ancash during the time period under study.<br>Excavaciones arqueológicas en chullpas de la época wari en el Callejón de Huaylas ofrecen nuevas e importantes evidencias acerca del patrón funerario de la zona y permiten correlacionar los materiales asociados con la costa de Áncash. Con una evaluación de las investigaciones previas realizadas, los autores proponen la existencia de una unidad sociopolítica entre la costa y sierra de Ancash para la época estudiada.
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Kasper, Helmut, Mark Lehrer, Jürgen Mühlbacher, and Barbara Müller. "Thinning Knowledge: An Interpretive Field Study of Knowledge-Sharing Practices of Firms in Three Multinational Contexts." Sage, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056492610370366.
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Knowledge is often tacit and "sticky", i.e. highly context-specific and therefore costly to transfer to a different setting. This paper examines the methods used by firms to facilitate cross-site knowledge sharing by "thinning" knowledge, that is, by stripping knowledge of its contextual richness. An interview-based study of cross-site knowledge sharing in three industries (consulting, industrial materials, and high-tech products) indicated that highly developed knowledge-sharing systems do not necessarily involve extensive codification and recombination of personalized knowledge. Many multinational firms evidently conceive their knowledge-sharing systems with more modest objectives in mind than any large-scale "learning spirals" featuring iterative conversion of personalized knowledge into codified knowledge and vice-versa. A typology of knowledge-thinning systems was derived by interpreting the field study results from the perspective of knowledge-thinning methods used in earlier eras of history. The typology encompasses topographical, statistical and diagrammatic knowledge-thinning systems. (authors' abstract)
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Nehl, Marthe. "Urban Curation - An explorative study on understandings, roles and functions of curating practices in urban contexts." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22356.
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Curating practices appear in various fields as a common practice of immaterial labour today. To ‘curate’ is an active verb that suggests ‘doing’ something. Seldom if ever are the implications of curating critically discussed outside the arts, and this provides a reason for this thesis to investigate. What does ‘to curate’ mean, imply or suggest in the urban context? How are urban curatorial practices legitimized and where can they contribute to urban planning? Embedded in contemporary urban challenges and the “state of crisis” often referred to, this paper introduces curating as an emerging cultural practice into this field. A vital part of the discussion this thesis opens up, is where art can become part of urban planning. Noting that the relationship between arts and urban environments is ambivalent, since the arts’ symbolic power is recognized within international competition of cities, it is about the margin between the field of arts and urban development. By laying a groundwork of contemporary curatorial understandings in the arts, the paper gives an overview on the existing notions and practices of ‘urban curation’ and highlights that there are strong positions but no existing definition as such. A look into urban planning theory pinpoints the crucial role of economic growth and its implications for the organization of urban developments under the term neoliberalism, a condition in which festivals replace urban development policies and culture becomes a structuring element. The occurrence of projects as organizational structure dominates and challenges long term developments. This constitutes the framework in which the paper discusses three very different project examples from Hamburg, Liverpool and Vienna for closer analysis. Between preservation and management, arranging and staging curating can alternatively be understood as an epistemology producing new knowledge. By cross-referencing between the arts, where the critical discussion on curating is held, and urban planning and architecture, where curatorial practice is applied, the paper suggests strengthening the critical discourse on the relevance and use of cultural practices in urban studies.
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Thomas, Aline. "Identités funéraires, variants biologiques et facteurs chronologiques : une nouvelle perception du contexte culturel et social du Cerny (Bassin parisien, 4700-4300 avant J.-C.)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14401/document.
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Au cours du Ve millénaire avant notre ère, le Bassin parisien voit l’émergence des premières nécropoles et du monumentalisme funéraire. Associé à la culture de Cerny, ces vestiges offrent un observatoire privilégié des mutations sociales que connaissent les communautés du Néolithique moyen en France. À partir d’une approche archéo-anthropologique, nous livrons ici un bilan complet de la population Cerny, au niveau général, à l’échelle des trois types de site (à structure de type Passy, plats et à sépulture sous dalle), et au niveau de chaque nécropole. Les sites de Passy, Balloy, Gron, Escolives-Sainte-Camille, Vignely (La Noue Fenard et La Porte aux Bergers), Chichery, Orville, Malesherbes (Les Marsaules et La Chaise), qui réunissent l’essentiel des squelettes Cerny mis au jour (n=160), font l’objet de cette étude. Quel que soit le niveau scalaire, le croisement des paramètres biologiques et archéologiques est systématisé et soumis à la décision statistique. Les résultats s’inscrivent dans un cadre interprétatif fiable grâce à de nouvelles datations 14C. Les analyses intra-sites révèlent différentes modalités sélectives des défunts et, parfois, le rassemblement codifié de sépultures en différents loci. Le statut des inhumés et leur fonction sociale jouent un rôle prépondérant dans la structuration des sites. Deux modèles organisationnels, dont un, répété de nécropole en nécropole, illustre une hiérarchisation des statuts à l’intérieur des structures monumentales. La correspondance de ces mêmes statuts en nécropoles plates suggère que l’identité sociale des défunts n’est pas la seule raison d’être du monumentalisme funéraire. Enfin, la dualité du Cerny, traditionnellement rattachée à deux manifestations diachroniques de la culture, doit être reconsidérée. La différenciation typologique évidente entre les longs couloirs de type Passy et les sépultures sous dalles de type Malesherbes, est ici soutenue par une distinction d’ordres funéraire et biologique, indépendamment du facteur chronologique, remettant en question l’unité culturelle du Cerny<br>During the 5th millennium B.C., the Paris Basin sees the emergence of the first necropoles and funerary monumentality. Associated with the Cerny culture, these vestiges offer a privileged insight into the social transformations of Middle Neolithic communities in France. Following an archaeo-anthropological approach, we present a full assessment of the Cerny population as a whole, according to the three types of sites (Passy type structures, extended flat sites and slab graves) and with regard to each necropolis. The sites of Passy, Balloy, Gron, Escolives-Sainte-Camille, Vignely (La Noue Fenard and La Porte aux Bergers), Chichery, Orville, Malesherbes (Les Marsaules and La Chaise), which comprise the bulk of Cerny skeletons uncovered (n=160), constitute the object of this study. The cross-referencing of biological and archaeological parameters is systematized and subjected to statistical reasoning, regardless of the scalar value. These results, combined with new 14C dates, provide a reliable interpretive framework. Intrasite analyses reveal different modes of selection of the deceased and, occasionally, codified grouping of burials into separate loci. The rank of the dead and their social status play a predominant role in the structuring of the sites. Two models of organisation, one of which is repeated in every necropolis, illustrate the social stratification operating within monumental structures. The presence of individuals of similar status in flat necropoles suggests that the social identity of individuals is not the raison d'être of monumental graves. Moreover, the duality of the Cerny culture, traditionally seen as two diachronic manifestations of this culture, must now be reconsidered. The clear typological distinction between the long passage tombs of the Passy type and the slab graves of the Malesherbes type is herein upheld on both funerary and biological levels, regardless of chronology, thus calling the Cerny cultural unity into question
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James, Matthew Anthony. "Reconstructing ancient Near Eastern funerary practices through biomolecular isotopic and elemental analysis of anthropogenic sediments from the Royal Tomb at Qatna, Syria." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495809.
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On its discovery in 2002, the subterranean Bronze Age royal tomb at Qatna was found to exhibit substantial darkened areas of sediment deposited upon the floor. The co-occurrence of archaeological artefacts and lack of evidence of external disturbance, suggested these to be anthropogenic in nature, likely corresponding to the residues of degraded funerary assemblages. Due to the poor state of morphological preservation of organic materials, analyses were undertaken of these unique sediments at the molecular and elemental level, in order to assess their value as a 'chemical sink' of human funerary ritual activity. Determination of the elemental composition of the darkened sediments revealed extensive enhancement of organic C (0.08% - 7.60%), N (0 - 1.02 %) and P (2889 - 45415 ppm), relative to control samples, thereby confirming their organic nature and identifying the main areas of activity. The main focus of this study was assessment of the biomolecular composition of the sediments as a means of detecting specific source organic materials. Examination of lipid extracts of the sediments through GC and GC/MS analysis, revealed lipid distributions indicative of complex mixtures of organic matter. Widespread input from plant derived matter was determined, with lipid distributions (e.g. plant sterols, n-alkanes, n-alkanols, wax esters) and archaeological evidence suggestive of the presence of plant epicuticular leaf waxes. Although being present throughout the tomb, these components were found to be particularly abundant within rectangular deposits associated with burial assemblages. The presence of cholesterol indicated an input from animal fat, within several sediments. Consideration of a suite of biomarker proxies provided strong evidence of animal fat in several locations of the main chamber. Compound-specific stable carbon isotope values of triacylglycerol derived fatty acids were found to be consistent with a human origin of these fats (Δ¹³C= -0.79 to 0.43‰). 4-Hydroxyproline was demonstrated as a useful chemical marker for the detection of degraded bone. One sediment deposit was found to contain distributions of n-alkanes, n-alkanols, wax esters and hydroxyl wax esters characteristic of beeswax, whilst no evidence for the utilisation of resins in burial practices was afforded. Contamination by lipid deriving from modern plant roots which penetrated parts of the tomb was proven to be negligible through radiocarbon determinations of lipid extracts. A remarkable discovery was the identification of indigoid and indirubinoid derivatives characteristic of the precious ancient dyes Royal Purple and Madder in a number of extracts (n=19). The composition of the dyes was rigorously determined through biomolecular analysis, utilising a suite of analytical techniques (HPLC, FTICR-MS, MALDI-MS and NMR). The dyes were shown by HPLC to be associated with fossilised textile remnants, determined by X-ray diffraction to be preserved as gypsum replicas. This constitutes one of the earliest identification of the dyes, whilst the widespread occurrence in sediment extracts and association with human remains, revealed the first direct evidence for their importance within the Bronze Age royal funerary setting.
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Stovel, Emily. "Patrones funerarios de San Pedro de Atacama y el problema de la presencia de los contextos tiwanaku." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113299.
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Funerary ritual in San Pedro de Atacama: evidence for Tiwanaku interment?Given the homogeneous nature of mortuary practices among the Prehispanic residents of San Pedro de Atacama, Chile, atypical graves have been interpreted as evidence for foreigners buried among the local dead in San Pedro cemeteries. This study reexamines graves generally attributed to colonizers from Tiwanaku (AD 500-1000). Emphasizing contexts with gold and silver, detailed comparison is made between the mortuary practices of San Pedro and Tiwanaku. These analyses and data coincide in challenging the efficacy of the colonization model, and support instead the model of indirect Tiwanaku presence that Berenguer (1998) termed "clientage". Confirmation of Tiwanaku tombs similar to the San Pedro graves is lacking, given the importance of Tiwanaku pottery in altiplano tombs, in comparison with the placement of individual Tiwanaku objects in San Pedro graves that otherwise contain only objects of local origin, as well as the possibility that gold and silver objects found in San Pedro graves came from places other than Tiwanaku, it is premature to assign Tiwanaku identity to San Pedro's atypical tombs.<br>Dada la homogeneidad de las prácticas funerarias de los habitantes prehispánicos de San Pedro de Atacama, Chile, los entierros de carácter excepcional han sido interpretados como producto de la presencia de individuos foráneos en la zona. El presente trabajo retoma los casos y objetos típicamente asociados a la colonización tiwanaku (entre 500 y 1000 d.C.), y poniendo énfasis sobre todo en los contextos con oro y plata, hace una comparación detallada entre los patrones funerarios sanpedrinos y tiwanaku. Los datos presentados coinciden para rechazar el modelo colonizador y apoyan al modelo indirecto de presencia tiwanaku de "clientelaje" (Berenguer 1998). Se establece que, dada la escasez de información sobre prácticas funerarias estatales, la importancia de la cerámica en los entierros altiplánicos recuperados cuando los ejemplos sanpedrinos carecen de la misma, la incorporación casi exclusiva del material cultural tiwanaku en contextos de carácter local y la posibilidad de que los objetos de oro puedan proceder de otros lugares no basta para confirmar una identidad tiwanaku a estos entierros excepcionales.
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Mambwe, Kelvin. "Mobility, identity and localization of language in multilingual contexts of urban Lusaka." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3349.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>This study explores Mobility, Identity and Localization of Language in Multilingual Contexts of Urban Lusaka. By examining data from different sites of language practices of Lusaka urbanites, that include, casual and formal conversations, Zambian popular music, computer mediated discourses and advertisements; the study shows how interlocutors creatively draw on their extended communicative repertoire to make meaning, transform social structures/roles and stylize modern identities. Accordingly, the study consolidates the recent sociolinguistic theoretical position that views language as social practice and privileges speakers as social actors in shaping and recreating language. In this regard, the study foregrounds language as localized social practice and argues against the idea that language is homogenous and a bounded system.
In doing so, the study adds to recent sociolinguistic theorizing calling for a paradigm shift to language studies. Therefore, the main research question that the study addresses, relates to how Lusaka urban dwellers achieve their mediated agency, voice and actorhood through linguistic choices during interactions in various social contexts of modern Lusaka. In turn, the question relates to how urbanites use language as localized social practice to maintain, transform and reproduce social structures/roles and identities in modern Lusaka. Owing to the type of data the study collected, a multifaceted methodological and analytical approach was employed for both data collection and analysis. Informed by a descriptive research design, the study used focus group discussions and individual key-informant interviews to collect data from casual and formal conversations. Data from Zambian popular music were purposively sampled from Youtube.com and music CDs. In addition, group/individual interviews with musicians were conducted in order to supplement data collected from music CDs and video sources. Data from online discourses were collected from the Facebook platform and from two Zambian based online news blogs, while data from print advertisements were collected through the capturing of images on billboards around Lusaka city as well as advertisements from newspapers and internet sites. Television and radio advertisements were recorded from the Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation TV and radio channels. All the data collected from these sources were generally analyzed using Conversational Analysis, Facework Negotiation Theory, Multimodal Discourse Analysis and its cognate analytical tools such as Resemiotisation, Semiotic Remediation, Intertextuality, Multivocality and Dialogism. The study shows that message consumption is not a function of isolated semiotic resource but a combination of semiotic material drawn from semiotics that people are familiar with. The study
thus argues that social meaning is steeped into social and cultural experiences of the speakers and that any study of language practices in such contexts should take into account the multifaceted nature of human communication. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that given the advancements in communication technology and mobility of semiotic resources across modes which have largely contributed to a reconceptualization of the nature of human language, any study of language in social contexts ought to account for other meaning making semiosis in both methodological and approaches to data collection and analysis, respectively. The study further shows how interactants in late modern settings of Lusaka stylize their multiple identities
by dissolving the traditional linguistic boundaries through use of the extended linguistic
repertoire. In this vein, the study demonstrates that social identity is a dynamic aspect of social life which is actively negotiated and performed through speakers' linguistic choices. In this respect, the study finds that speakers simultaneously stylize translocal hybrid identities which include urban versus rural, modern versus traditional, African versus Christian (Western fused) as well as gendered ones, through their use of different linguistic choices. Furthermore, the study finds that language borders and domains of language use are permeable. In this regard, the study demonstrates how Lusaka urban speakers use localized language forms to colonize the formal spaces thereby challenging the dominant ideologies about language as a fixed, impermeable and a bounded system. In the process of colonizing formal spaces using localized language forms, the study shows how speakers perform acts of humour, role play, face
saving, identity and meaning enhancement. In turn these localized repertoires are drawn upon as resources to accomplish different tasks which would not be accomplished if only a 'single' language were to be used. In this regard, the study views language as a resource that transcends the role of meaning making. In addition, the study shows how, through the use of localized repertoires in formal spaces, speakers transform traditions and modernity into a hybrid space which identifies them as having multiple identities. This demonstrates that speakers in such modern settings use language as a resource to accomplish several things at once. It also highlights speakers’ agency in recreating language as well as transforming their social spaces. The findings of the study entail contributions to recent arguments on language that view it not as
an autonomous system but rather as embedded in people’s social interactions. It demonstrates that languages have no clear-cut borders.The study also contributes to methodological and analytical approaches to the study of language in recent times. In addition, the study adds new knowledge to our understanding of identity as a performative act which is actively negotiated for as people interact in different social contexts. This implies that identity is not a fixed thing as traditionally conceived. Ultimately, the study calls for a rethinking of our conception of language and identity considering modernity practices.
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MacDonald, Sarah. "Nourishing, nurturing and controlling : exploring structure-agency interactions in children's food practices across family and school contexts." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/69567/.
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Widespread concerns about obesity and overweight, have led to a focus on children’s diets, with government responses emphasising family responsibility for the provision of healthy food and for nurturing independent food choices. In parallel, the health promoting school approach attempts to reinforce messages within communities and families. Despite the potential for promoting consistent messages across settings, understanding the interface between families and schools remains limited, with a failure to appreciate the way in which food is embedded within social relationships and contexts. This study aimed to explore the family-school interface. It focused on the recursive interplay between agency and structure, employing ‘practices’ as a way of exploring how agency transforms structure, while also attending to taken-for-granted meanings of food as expressions of the structure. Case study methodology was employed with eleven families across three communities in South Wales to explore the perspectives of parents (n=18) and children (n=18). Audio-diaries together with interviews unpacked tacit understandings behind food practices, which are often difficult to articulate. Interviews with primary school heads and teachers (n=5) explored schools' experiences of family-school interactions. This thesis adds new understandings of the family-school interface, illustrating shifting discourses of control as individuals occupy multiple contexts at different times. These revealed dilemmas in the accomplishment of control: providing children with a balanced diet alongside the practicalities of parental-work, while attending to individualised food preferences. Structure-agency perspectives also uncovered multiple layers of meaning attached to food, emphasising the need to take account of the social context within which control is navigated. Targeted recommendations are considered. For schools, suggestions include improved partnership working with children and parents in order to overcome existing inherent tensions. For families, recommendations acknowledge the wider significance of food beyond nutrition, appreciating the contexts and constraints of family life. Policy recommendations relate to food availability, affordability, and changes to employment structures.
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Argôlo, Paula Falcão. "'Imagens' da família nos contextos funerários: o caso de Atenas no período clássico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/71/71131/tde-04082006-102246/.
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Esta pesquisa tem como foco a investigação das formas de expressão dos grupos familiares a partir dos espaços da morte da pólis ateniense no período inscrito entre aproximadamente 430 e o final do século IV a.C. Definido em função de um conjunto de mudanças significativas no conjunto arqueológico de contexto funerário no referido intervalo, o recorte cronológico adotado segue, portanto, as pistas de fenômenos da cultura material profundamente interligados e que nos sugerem uma forma peculiar dos grupos familiares se apresentarem e serem vistos nestes espaços. De fato, o desenvolvimento progressivo de novas formas de enterrar, de estruturas tumulares tipicamente clássicas e o surgimento de uma nova série de monumentos funerários com um repertório iconográfico tão original quanto padronizado, constituíram as bases para um estudo da categoria histórica família (para aplicarmos um termo genérico, embora desconhecido na cultura clássica helênica em questão, senão como múltiplos termos e conceituações). Partindo majoritariamente de uma documentação de natureza arqueológica, procuramos, no decorrer do trabalho, identificar os principais conceitos e valores produzidos ao longo da trajetória de uso dos espaços funerários pelas famílias e como estes significados resultantes da intervenção direta em tais espaços remetem à dinâmica de reprodução dos próprios grupos e podem ser compreendidos à luz da conjuntura histórica de Atenas do século IV, principalmente.<br>The research that follows is focused on the investigation of the ways in which family groups expressed themselves within the funerary contexts of the Athenian polis from about 430 to the end of the fourth century. Defined by a set of remarkable changes registered in the archaeological material precisely in this period, the chronological span adopted follows thus the hints of material culture phenomena, all of them deeply interwined, suggesting that the family groups came up with a particular way of exposing themselves to social gazes. As a matter of fact, the development of new ways of burying, the equally new typical Attic tomb structures, as well as a freshly arising series of funerary monuments with new imagery (original and standardized at the same time) set the framework for the study of the historical category so-called family by contemporary scholarship. We have chosen a set of archaeological evidences as a starting point so that it might help us to identify the main concepts and values created and performed by the families. We are interested in clarifying how the intervention of families in these spaces can lead us to the dynamic of its own reproduction and ultimately may be articulated to the fourth-century Athens and its particular historical moment.
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Petacchi, Simone. "La période napatéenne en Nubie : traditions nubiennes et influences égyptiennes dans le monde funéraire." Thesis, Lille 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL30046.
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Cette thèse porte sur les pratiques funéraires royales et privées dans le royaume de Napata, entre les VIIIe et IIIe siècles av. J.-C. Elle constitue une synthèse de l'ensemble des connaissances ayant trait aux structures funéraires ainsi qu'aux rituels qui avaient lieu lors de l'enterrement du défunt ou après. Commençant par l'architecture funéraire, elle présente les traces des cultures locales et celles de la tradition égyptienne de manière à faire ressortir le fait que les éléments indigènes sont plus enracinés chez les communautés les plus isolées et probablement non sédentaires, alors que les tombes royales, d'inspiration pharaonique, témoignent d'une appropriation d'éléments décoratifs et de textes largement utilisés dans les nécropoles élitaires de Thèbes Ouest. Ensuite , cette thèse classifie les objets du mobilier funéraire afin de fournir la base d'un régionalisme culturel par le biais des emprunts des deux traditions. Dans la dernière partie, elle dresse une étude des coutumes funéraires napatéennes, en traçant un essai de hiérarchisation des sépultures selon leur contenu et le type de tombe, pour aborder finalement les rites funéraires et le phénomène de l' "acculturation" analysé dans ses différents aspects à travers les composantes funéraires étudiées précédemment<br>This PhD thesis deals with the royal and non royal funerary practices in the Napatan Kingdom between VIIIe and IIIrd century BCE. It consists of an overview on the funerary architecture and of the rituals performed along or after the funeral. Starting from the funerary architecture, it presents the cultural traces coming from local cultures and those of the Egyptian tradition, suggesting that the indigenous elements are more rooted among the isolated groups perhaps non sedentary, while royal tombs, under the pharaonic inspiration, testify the adoption of decorative elements and texts widely used in the elitist necropolises in Western Thebes. Then, this research classifies the objects coming from the funerary equipment such to offer the outlines of a cultural regionalism by the loans of both the two cultures. In the final part, an investigation on the funerary customs of Napatan Period has been made, offering an attempt of a hierarchical organization of the burials on the basis of the contents and of the type of the tomb, to finally discuss the funerary rituals and the phenomenon of "acculturation" analyzed within different aspects by the funeray components discussed before
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Sheriff, Shiraz. "Exploring the socio-environmental context in the prevalence and management of asthma at Scottish General Practices." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/a2bf7f0b-c376-45bf-9dcf-5e54c661a54f.
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Worldwide, asthma is a chronic condition which is prevalent and neglected and Scotland has a high prevalence of asthma compared to the rest of the world. In their report on the global burden of asthma, the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Program ranks Scotland as having the highest asthma prevalence in the world, with almost one in every five people affected and 6.3 % of the population in Scotland are seeking treatment at General Practices. The aetiology of asthma is complex and it remains a persistent and chronic problem affecting many people, and prevention and treatment are not working. This thesis makes a unique contribution utlising an interdisciplinary approach from Geography and Public Health to explore the nature and role of the socio-environmental context in relation to the prevalence and management of asthma at Scottish General Practices located in areas of dissimilar deprivation levels. The key focus of the research is the way that health professionals (and related stakeholders) understand the factors that shape the causation and prevalence of asthma (including social and environmental contexts), and how this in turn shapes their management of the condition in their practice. Aim: The overall aim of this research is identify, understand and interpret the nature and role of the socio-environmental context in relation to asthma prevalence and management at the Scottish primary care setting. Methods: The research employed quantitative analysis of a secondary dataset on asthma and a case study analysis of two General Practices located in areas of dissimilar deprivation levels in Scotland. Practices were selected after quantitative data analysis comparing the deprivation scores (SIMD) against crude prevalence rates of asthma. The case study employed in-depth semi-structured interviews with stakeholders involved in asthma care. The results of the study contributed to the understanding of what a conventional deprivation measure does/ does not reveal about asthma–place contexts. It also gave insights on how health professionals perceived their area, patient population and how they integrated these perceptions it into their practice as their understanding or lack of understanding or their inability to act upon their understanding on the importance of the socio-environmental context was one of key factors that shape their management of asthma. The study concluded imparting policy implications and renewed approaches to asthma care and management practices within the Health Services.
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English, Mackenzie Evan. "Exploring How Middle School Students' Epistemologies in Practice Change Across Time with Varying Content Areas And Knowledge Product Contexts." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1404396002.
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